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EMMELINE PANKHURST WOMEN’S and GENDER HISTORY Edited by June Purvis

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EMMELINE PANKHURST WOMEN’S and GENDER HISTORY Edited by June Purvis EMMELINE PANKHURST WOMEN’S AND GENDER HISTORY Edited by June Purvis CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE IN VICTORIAN ENGLAND Louise A. Jackson CRIMES OF OUTRAGE Sex, violence and Victorian working women Shani D’Cruze EMMELINE PANKHURST A biography June Purvis FEMINISM, FEMININITY AND THE POLITICS OF WORKING WOMEN The Women’s Co-operative Guild, 1880s to the Second World War Gillian Scott GENDER AND CRIME IN MODERN EUROPE Edited by Margaret L. Arnot and Cornelie Usborne GENDER RELATIONS IN GERMAN HISTORY Power, agency and experience from the sixteenth to the twentieth century Edited by Lynn Abrams and Elizabeth Harvey IMAGING HOME Gender, ‘race’ and national identity, 1945–64 Wendy Webster MIDWIVES OF THE REVOLUTION Female Bolsheviks and women workers in 1917 Jane McDermid and Anna Hillyar NO DISTINCTION OF SEX? Women in British universities 1870–1939 Carol Dyhouse POLICING GENDER, CLASS AND FAMILY Britain, 1850–1945 Linda Mahood PROSTITUTION Prevention and reform in England, 1860–1914 Paula Bartley SYLVIA PANKHURST Sexual politics and political activism Barbara Winslow VOTES FOR WOMEN Edited by June Purvis and Sandra Holton WOMEN’S HISTORY: BRITAIN 1850–1945 Edited by June Purvis THE WOMEN’S SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT A reference guide, 1866–1928 Elizabeth Crawford WOMEN AND TEACHER TRAINING COLLEGES 1900–1960 A culture of femininity Elizabeth Edwards WOMEN, WORK AND SEXUAL POLITICS IN EIGHTEENTH- CENTURY ENGLAND Bridget Hill WOMEN WORKERS AND GENDER IDENTITIES, 1835–1913 The cotton and metal industries in England Carol E. Morgan EMMELINE PANKHURST A biography June Purvis London and New York First published 2002 by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group This edition published in the Taylor and Francis e-Library, 2005. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” © 2002 June Purvis All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Purvis, June. Emmeline Pankhurst: a biography/June Purvis. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Pankhurst, Emmeline, 1858–1928. 2. Suffragists–Great Britain–Biography. 3. Suffragists–Great Britain–Political activity. I. Title. JN979.P28 P87 2002 324.6'23'092–dc21 2002024911 ISBN 0-203-35852-X Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-203-41540-X (Adobe eReader Format) ISBN 0–415–23978–8 (Print Edition) TO ALL THOSE FEMINISTS, PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE, AND THEIR STRUGGLE FOR EQUALITY FOR WOMEN CONTENTS List of illustrations xi Acknowledgements xiii List of abbreviations xv Introduction 1 1 Childhood and young womanhood (1858–1879) 9 2 Marriage and entry into political life (1880–March 1887) 18 3 Political hostess (June 1887–1892) 25 4 Socialist and public representative (1893–1897) 39 5 Widowhood and employment (1898–February 1903) 51 6 Foundation and early years of the WSPU (March 1903–January 1906) 65 7 To London (February 1906–June 1907) 79 8 Autocrat of the WSPU? (July 1907–September 1908) 96 9 Emmeline and Christabel (October 1908–January 1909) 113 10 ‘A new and more heroic plane’ (January–September 1909) 122 11 Personal sorrow and fortitude (September 1909–early January 1911) 135 ix CONTENTS 12 The truce renewed (January–November 1911) 155 13 The women’s revolution (November 1911–June 1912) 173 14 Break with the Pethick Lawrences (July–October 1912) 190 15 Honorary treasurer of the WSPU and agitator (October 1912–April 1913) 200 16 Prisoner of the Cat and Mouse Act (April–August 1913) 217 17 Ousting of Sylvia and a fresh start for Adela (August 1913–January 1914) 232 18 Fugitive (January–August 1914) 250 19 War work and a second family (September 1914–June 1917) 268 20 War emissary to Russia: Emmeline versus the Bolsheviks (June–October 1917) 292 21 Leader of the Women’s Party (November 1917–June 1919) 300 22 Lecturer in North America and defender of the British Empire (September 1919–December 1925) 318 23 Last years: Conservative parliamentary candidate (1926–June 1928) 339 24 Niche in history 354 Notes 364 Select bibliography 418 Index 430 x ILLUSTRATIONS Plate section 1 l Richard Marsden Pankhurst, 1879, Institute of Social History, The Sylvia Pankhurst Archive, Amsterdam 2 Sylvia, Adela and Christabel Pankhurst, c. 1890, Institute of Social History, The Sylvia Pankhurst Archive, Amsterdam 3 Emmeline Pankhurst with Harry, 1890, Institute of Social History, The Sylvia Pankhurst Archive, Amsterdam 4 Emmeline Pankhurst, 