Feb 1979 vol 5, no 2 $2.00 Ak\
"1 magaxuum
3*Ki ^n^i r i Electric Pencil Heathkit H-ft
> Thinker T( Floppy Disk • Video Brain
Budget Management by Computer
Computerized Sports Predictions
New Games: ~» Gold Mine Atom-20
Compose Your Own Music
PASCAL — Software Superstar
Computers and Education
Multiple Regression Analysis-Simplified
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Software for the TRS-80 Someday all terminals will be smart.
128 Functions—software controlled 82 x 16 or 92 x 22 format-plus graphics 7x12 matrix, upper/lower case letters Printer output port 50 to 38,400 baud-selectable "CHERRY" keyboard
CT 82 Intelligent Terminal, assembled and tested $795.00 ppd in Cont. U.S.
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a> » " ec * o E •- » « » o •OS CD O OS (0 0) K 0) as r^ s o 9 o o 0) S ^Z c O0). 00 uooc 09 (J) O 45 U) L CD c Oo (8 QI5 S2i ' , Here's how you can be fullycomputerized for so much less than you thought BUSINESS — EDUCATION — ENGINEERING — MANUFACTURING We are pleased to announce the first • No round-off error in financial work professional time-sharing system in the (because our BASIC uses binary- microcomputer field. coded decimal rather than binary Naturally, it's from Cromemco. operation). And we've still been able This new multi-user system will do to make it FAST. all of the tasks you usually associate with • Terminals and printer are interrupt- much more expensive time-sharing com- driven — no additional overhead puters. Yet it's priced at an almost un- until key is pressed. believably low figure. PROGRAMMERS LOVE OUR BASIC • The conveniences in this Multi-User BASIC make it easier Look at these features: This new system is based on Cro- much to write • You can have up to 7 terminals plus memco's well-known System Three your own application software. a fast, 132-column line printer Computer and our new Multi-User • A line editor simplifies changes. • You can have a large system RAM BASIC software package. BENCHMARK IT — NOW memory that's expandable to V* Programmers tell us that Cromemco In the final analysis, the thing to do megabyte using the Bank Select Multi-User BASIC is the best in the field. is see this beautiful new system at your feature Here are some of its attractions: dealer. See its rugged professional qual- • Each user has an independent bank • You can use long variable names ity. Evaluate it. Benchmark it for speed of RAM and labels up to 31 characters long with your own routine (you'll be agree- • You can have floppy disk storage of — names like "material on order" ably surprised, we guarantee you). up to 1 megabyte or "calculate speed reduction." Find out, too, about Cromemco's rep- • You have confidentiality between • You get many unusual and helpful utation for quality and engineering. most stations commands that simplify programs Look into it now because you can • And, make no mistake, the system and execution — commands such as have the capabilities of a fully compu- is fast and powerful. You'll want to PROTECT, LIST VARIABLES, NOLIST, terized operation much quicker and for try its fast execution time yourself. and many more. much less than you ever thought. raM Cromemcoincorporated ^^^^^J Microcomputer Systems ^^"^^ 280 BERNARDO AVE., MOUNTAIN VIEW, CA 94040 • (415)964-7400 CIRCLE 114 ON READER SERVICE CARD How to buy a personal computer. your Apple in ways you never dreamed of. Suddenly everyone is talking about personal computers. using the capabilities of the computer you buy Are you ready for one? The best way to find out is to That's when don't want to be limited by read Apple Computer's "Consumer Guide to Personal will really count. You availability of pre-programmed cartridges. You'll Computing." It will answer your unanswered questions the Apple, that you can also program and show you how useful and how much fun personal want a computer, like yourself. You don't want to settle for a black and white computers can be. And it will help you choose a display. You'll want a computer, like Apple, that can computer that meets your personal needs. * turn any color tv into a dazzling array of color graphics Who uses personal computers. The more you learn about computers, the more your you'll want a computer Thousands of people have already discovered the Apple imagination will demand. So skill and experience computer— businessmen, students, hobbyists. They're that can grow with you as your grows. Apple's the one. using their Apples for financial management, complex with computers problem solving — and just plain fun. How to get one. You can use your Apple to quickest way is analyze the stock market, The free copy of manage your personal to get a the Consumer Guide finances, control your home environment, and to Personal Computing. yours calling to invent an unlimited Get by 800/538-9696. number of sound and Or by action video games. writing us. Then visit local Apple dealer. That's just the beginning. your We'll give you his name What to look for. and address when Once you've unlocked the you call. ' Appk- II plugs into any standard TV using power of the personal an inexpensive modulator (not included). computer, you'll be 10260 Bandley Dr.. ( In California (408)996-1010 CIRCLE 148 ON READER SERVICE CARD In This Issu articles fiction G foolishness 10 A Glimpse At the Faire Craig Lots of new software along with the hardware 40 Speculations Payack 28 Interview with Michael Shrayer Ahl 70 Creative History of Computers Pasanen Film maker turns to computers 91 The Perfect Caddy Greene 88 Help for the Beleaguered Consumer Ahl It's all a matter of programming The government may be able to help 96 You're Another James 1 33 Pascal Becomes Software Superstar Rosa 116 Computers and Education Barstow Some Questions of Value applications - 120 National Education Computing Conference games 34 Peeking and Pokeing Hallen Useful tool for memory mapped video displays 42 Music Composition ". Roberts A technique for composing your own 105 Watch Your Wallet McGuire Budget management on your personal computer 110 Analysis of Change Barnett i*m Differential equations — how they work 122 Computerized Sports Predictions Smith evaluations 6 profiles 1 26 Multiple Regression Analysis - Simplified Chereb 132 Gold Mine Jongs 17 Heathkit H-8 Salisbury Experience building one 136 Atom 20 Brander Game to survive after a nuclear war 20 Video Brain Uses APL/S Gray An exclusive interview with Dr. Albert Yu 24 Thinker Toys Floppy Disk Whipple A simple and effective design 30 Electric Pencil Craig departments Write it better - electrically 6 Editorial Craig 44 Four Computer Music Records Ahl The psychology of consumer programming 49 Compleat Computer Catalogue 8 Input/Output The latest new products and software You speak your mind; we speak ours 76 Pascal Chip Set from Western Digital Posa 46 Puzzles & Problems and a Maze Ahl 66 Book Reviews Gray 81 Compendium Todd This amazing computerized world 98 Apple Cart Milewski Data files: what they are, how to use them 102 TRS-80 Strings Gray Discounts, Microchess, Simulations and more 144 Index to Advertisers February 1979 — Volume 5, Number 2 Creative Computing magazine is published bi-monthly by Creative Computing. PO Box 789-M Mornstown. NJ 07960 (Editorial Office SI Dumor t Place. Mornstown. NJ 07960 Phone (201)5400445 1 Foreign Subscriptions Domestic Subscriptions 12 issues. $15. 24 issues $28. 36 issues $40 Send subscription Great Britain 12 issues £13. 36 issues £36 (surface postage). 12 issues £22. 36 issues orders or change of address (P Form 3575) to Creative Computing. Box 789-M. O PO £63 (airmail) Orders and payment to Hazel Gordon. Plot 23. Andrew Close. Stoke Mornstown. NJ 07960 Call 800-631 -81 12 loll-free (in New Jersey call 201-540-0445) to Golding. Nuneaton CV13 6EL. England order a subscription (to be charged only to a bank card) Australia R Hoess. Electronic Pty . J Concepts Ltd 52-58 Clarence St . Sydney NSW 2000. Australia Second class postage paid at Mornstown. New Jersey and at additional mailing offices Other Countries 12 issues $23. 24 issues $44. 36 issues $64 (surface postage. U S Copyright t 1979 by Creative Computing All rights reserved Reproduction prohibited dollars); 12 issues $39. 24 issues $76. 36 issues $112 (airmail postage. US dollars) Printed in USA Orders to Creative Computing. PO Box 789-M. Mornstown. NJ 07960. USA . " r Sales Advertising Publisher David H. Ahl ...notices... Western Stares. Texas Editor John Craig Jules E. Thompson Duplication — Hearst Building, Suite Mil Floppy Disc Manager Betsy Staples Business 5 Third Street to Do It? San Francisco. Ca 94103 How Associate Editor Steve North (415) 362-8547 Creative Computings Software Division like to market is in a predicament. We'd Contributing Editors Frederick Chetson Southern California the popular computers Margot Cntchlield Charlton floppy discs for Bert however, one-at-a- Thomas W. Dwyer Mary Jo Burger (Apple II. TRS-80, etc.). con- Bill Etra 2560 Via Teion time disc duplication is too time Louise Etra Palos Verdes Estates. CA 90247 suming. We've been producing and verify- Lee Felsenstein 378-8361 but (213) ing our CP/M 8" floppies one at a time Stephen B. Gray very for a real mass production item it's net Ed Herthberger Mid-Atlantic. Northeast economical. We've considered a system Arthur I. Karshmer Charles Lynch master drive Theodor Nelson 36 Sohier Street with three slaves and one a Trish Todd Cohasset. MA 02025 which represents an improvement by improve- Stanley Viet (617) 383-6136 factor of 2, but we'd really like an Karl Zinn ment by a factor of 10, or even 100! Any New York. New Jersey ideas out there? Preferably tried and Nils Lommerin Bob Nelson to: Art Directors proven. If so. please drop a note Ralph Miller 830 Creative Computing Software, P.O. Box 342 Madison . Ave . Room Editorial Assistant Jennifer Burr New York City. NY 10017 789-M. Morristown, NJ 07960. (212) 661-9234 Advertising Burchenal Green Marcia Wood Midwest and Broderick Production Manager Robert Borrell Didier Our Face is Red Dept. P.O. Box 337 Northfield, IL 60093 On the Mailing List program by Gary Bookkeeper Jeanne Tick (312) 446-9571 Young in the Nov/Dec issue, pp 138-144. lines we inadvertently left out of the Software Development Eric VanHom Elsewhere two Jeffrey Yuan Burchenal Green listing. They are: Ann Corrigan (914) 739-1144 12100 RETURN Randy Heuer 12200S4 1 Sorry for any inconvenience. Retail Marketing Angela Tsoumaris WYWWWWW Customer Service Ethel Fisher Book Service C.J. Whitaker Around the Creative Kay McKenzie Barbara Shupe Computing Jungle Joe Ortiz This New England Rep Jane Fletcher Publication. . . Eastern Penna Rep. Paula Mann So. Calif. Rep. Valmere Kranak United Kingdom Rep. Hazel Gordon r OK to Reprint Manager's desk. "Just a minute Material in Creative Computing may be Advertising it I can find your ad in our reprinted without permission by school — I'll see and college publications, personal comp- -1MB computer. uting club newsletters, company house moment we have 21 people in our organs, and non-profit publications. Only is Available in At the Dumont Place building which was original- original material may be reprinted; that is, ly designed for 7. This isn't as bad as the you may not reprint a reprint. Also, each MICROFORM in The house in Hong Kong reported reprint must carry the following notice on Guinness Book of World Records designed the first page of the reprint in 7-point or For Complete Information to house 12 people but which is occupied larger type (you may cut out and use this WRITE : by 459. including 104 in one room. notice if you wish): University Nevertheless, we're jammed in; with luck by Copyright e 1978 by Creative Computing Microfilms the time you read this. 14 of us will be in our Street. 51 Dumont Place, Morristown, NJ 07960 new building on Washington Sample issue $2.00; International Hopefully! One-year subscription $15.00 Opt. FA. Dept. F.A. Plese send us two copies of any 300 North Zeeb Road 18 Bedford Row MEMBER Ann Arbor. Ml 48106 London. WC1R4EJ publication that carries reprinted material. U.S.A. England Send to attention: David Ahl. c D CREATIVE COMPUTING . SMOKE SIGNAL BROi PRESENTS IT'S NEW. 8-INCH FLOPPY DISK SYSTEM Users that require at least 500K of online data storage will find the LFD-68 floppy fits system SINGLE the bill. This system uses standard 8-inch floppies to DRIVE provide this increased capability. The controller LFD-68-1 provides the capability of supporting up | $1395.00 four 8-inch drives for a maximum system capacity of over 1 mega- )yte of online storage. This sys- DUAL tem is complete with system DRIVE software and available in two LFD-68-2 ^configurations. The LFD— $1895.00 ,68—1, a one drive system or the LFD-68-2, a ^two drive system. 'BINCH disk system 'floppy J futmn MM raquira at lyatt BOOK of ontina data Fitoraoa twll find tht LFD-68 floppy tyMam f'B SINGLE ^V i^^^/l sk about our ^^M Thu tyMam uayi ttandard 8inch floppiai to^ DRIVE 1 tha Ml. ' new DFD-68-2 with Tprowidt Ihn Incraaaad capability. Tha LFO-68-1 i^T ^| Fproyidat the capability of aupponing MM x^m two 8-inch double sided four 8 inch dnvot for a maaimui llyttam capacity of oaar 1 magaT W floppy disk drives with 512K Ibyta of onlina Moraaa. Tcin tyt DUAL k lyMam DRIVE M \tarti i» comptata with I bytes of storage per drive and \ Mtlwara and aya)labta in two - OO^ad^H lconf.9urat.0nt Tha LFD US98 i capability ofadding additional lyatant \6a I . a ona dnya C.O* Iha LFD-68 1 a i^L drives to provide over 2 mega- ktwo driva tyMam. bytes of online storage 4k #$'" ,SM0KE STOMAL PBROABCASTIHC 31336 Via Colinas. Westlake Village, CA 91361 (213)889-9340 Send information on your LFD—68 Systems D Send name of nearest dealer Name. HE SffiHAL BROAJKASTIlte. Address Company. Via Colinas, Westlake Village, CA 91361, (213) 889-9340 City CIRCLE 125 ON READER SERVICE CARD State/Zip . Editorial The Psychology John Craig \ of Consumer m Programming Have you noticed how much soft- would have done the trick just as package should be used by the non- of fact, ware is being developed these days well... and certainly been something technical end user. As a matter in back with which supposedly is aimed toward the everyone could answer without any he included a section the end user or non-technical consumer? trouble. technical details. ..for those who can Dick Milewski There's a lot of it... and a lot of it is Another area which deserves close use that information. baloney. Many programmers are hav- examination is documentation. This is (The Software Works) has a single ing a rough time putting themselves frequently a big bugaboo and the thing sheet he includes with his Mail Room into the shoes of that end user. ..and which gets the least attention. With package which describes "How you visualizing the problems with which consumer-oriented software we can't can make Mail Room do something in they're going to be faced. Wouldn't a afford to let documentation go out the the first 5 minutes — before reading the better approach be to have someone door which makes a lot of assump- manual." What an idea! It does wonders totally removed from the development tions about what that user knows. for instilling confidence in the software it is to of a package try it out and provide feed- People will get turned off if they get and certainly shows how easy back to the programmer? We can't frustrated! What the heck, if a piece of operate. Another feature in Mail Room afford to turn people off with our software can get me worked up into a which is certainly worth mentioning is software. This "user-orientation" lather. . .imagine what it could do to the the "Soundex" technique he employed. misspelling of ought to be foremost in our thinking poor novice. I recently had an ex- This allows for when developing systems. perience with a piece of software which names. ..and the computer will search Much of the problem is just small drove me buggy because of all the for those which "sound" like the name in. software such as things. For example, I recently ran an assumptions made by the programmer typed Forgiving in that consumer amortization program (definitely . . . and were reflected in the documen- this will be a big plus developed for a non-technical end tation. Once again, it was just simple market! user) which asked me to "ENTER OUT- things ... like failing to mention that Perhaps we've fallen into this situa- PUT DEVICE NUMBER (0-7)," It wasn't you needed to run Program A before tion because most of us simply don't person too big a deal for me to go back into my you could run Program B. I have very think in terms of an untrained system's documentation and find out strong feelings that the programmer walking up to a computer and using it. the device number of my printer and should not be the person who writes We've been around computers in our terminal. However, it would have been the manual on using a program. That work environments and schools and much more of a "project" for a novice to programmer is just naturally going to we know from those experiences that go in and find that information. The make assumptions because he's been people must be trained before getting operate whole point is this: The expression so close to the project . . . assumptions near systems. People can "ENTER OUTPUT DEVICE NUMBER" which will be disastrous. these complicated monsters without with is something directed toward fellow One of the few exceptions I've seen training if we design the software computer professionals. Something to this "programmer-writing-the- that objective in mind. Let'sstart taking like, "DO YOU WANT PRINTED COPY manual" situation is the data base a closer look at these situations, okay? OF PROGRAM OUTPUT (Y/N)?" program called Whatsit. Lyall Morrill In the long run we'll be looking out for did a fantastic job of describing how his ourselves as well as that end user, m CREATIVE COMPUTING ALTOS presents a new standard in quality and reliability nc/ WE'RE ALTOS COMPUTER SYSTEMS. Our SUN-SERIES ACS8000 business/scientific computer creates a new standard in quality and reliability in high technology computers. HIGH TECHNOLOGY The ACS8000 is a single board, BUILT-IN RELIABILITY The ACS8000 is a true single disk-based computer. It Z80®* utilizes the ultra-reliable board computer. This makes it inherently reliable and main- Shugart family of 8 inch, IBM compatible, disk drives. A tainable. The board and the two Shugart drives are easily ac- choice of drives is available: single or double density, single or cessible and can be removed in less than five minutes. All elec- double sided. Select the disk capacity you need, when you tronics are socketed for quick replacement. Altos provides need it: !4M, 1M, 2M, or 4M bytes. The ACS8000 features complete diagnostic utility software for drives and memory. the ultimate in high technology hardware: a fast 4 MHz Z80 CPU, 64 kilobytes of 16K dynamic RAM, 1 kilobyte of 2708 QUALITY SOFTWARE Unlimited versatility. The ACS EPROM, an AMD 9511 floating point processor, a Western 8000 supports the widely accepted CP/M®** disk operating Digital floppy disk controller, a Z80 direct memory access, system and FOUR high level languages: BASIC, COBOL Parallel and Serial Z80 I/O (two serial RS232 ports, 1 parallel PASCAL and FORTRAN IV. All available NOW. port), and a Z80 CTC Programmable Counter/Timer (real time clock). In essence, the best in integrated circuit technology. PRICE ACS 8000-1, single density, single-sided ['/, Mb] $3,840 ACS 8000-2, double CIRCLE 104 ON READER SERVICE CARD density, single-sided [I Mb] $4,500 ACS 8000-3, single density, double-sided [I Mb] $4,800 ACS 8000-4, double density, double-sided [2 Mb] $5,300 Brackets show disk capacity per standard two drive system. All models come standard with 32 Kb RAM and two 8" disk drives as shown above. Expansion to 64 Kb is $363 per 16 Kb. FPP, DMA, software optional. Dealer/OEM discounts available. Delivery 30 days ARO, all models. *Z80 is a trademark of Zilog. Inc. "(I' M is a trademark *H Digital Research. |nc COMPUTER SYSTEMS 2338A WALSH AVEO input Output compensating us for all the time and effort it takes us to collect and publish programs. We understand that your activities are The Cryptologists Strike Again ostensibly non-profit, and of course we have no objections when someone uses one of our programs for himself or possibly gives a copy to a friend. But we can not allow a group of national scope Dear Editor: to pirate our software. reference to John Soto's short note. Generation of With We would rather avoid legal action if possible (though we Acronyms By Buz/word INtegration (GABBING) in the Nov- won't preclude it) as we feel that this would not work to the 1978 issue should like to hettcr inform your readers. A Dec we benefit of the personal computing community. And obviously, little known cryptologic secret is the fact that HAl. is a Caesar what's done is already done. We suggest the following: encipherment of IBM. Simply add 1 to all letters of HAl to suspension of the distribution of CP M User decipher it.' Another decipherment scheme would be to 1. Immediate Ciroup Volumes 1 3.20.2 1. 26.27 containing our copyrighted subtract a 1 from each letter of the word, fry this out on BIM!! We suggest that you stop publishing such highly speculative software. that programs stuff and give your readers the truth on origins of such things 2. A signed statement from you affirming no Computing will appear pertaining to cryptology. Better yet tell them to send us a note published at any time by Creative without our prior and we shall give them information on CRYPIOEOGIA. a in the CP M User's Group library journal devoted to all aspects of cryptology. which will give written consent. volume of the them cryptologic literacy in the same way you have given all of 3. Notice of the above will appear in the next us computer literacy. CP M User's Group. Winkel. Editor Brian J. We feel that these demands are quite reasonable in view of the Assistant Professor of Mathematics extreme nature of the violation of our rights, and hope you will Albion College see lit to comply. Our reason for taking this step is not because Albion. Ml 49224 we have nothing better to do but that this may be seriously affecting our own sales of CP M software. Frankly, we're tired stop to it. / don't know. Brian, the way you slipped thai plug in there was of being ripped off and we intend to put a attorneys if we not pretty sneaky! —JTC. I his matter will be turned over to our do receive your written compliance with the above points by December 29. 1978. An Open Letter to the Sincerely yours. CP/M Users Group David H. Ahl Anthonv R. Gold Publisher CP M User's Group 345 East 86 Street Apt. 1KI) New York. NY 10028 Cure for TRS-80 Input Strangeness Dear Mr. Gold: In a letter contained in the first volume of the CP M User's Dear Editor: Group library, you state that it is your intention to prevent the In regard lo the problem described in .lames Garson's letter accidental distribution of any proprietary or copyrighted in the Nov Dec 1978 issue, the following routine may solve his software. We believe that you have made an attempt to do this. problem: Unfortunately, this has not actually been the case. We note 10 CI S with that nearly all of the programs that we have dismay 20 II PEEK (143401 1 III N I'RINI <® O. THE R KEY IS published in the past in our maga/ine. books and software discs DEPRESSED": GOTO 20 ELSE I'RINI CREATIVE COMPUTING New from North Star Double Density Performance at Single Density Prices The new HORIZON computer and density, so existing single density disk- Micro Disk System now record in dou- ettes can still be used. Single density ble density! That means each new SA-400 drives previously purchased Shugart SA-400 minifloppy disk drive with North Star systems can also be accesses 180K bytes of on-line infor- used. mation. All double density HORIZON Pricing computers and Micro Disk Systems Specifications: with have a redesigned controller HORIZON one double density S-100 compatible. MFM which SA-400 minifloppy (180K bytes), 16K encoding, 35 tracks with ten allows the use of quadruple capacity RAM, Z80A processor and serial I/O 512-byte sectors per track. disk drives as they become available in port: kit, 179,200 bytes on double early 1979. A three-drive North Star $1599 $1899 assembled. density SA-400 and North Star System with quadruple capacity disk MICRO DISK SYSTEM with one BASIC, DOS, and Monitor double included. drives will access over a megabyte of density SA-400 minifloppy, controller on-line information. But, best of all board and power regulation: $699 kit, For further Information, write there's no price increase for double $799 assembled. (Cabinet and power for full color catalog or contact your local computer store. density models. supply $39 extra each.) North Star BASIC and DOS have been North Star * Computers upgraded to accommodate the in- 2547 Ninth Street creased capacity and yet run existing Berkeley, California 94710 ^ N9 programs with little or no change. The (415)549-0858 new disk system also supports single CIRCLE 163 ON READER SERVICE CARD TjS iB^JflH KSm John Craig i the Software Show: \ 3rd West Coast Computer Faire The 3rd Computer Faire, held in Los Angeles (Nov 2nd - 5th. 1978). was every bit as successful as the 1st and 2nd I particularly impressed Faires . . and as enjoyable. was with the large amount of software on display Since software is the key to this entire industry, and may well decide whether we make it or not. I decided to devote my write-up of the show to that software . and share my discoveries with you. Why are all these people smiling? It's because the gentleman on Bob Goodman, on the left, has developed a data base system, the left. Gary Koffler. is giving them a fantastic demonstration of called Selector II. which runs under CBASIC or Microsoft BASIC Appletalker and Apple-Lis'ner. He was playing a game of tic-tac- and M. We'll have a review of it in an upcoming issue $255 CP toe with the Apple (on a large-screen TV) using the voice Rd.. Dublin. CA 94566. Micro- Ap. 8939 San Ramon synthesizer and voice recognition packages developed by Bob Bishop and Bill Depew. Impressive! If you've got an Apple then send off for their catalog, by all means. Soltape. 10756 Vanowen. No. Hollywood. CA 91605 CREATIVE COMPUTING BEYOND TRS-80 When Microsoft put Level ll BASIC on TRS-80, you got a glimpse of its full potential. Now Microsoft introduces: TRS-80 Fortran and TRS-80 will never be the same! Plus TRS-80 FORTRAN includes the finest Z-80 development software available: Z-80 Macro Assembler, versatile Text Editor, and Linking Loader. Totai price: Only $350.00 TO: Microsoft. 10800 NE Eighth. Suite 819. Bellevue. WA 98004 Clip the coupon and ORDER CC NOW, or send for free Send me free TRS-80 FORTRAN overview. overview for more details about TRS-80 Send me TRS-80 FORTRAN and Z-80 development soft- FORTRAN. ware for $350.00. TRS-80 FORTRAN is supplied on two minidiskettes and requires a Check enclosed Master Charge VISA 32K system with one disk drive. Card Number Exp. Date Dealer inquiries invited. Cardholder's Signature Name MICROSOFT Address 10800 NE Eighth, Suite 819 city state zip Bellevue, WA 98004 CIRCLE 147 ON READER SERVICE CARD -I issue with reviews ot several We've got a review of Compu-Quote's PET and TRS-80 checkers We're going to have an upcoming systems land other related computer- game coming up in Creative. Marvin Mallon (center) would love to computer portrait hope to cover is Computer receive your order lor one. Be sure to include a check tor $14.95. generated art). One of the systems we tor info. PO Box 984 6914 Berquist Ave., Canoga Park, CA 91307. Venture's system. Drop em a line more Action. MA 01720. nil ' the and he. along with Another portrait system we hope to get an article on is this one Dr. Robert Go/f is standing in background Littge. offering an impressive (and owned by Don Eells (Hawkeye Computer Portraits) It can be his partner Dr. Roger O. are significant) program called Home Poison Control. It runs under purchased from COMPIC Corp.. 113 N. Neil St . Champaigne, IL 61820. North Star DOS and sells for $28. A review of the package will be in the April issue. (They've also got a medical data base system, for $575. lor doctors and/or hospitals which runs under CP/M and CBASIC.) Berkeley Medical Group. PO Box 5279. Berkeley. CA 94705. Tom Nussmeier is looking over his disk-based TRS-80 system running RSM-2D, a monitor program for TRS-80 disk systems — $29.95 (they have a tape version also — $23.95). They sell Electric well with their Pencil for the TRS-80 ($99.95) . . . which goes quite TRS-232 printer interface ($39.95) and the Malibu Printer in the foreground (Malibu has a new enhanced character-generation scheme which comes very close to word processing quality Malibu Design Group. 8900 Eton Ave.. Suite G. Canoga Park. CA 91304) Toms Small System Software also has a video game called Air Raid (for $14.95) which you don't want to buy . your machine will be tied up forever by people playing it! PO Box 366. Newbury Park. CA 91320. CREATIVE COMPUTING . ONE Package Does it All Sale Activity. Inventory. Payables, Receivables, Client/Patient. Check Register, Expenses. Appointments, and much, much more MICRO-AP MICRO-AP MICRO-AP MICRO l-AP MICRO-AP MICRO-AP MICRO-AP MICR P MICRO-AP MICRO-AP MICRO-AP MICRO- -RO-AP MICRO-AP MICRO-AP MICRO-AP MICR O-AP MICRO-AP MICRO-AP MICRO-AP MICRO- ...ICRO-AP MICRO-AP MICRO-AP MICRO-AP MICR CRO-AP MICRO-AP MICRO-AP MICRO-AP MICRO- P MICRO-AP MICRO-AP MICRO-AP MICRO-AP MICR MICRO-AP MICRO-AP MICRO-AP MICRO-AP MICRO- '-AP MICRO-AP MICRO-AP MICRO-AP MICRO-AP MICR MICRO-AP MICRO-AP MICRO-AP MICROi \P MICRO-AP MICRO-AP MICRO-AP MICR MICRO-AP MICRO-AP MICRO-AP MICRO- VP MICRO-AP MICRO-AP MICRO-AP MICR MICRO-AP MICRO-AP MICRO-AP MICRO- VP MICRO-AP MICRO-AP MICRO-AP MICR -ap micro-ap m >-AP MICRO-AP Ml :ro-ap micro-af RO-AP MICFO-AP K -ap micro-ap m >-AP MICRO-AP Ml ,'ro-ap micro-af RO-AP MICRO-AP A -ap micro-ap m >-AP MICRO-AP Ml ;ro-ap micro-af RO-AP MICRO-AP n -ap micro-ap m )-AP MICRO-AP Ml :ro-ap micro-af RO-AP MICRO-AP n AP MICRO-AP MICRO-AP MICRO-AP MICRO-AP MICRO-AP MICRO-AP Ml RO-AP MICRO-AP MICRO-AP MICRO-AP MICRO-AP MICRO-AP MICRO-AP ft AP MICRO-AP MICRO-AP MICRO-AP MICRO-AP MICRO-AP MICRO-AP Ml RO-AP MICRO-AP MICRO-AP MICRO-AP JAICRO-AP MICRO-AP MICRO-AP r, NOW, Multi-key recall capability in a micro computer system. SELECTOR III Allows you to accomplishes tasks that Runs under CBASIC retrieve any data by use of as many stand-alone programs • $49.95 w/selector many as twenty-four (24) can not. Selector III comes • $89.95 separately: keys in any one record. With complete with eight dedi- Selector is available in a selector III you can retrieve cated applications in one variety of CP/M, diskette size by date, invoice number, comprehensive package. It and density formats name, product, or any of up allows you to add an unlimit- including IBM 8"; North Star; to twenty-four separate keys. ed program library using all Micropolis; Processor Tech Why be restricted to only one its resources. III Selector can Helios II; Altair Disk; iCOM key, when selector III offers combine all your needs in Microdisk and Imsai. complete versatility. one complete, easy to use Available (rom computer stores nationwide package. Selector III saves • Eight For One LIFEBOAT Associates you time and money. The 164 W 83rd Street, New York. NY 10024 (212) 580-0082 Selector III is a complete complete Selector III pack- Or order direct trom: data base management sys- age is priced at only $295.00 tem, including MICRO-AP report writer ($100 to registered Selector 9807 Davona Drive. San Ramon. CA 94583 (415) 828-6697 and query capabilities, that II licensees). CIRCLE 127 ON READER SERVICE CARD 11.1,1,, .i..,,,,!, Digital Research (the folks who gave you CPM) has CPM up and running on ICOMs new 10 Megabyte hard disk. The gentleman in likely be the photo is none other than John Pierce who will most the one to help you with any problems called into Digital at it! Box 579. Pacific Grove. CA Research . . . and he's good PO 93950 That's Fred Pood. Mkt-Mgr. lor Micropro International Corp.. demonstrating their Word-Master text editing system ($150). When put together with Super-Sort ($250) and Correspondei system ($95) you come up with one heck of a word processing 5810 Commerce Blvd.. Rohnert Park. CA 94928. .Qynwartt That handsome devil is Peter Burke. President of The BASIC Business Software Co.. Inc. ... and they have some software! Their packages run on the Alpha Micro AM-100. CP/M (CBASIC is also available or Microsoft). TRS-80 Level II. Apple (and Pac *4 "Some for the Sorcerer) They have all of Osborne & Associates Common Basic Programs" on diskette (for $22 w/o book, $30.50 with) Alpha-Micro utilities ($25). Statistic programs ($30) and Finance Calculator ($15). PO Box 2032. Salt Lake City. UT84110 Dick Milewski, on the left, is the man responsible lor the high quality software coming out of The Software Works (for Nortt Star DOS systems) and for the Apple Cart column in Creative. Hi wife Mary, seated on the right, is responsible lor that fantastic in the Milewski household artwork . . and the great cooking Dicks latest is "P/M Planner." a capital equipment inventory system with preventive maintenance scheduling ($149.95). Box 4386. Mountain View. CA 94040. More faire photos on pages 78 - 79. CREATIVE COMPUTIN. cauliln Way To Interface 140 SOROC s first IftlSO and foremost conce- design outstanding remote video displays, has resulted in the development of the IQ 140 This unit 1 ' \ With itor -* A I print tible with I- CIRCLE 129 ON READER SERVICE CARD 165 FREEDOM AVE., ANAHEIM, CALIF. 92801 ' - 3 BBO / (800IBS4-QI47 PP P York, NY. 10017 when software counts 485 Lexinqton Avenue 750 Third Avenue New The (212)687-5001 (212) PET 2001 Foreign order desk Telex 640055 PERIPHERALS PET BUSINESS FOR PET SYSTEM • 32K Memory Enpantron $695 NEW! is truly sophisticated • 1SK EXPANDAPET $426 The PET now a with the Floppy "PET" • PET to RS23? Sanel SIM Business System • 2 Way Stf'ial/ComfnynicMMNt S29S Disk and Printer which makes an • lot PE T S3TO only Modtm Bo«td ideal cost efficient business $795 • PET to $10014 Moll $160 and • UK flOMOp**)-"! $*»*" system for most professional • SfCfmd Caiwtu Dm* SIOO • |K RAM Me****. specialized fields: medicine, • ParalM Pmiie* Interlace . SI99 • 1 V4N lh~lM • PC T Pnntff IFeto 791 $69$ law. research, engineering, etc CREDIT CARD education, ••« *<* - wn~* PET I Ct, commodore leant ORDERS ONLY- at i*e> CO«»UTfft t»l'0«> m eat .#*>•> eh f*t FEED " 11? cps B i -directional multiple Languages (BASIC PRINTER * 4K ROM • ' jK RAM resident) 2022 * Upper/Lower Case and Graphics * Machine Language Monitor * 7 x 6 Dot Matrix * 8K ROM Expansion Sockets DUAL DRIVE FLOPPY DISK 2040 * 360 K Bytes Storage * 8K ROM Encoding and • \ High Speed Data Transfer Decoding * Plugs into IEEE Port • 4K RAM * 6504 Microprocessor • Uses Single or Dual sided RADIO SHACK • PET • SORCERER • * 8K ROM Operating System Diskettes APPLE • C0MPUC0L0R • ETC. PRINTERS • PRINTERS* PRINTERS T*a coamJTtN Mctoftr. • CLM'SOWCS >n I • AXIOM UVaMI ii • AXIOM IS**" I em* e. yea o» «•. SOFTWARE • EXPANOORU'etioMl with purchase • INTEGRAL DAIA C_E|_C_C$35 of Software • iWMI .ii DIABLO of any computer on this page CENTRONICS 700 (Business) SI 595 PET TO CENTRONICS PRINTER INTERFACE PET(P) APPLE (A)TRS-80(T) HTCM 8EUCT*tmiW Mm BUSINESS—FINANCE GAMES lANDERSON JAC0BS0N SORCERER MKrochess $1995. P -A.. Stock PortolK) Analysis $24 95 . P Checkers ... 1496 ..P T Mortgage Analysis 15 95 - P . . T . .P A 14.95 . . . . . T Bridge Challenger . A Annual Report Analyier 22.96 . P . 14 96 P A Analyzer M 96 PAT Super Startrek Stock P '.< Bonds 1296. P Swarm 8K 14 95 19 96 P CheckDO0k/»K 16K. 32K 16.96.. Swarm 16K . . P . 9.95 Checkbook 20 00 A Galaxy Games . 9 95 P ... 1595. P Spacetrek Finance T A Spacetrek ... 795 Finance/2 tapes . 24 95 P T Osero/Reverse 995. Stockscreen . . ... 29.96 i«a« Id* tao*. pro) T 9 95 P Stock Options 2495 ..P. Target Pong ... 9.95.. P . P Blackjack Word Processing 45.00 . • ASCII Co*. • R . M :: ,.., T Lunar Lander (plus 3 more) 995. .P . 99.95 • t'jtatPnM'Mi • S 100 Corneal-..-, Electric Pencil . T Lunar Lander. 7 96 T a . programs)/5 tapes .... 49 50 M Uier OoT>n«4 Overact Library ( ~D P tor r Battle ol Midway 9 95 * Ut» Xr*yt»oere PET • 7*0 . Si? RkoMmki • . P • WoiioMr *#t* Hostage/ Jury 9.95 . Mm « Mo4u*a> devpr. allow, i EDUCATION 95. P 7 50 A profftm. »nrJ ROM PAC tarti. Basic Basic. 2 tapes $14 . Black|ack/Sk>t • $tr*K««i ISM Hangman 7 50 A Number Boiklei . 9 50. PAT Color Math rVettfi SOT* Analogies Builder 9 50. P A T Biorhythm. Mastermind 750 A T 95 A $1195 $1095 Vocabulary Builder/2 tapes 12 50..P .. A .. States and Capitols 7 T . P Preschool IO Builder 9 SO P A Backgammon 7 95 . 95..P Diet Planner/ Biorhythm 14 95. -P Casino I (bteckiack) 7 BUS COMPUTERS 7 96..P 6502 Asaembtei 24 95 PA Casino II (craps) . 