1906, Museum of London 5 Emmeline Pankhurst arrested February 1908, as she led a deputation to parliament armed only with a rolled resolution for women’s suffrage and a few lilies of the valley, Museum of London 6 Nellie Martel, Emmeline Pankhurst, Mary Gawthorpe, Una Stratford- Dugdale and Mary Leigh, Mid Devon by-election, January 1908, Herbert Morris, Newton Abbot, June Purvis 7 Emmeline Pankhurst at her stall, NUWSPU Exhibition, July 1908, Museum of London 8 Emmeline and Christabel Pankhurst in prison uniform, October 1908, Museum of London 9 Christabel Pankhurst, Emmeline Pankhurst, Emmeline Pethick Lawrence and Sylvia Pankhurst, c. 1909, Museum of London 10 Emmeline Pankhurst campaigning in March 1909, Museum of London Plate section 2 11 Emmeline Pankhurst, in mourning for her son, Harry, January 1910, Museum of London 12 Emmeline Pankhurst, Boston, October 1910, Museum of London 13 Emmeline Pankhurst recuperating after a hunger strike, 1913, a photograph of Sylvia by her bedside, Museum of London 14 Emmeline Pankhurst, Chicago 1913, Museum of London xi ILLUSTRATIONS 15 Annie Kenney and Emmeline Pankhurst in Women’s War Work Procession, July 1915, Museum of London 16 Emmeline Pankhurst and her four adopted daughters, Kathleen King on her knee, Catherine Pine next to Elizabeth Tudor, Joan Pembridge on the rocking horse, and Flora Mary Gordon (Mary) next to the Nursery Assistant, c. 1919, Museum of London 17 Emmeline Pankhurst, Victoria 1920, June Purvis 18 Emmeline Pankhurst with Commander Maria Botchkareva and a soldier of the Women’s Battalion of Death, Petrograd 1917, Warwick Kenney- Taylor 19 Emmeline Pankhurst, Whitechapel and St. George’s election campaigning, 1927, June Purvis 20 Emmeline Pankhurst's statue in Victoria Tower Gardens, Westminster, 1930. It was moved to another site in the Gardens, closer to the Houses of Parliament, in 1956. xii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my grateful thanks to all those who, over the ten years that I have been collecting research for this book, have made it possible including Gail Cameron (formerly at the Museum of London) and David Doughan, retired from the Fawcett Library now renamed the Women’s Library. My research assistant, Michelle Myall, undertook many mundane tasks with meticulous care and good humour. I owe an especial debt to Sandra Holton and Elizabeth Crawford, for many interesting discussions, and to Heather Laughton for the many finds we have acquired together. The late Jill Craigie was excep- tionally kind to me in allowing me access to her suffrage collection and I can never repay the debt I owe her husband, Michael Foot, for granting me exclu- sive access to her archive. During the course of my work, I made contact with one of Emmeline Pankhurst’s adopted daughters, Kathleen King. Now aged and nearly blind, her friendship is something that I greatly value as well as that of Warwick Kenney-Taylor, son of Annie who was most generous with the remi- niscences of his mother. Elizabeth Hodgson, daughter of Mary Hodgson (née Gordon), another of Emmeline’s adopted girls, spent many hours trying to find her mother’s birth certificate, without success. Nyra Goode and her late husband, Phillip, kindly photocopied letters for me in their private collection. I am indebted for financial support for the research for this book to The British Academy’s Small Grants Scheme, and the University of Portsmouth Research Funds. Emotional and culinary support has especially come from Michael and Catherine who have endured my endless discussions about ‘Mrs. P’. Friends and colleagues on the conference circuit have offered advice and critical comments from which I have learnt much, although any errors remain my own. I am grateful to the Master and Fellows of St. John’s College, Oxford, for awarding me a scholarship in 1996, which gave me time to undertake research in the Bodleian Library. I am also grateful for the assistance given me by staff at the following numerous libraries and institutions over the years, including the staff of the National Library of Scotland in Edinburgh, the Fryer Library, University of Queensland, the British Library in London, the Women’s Library in London, the National Trust (Dyrham Park), the Museum of London, the Sydney Jones xiii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Library, University of Liverpool, the House of Lords Record Office in London, the Public Record Office in Kew, the Bodleian Library in Oxford, the Archive Collections, University of East Anglia, Manchester Central Library, the Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe College, Massachusetts, Princeton
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