95 I P - T . A Step by Step Programming 29 95. . OcHI -7 T Electronics.. '95 T Library (100 programs) 49 SO HAM Package ?95 1 - 95. P C0MPUC0L0R II Weight Contiol 7 . learn Fractions (Elem -H S I 750. 50. P $19.95 each disk Pilot (Mayday Landing) 10 . MATH TUTOR - with OMcAboDk. Ban PERSONAL FINANCE I •ftymrnvMalti Dtc*. and Heop* Pf R SONA I FINANCE II Word Processing For PET. (HISS wiihAnvDauorySLrflf EQUITY / STAR TACK w.th Lunar L*n<>i BONDS AND SECURITIES B* Data General IMSAI With this program in hand, you can OTHELLO with Dsce * Coocantrelion BLACKJACK 1e» all »e»jel hvwra Math Tutor on 10 Tht tew (*ti MtMtHMt create text and add. delete, center, HANGMAN with 2 A one. *«•>, al mIhwi n DATA GENERAL ptekOMN recall lines and move text around on The following are $24.95 each micro NOVA PCS aw*. Htkre* eW (taw*! Bl RAH page or between pages. Use either TEXT EDITOR • ASSEMBLER I/O DO$ SASIC Toe taitimeta m inM bwiieartt (•eftfaian $45.00 • pc$42 leawii «w • pcs* PET or terminal keyboard. •*«. COMPUTfFI I AC «*•« MMtfNMl I'MKSKMSS I0HY I rf-r-ie-ifuin Software *i Alan B. Salisbury Earlier this year, we reported on the but the kit purchaser who makes a Also included (and packed separately) H-8 system (Creative Computing significant investment in Heath is the fully wired and pre-tested CPU is entitled to carefully Jan/Feb 1978) based on using units hardware con- board. This does not mean that there is assembled by Heath. Recently we built trolled and updated documentation. very little circuit wiring to be done, an H-8 system from kits. This article As with any kit an inventory of the however, since the control circuit will focus on the kit building ex- parts should be accomplished. This is board contains a great deal of circuitry. perience since the system perfor- made easier for the inexperienced kit It is this board that gives the H-8 its mance was well covered in the earlier builder by the Heath practice of in- "intelligent" front panel. In addition to article. cluding within the manual illustrations the octal control function keyboard The system we built consists of the of the many components. During this and octal LED readouts, the control CPU/Control Panel. 24K bytes of process it is also a good idea to board contains its own "program" in memory, and serial and parallel I/O organize the parts for retrieval easy read-only memory (ROM) to enable it interface boards. We added a cassette during construction. to perform its many control functions. recorder and an H-9 terminal (wired) to Assembly of the mother board and exercise the system. All together, 9 control circuit board is reasonably separate kits were involved. straight- forward and poses no dif- According to the Heath catalog, the ficulties if the instructions are followed H-8 is a "six evening" kit. If an evening carefully. In typical Heath fashion, the is about 3 hours long, then that figure instructions are exceptionally well is reasonably accurate since about detailed and present virtually no confu- 16-18 hours should be adequate to put sion. Those not familiar with all of the the basic H-8 together. (This came out parts involved must make use of the to be more than six evenings for the illustrations. The only potential author due to late dinners and young problem we noted was with the tan- "helpers" to contend with.) talum capacitors. The printed polarity The control circuit board includes the keyboard first in building Heath kit is The step a which extends through the front panel. markings on our capacitors did not unpacking and organizing the match up with the illustrations in the materials. Our kit included the usual manual and were not well positioned The basic H-8 kit, it should be noted, documentation and construction on the parts. Following the guide in the does not include all the materials manuals, plus about six "special manual might well result in reversed required to build a working computer. notices" or "important notices". Some polarities and blown capacitors— Significantly, no read-write memory of these contain important changes to fortunately not too expensive or dif- is included in kit. the construction manual, parts sub- (RAM) this At least ficult to obtain. one H8-1 memory kit must stitution, and similar items. The builder be The novice kit builder would do well might be more comfortable that he had assembled and installed before the to practice soldering on spare boards H-8 can be checked out, let alone everything he should have if one (or the new Heath soldering kit) priorto operated. consolidated notice were included with beginning work on the real thing. Poor each kit, or at least a key citing all the The H-8 consists of the power soldering is no doubt one of the most notices or changes that the purchaser supply, mother board to accom- common causes of problems during should have. We recognize the modate up to ten other boards, front construction, as well as later failures publishing and distribution problems panel/control circuit board, and after the system has been in operation. associated with volatile information, cabinet. A proper low wattage pencil type iron FEB 1979 17 Two sources of help may be available is, of course, required and care must be initial operational checkout can be problems. For those taken to preclude cold solder joints or accomplished. Heath provides a step- for resolving fortunate enough to live near a Heath shorts due to excess solder. by-step sequence of instructions Electronics Center, technicians at Another area where great care is describing how to enter the first test well in the these stores have generally been required is in the handling of some of program. If all has gone trained on these systems by Heath. In the integrated circuits (IC's) which are construction to this point and the will at a nearby exceptionally vulnerable to damage program is entered correctly, you our case, the technician and from electrostatic charge. Detailed be rewarded with the message "Your center was both knowledgeable in pinpointing trouble areas for instructions and caution notices are H-8 is Up and Running" cleverly helpful included. displayed on the LED's (which do not kit builders. Also, the Heath stores display regular alpha characters). stock many parts and can generally Certainly this message is infinitely replace defective or missing parts on more rewarding to the kit builder than the spot. This has an obvious advan- to the buyer who simply plugs in a pre- tage over mail order from Benton wired unit. A memory test routine is Harbor. also provided along with information A source of help available to all is a on "burning in" the unit to exercise it a hot-line phone number to the com- bit more and perhaps uncover early puter folks at Heath. During normal failures business hours (their time) you can call The final phase of our construction and discuss problems with an engineer project was the assembling of the serial or technician who may be able to talk boards. you through a solution. As a last resort, A VTVM or similar instrument is required to make and parallel interface These key measurements to check out the system during are comparable in effort required to the the system can be sent to Heath, but construction. control circuit board. The serial I/O this can be time consuming and expen- Much of the construction work on and cassette interface board (H8-5) sive. Before the H-8 is mechanical, involved with should be assembled first since it Is an H-8 kit right for you? building the cabinet and front panel. permits connecting both a cassette making this decision you should The keyboard is composed of in- recorder and a terminal to the system. decide whether the end product H-8 is dividual spring loaded keys which The parallel interface board (H8-2) will what you want, regardless of whether mount on the control circuit board and also handle the terminal, as well as or not you build it. This is a extend through an opening in the front other peripherals, handling a full byte sophisticated system with con- panel. On our unit, the panel clearance at a time rather than a bit at a time as siderable growth potential. Unlike around the keys was very tight some systems, it does not understand resulting in some border keys oc- BASIC when the power is turned on. casionally getting stuck on the panel BASIC is just one of several programs edge. Carefully trimming off the excess that can be loaded. Others include an plastic on the edges of the key caps assembler, debug routine, and a text helped some, but did not completely editor. Good documentation makes cure the problem. We also have some these relatively easy to use, but the concern about the long term reliability documentation is hot tutorial. In short, of the keyboard due to its lack of the H-8 is not for the casual hobbyist, rugged construction. Other than this but requires some knowledge of com- area, the overall cabinet construction is Each board is plugged into the mother board as it puter systems operation and software. good, giving the unit a professional is completed Will you learn a lot about computer look and feel. systems and hardware from the with the serial board. Connection of When the H-8 unit is finished, there is building experience? Only if you make the cassette recorder and terminal not much testing that can be done an extra effort. While the manuals are permit full use of the system with the beyond some power supply quite detailed about construction Heath provided software. measurements and visual checks. steps, they provide no explanatory As we discussed, the instructions These are certainly recommended information about the hardware func- for occasional checks to be made since they can catch many errors call tions along the way. Separate portions as the construction proceeds. The before they result in component of the documentation explain system measurements called for require the damage. Operational checkout must functions, but they are not tutorial availability of a voltmeter and ohmeter await completion of at least one either. Heath does, however, offer to check voltages and make simple memory board. separate educational packages on A good digital Each H8-1 memory board can continuity checks. computer hardware and software, voltmeter (DVM) or vacuum tube accommodate up to 8K bytes of although they are not targeted at the voltmeter (VTVM) is preferred. memory. The kit includes only 4K, H-8. When problems arise during these however, and a separate H8-3 kit As kits go, Heath is certainly the top checks, the "In case of difficulty" tables (consisting of IC sockets and IC's of the line. Others don't come close in provided in the manuals will start you only) is necessary to bring a board to their quality of instructions and overall on the road to tracking down the its full 8K capacity. One evening documentation. Support from the problem. Both symptoms and probable should be sufficient to complete a manufacturer also rates high. These causes are included. When a particular memory board. The circuits are not are certainly important considerations. component is cited as a possible cause very densely packed on the board, and All in all, we found building the H-8 to of a problem, the builder can focus his the layout and component makeup be an enjoyable experience. While not attention on the indicated area of the permit a near assembly line approach. for everyone, H-8 kits offer a way to circuit board, and perhaps substitute Compared to the control circuit board, obtain a quality system with growth components where feasible. The memory boards are quite easy to capabilities to satisfy the serious average kit builder does not have the build. hobbyist or professional user. capability to completely check out a When the first memory board is component. finished and plugged into the H-8, an 18 CREATIVE COMPUTING Introducin the simple TRS-80 Up-grade Fast, easy, guaranteed expansion to 16K at less than half the price of Radio Shack. ****** W Ithaca Audio makes °S% everr^«^SXff^SSm it simple No false starts and finding you need some little item or special tool. Our Kit contains all the parts: 8 prime dynamic RAMs and a complete set of preprogrammed jumpers. No matter which model you have (even if you later purchase Level II software), covered. 10W you're *"*."o<*i** «& Complete Instructions Our easy-to-follow directions cut instal- lation time to just minutes. You can do it yourself—with no soldering! All you need is a household screwdriver. Only $140 100% Guarantee Like our kit, simple: if a part ever fails, we For technical assistance call replace it, FREE. or write to Available now ITHACA Order from your favorite retailer. If by AUDIO chance he hasn't stocked them yet we'll ship Phone: 607/273-3271 him your Kit right away. P.O. Box 91 Ithaca, New York 14850 Available off-the-shelf at these fine computer dealers. 1976 Ithaca Audio AL: BIRMINGHAM Computer Canter. (205) 942-8567 HUNTSVILLE Computerland. (205) 539-1200 CA: BERKELEY Byte Shop. (415) 845-6366 EL CERRITO Computerland. (415) 233-5010 HAYWARD Computerland. (415) 538-8080 LOS ALTOS: Computerland. (415) 941-8154 MARINA DEL REY Base 2. (213) 822-4499 MT VIEW Digital Deli. (415) Inc 457-931 1 961-2670 SAN FRANCISCO Computerland. (415) 536-1592 SAN JOSE: Electronic Systems (408) 226-4064 SAN RAFAEL Computer Demo Room . (415) WALNUT CREEK Computerland. (415)935-6502 DE: NEWARK Computerland. (303) 738-9656 Ft: FT LAUDERDALE Computer Age. (305) 791-8060 POMPANOBEACH Computer Age. (305)496-4999 TAMPA Micro-computer Systems. (813)879-4301 IL: NILES Computerland. (312)967-1714. OAK LAWN Computerland. (312)422-8080 PEORIA Computerland. (309) 688-6252 KS: OVERLAND PARK Personal Computer Center. (913) 649-5942 WICHITA: Computer Systems Oesign. (316) 265-1 120 KY: LOUISVILLE Computerland. (502) 425-8308 MA: CAMBRIDGE Computer Shop. (617) 661-2670 MD: ROCKVILLE Computerland. (301) 946-7676 Ml: ANN ARBOR Newman Computer Exchange. (313) 994- 3200 ROYAL OAK Computer Mart. (313) 576-0900 NJ: ANDOVER: Atlantic Microsystems. (201) 549-0189 BUDD LAKE Computer Lab of New Jersey. (201) 691-1984 CLARK S-100. (201)382-1318 ISELIN: Computer Mart (201) 283-0600 SUCCASUNNA: Computer Hut. (201) 584-4977 NY:BUFFALO Computerland. (716) 836-6511 ITHACA Computer- land Ol Ithaca. (607) 277-4888 JOHNSON CITY Micro World. (807) 798-9800 NEW YORK CITY Computer Mart ol New York. (212) 686-7923 SYRACUSE Computer Shop Of Syracuse Inc.. (315) 446-1284 OH: CINCINNATI Digital Design. (513) 561-6733 DAYTON: Computer Solutions. (513) 223-2348 OK: OKLAHOMA CITY Micronics. (405) 942- Inc KNOXVILLE Eastern 8152 PA: FRAZER Personal Computer Corp . (215)647-8483 STATE COLLEGE Microcomputer Products , (814)238-7711 TN: Microcomputer. (615) 584-8365 TX: AUSTIN Computerland. (512) 452-5701 DALLAS KA Electronic Sales. (214) 634-7870 GARLAND Digital Research Corp . (214) 271-2461 HOUSTON Houston Computer Mart. (713) 649-4188 UT: OREM Johnson Computer Electronics. (801) 224-5361 VA: ALEXANDRIA Computers Plus. (703) 751-5656 ARLINGTON Arlington Electronics Wholesalers. (703) 524-2412 VT: ESSEX JUNCTION Computer Mart of Vermont. (802) 879-1683 CANADA: ONTARIO MISSISSAUGA Arisia Microsystems. (416) 484-9708 Patrick Inc.. 774-1655 GERMANY: MUNICH ABC Shop. 274-6033 TORONTO Computer Mart Ltd . (416) WINNIPEG Computer Systems (204) WEST Computer 31-070. Scheilingstrasse 33. 8000 Munchen 40 Microcomputer Shop. Toelierstr. 8. D-815 Holzkirchen ISRAEL: HAIFA Microcomputer Eng Ltd . Haifa CIRCLE 109 ON READER SERVICE CARD VideoBrain Uses APL/S Stephen B. Gray *. In an exclusive interview with Dr. Timeshare and Money Minder the five familiar signs, + - x -*- and Albert Yu, president of VideoBrain programs, at $900. The APL/S car- one-argument functions such as COS, Computer Company, Creative Com- tridge is $150. EXP, NOT, SIGN. Look familiar? puting learned that the first language to The plug-in cartridges contain The preprint explaining APL/S be made available for the VideoBrain programs in ROM, and are left in the shows a lunar lander program, given will be APL/S. The display for APL/S is VideoBrain during program execution first in APL/S and taking 29 lines, then a split screen, with a permanent bar because of continuing use of the ROM. in the BASIC program from which it graph at the top, and four program By storing the program in an external was derived, the 90-line Lunar program lines at the bottom. plug-in ROM, the computer itself needs from "101 BASIC Computer Games." 31 of In addition, Dr. Yu revealed he had only a minimum of internal memory, (In the BASIC program, the 90 lines.) In recently hired Li Chen Wang, well- and thus can be offered in a starter lines are REM and PRINT known as the father of Tiny BASIC. package for only $300. another comparison, the BASIC When asked what Li Chen Wang will be doing at VideoBrain, Dr. Yu replied, "I won't tell you. But software is his Figure 1 specialty, so you can extrapolate from there." Sample APL/S Program: Rotate Bars This program can be used to demonstrate operation of the APL/S language, using the bar-graph display. The bars simulate a multi-colored hacksaw function that rotates bar-heights continuously. PROG TURN C - INDEX 7 C contains 1, 2, 3, ... 7 B = Cx 10 B contains 10, 20, 30, . . . 70 WHILE C(1) LE 100 Start loop DO 100 C(1) Display counter BARH (B = B + 10) MOD 130-65 Increment bars and display BARC C = C + 1 Increment colors and display ENDW End loop ENDP End program VideoBrain. with program cartridges, expanders and accessories. The television set. cassette recorders and printer are not supplied APL/S The Product According to the preprint provided program that computes internal rate of The product photograph shows 20 by Dr. Yu on APL/S, it is a "combination return takes 25 lines; in APL/S, 16 lines. plug-in program cartridges, with of the array-manipulation capabilities "APL has two camps," said Dr. Yu, APL/S, three financial programs, of the powerful APL language and the "one of which loves it, the other hates it. Timeshare, eight educational structured control words of Pascal." APL/S will make the people who love programs (Music Teacher, Wordwise, The Sin APL/S stands for "structured." APL, love it even more, and those who VideoArtist, etc.), and seven entertain- Not only does APL/S contain some hate it will say, 'Gee, all my objections ment programs (Gladiator, Pinball, Pascal, all the Greek characters have are removed.'" tennis, checkers, blackjack, ViceVersa, been removed. In fact, programs "Our APL is different from normal and Computer Life). written in APL/S have little of the APL. APL has some very strong points, Three items shown are not supplied mystical appearance that APL presents and some glaring weaknesses. The by VideoBrain: the television set, to the uninitiated. Anyone familiar with strong point of APL is that it's a cassette recorder and printer. Op- BASIC should be able to understand language with a tremendous amount of tional hardware includes the two APL/S with a minimum of difficulty. power, that it can manipulate arrays. expanders, two joysticks, AC adapter APL/S uses commands such as "APL has a lot of problems; for one, it and RF adapter. Packaged systems LIST, SAVE and LOAD, editor com- uses Greek characters. We took them range from System 100 for $300, with mands including ERASE, NEXT, BACK out, and use English. In a high-level VideoBrain, the RF and AC adapters, (destructive backspace), statements language, the program is sort of like the two joysticks, and the Financier such as BARH (controls bar-graph way you talk, sort of like the way you program, to the top of the line, System heights), IF, THEN, WHILE, DO, KEYB think. That's the meaning of a high- 500, which includes all that System 100 (keyboard read), two-argument func- level language. If you think along a offers, plus the two expanders, and the tions that include AND, GE, LOG, OR, logical sequence of events, and you 20 CREATIVE COMPUTING write them down exactly that way, and total of 16 independent objects in We won't put the VideoBrain name on if you take a look at it, you can use the Music Teacher. With the object it. we'll just recommend one. Like the same code. method, we can provide color graphics cassette recorders; we don't have our "Sure, BASIC is the de facto stan- at an affordable price. Also, we make it own recorders. We just recommend. dard, no question about that. But very easy to move items. Many color This one from Radio Shack [mine, there's also no question that people are graphics are difficult to implement with used for the interview] will work fine, looking for a higher-level language." other machines, but easy on the Sears will work fine, also J. C. Penney, Your machine is perhaps more like a VideoBrain." and Sanyo. The key is that you have to thinking man's computer? "That's have the auxiliary input. For recording right, because APL/S is a step or two we use the AUX input instead of the above BASIC." mike; the impedance is different." Will you have BASIC? "We have no Asked about the possibility of plans to do BASIC. APL/S was first. I providing disk, he answered, "I don't guess I'm not interested in just doing think we will. The reason is that to use the same things as everybody else disk you have to have a lot of memory. does. There's no advantage. Why This machine is designed nor to use a would somebody buy our machine lot of memory, for cost reasons. In instead of somebody else's machine? other words, we have a very specific We're thinking about BASIC. We're cost objective in mind, and if you add a also thinking about Pilot. It's a fantastic lot of memory, like 16K, 32K RAMs, the educational language." cost becomes unreasonably high. And with a disk memory, you're definitely The Music Teacher program displays the "notes" talking about a system over $1 ,500. We you play, with the durations you use. and then want to be below the $1 ,000 price point. plays back your tune. The program cartridge is So that's why, at this point, we preclude plugged in under the lid at top center of the VideoBrain. use of disk and lots of memory. As time goes on, who knows? I think disk price will come down, volume will go The Two Expanders up. Memory prices will continue to Two expanders attach to the come down." VideoBrain. Expander 1 provides an Manufacture interface for cassette recorders and for Is the RS-232C connection to printers, VideoBrain made in this country? "Yes, in Santa Clara, Califor- The unique display for VideoBrain's APL/S always acoustic couplers and modems. Ex- nia. Most of the parts are in shows a bar graph and up to four program lines. pander 2 is an acoustic coupler for purchased the This program creates a sine wave. using a telephone to communicate with United States. There's only one other computers. piece here that's made in Hong Kong, the cartridge mechanism, and it's very So you have one of the few machines Speaking of Expander 1, Dr. Yu said, that can use any language that a plug- This one interfaces with two audio similar to a cassette mechanism. In Hong Kong, they have in cartridge is available for, you and cassettes that can record and play. a huge volume, Sorcerer? "They may be the only other Two audio cassettes instead of one. and much experience. All the LSI is bought here, the TTL, PC board, plastic one You just plug in whatever Single chips are so inexpensive, it's case, all language you wish. You just slide in the cost-effective to drive two cassettes; bought here. With the dollar going down, to manufacture APL/S cartridge, press down the lid. most computers drive only one. This over there very You enter the program at the bottom of expander has a 3870 microprocessor would be tough." the screen, and there's a bar graph at inside, making it an intelligent inter- The F8 Microprocessor the top of the screen." face, to control two cassettes and two Asked why he chose the F8 for the Is the bar graph always there? "Yes, RS-232C ports, and to communicate VideoBrain. Dr. Yu replied, "Primarily the APL/S graphics is the bar graph. with the VideoBrain." because of the low cost, and we don't You can scroll up or down to look at When asked if Expander 2 would need a super-high-speed processor. any line in a program. The bar graph provide entry to a time-sharing system, We could easily use any other shows positive values above the Dr. Yu replied, "Yes. What you do is processor. But when we made the horizontal line, negative values below. plug in the Timeshare cartridge. With decision, it was between the 8080 and In 16 colors." that set up, what you basically do is the F8. The Z80 wasn't available in time, VideoBrain Color Graphics turn the VideoBrain into a color ter- nor the 6800. So the F8 was chosen, minal. This plug-in takes care of all the Dr. Yu noted that the VideoBrain primarily because of cost. The 8080 protocols, all the formulating." To uses a custom chip for color graphics, would take a lot more component connect to a time-sharing system, you count. 3870 in 1 is and said "You need a lot of RAM for full The the Expander need both Expanders 1 and 2, for two- resolution. What we wanted was a really an F8 kind of machine, except it's way interaction. different way of generating graphics, on one chip, and uses the same without RAM. We use a two-chip Peripherals instruction set as the F8." replacement for RAM, and have Asked about a printer, Dr. Yu Umtech and VideoBrain patented this method, a more ad- responded, "Since this is RS-232C, What is the difference between vanced form of character generator. It there's a whole bunch of printers Umtech and VideoBrain? "They're the is the object method of generating available, such as Centronics. We same company. When we formed the color graphics, versus the standard haven't taken the responsibility of company, that was before the dot-mapping. Here we define an ob- carrying one." Does this mean VideoBrain name was coined. So ject. Each bar in the graph is an object. VideoBrain won't have a printer? "No, it Umtech was the original name A lot of "In Music Teacher, the two clefs are just means that so far we haven't had people ask me what it stands for. It's for stored in the ROM as objects. There are a the time to select a printer, but we will. Universal Microcomputer Technology. FEB 1979 21 . Who founded Umtech? "Myself and that we just introduced, which is really Dave Chung." According to the press a powerful high-level language. The release, Dr. David Chung, with a PhD in other is ViceVersa, which is a computer EE from Purdue, invented the F8 while game, with five levels of difficulty. It's of like at Fairchild, and directed the F8 very much like Othello, sort Go, sur- program there, as General Manager of a simplified version of Go. You R&D. Dr. Albert Yu, with a PhD in EE round the enemies and you flip their from Stanford, directed Technology pieces, they become yours. The reason and Product Development at Intel, and I'm addicted to it is because I can't beat was previously at Fairchild, as Director the highest level yet. That's the of Device Research. challenge there." Dr. Albert Yu. president of VideoBrain, Software demonstrated his computer for Creative Com- What is the ratio of games programs Service puting in a New York hotel room, equipped with to more useful software? "Take a look Asked about service, Dr. Yu said, Home Box Office on the TV set. at the pile of cartridges here on the "VideoBrain handles all the service This is a brand-new product, We were interested in a microcomputer table. There are five game cartridges, right now. to know what the system. Why didn't we use the Umtech six educational, and three money and we need problems are, as we can't predict what name on the computer? It doesn't managers. What we're trying to do is they will be. Next year, in 1979, we will sound right, it doesn't mean anything. have a balance in software. The games This is very We chose the Umtech name because at that we have are thinking games, like set up regional centers. much a psychological thing, because the time it wasn't clear exactly what checkers, ViceVersa, and simulation send something to direction we were going to take. games. We have one or two like Pong, people don't want to it's like sending it VideoBrain was coined after we talked but that's not a very useful use of a California for fixing, like sending it about home-computer concepts. We computer. to a foreign country, not example."" wanted a name very easy to remember, "There are two things I'm personally to nearby New Jersey, for very descriptive." addicted to. One is the APL/S language Computer Career Opportunities Digital We'll If you've gone as far as you can with your present company you should come work with us at . give you all the room you need. We'rea billion-and-a-half dollar company that continues to grow by intro- ducing hot new products like VAX. 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Refrigeration. 4 Heating D Amateur Radio • Basic and Advanced Including Solar Technology CJty/Snc/Zlp Accredited by the Accrediting Commission of the Naootial Hwr« Study Council CIRCLE 206 ON READER SERVICE CARD UP ft1*4* R.AZOR/ A ^"SiHP-s \1, row lev111 Technology Marches On: Thinker Toys' Floppy Disk System Pick */>/, Does a floppy disk have to be complicated? George Morrow doesn't think so and proved it with the design for his Disk Jockey controller board. A*^. Ockham's Razor: Entia non sunt multiplicands praetor M dJE-gr', necessitatem. (Entities are not to be multiplied without necessity.) William of Ockham 14th Century English Philosopher How, you ask, does this admonition of a 14th century philosopher apply to the design of a 20th century floppy disk system? While the link may at first seem obscure, I assure you it is not. Permit me to draw the two together. Floppy disk controllers have always seemed to me to be overly com- plicated. Take for example, the con- troller I have used for quite some time with my 8080 system. It consists of two rather large printed circuit boards containing more than 200 integrated circuits. In addition, there are 25 or so chips on an S-100 interface board. Dick Whipple. 305 Clemson Dr.. Tyler, TX 75703. K 24 CREATIVE COMPUTING Imagine my perplexity several months however; the 8080 program required to transfer, thus assuring that processor ago when one of those 200 assorted service such a hardware arrangement execution remains synchronized with does not execute fast IC's failed and I had to troubleshoot the enough to keep the disk. Using this approach, the disk up with the data being circuit. As I poured over the pages of collected by the I/O routines are simplified and execu- UART. Conventional tion schematics, I kept thinking surely all designs get time reduced sufficiently to permit around this limitation by maintaining a the these chips aren't necessary. I did 8080 to assume all functions as disk remember being told once that the separate 128 byte memory in the controller. A direct benefit of this 8080 was not fast enough to handle the external controller to buffer disk data. design is that the 128 byte memory disk I/O — you just had to have TTL The 8080 can then process data in and buffer no longer has to be separate but out of this buffer at a leisurely speed. I was also aware that LSI more can be a part of the 8080s normal controller chips like the Western pace. address space. This means that when Digital 1 771 could cut the chip count by The DISK JOCKEY takes an entirely you get ready to do disk I/O you simply different 75% but even with the simplified approach. Suppose the 8080 point to the first of the 1 28 byte block to design, the 8080 still had to sit back and disk I/O routines could be simplified be read or written and zip — transfer and their execution time reduced to takes wait for the disk I/O to be performed. I a place at the maximum data rate kept wondering if there might not be of the disk In effect, the DISK a more intelligent approach that would JOCKEY performs Direct Memory Access or DMA as it is called. use the 8080 to advantage. What I Of wished was that some creative course, all disk read/write operations designer would take Ockham's Razor are done with full CRC error checking to floppy disk controllers and cut them to insure reliable data storage. down to size. The address space of the DISK As you might well have guessed, that JOCKEY covers a 1000 byte region and is includes a just what has been done. I am 512 byte program ROM, a pleased to report that the people at 256 byte scratch RAM, and 256 byte Thinker Toys have put together a area reserved for I/O registers. Disk I/O brilliant piece of design they call the can be accomplished by writing your DISK JOCKEY. It consists of single own routines or more simply by using a S- CLOSEUP OF DISCUS DISKETTE DRIVE shows 100 board with 35 TTL IC's. There is no the complete assembled drive, cabinet containing the ones provided on the ROM. In power LSI controller anywhere to be found! supply and power switch, all available summary, those on ROM include: completely The "slow poke" 8080 Direct tested from THINKER TOYS TRKSET Performs a seek opera- does (Morrow) Memory Access (DMA) and completely tion to the track number specified on controls disk If the 8080s C register. operation. that's not a point which would allow the process- clean shave with Ockham's Razor, SECTOR Sets up the sector pray ing of data directly on the disk. The key tell what is!' number specified in the register to such a design would be a method C for Although full elaboration on the access. (other than use of a status port) to DISK JOCKEY'S theory of operation is DMA Establishes the address of the synchronize data transfer between the not possible here, a brief description 128 byte block of memory to be the 8080 and the disk. A technique to will in order. Data is stored on a floppy source or destination for disk data accomplish this was suggested by disk in serial form; i.e., bit following bit transfer. Eugene Fisher in a November 8, 1975 to form an 8 bit byte; byte following READ Reads the selected issue of Electronics Design Magazine. track and byte to form a 128 byte sector; sector sector storing the data in the Mr. Fisher proposed a novel use of the memory following sector to form a 26 sector block specified by the address. 8080 READY line to achieve syn- DMA track; and finally track concentrically WRITE Writes the block chronization. His idea has since been of data at following track to form a 77 track the DMA address to the incorporated into the DISK JOCKEY. selected track f loopy disk.** Once the read/write and sector of the disk. Disk control, status and data are head is positioned over the selected TRZERO Moves the transferred between the processor and read/write track and sector, the revolving head to 0. disk the controller using memory mapped track sends a serial stream of bits that must DBOOT Loads and executes a I/O; that is, certain addresses in the be captured 8 bits at a time and bootstrap routine on the disk in drive A. 8080s memory space are set aside to processed for storage in memory. The be used as input or output ports. 8080 The DISK JOCKEY also provides an similarity to a standard serial I/O store and load instructions (like STAX input/output port for use with a serial terminal might suggest that a UART, D and LDAX D) are then used to RS-232 or current loop terminal. The status port, and data port be used to transfer data. Whenever one of the ROM contains two additional routines perform disk I/O. A problem arises special disk I/O addresses is accessed, (TERMIN and TEROUT) to service this circuitry in the DISK JOCKEY pulls the port Serial I/O is actually performed READY line low causing the 8080 to with a software simulation of a 'If the point about Ockham's Razor is still not UART clear, consider a slight rewording: Ockham's enter a WAIT state. The READY line is using only a one bit port. The baud rate Razor (as modified for intelligent digital design) released only when the controller and is determined by a timing constant IC's are not to he multiplied without necessity. disk are indeed "ready" for byte stored in DISK JOCKEY RAM. Though ift* irtf original disk configuration. ecution capability. The user can even over my this method does not make the most 1 presents timings for several incorporate these command strings or TABLE of the processor, it is efficient use disk exercises using BASIC ETC with "edit macros" into Disk ATE by adding a simple and direct way to implement a the DISCUS I. them to a symbol table. One feature I serial port. can be purchas- particularly like is the ability to select The DISK JOCKEY The DISK JOCKEY can be used with assembled and used in the ed separately for $214 a wide variety of floppy disk drives. On the number base to be tested, or $179 as a kit. The complete selection of editor and assembler. As a fan of octal, board switches permit (one drive) or DISCUS I retails for $995 all I have to do is enter the command B8 either 5 or 8 inch models. It can also be $1 ,790 (two drives) which makes it one purchased as part of a complete disk and all output will be in split octal. of the least expensive full 8 inch floppy I will take exception to one statement system called the DISCUS I. In addition disk systems on the market. The people the DISK JOCKEY controller, the made in the ATE user's guide. It is to Thinker Toys are to be congratulated suggested the ATE is "easy" to learn at DISCUS I package includes a Shugart for a fine design achievement. In the I impressed with SA-800R (8 inch) drive, power supply, and use. While am future, perhaps we will see Ockham's selection of what ATE will do, setting up the connecting cables and a successfully to other command strings for a particular task Razor applied software. microprocessor subsystems. trivial. I found The Shugart drive has an excellent cannot be passed off as was To obtain further information about reputation. The solid cast aluminum that considerable experimentation or DISCUS I you to fully understand the the DISK JOCKEY frame is impressive. Some other drives often necessary may contact: Thinker Toys, 1201 10th only a medium gauge metal capabilities of ATE. Like most truly use 94710, (415) 524- tools, full ap- St.. Berkeley, Ca. chassis that is subject to warping and powerful programming vX 5317. subsequent head misalignment. The preciation comes only after extensive text editor can be drive and its power supply are housed use. Frankly, no called easy to learn or use, unless it in a blue wrap-around case. I was a visual properties of a CRT little surprised that there was no utilizes the not. cooling fan, but apparently one is not screen completely — ATE does I are also required. The drive has a write-protect Purchasers of DISCUS feature and a "busy" light on front. eligible to receive a DISK BASIC although it is not ready for distribution at this time. For additional cost, a specially configured version of CP/M can be purchased along with compati- /^l£L ble software packages such as ANSI- standard FORTRAN. I have adopted my personally authored BASIC (Disk BASIC ETC) to run with the DISCUS I and have found the results impressive. Storage and retrieval speed for both programs and data has nearly doubled Memory Mapped DISCUS controller uses unique TABLE I approach to transfer data at high speed without DISCUS I Timings the high parts count and complexity ot DMA or interrupt driven devices Modifications shown are using BASIC ETC the for the "SIMPLE COMPUTER" described in EXECUTION March. 1978 issue of Kilobaud Magazine EXERCISE TIME (Sec) With the purchase of a DISCUS I, the 1 Boot-Up BASIC 4.8 user receives a software package ETC (16K bytes) called Dist ATE (Assembler/Text 2. SAVE 450 line 4.0 Editor). Author David Fitts has en- BASIC program dowed Disk ATE with several in- 3. LOAD 450 line 5.0 teresting and in some cases unique BASIC program features. The text editor is extremely 4. SAVE 500 element 1.8 versatile, imposing few restrictions on array* the content of files. ASCII text or 5. LOAD 500 element 1.5 machine code can be handled with array* equal facility. Complicated and 'Floating point array, single precision. repetitive editing tasks can be ac- complished using a programmed ex- 26 CREATIVE COMPUTING . COMPUTER stock- zf tH SPECIALS ^g FREE SANYO 9" Monitor EXIDY or . . . and it's COLOR SORCERER equiv. with purchase of 32K. faprrea March 3 1st "The Compucolor II" . . personal a colorgraphics system lor the modern computer man . * Color Graphics 13" Color CRT * Proven 8080A CPU System * 16K Extended Disk Basic * Up to 1 1 7* Key Keyboard * Up to 32K* RAM * Minidisk Drive 51. 2K Bytes/Side $895 W/8K * INCLUDES: Keyboard & enclosure totally Model 3 w/8K, 72 Key Keyboard. RS232 $1495.00 $1 1 50 W/18K (Stock) assembled Model 4 w/1 6K, 72 Key Keyboard, RS232 $1 795.00 90 day Warranty $1 w/32K (Stock) Model 5 W/32K, 72 Key Keyboard, RS232 $2395.00 395 MICROSOFT BASIC Options: 101 Key Keyboard Add $150.00 User programmable or use Video & Cassette Cable cartridges. 1 1 7 Key Keyboard Add $225.00 Combines the Complete Documentation Formatted Diskettes 2/$1 9.95 desirable features of the PET, ** S 100 Expansion Programmed Diskettes $1 9.95 APPLE and TRS-80 into a Module Add $299.00 Diskette Library Inc. Hangman, Othello. Math. Chess. Startrek. complete expandable computer * * Cassette recorder system. If are Blackjack. Cubic Tic Tac Toe, Finance Vol. I, Finance Vol. II, Bonds and you a comparison Add $44.95 Securities, Assembler, Text Editor, Personal Data Base. shopper send for comparison * • Sanyo 9" Monitor chart. Add $169.95 SYM-1 AIM RCA KIM-1 Reg. $269.00 COSMAC VIP Now $249.00 * KIM-1 Compatible V» 4. Now only VN * 4K ROM Monitor rf-> ,H1 b/ (Avail. 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MONITOR, BASIC ^B^ & Red Baron. 3001 Baseball. 4001 Bingo Math Math. & Speed 4002 Horizon l(Double Density) ... 1 $ 439.00 Kit (Single Density, $ 1 379.00) I Letters & Crosswords. 5002 Blackjack & Poker Jjqnzon II (Double Density) .. $1799.00 Kit (Single Density, $1699.00) Micrc^^^^^^^^S4750Ci MFE Mayflower Model 751 Double^^^^^ SOROCIO140 $149500 Centronics 761RO S1495O0 n *7 PRINTERS* ,;, 30°O Sanyo 9- Monitor $16995 •»»»« , r, i; rn n Centionics r 79 w/lractor teed po?* "K^ 7rD JX,0-, $119500 - t2 5 Teletype Model 43w'RS232 ss^rj ^«„ ?" OKIOATA Model 1 10 w/lracto. W/RS232 $119900 M«) »rr TIModel 745w ADVANCED COMPUTER PRODUCTS All prices FOB Santa Ana. Please add shipping/handling. P. O. Box 17329 • Irvine, California 92713 For credit card purchase contact for quotation. Complete 1310 B E. Edinger • Santa Ana, California 92705 FREE 1978 Catalogue - send 25C for postage. Pricing TWX/TELEX 910 595 1565 • TEL (714) 558-8813 subject to change without notice. CIRCLE 199 ON READER SERVICE CARD Interview With Michael In the following inter- view, David Ahl, publisher of Creative Computing dis- cusses the word process- ing system, Electric Pencil, with its author, Michael Shrayer. DA: Michael, you're probably best manual. On the other hand, you're practical use I've seen for a computer.'' known for a piece of software called saying it fits the requirements of a lot she with it? Electric Pencil, which is one of the first of people. Does it fit the requirements DA: And, what would do • of a secretary writing letter word processing systems for a and does MS: Oh, just type letters. Anybody she learn it microcomputers. Why don't you tell us to use easily? who has anything to do with putting a little bit about it and what was on your MS: Right, very easily. We find that ideas down on paper has a use for mind when you first designed it, who people who don't know anything Pencil. I've received letters from radio was it designed for, what kind of that it for their log about computers seem to pick it up in amateurs use environment did you anticipate it a couple of hours. Within a few days keeping because they can use the being used in? powerful search routines in Pencil to they're quite proficient at it. The search for the different stations they MS: Well, I put the Pencil together interesting thing is that it uses the worked previously (by date, or by because I had a need for a word standard keyboard. We originally station, or by country). processor/text editor for myself. I had wanted to design new keyboards with just I additional characters that completed what considered a so people DA: We found in a recent readership major piece of software (an operating would not have to use control survey that text-editing/word- characters system executive) and it required a as they do now. But in processing is number two in rather extensive manual. I didn't have talking to actual users, they preferred applications that people wanted to do having anything to use for writing it so I a standard keyboard rather with their own computer. My guess is developed Electric Pencil. than learning a new one. that Electric Pencil would have to be one of the biggest selling word DA: Was it originally written for the DA: Which version is the most pop- SOL, or some other computer? ular? processing systems for micros. Who are your competitors? MS: Oh, I got one of the first Altairs in MS: As soon as we come up with a new MS: Well, actually we don't have any the LA area and I still use that version it seems to be the biggest competitors, interestingly enough. although I've obtained 5 or 6 ad- seller but I think we've sold more of the ditional systems since. My basic SOL than anything else. None that I know of, anyway. program development system is the DA: I know some of the computer DA: Where do you see it going from Altair and the first Pencil was written here? What's the future for Electric stores, like the Byte shops, have a for it and the Processor Tech VDM-1 Pencil and, more importantly, what's similar version of a text editing system board I had just acquired. I decided on the future for Michael Schrayer and MIT has a word processor. using a memory mapped video (the Software? MS: Yeah, well, I don't really consider VDM-1) because of the flexibility it them competitors because, first of all, allowed insofar as accessing text and MS: I think I'd like to get onto other MIT's system is $1800. So you know shifting it around on the screen. It projects but it doesn't seem that I'm seemed to be considerably more going to be able to because of the they're in a different league than we powerful than a straight computer constant upgrading and modifying are. It's not a character oriented terminal. and changing the Pencil. We're going processor, it's a line oriented to be coming out with some utility processor. DA: Now you've modified or extended programs and we're trying to make Electric Pencil to run on a variety of DA: You mentioned a moment ago that Pencil more applicable for CP/M machines, right? you could be doing this for the rest of usage. few I A months ago stopped your life. Would you prefer to be doing MS: That's true. We have over 40 and realized that I could be writing some other things? Are there other versions currently and the number is Electric Pencil for the rest of my life things in software, or other things growing. Soon it will be about 46. The because it seems to be the kind of altogether, that you'd like to do? thing I find kind of interesting is that it program that people can understand MS: Well, I've got some experimental comes very close to meeting most and relate to; it seems to be a practical ideas in I'd like to play people's needs with very little program. A good friend of mine was software that modification. telling me that he couldn't convince with. Insofar as practical usages for his wife of a practical use for a them, I haven't really determined what said you originally designed it DA: You computer. When she saw Electric they are. Just ideas and concepts in because you were writing a fairly long I play with, Pencil she said, "That's the first software that would like to 28 CREATIVE COMPUTING other languages I'd like to play with. However, it's not like I've got some urgent project or application piece of software that I'd like to write. There are Power, just things that I'd like to play with and just get back to enjoying the thing a little more as I did when I first got into Popularity it. Now it's pretty much as a business and the projects and software development for specific usages, as opposed to just playing around, is not And Low Fririces. what got me into this thing originally. I was a film director for 20 years and Three personal computers with three this is a totally new field for me. I just picked this up in 75 and the in- characteristics you demand most... teresting thing is that there is a tremendous analogy between writing Now at special systems prices! software and producing motion pic- tures. It's very much like when a film gets into its editing stage. That's pretty much what a piece of software is like 32K APPLE DISK SYSTEM in that you're shifting routines around, shifting ideas around, developing a Apple II 16K $1195. basic design philosophy for a piece of Additional 16K RAM 300. Disk II w/controller 595. software and carrying it through to fruition and seeing the product. SUPR' MOD II 30. DA: How do you feel about the Regular Price $2120. interaction between the user and com- this special offer puter? $1908. Standard Apple II with: MS: It's that interaction, the interface • Low resolution graphics • High resolution graphics • Interger between the computer and the human, Basic in ROM • Floating Point BASIC on disk • All documentation that's important. That's the specific and manuals • All cables • Game Paddles thing that I've received the most comments on about my software. One of the most important things is to have 8KPET a polite computer It seems that many newcomers in writing software seem DUAL CASSETTE SYSTEM to make the computer overpower the PET 2001-8 $795. human and people resent it for some SECOND CASSETTE DRIVE 99. reason or another. I never do that and I Regular Price SH'M don't like having the computer come back with smart-ass remarks To me This special offer $805. it's very sophomoric and not the way to present computers to a general Standard 8K PET with: • 8K BASIC in • 8K • Built in audience. It's kind of cute around ROM RAM Cassette • Built-in 9" video • Full campus but I'm against it. I could graphics • All documentation spend, for example, 2 weeks on how something would look on the screen. Just a layout of the table, for example, to make the lines come out even and 16K SORCERER stuff like that. It's fortunate for me COMPUTER SYSTEM because I can do that. If I had a big Sorcerer 6K $1150. company I could never imagine spend- 12" Teco Video Monitor 250. ing 2 weeks on something like that. I Regular Price $1400. think it's these little touches that people find interesting or different this special Offer $1260. about my particular software. I frankly Standard Sorcerer with: think that ,M someday computer • 8K Microsoft BASIC ROM PAC • Full keyboard with numeric pad • Serial I/O Port • programs will be like works of art and 64 defined graphics • 64 use programmable graphics • Upper/lower case • 16K RAM people will look at them like that and charges' per CPU on larger units, $1 SO per kit mm. per basically just by the quality that's been Shipping SIO $2.00 order Delivery is slot k to to clays on most item*. Shipment is immediate tor payment by t ashier 's check, money order or charge card Allow I lor personal checks to i lear State residents approp put into the programs. I like classy weeks NY add sales tax Availdtnlirv es and specs may change without notice programs and you don't see too many l«n of them. From my background you can To take advantage of these special prices send check or money order today to: see where I can get into that kind of thing. The art of it. I find that to be my Monday thru guiding light. Friday 10AM-5PM computet Eastern Time DA: Well, thank you. I appreciate your Closed Sat. time. & Sun. S emeipri/e/" P.O. Box 71, Fayetteville, N.Y. 13066 (315) 637-6208 FEB 1979 29 CIRCLE 120 ON READER SERVICE CARD A Creative Computing Equipment Profile . . . A New Kind of Pencil! If you're writing anything these days, perhaps you could write it better with an "electric pencil." Several days ago my 17 year-old Why Pencil? Stop and consider for a moment some daughter, Tracy, mentioned that she I've got a perfectly good electric of the writing you've done in the past . . . even a short letter to your had a term paper which needed typing typewriter sitting across the room but I anything, pencil for and asked if she could use my hardly ever use it for writing anything Aunt Matilda. If you used a that letter I'd be willing to bet you had typewriter. I said she was more than . . . especially an article such as this! or twice. If you welcome to it ... but that she really to use an eraser once ought to write the report using Electric used a typewriter I'd almost guarantee there were some errors made which Pencil. I did a good selling job and all convinced her of the advantages. A needed correction. I used to do my few hours ago she dropped in and writing (correspondence, editorials, proceeded to sweet talk me into letting articles, etc.) using a typwriter ... so I her have the system because this was know! I know there isn't any com- the night before the report was due! parison to using a good word process- (She definitely has some of her Dad's ing system for those things. When I "procrastinating blood" in her!) make a typing mistake now (and, There are a couple of significant believe me, I've made plenty in just points about this little story. Tracy these first few paragraphs) I don't have spent approximately 4 hours typing a to get out the correction fluid, or use 6-page report. Now, that may seem the highly sophisticated'overstrike" or get the correction tape like a long time but I can remember technique, her doing the same thing in the past, out. No, all I have to do is hit the with the typewriter, and taking much "Delete" key on this keyboard, which longer. She was thoroughly sold on backs the cursor up to the mistake, using Pencil at the end of those four and retype! At the risk of sounding too over-enthusiastic, I honestly feel the hours . . . and you should have seen the smile when her masterpiece use of a good word processing system (and Electric Pencil in particular) will started coming out of the printer! I for would be willing to bet that if every open up a whole new dimension Here are all the things Electric Pencil allows you home had a word processing system it any writer. to go through life without! Starting at the upper would get more than its share of use. left, and going clockwise, you can begin by Some of the Features My daughter had never used Electric throwing away all your bottles of correction fluid Let me just recap a couple of the (and the thinner your kids have probably been Pencil before sitting down to do that points made in the last paragraphs. If I sniffing!), next, get rid of those erasures ... who report. With a minimum amount of needs em? (With Pencil your mistakes are never was writing this article the old way instruction from me she entered, and seen!) I've got a good supply of Ko-Rec-Type (i.e., using my electric typewriter) I typewriter opaquing film that I'd like to sell corrected, all of that text on her own! (tm) would have, at this point, a piece of cheap. It's really great stuff if you use a filled with words and several The system is easy to use . . . and I paper typewriter! Heck, I'll throw in a few boxes of places where correction fluid or tape cant think of a better testimonial than correction tape ... just to sweeten the deal! And. If, the what I've just given you. (Heck, I think finally, you can get rid of pages of typewritten had been used. after looking ... then retyped! material that has to be edited and I that certain she learned it faster than I did!) mess over, decided 30 CREATIVE COMPUTING . . words, sentences, or paragraphs quite handy, is very impressive to needed changing or deleting I would watch! For example, in the original have to get out my red pencil and do draft of this article the first two or three some editing. Needless to say, the paragraphs about my daughter were One of my favorite features is the ability page would have to be re-typed . . buried in the middle of the article. I to specify spacing between and, very likely, require further editing! decided that I would like to have them lines. Manuscripts, such as this one, Even at this point in writing this article as the introduction. Using the block always need to be double-spaced. I (with Electric Pencil) I've gone back to move feature I very simply moved them don't have to worry about that while several sentences and made changes. to the beginning . . . and then deleted I'm generating the text ... I simply But, most importantly, there aren't any (using block delete) what had been specify double when it's printed. Right misspelled words (because I usually there originally plus the new justification or "ragged right" (which I catch them as I'm typing). When this paragraphs from where they had been prefer) is another option. The Diablo thing is dumped out on my printer it'll before. version also allows you to specify be finished! Scrolling— Here's another area incremental spacing between char- Just to give you an idea of the where the showmanship running acters. number of features available with through Michael Shrayer's veins Special Features Pencil I'll point out that all 26 letters of becomes evident. (And that flair and If you have the Diablo version the alphabet are used as control style in shows up many places!) A (you're going first class, of course) characters for the various commands Control E will cause the screen to underlining, boldface and multi- and functions. Following are descrip- scroll . . . up and typing a number, from column printing (in one pass!) are tions of some of those commands and 1 to will vary the of 9, speed the available. Another very handy feature, functions. scrolling (fastest with a 1 and a at page available in all versions, is the ability to Cursor control—A Control W, A, S a time, advanced by hitting space, with center titles. Having each page and Z are used for moving the cursor a 9). A Control X provides reverse numbered and titled is another UP, LEFT, RIGHT and DOWN, respec- scrolling . . . also at variable speeds. feature. You can change the format of tively. Take a look at a typewriter or Disk the printing in "midstream," so to keyboard and you'll see how that The Subsystem Aside from having the expected disk speak. For example, if you wanted combination of letters lends itself to commands for saving, loading and everything up to a certain point to be the task quite well. A Control Q puts deleting Pencil files, disk doubled spaced, and everything the cursor in the home position (upper the sub- system also has SOL-20 and afterwards single spaced, it will stop (if left), a Control B puts it at the you tell it to) and allow you to enter the beginning of the text buffer and a SOLOS/CUTER cassette input and output routines. It has for new format. It's also possible to put Control N is used for going to the end. commands clearing the text buffer and clearing all non-printing comments in the text (a There are also control characters for the handy feature which I use for putting doing line feed, form feed, tab and text before or after the cursor. the print specs at the beginning of carriage returns. Without a doubt, the disk capability is certain files). Insertion & Deletions— Electric Pen- one of the most desirable features of the system. If And ... I still haven't mentioned all cil is a character-oriented system you get interrupted, you the features! which means that characters can be can stop where you are, save the file in a matter of seconds, and come back inserted and deleted . . . almost as Now For The Bad . . easily as they're originally entered. For later and pick up where you left off. One of the major complaints about example, if I misspelled the word The Print Subsystem Electric Pencil is that source listings "mispelled" I I'll would simply back the When it comes time to dump the text aren't provided. admit that I've that cursor up (assuming I caught it while onto the printer the Print Subsystem is found to be a major irritant typing), using a Control A, until it was called up ... and the fun really begins because there have been several over the first "s." I would then type a because of the many options available! occasions when I've wanted to inter- Control F, to put me in the character You can specify the line length from 25 face to the program. However, that is insertion mode and type an "s." Then characters to 125, indentation can be not my chief complaint. I feel the the magic takes over and misspelled set for 10 spaces up to 100 (why features provided in Pencil more than suddenly has two "s's" ... like it's anyone would want a paragraph make up for the lack of source code. supposed to! magic is Besides, I can appreciate The much more indented 100 spaces, I don't know!), Michael impressive when it comes to inserting the left margin can be adjusted, page Shrayer wanting to make it difficult for one or more words, or even sentences, length, spacing between pages and anyone to steal his creation (although and the text is pushed off the line, on more. that isn't the reason most people want the right, and placed on the next line listings!). below. In that last sentence I wrote "off No, my biggest complaint is actually of the line" the first time . . . around and related to one of the features of the decided "of" should go. To accomplish system. With Electric Pencil you do that I backed the cursor up until it was not have to enter carriage returns or over the hit "o" and a Control D (for worry about word hyphenation. Pencil character detele) three times to takes care of returns and linefeeds. At eliminate the two letters and space. one first it takes a little getting used to Nice, huh? I certainly think so! Pencil (especially if you've been typing for also has the capability of inserting several years). When you get to the far deeleting or moving entire lines or The handy reference card provided to help right, and the word you're typing will acquaint with paragraphs ... which, aside from being you Electric Pencil's commands. not fit on the line, Pencil will. FEB 1979 31 A sfe <£ T$ -.^ . \inr 4$ Back Issues of From the folks at Creative Computing Some computing magazines are practically timeless. Take ROM (or example. The nine back issues are November 1977 The filled with ideas, applications, techniques, games and Solar Energy Measurement; A Beginners Introduc- just plain good reading by authors such as Lee computer I, 111; to Felsenstein, Theodor Nelson, Joseph Weizenbaum, tion to BASIC; The Kit and Part More Music Play on Your Computer; Micro Maintenance; Bill Etra and Frederick Chesson. Solomon and Viet: Putting Together a Personal magazine Computing System; Time Sharing on the Family Get Your Back Copies While They MICRO. for the curious Last! December 1977 A Beginners Guide to Peripherals; The Best Slot July 1977 Machine Game ever; Artificial Intelligence?; An SOL. The Inside Story; Braille and the Computer; Electronic Jungle Gym for Kids; File Copy Program; 100 Pages Per Issue! Video newspaper; A Chip is Born; The Care and Better Health Through Electronics; the Kit and I Part Feeding of Your Home Computer; Digital Foam— the IV. peripheral of the future. January 1978 August 1977 Synthetic Skin for Your Robot and How to Make It; Regular Columns by: Visual Programming Language; The Code The Kit and I, Part I, by someone who's never TLC: A Lee Felsenstein to Com- soldered before; Introduction to the fundamentals of That Can't Be Cracked; Beginners Guide Theodor Nelson Computer Memory; for do-it-yourself puter Graphics; The Computer and Natural Tips the Joseph Weizenbaum hardware beginner; Binary clocks; APLomania. Language; First-Timer's Guide to Circuit Board Etching. Bill Etra September 1977 Frederick Chesson February 1978 Xeroxes and other hard copy off your CRT; Payroll Eben Ostby Program; How Computers Work; The Kit and I, Part A Practical Mailing List Program; Artificial In- A. I. Karshmer telligence; Program- II or Power to the Computer; CCD's: How They Assemblers; Flowgrams—A New Andrew Singer Work and How They're Made; A look at PLATO, an ming Tool; Refresher Course in BASIC; Micros and Educational Computer System; IBM 5100. Analyzing Election Results; Upgrading Your BASIC. October 1977 March-April 1978 Get your back copies Binary Arithmetic For the Beginner; Introduction to real time concepts; Felsenstein: An Microprocessor Aid for the Deaf and Blind; The Absolute-Time Clock; Dreyfus: Things Computers while they last!! Kilobyte Card; Scott Joplin on Your Sci-Fi Hi-Fi; Still Can't Do; Introduction to Interpreters, Othello are not planning a Best of ROM Building a Bask Music Board; Flowcharting; Payroll Games; Weizenbaum: Incomprehensible Programs; (We Program The Quasar Robot Revealed; Chesson: Cryptanalysis. book.) Please rush me the following back issues of ROM: In a hurry? issue (month) ( ) $ 2.25 each postpaid Call your Visa or Master/Charge ( ) 5.00 for 3 issues postpaid order in to: ( ) 14.00 for all 9 issues postpaid Cash, check, m.o. enclosed ( I 800-631-8112 Name (In NJ, call 201 540-0445) Address City State . Zip Send to: Creative Computing. P.O. Box 789 M. Mornstown. NJ 07960 ,-J 32 CREATIVE COMPUTING . . automatically detect this and move the when you're finished). Using the CP/M word down to the next line. Pretty editor to open a file, and then exiting neat, huh? Well, yes and no. It goes immediately, would take care of the through a lot of software problem because a backup would be manipulations when this . . occurs generated in the process. Convert is and things slow down! The result is, if available on CP/M diskette for $35. you're any kind of a speed typist Closing Thoughts (which I am), a character is going to be Electric Pencil is lost during this "readjustment" period. available in such a wide variety of I've had to train myself to slow down to configurations that I wouldn't begin to try one fifth speed when approaching the and list them all here. (Take a look at one of their ads to end of each line. I no like . . . and I hope see if it's available for it's something that will be taken care of your machine . . I'll it is!) bet Electric Pencil I (which in future releases. (UPDATE: I just got has off the phone with Michael Shrayer everything except the Diablo features) can be purchased on Tarbell and he informs me that the problem I or CUTS tape or North just mentioned is more hardware Star diskette from $100 to $175, depending on the related than software. It can be cleared configuration. up by having the keyboard operate Michael Shrayer's newest development; Convert, Electric Pencil li, the a CP/M ASCII file character editor. Note the CP/M version, under interrupts. This, along with a lot is available on extensive documentation ... one page (ain't standard-sized diskettes or minis (for of other new features, will be discuss- nuthin' to it ... simple to use). North Star or Micropolis). ed and implemented in the next Versions are also available version of Pencil. He also mentioned for Imsai's IMDOS, Processor Tech's that only a handful of people have HELIOS and Radio files. It works, and it is a pure pleasure Shacks TRS-80 brought this point up. Apparently (cassette). Michael to use. mentioned that of there aren't that many of us com- some his most The CP/M editor is line-oriented, enthusiastic customers in puterists who are also fairly fast a long time which means you have to keep are TRS-80 typists!) track of owners. Many of them where you are with like it respect to which would to see on disk . . . which is Convert—A New Product line of code you're operating on. It's coming soon. The main hardware Occasionally I get into assembly- very easy to get lost and have to type requirement for running Pencil is that language programming and if there's a out several lines of text to find where you have a memory-mapped video, reason why I don't do more it could be you are again. With Pencil, and such as Processor Tech's VDM-1, because of the CP/M editor. I don't Convert, you're using a character- Solid State Music VB-1B, Poly- it . . care for at all . and I'm not alone. oriented editor and, as with just Pencil morphics VT-1. Imsai VIO, or Apparently Michael Shayer dislikes alone, you simply have to move the something similar. It does hot work it too because he came up with a cursor to the point you want to with a terminal ... and can't be program which allows you to use change, delete, examine, or whatever. modified to work with one. Pencil in place of the editor. only I CP/M The The drawback can see is that In conclusion, I only have one brief, program is Convert and its purpose in you don't get a backup file when but significant, you comment to make: I life is to convert any files ASCII into do your editing this way (the CP/M sure am glad I had Pencil to write this Pencil files ... and then, after the editor creates a backup file so you with! editing, convert them back to ASCII have a copy of the new and the old AM YOUR COMPUTER AM161 STARTER SET Data NOW YOUR COMPUTER CAN LISTEN TO THE AIMTS1 1« ANALOG INPUTS Acquisition ' REAL WORLD YOU GET It • BIT ANALOG Ed • BITS I00MNCROSEC Modules G INPUTS WITH OUR AIM It powi POMP. MODULI ICON INPUT CONNIC TOR X PINS SOL DC (MULCTS MEASURE - RECORD - CONTROL OCON TEMPERATURE ENERGY CONSERVATION EQUIPMENT M89.00 DIRECTION GREENHOUSES PRESSURE SPEED LIGHT LEVELS WEATHER STATIONS fk NOISE POLLUTION POLLUTION CONTROLS •H CONNECTICUT microCOMPUTER DARKROOMS EARTHQUAKE TREMORS HUMIDITY VELOCITY ISO KKOHO KOAD IKOOKFItLO. COMMtCTKUT I LIGHT ACCELERATION ?*£ JOYSTICKS GAMES 1X31 tnnu CIRCLE 167 ON READER SERVICE CARD FEB 1979 33 JV useful basic fool: ing ins... somefurjflgnps area RodB«*«l UallanHallen Rod Hallen. Road Runner Ranch. P.O. Box 73. Tombstone. Az 85638 1 is an ASCII code conver- An interesting and useful feature of is located in memory from 52224 (CCOO TABLE This is octal and decimal any memory mapped video display is HEX) to 53247 (CFFF HEX). sion listing. Hex, for but BASIC always uses the ability to place ASCII characters at 1024 bytes of memory, one byte codes are given are used in any screen location instantly. By each of the 1024 screen locations (16 the decimal. Hex and octal programming. In adding the use of control characters lines times 64 characters equals 1024). assembly language examples, 65 is the and reverse video, a semi-graphics The PET screen is located from 32767 the above POKE characters for "A" and 90 capability is possible. to 33766 (20 lines times 40 ASCII decimal code an SOL uses The programs contained in this equals 1000). is the code for a "Z." The to 255 to provide article are examples of various decimal codes 128 allows white) video. To possibilities and should work with any The BASIC POKE statement reverse (black on code; add 128 to the computer that has memory mapped you to place a byte of data into any figure the reverse code and video and the BASIC POKE and PEEK available memory location. By POKE- Decimal code, 80 to the Hex Reverse "A" statements. Some assembly-language ing video memory you can write 160 to the Octal code. the screen. For example: decimal 193. (65 + 128 = 193). examples will also be given. If you have directly to would be the PET you already have very nice POKE 52224,65 will place an "A" in the The Processor Technology VDM-1 graphics characters built-in. The SOL upper lefthand corner of the screen programs were written using and POKE 53247,90 will cause a "Z" to video display board is the same as the Processor Technology's new Extend- appear in the lower righthand corner. SOL on-board video system. I under- the video board is ed Basic. The BASIC PEEK statement is used stand that POLY location and, if similar to the VDM-1 but I'm not sure Memory mapped video is a display to look at a memory of that similar. The PET uses the same system in which each character posi- desired, use the contents how handling. ASCII codes. The PET will not display tion on the screen is actually a memory location in further data X= control to 31 and 128 to location. The memory assigned to PEEK(12345):PRINT X would print the codes (1 in the memory 158), however, it will display many video is constantly scanned to refresh whatever was contained graphic characters. and update the screen. The SOL screen location 12345. unique 34 CREATIVE COMPUTING 1 Table 1 An ASCII code conversion table showing the * 42 2A 52 \ 92 5C 114 decimal, octal and hexadecimal equivalents code + 43 ] 2B 53 93 5D 1 15 for each ot the 128 ASCII characters. The first 32 44 characters are the control codes and each has a » 2C 54 94 5E 116 - very distinctive display 45 2D 55 f> 95 51 III . 46 2E 56 d 97 61 121 ASCII DECIMAL HEXADECIMAL OCTAL / 47 2F 57 b 98 62 122 CHARACTER CODE CODE CODE 48 30 60 c 99 63 123 1 49 31 61 d 100 64 124 MIL 00 00 01 2 50 32 62 e 101 65 125 3 51 f 102 SOH • 1 01 01 33 63 66 126 STX •2 02 02 4 52 34 64 9 103 67 127 ETX 13 03 03 5 53 35 65 h 104 68 130 EOT f4 04 04 6 54 36 66 i 105 69 131 i ENQ 05 05 05 55 37 67 j 106 6A 132 ACK 06 06 06 8 56 38 70 k 107 6B 133 BEL •7 07 07 5.' 39 71 1 108 6C 134 18 08 08 10 J 58 3A 72 H 109 60 135 HT 09 09 11 f 5? 3B 71 n 110 6E 136 LF 10 0A 12 60 3C 74 lit 6F 137 - VT 11 0B 13 61 3D 75 P 112 70 140 FF 12 0C 14 62 3E 76 q 113 71 141 CR 13 ID 15 63 3F 77 r 114 72 142 9 SO 14 IE 16 64 40 80 s 115 73 143 A SI 15 0F 17 65 41 81 t 116 74 144 B DLE 16 10 20 66 42 82 u 117 75 145 HC 17 11 21 C 67 43 83 V 118 76 146 u DC2 18 12 ?2 D 68 44 84 119 77 147 X DC 3 19 13 23 £ 69 45 85 121 78 150 DC4 20 14 24 F 70 46 86 y 121 79 151 NAN 21 15 25 G 71 47 87 z 122 7A 152 STN 22 16 26 rt 72 48 90 < 123 7B 153 1 ETEt 23 17 27 I 73 49 91 1 124 7C 154 CAN 24 18 30 J 74 4A 92 > 125 7D 155 EM 25 19 31 K 75 4B 93 126 7E 156 SUB 26 1A 32 L 76 4C 94 DEL 127 7F 157 ESC 2? IB 33 M 77 4D 95 FS 28 1C 34 N 78 4E 96 GS 29 ID 35 79 4F 97 RS 30 IE 36 P 80 50 100 ^B A US 31 IF 37 Q 81 51 101 t SP 32 20 40 R 82 52 102 /K;=», ^ 83 21 41 S 53 103 ; 33 » it 84 34 22 42 T 54 104 / -A H^ U 85 55 105 [ 1 35 23 43 ^ f V 86 56 106 EHl 4tk > ^bw t 36 24 44 U 87 ^2f 1 37 25 45 57 107 , Z • wr ^R^ i X 88 58 110 \ AT 1 38 26 46 Y 89 59 111 39 27 47 Z 90 5A 112 ( 40 28 50 PET PRINlrER ADAPTI:R GET HARD COPY FROM YOUR _ Tha r r AnA 1 200 drives an ADA 1200B COMMODORE PET USING A $98.50 Mb^j^ printer from the Pt i STANDARD RS 232 PRINTER Assembled and tested IEEE-488 bus. Now, the PET owner can obtain hard copy $169.00 ADA 12GUL NfUHBB listings and can type letters, With case, r. tower supply VISA mani icr rirttc msilmn Ishalc and RS-232 connector 5 «, 1 II lUJti iyj i j, iui/ m » Ol miomim^ I tables of data, pictures, in- Order direct or contact your local computer store. . «c i' T --- Ifc 1 voices. graphs. checks, needle- Add $3.00 for postage and handling per order. point patterns. etc, using an 1200B w» CONNECTICUT microCOMPUTER RS-232 standard printer or isopocono no. brookhild. cr 06804 1200C Sfi) terminal. 12031 775 9659 CIRCLE 16S ON READER SERVICE CARD FEB 1979 35 from 0400 to 07FF, 000C would be 08. BASIC Programs PROGRAM C Any ASCII code, 1 to 255, can be entered in This will terminate the block move PROGRAM A will fill the SOL screen in LINE 60 and it will be response to the Input routine. with the contents of the character immediately placed on the screen. Entering a zero 0010 is a call to a delay routine and generator. This will give you an idea of will terminate the loop. 0013 to 0028 will move a second 1K what everything looks like. PROGRAM 10 REM- KEYBOARD POKE SOL block to the screen. This block is B will do the same for the PET. LINE 20 20 PRINT CHRdl ) located in memory from 0800 to 0BFF. clears the screen and homes the 001 F is 0C which is the high order cursor, 30 sets the beginning of the 30 LET 5=52223 address directly above 0BFF. This is screen and 40 to 60 POKEs the screen 40 FOR I«129 TO 1024 used to end this block move. with consecutive characters out of the 50 PRINT CHRU4) Up to this point, PROGRAM F will character generator. 60 INPUT A move a picture (located at 0400 to delay for a while, 70 IF A=0 THEN END 07FF) to the screen, and then move another picture 60 POKE S+I.A PROGRAM A (located at 0800 to 0BFF) to the screen. This program will fill the screen with the contents 90 NEXT I length of the delay is determined of the character generator ROM. LINE 20 clears The the screen and homes the cursor. In order for the 00 END by the machine code in 002A and 002B. SOL to display control characters, switch S1-3 on FF FF would give us a long delay and 01 the main CPU board must be turned off. 00 a very short one. If too short a delay is used, the two pictures will both 10 REM- POKE DISPLAY - SOL appear to be on the screen at the same 20 PRINT CHR(II) time. Since there is no exit in this 30 LET S=52223 program, it will continue to alternate PROGRAM D pictures until the reset or mode key is 40 FOR 1=1 TO 1024 This will ask for a horizontal location (1 to 64). a pressed. 50 POKE S+I.I vertical location (1 to 16) and a character (1 to 255) LINE 60 will compute the desired location. 70 However, first you have to place your 60 NEXT I will keep the cursor at home out of the way and 90 pictures into these locations. The will asked for character in the location 70 END display the pictures can be anything you desire. called for. 0033 to 0052 load alternate stripes into don't serve 10 REM- X-Y POKE - SOL 0400 to 07FF. These really any purpose except to show what it is 20 PRINT CHR(II) possible to do. After you have all of PROGRAM B 30 LET S=52223 PROGRAM F loaded into memory, This BASIC program does the same for the PET 40 FOR 1=1 TO 1024 EXECUTE 0033. Then change 0035 to that PROGRAM A does for the SOL. If you add a new LINE, 25 POKE 59469, 14 lowercase letters 50 INPUT "HORIZ, VERT, 08, 0039 to 20. 0043 to A0 and 004C to will be displayed instead of graphics characters OC. Now EXECUTE 0033 again. This CHAR ? ".X.Y.Z They can not both be used at the same time. will load stripes into 0800 to 0BFF also, 60 LET A=S+X+( 36 CREATIVE COMPUTING 1 AHORFSS COOF MNFMONM rOMMFNT ' s? _ 00 LXI IZi SCREEN ADI c r | 04 DO ROUTINE 4 TIrtES 0005 AF A ZERO ACCUMULATOR 0006 N a :• TO SCREEN ADDRESS ' PROGRAM E V 8UHP ADDRESS COUNTER This is an assembly language version of 0008 3C I MR A BUnP ASCII CHARACTER CODE PROGRAM A written for the 8080 CPU It will fill 000? FE FF the screen four times with the contents of the CPI ALL 256 CHARACTERS DONE? character generator ROM 1MB C2 06 00 JNZ . 000E id DCR L DECREMENT COUNTER; 000F C2 05 JNZ AND CHECK FOR DONE 00 11 C3 04 GO TO rti ROC'K.ir 0000 21 00 Cl LXI H initialize screen address PROGRAM F 0003 11 FLASH will alternately place the two pictures 00 04 LXI D POINT SCREEN 1 STORAGE stored at 0400 to 07FF and 0800 to OBFF onto 0006 1A the LDAX D LOAD A FROM STORAGE screen 0033 to 0052 can be used to store black and 0007 77 MOV M A nOVE TO SCREEN white stripes for demonstration purposes as explained in the text producing SOL graphics boards but I 0044 77 MOV H A MOVE TO STORAGE haven't seen them yet. I'd like to thank 0045 23 INX H BUMP STORAGE COUNTER Bob Webb of Sierra Vista, AZ for the 0046 15 DCR D CHECK FOR DONE use of his PET to verify the PET 0047 C2 44 00 JNZ IF NOT - GO BACK routines included in this article. This is just the beginning. I'm sure 004A 7C MOV A H LOAD H AND CHECK that each of you who try out these - 004B FE 08 CPI FOR DONE IF NOT routines will find other interesting 0041: C2 36 00 JNZ GO BACK AGAIN possibilities. If you do, don't keep them 0050 C3 04 C0 JHP GOTO SOL MONITOR to yourselves. FEB 1979 37 A ) ) 1 PROGRAM H PROGRAM G PROGRAM G rewritten tor the PET LINE 20 clears random POKEr. Variable A \ B = space, and is The the screen and homes the cursor. The variable S reverse V LINES 90 and 100 check to see what C equal to the first screen location in memory. the randomly selected location contains and then POKEs the next desired character 10 REM- RANDOM POKE PET 10 REM- RANDOM POKE - SOL 20 PRINT CHR*<147) 20 PRINT CHR(H) 30 LET A=42: LET B= LET C=170: LET S=32767 LET I 30 LET A=42: LET B=32: LET C=170: 40 FOR 1=1 TO 1 40 FOR 1=1 TO 1024 50 POKE S + I.A POKE 8*1, 60 NEXT I NEXT I 70 FOR J=1 TO 1 FOP J=1 TO 1000 80 LET P«INT(RND(#)*9?9+1 LET P=INT PROGRAM I This extended BASIC POKE routine runs on and on and on. It might even put you to sleep. It hypnotizes me. After running the same sequence of characters as PROGRAM F. it changes the characters in LINE 150 and then runs the loop again. This takes place ten times. The Z array keeps track of what has happened to each location and LINES 1 10 and 120 POKE accordingly. LINES 170 to 200 attempt to cursor out the entire screen as a finale. 10 REM- EXTENDED RANDOM POKE - SOL 20 PRINT CHR(1 1 PET WORD PROCESSOR 30 LET A=42: LET B=32: LET C*17#: LET 3=52223 40 FOR 1=1 TO 1024 50 POKE S + I,A 60 NEXT I 70 DIM Z(1024) 80 FOR J=0 TO 9 90 FOR K=1 TO 1024 100 LET P=INT(RNB(0>*1023+1 ) 110 IF Z(PX»J THEN POKE 3+P.B This program permits composing and printing letters, 120 IF Z(P)=J+1 THEN POKE S+P.C flyers, advertisements, manuscripts, etc., using the 130 LET Z(P)=J+1 COMMODORE PET and a printer. 140 NEXT K Script directives include line length, left margin, cen- 150 LET B=J+5: LET C=J+133 tering, and skip. Edit commands allow the user to paragraphs, 160 NEXT J insert lines, delete lines, move lines and change strings, save onto cassette, load from cassette, 170 FOR 1=1 TO J500 move up, move down, print and type. 180 LET P=INT(RNHl0)*1024) The CmC Word Processor Program addresses an RS- 190 POKE S+P.160 232 printer through a CmC printer adapter. 200 NEXT I The CmC Word Processor program is available for 210 END $29.50. Add $1.00 for postage and handling per order. Order direct or contact your local computer store. Note: The preceding SOL programs, which were written in Processor Technology's new Extended Basic, are not entirely compatible with Microsoft ^^ 83 in Program A, theCHR(11) in 'C Basic. For example, VfSA changed to CHR$( 1 ) in statement 20 needs to be 1 CONNECTICUT microCOMPUTER order to send a clear screen command to the video display The POKE statement in line number 50 150 POCONO ROAD will have to be modified also. The second BROOKFIELD, CONNECTICUT 06804 argument ("1 ") has a range of 255 for a Microsoft (203) 775 9659 POKE (i.e.. the maximum number of ASCII characters; reversed video and normal). The PT (and probably Extended Basic goes up to 1024 CIRCLE 169 ON READER SERVICE CARD beyond) —John. CREATIVE COMPUTING 38 PET / TRS-80 / APPLE: Personal Software brings you the finest! NEW! THE ELECTRIC PAINTBRUSH by Ken Anderson for 4K The machine language interpreter executes your programs almost Level I and II TRS-80s Create the most dazzling graphics displays instantaneously, allowing you to create real-time, animated you have ever seen with a minimum of effort. The Electric graphics displays. The screen photos above are actually Paintbrush is actually a simple 'language' in which you can write 'snapshots' of the action of a single one-line program over about programs' directing your paintbrush around the screen—drawing thirty seconds. Mesmerize your friends with visual effects they've lines, turning corners, changing white to black, etc. Once defined, never seen on a TV screen! There's no limit to the variety of exciting these programs may be called by other programs or repetitively and artistic graphics displays you can create with The Electric executed, each time varying the parameters of brush movement. Paintbrush. And it's available now for only $14.95 hi t i n a B9a Q w a W w a»i 1 * W 2 it-C* S ± f MICROCHESS is the culmination of two years of chessplaying 4K TRS-80s. in Z-80 machine language, offers 3 levels of play (both program development by Peter Jennings, author of the I famous 1K Level and Level II versions are included and can be loaded on any byte chess program for the KIM-1 MICROCHESS 2.0 for 8K PETs TRS-80 without TBUG) MICROCHESS checks every move for and 16K APPLEs. in 6502 machine language, offers 8 levels of play legality and displays the current position on a graphic chessboard to suit everyone from the beginner learning chess to the serious You can play White or Black, set up and play from special board player It examines positions as many as 6 ahead, moves and positions, or even watch the computer play against itself! Available includes a clock for chess tournament play MICROCHESS 1.5 for now at a special introductory price of only $19.95 BRIDGE CHALLENGER by George Duisman for 8K PETs. Level II 16K TRS-80S. and 16K APPLEs: You and the dummy play 4 person Contract Bridge against the computer. The program will deal hands at random or according to your criterion for high card points. You can review tricks, swap sides or replay hands when the cards are known. No longer do you need 4 people to play! $14.95 STIMULATING SIMULATIONS by Dr. C.W. Engel for 8K PETs. 4K Level I and II TRS-80s. and APPLEs with Applesoft II: Ten original simulation games such as Forest Fire. Lost Treasure. Gone Fishing and Diamond Thief, progressing from elementary to quite complex with most suitable for schoolchildren. Includes a 64 page book giving flowcharts, listings and suggested modifications . . . $14.95 WHERE TO GET IT: Look lor the Personal Software" display rack at your local computer store. Nearly 200 dealers throughout the United States, Canada, Europe and Australia now carry the Personal Software" line. (And TRS-80 Microchess is available through all 7,000 Radio Shack" and Tandy Electronics stores!) New dealers are being added at the rate of two every business day. If your local dealer doesn't already carry Personal Software"" products, ask him to call us at (617) 782-5932. Or you can order direct from us by check, money order or VISA Master Charge. If you have questions, call us at (617) 783-0694. If you know what you want and have your VISA/MC card ready, youcan useany phone to DIAL TOLL FREE 1-800-325-6400 24 hrs In Missouri dial 1-800-342-6600 7 days Or you can mail your order to the address below. To add your name to our mailing list lor free literature and announcements of new products, use the reader service card at the back of this magazine. Personal Software™ P.O. Box 136-C2, Cambridge, MA 02138 CIRCLE 108 ON READER SERVICE CARD " Speculations Peter Payack 64 Highland Ave Cambridge. MA 02139 EXPANSION "777/s circumstance of an expanding Universe is irritating. Albert Einstein The morning it took me ten minutes to stumble from the bedroom to the bathroom, I realized that something was amiss. When it took me nearly half an hour to reach the kitchen and my morning cup of coffee, that confirmed it. So I sat down and calmly evaluated the situation. My first idea was that I was still dreaming, or worse, somehow caught in a holographic Salvador Dali painting. I then remembered that just before falling asleep I read that the Universe was expanding. Nearly all the observ- able galaxies are moving away from Earth at high speeds. The further away they are the faster they are moving, until the most distant galaxy is moving at a rate of over a billion miles per hour. At that late hour, all I could think was, "Where the hell's the fire?" it Well, I saw that it was indeed a fact, and what's more was expanding right in my own home! Let me explain. When I attempted to walk to my study, to put in an honest days work at the typewriter, I had to outfit myself with hiking pants, boots and bring along enough supplies to brave two cold nights in the desolate hallway. By the time I finally reached my destination, tired and THE REALITY BROKER dirty, the original inspiration had withered away like a a little black bag, which he delicate flower without water. The reality broker opened promised contained many diverse levels of reality. One Deeply saddened and distressed I thought I'd tread in the part of the bag, contained assorted back to the bedroom and get a good nights sleep. Luckily region, deepest philosophical principles: Platonic nouses, Hegelian I remembered to bring binoculars, so that I could see my Heisenbergian uncertainties, among objective, now just barely visible on the horizon. absolutes, and them. Each kit came with an illustrated instruction booklet on how to construct these complicated con- It was at that point that I finally concluded that the ordinary everyday thoughts. I couldn't human was indeed a cursed race: First daytime television, templations out of level, so I asked for a then the neutron bomb, and now an expanding universe. get into anything on that profound peek into the next section. Now, this realm of reality was myself something I could better grasp, always fancying Where is Isaac Newton when you need him? as a practical man. There were all sorts of material objects from around the world, which were guaranteed by a certified rationalist to possess actuality, factuality & reality. These items, which made-up most of the bulk of the bag, consisted of rocks, ash trays, pencils, chewing gum, toilet tissue, plus genuine replica's of (among other things) the Empire State Building. Also, at a reduced rate, he had what he called "pot luck", a plastic baggie containing assorted ipso factos. When he was through letting showing me his stock, I asked rather coyly, (not our eyes meet and in a low hushed tone), "Ahem, don't you have any of the "hot stuff"?" He looked shocked that I should suggest such a thing of him, and at once produced his badge which signified that he had a licence and was indeed legitimate. However, when I relentlessly persisted, he broke down and anxiously admitted that he did carry enough smut to satisfy the desires of any grown false lining and man. Just as I suspected, his bag had a was loaded with a wide variety of unrealities. I loaded-up with so many pipedreams, whimseys, illusions and other perversities, that he threw-in a handful of lesser absurd- ities, gratis! CREATIVE COMPUTING Now, a 10 megabyte hard disk subsystem designed for micros. And only iCOM has it. It's here. The new iCOM 451 1R. memory to 40 megabytes. Slide these S-100 components into a And the 451 1R is fast, typically, an order standard 19-inch rack and you've got big of magnitude faster than floppies. Disks spin at computer storage capacity for your microsys- 2400 rpm, and the average access time is only tem: 10 megabytes of useable storage. 40 milliseconds. The 451 1R disk drive incorporates two But hardware is only part of the story. The 5 MB platters. The bottom one's fixed. And the 451 1R is available with CP/M™ a sophisticated top one is removable, for efficient data backup operating system which supports FORTRAN and operating flexibility. andBASIC You can change cartridges easily, so the The K0M Family. effective storage capacity of the system is The new 451 1 R hard disk subsystem limited only by the space on your shelf. rounds out iCOM's line of microperipherals'? The bipolar disk controller provides From our compact little 241 1 Microfloppy™ integral power supply and key lock security. to our new dual-density, dual flexible disk It can handle three more drives, too... drive 3812 system, iCOM is the first name to boosting total, on-line, random-access look for in microperipherals. iCOm miCROPERIPHERQIS Products ot 123 Perlec Computer Corporation, 20630 Nordhotf St, Chatsworlh, CA 9131 1. (213) 998-1800 Dealer inquiries invited CIRCLE 136 ON READER SERVICE CARD iCOM and Microperipherals are registered trademarks ot Pertec Computer Corporation Microfloppy is a trademark ot Pertec Computer Corporation CP M is a trademark ot Digital Research. Inc V Music Composition: A New Teehniq Steven K. Roberts Another article on music generation? This one presents some new, simplified techniques for composing your own. Mathematics is music for the mind; Music is mathematics tor the soul. —ANONYMOUS The BASIC program in Program B is The delightful ease with which a installation-dependent, serving in the the next step in sequence abstraction; microprocessor may be interfaced with system for which this was written to being a method of generating random sound-generating hardware seems to convert the raw binary number (A) into intervals from a previous state rather tempt nearly every personal computer a format the custom-designed note than random notes. Each pass through owner with the idea of producing selection logic can understand. (It the loop displaces the current note music. Ever since the early days of the requires a byte whose low four bits are value by some amount less than eight 8008 and the infamous AM radio a note code and whose next three bits half-steps in either direction. The interface, techniques and software define an octave.) Lines 70 and 80 relatively wide intervalic range of eight tricks for playing tunes with the various simply delay the loop long enough for is an attempt to introduce some sur- micros have peppered the pages of our the individual notes to be discernible. prise into the melody, and results in an chosen magazines. There are now a Needless to say, the output from the effect somewhat more pleasing than variety of products on the market that program in Program A is boring. It has before but still with little, if any, in way contribute to the im- no internal structure governing the some aesthetic appeal. The sequence plementation of a computer music passage of one note to the next (its wanders up and down the scale and is function is zero) and it system. autocorrelation relocated upon en- intellec- randomly Throughout all the fuss, I have seen totally fails to satisfy whatever countering either extreme. The major surprisingly little on the subject of tual and emotional criteria we apply conceptual difference of this from the composition with the computer, when we attempt to decide whether or first form is that its value at any point is perhaps because any tunes of more not something is "music." One of the very much a function of its recent past than trivial significance seem to require most important of these criteria is the (depending on the intervalic range) rather elaborate software. There are balance between the anticipated and and it is thus highly autocorrelated. idiomatic structures to worry about, the unanticipated, a key in- of computer tune keys and accidentals, rhythmic terrelationship that caused Beethoven These forms the jumping- in music must generation have served as patterns . . . not to mention the to observe: "Everything for a number of serious aesthetic problems of avoiding banali- be at once surprising and expected." off point at composition in recent ty and obvious repetition. Perhaps the Within this context, we can easily attempts giving birth to, among other compositional techniques that lie generate the two extremes—the totally years, of "stochastic" beyond the realm of the self-evident surprising with Program A and the things, the concept Basically, this approach to (random numbers) have remained in totally expected with the concept in music. upon a series of the computer music laboratories and Program B. composition is based scholarly journals. Whatever the case, a minor breakthrough of sorts has just Program A: Random Tone Generator manifested itself in the work of Richard E. Voss and Benoit Mandelbrot, recent- 1U PHUBOMIZE ;Select random note value 0-59 ly reported in the April, 1978 issue of 20 A-INT(60*RND<0)) 30 T-A/l? ;Calculate Octave Scientific American. A simple techni- 40 N-INT(A-12*T) ;Calculate Note code que now exists which allows the 50 V-16*T+N ;Produce composite octave/note hardware computer generation of pleasing se- bO OUT 1 I ,V ;Output to quences of tones with some surprising 10 FOR D-0 TO 100 80 NEXT D ; Del ay properties. *d GOTO 20 Without delving too deeply into the mathematics involved, the work of Program B: Random Interval Generator best Voss and Mandelbrot can be 10 RANDOMIZE understood by starting with a simple 20 B-4h iStartlng location in scale interval of +8 maximum sequence of random numbers. In order 30 A-INT(17*RND(0)-8) ;Random 60 A»A+B ;Dlsplace from last position to develop the application to computer random relocation 70 IF A<16 OR A>97 THEN 160 ;If over- or under-flow, music, let's look at a BASIC program to 80 B-A generate them (Program A). This 90 T-IHT(A/12) ;Octave/note calculation program repeatedly generates a ran- 10U N»INT(A-12*T) 110 V-16*T+N dom (actually pseudorandom) number hardware 120 OUT 17, ; Output to in the range 0-59, or five octaves, and 130 FOR D»0 TO 100 ;Delay outputs it after some conversion to port 140 NEXT D 150 GOTO 30 1 7 of the system. Lines 30, 40 and 50 are note point 160 A-16*7U«F.ND<0) ; Select new random 170 COTO e)U Steven K. Roberts. 10513 Fairview Avenue. Jeffersontown. Kentucky 40299 42 CREATIVE COMPUTING statistically-derived transition and re- eight elements of Array A randomly maintain the integrity of the chosen key jection rules, which govern the assigned, and with a counter (X) set to signature), converted to octave/note probability of a passage from one note zero. To determine the next note in the format, and output to the hardware. or sequence to the next. Within this sequence, increment X and note which The DATA statement in line 420 selects broad category, examples of a musical bits changed (either way). The the number of notes within one octave idiom (such as Chopin Waltzes) have elements of the Array, indexed by the of the key, and the DATA statement bit that been analyzed, and their numbers changed during the following specifies the notes in the key characteristics in increment, are then given summarized a collec- new random (numbered 0-11). The one shown is D tion of rules which are then values in the range 0-7. used to These are then major. If line 420 is 11 and line 430 is summed, as constrain a sequence of random before, to yield the new 0,1,2 10,11 the result will be numbers. The result is something note. It may be seen that the pattern of chromatic "riffs" unconstrained by any which, over a limited time span, is changing bits as X passes through its limitation. suggestive of the style of the original, 256 count range will cause structuring Where to from here? Depending of the in but still suffers from banality when sequence a fashion that allows upon the stylistic parameters of your the experienced to any significant extent. higher-order values to be chosen musical forms, any of a number Stochastic music is a brave but progressively more stable, preventing of enhancements can be added. For generally unsuccessful attempt at wild excursions of the melody. A example, a rhythmic structure can be mediation (statistically speaking) moment's thought on the curve established, either rigid or based upon between the two extremes described generated by the "changing bits" another 1/f sequence, and transition concept will so far. give some insight into the rules applied in the manner of It is here that the recent work of Voss loose schematic structure of the stochastic music. A "theme and resulting and Mandelbrot enters the picture. tune. variations" form could be easily es- Voss introduced the concept of "one- In Program C this algorithm has been tablished, with the program generating over-/" noise, wherein the values com- implemented. The changing bits are ever more elaborate embellishments prising a sequence are functions not determined by performing an upon its initial fractal theme. And, with only of their recent past, but of their Exclusive-OR between the old value of ever easier methods of realtime sound X entire past. Mandelbrot named the and the new, then successively generation and the titillating prospect fluctuations fractals and made a subtracting the binarily weighted of home multiprocessing, can number of startling discoveries about values in Array B from the result, orchestration be more than a few half- their appearance in nature: not only do reassigning the corresponding steps away? such relationships characterize elements of A until underflow occurs variations in on a subtraction. annual flood levels of the The note value (S), as Scientific American, April, 1978. "Math- Nile, the geometry of seacoasts and explained above, is then derived by ematical Games" by Martin Gardner mountain ranges, and the clustering of summing those elements, whereupon Music by Computers, edited by Heinz von Foerster and James W. Beauchamp. Wiley and stars, but it also appears that our it is subjected to a validity test (to Sons. nervous systems reduce the massive parallel input from the outside Program C: Fractal Sequence Generator world to 10 KAN DOM I Z E information that behaves statistically 20 RESTORE like 1/f noise. 30 REM 1/F SEQUENCE GENERATOR FOR FRACTAL COMPOSITION 40 DIM A(8) ,B(8) ,C(12) Applied to music composition, frac- 50 X-0 ;X Is "bit change" counter tal patterns produce results that are 60 FOR 1-0 TO 7 astonishingly familiar. If such 70 READ B(I) ;Array B contains Binary Weight Values relationships characterize much au NEXT I 90 READ C ;C=number of notes in one octave abstract art, nature's of scale whimsy, and even 100 FOR I«0 TO the behavior of our nervous systems, 110 READ C(I) ;Array C contains allowable note values then, embodied in musical form, may 120 NEXT I they not offer greater potential reward 130 FOR I»0 TO 140 A(I)-INT(d*RND(0)) ;Array A contains intermediate than the white noise of random values ISO NEXT I start them randomly numbers or the rigid rules of stochastic 160 S-0 ;S is binary note value composition? 170 FOR 1-0 TO 7 180 S-S + MI) Voss thought so. He has investigated ;Sum elements of A into S 190 NEXT I fractal music with promising results, 200 J«BINAHD(S,%00JF%) ;Mask S to 6 bits (64 value range) and has suggested a conceptual 210 T-INT(J/12) ;Determlne Octave 220 technique for its computer implemen- N-J-12«T ; Determine Note 230 FOR 1-0 TO C tation. With that as a basis, I developed 24U IF N»C(I)THEN 270 ;Scan allowable note array to check validity the BASIC program shown in Program 250 NEXT I C. It may be considered a starting point 260 GOTO 310 ;If no good, go make another 270 V-16+16*T+N for deep exploration of the possibilities jOtherwise, assemble composite note code 280 OUT 17.V+16 ;0utput (shifted one octave) to hardware inherent in these sequences. 290 FOR D-0 TO 10 The intent of this program is the 300 NEXT D ; De 1 ay continuous generation of an 310 Y-X : X-X+l ;Y saves X, Increment X 320 IF X-256 X-0 algorithmically structured sequence of THEN ;If it wraps, reset it 330 Z-BINXOR(X,Y) ;Set any bits changed on Increment tones with a random basis and a 1/f 340 FOR 1-0 TO 7 frequency distribution. This apparent 350 Z»Z-B(I) ;Scan resulting bit map by subtracting weights self-contradiction is resolved by the 360 IF Z<0 THEN 160 ;Go do a note on underflow 370 A(I)-INT(8*RND(0) ) ;Any changed bit following logic: causes new random value for A (I) 380 NEXT I 390 GOTO 160 Assume that any note's value is the 400 DATA 1,2,4,8,16.32,64,126 ;Binary Weighting Values of eight intermediate in sum (S) values 410 REM SCALE INFORMATION: I OF NOTES, THEN NOTES the range 0-7, resident in Array A. This 420 DATA 6 allows a musical range of 56 possible 430 DATA 1,2,4,6,7,9,11 ;D major key 440 END notes. Begin the sequence with the v: FEB 1979 43 8 L3 o ? The AD8 is much more interesting because it is essentially the same device as ALF is offering for use in S- 100 bus computers. This synthesizer has 256 volume levels, programmable filters, complete envelope control Unplayed by Human Hands, Com- \ along with 96 different pitches. The puter Humanities Records, 2310 El musical effects range from rather Moreno, La Crescenta, Ca., 91214. David H. Ahl enchanting in "Reverie" by Debussy to Two LPs, CR91 15, CH9771 $6.98 each. complex in Prokofiev's "March from Unlike the first two records, this pair 'Love of 3 Oranges'" to precise in uses a PDP-8 minicomputer driving a Computer music is hardly new, but a several Bach fugues to rather bizarre 90-rank Schlicker pipe organ. The new interest in it has been rekindled (Phil Tubb would rather I said "in- computer is able to control all the with the advent of synthesizer kits and teresting") in John Ridges piece various actions of the organ including home-brew setups made possible by "Ruffles" and Phil Tubb's arrangement the Great division, two Swell divisions, low-cost microcomputers. Also, it's of Bach's "Musette." Especially in- three other divisions, a Trompeta Real much more easier to economically teresting is the comparison of "The and a section of reeds. As might be justify tying up a SOL-20 for several Entertainer" played on the AD8 with expected, the organ has a rich and hours than a 370/168 to produce a few the Mesmerelda version. extensive pallet of tonal textures minutes of music. All in all, this record is easily worth available and the computer adds a Much of the music transcribed for $4.00 to play on your stereo system. preciseness seldom heard with a microcomputer music synthesizers player. comes out of the baroque period. The human fugal constructions tend to sound Bits and Bytes (Bach, Binary & The producer, Kenneth Knowlton is quite satisfactory when played by Boolean), Schertz Computer Music, not only a computer programmer but somewhat limited instrumentation of P.O. Box 8743-NPS, Monterey, Ca., an accomplished musician. He has of the first microcomputer synthesizers 93940. 25 min. $6.00 postpaid. chosen a wide range compositions (1976-77). On this record, a MITS Altair 8800A to show off his computer/organ com- bination. The jacket notes mention The second-generation synthesizers with 20k of memory is used to control "that Pastoral in (1978-79) give the user much more 3 identical, but independent hardware F by Roger-Ducasse of its control over the envelope or shape of voices. All computer equipment was was especially chosen because inordinate difficulty for the each note. Consequently, a much built from kits and surplus. The even most accomplished organist." Needless to wider variety of music from the Beatles synthesizer is an original design by say, the PDP-8 plays it perfectly. to Sousa is now being transcribed for Don Schertz and John Pratt which digital reproduction. allows up to 25 parameters to control I found Joplin's "Maple Leaf Rag" played the it just The first two records are represen- the note for each voice. Some of the strange on organ— tative of a typical commercial syn- parameters that can be controlled are: didn't seem to belong. Ditto for thesizer (ALF) and home-brew syn- note pitch, wave form, attack, sustain, Mozart's "Overture from the Marriage thesizer (Schertz). The other two are volume, decay, staccato, percussion, of Figaro." Perhaps the familiarity of an example of a computer controlling tremolo, vibrato, etc. hearing a piece played by a piano or an existing music device (organ). The fifteen selections cover a wide an orchestra is difficult to overcome. range from classical (Bach 3-part Those of you who recall the series of Computer Controlled Synthesizer inventions) to old favorites (Glow organ records from Cook Laboratories Performances, Tesseract Records, Div. Worm, Jalousie) to rag (Joplin's Sun by Reginald Foort on the Richmond of ALF Products, 128 South Taft, Flower Slow Drag) to march (Entry of Mosque pipe organ will find memories Denver, Co., 80228. $4.00 postpaid. the Gladiators) to popular (Lara's rekindled in the piece "Entry of the The music devices used on this Theme). One of the most interesting Privileged Landholding Class" record are a "Mesmerelda" six- pieces is Glow Worm which has been (CH9771). Unfortunately CH9771 was channel synthesizer (for five pieces) recorded four times using various recorded before a live audience and inevitable and an "AD8" eight-channel syn- voicings and tempos. The first is a very the coughs and audience thesizer (for eight pieces). The slow rendition which allows you to noises were somewhat annoying. Mesmerelda was constructed in 1974 clearly hear the complex details of the Personally, I found the selection of out of TTL integrated circuits and can runs and fast passages. Mockin' Bird pieces on CR9115 more satisfying (mostly classics) produce only square waves. Conse- Hill is also recorded three times at compared to CH9771 modern). quently it sounds very much like a various speeds. (more cheap electronic organ. Nevertheless, The 25 minutes goes by very quickly as the jacket notes mention, "the low and seems to us a bit short for a 12" Schwann-1 now carries a regular $400 cost made this acceptable." LP, nevertheless the amazing effects section on Electronic Music. I would Certainly it is quite acceptable to play that Don Schertz and John Pratt wring be pleased to hear from readers who Bach on this type of "instrument," out of a home-brew synthesizer make have other computer and electronic however, Joplin's "The Entertainer" the record a worthwhile addition to music records and would like to write suffers somewhat. your library. a short (or long) review of them. 44 CREATIVE COMPUTING Introducing the personal computer you've waited for. The Exidy Sorcerer. I didn't buy my personal computer un- I wanted graphics, and the Sorcerer my system grow. til I found the one that had all the is super. Its 256 character set—more I wanted a computer that's easy features I was looking for. than any other personal computer—in- enough for children to use. I just con- The Exidy Sorcerer does everything I cludes 128 graphic symbols that I can nect my Sorcerer to a video display and wanted to do and a few things I never define. a cassette tape recorder, and if I have dreamed of. I wanted high resolution video. any questions the easy-to-understand It isn't magic. Exidy started with the With 122,880 points in a 512 x 240 Operation and BASIC Porgramming best features of other computers, added format, I get the most detailed illustra- manuals have the answers. some tricks of their own, and put it all tions. I wanted to buy from an exper- together with more flexibility than ever I wanted to display more informa- ienced manufacturer. In five years before available. Presto! My reasons for tion. The Sorcerer displays 1920 Exidy has become the third largest pro- waiting just disappeared. characters in 30 lines of 64 characters ducer of microprocessor-based video I wanted pre-packaged programs. —equal to a double-spaced typed page. arcade games. Software on inexpensive cassette tapes I wanted a full, professional key- I wanted to spend less than a for the Sorcerer is available from Exidy board. The Sorcerer's 79-key data pro- thousand bucks. (This is where Exidy and many other software makers. cessing keyboard provides designated does a little magic.) My Sorcerer cost I wanted user programmability. graphics, the complete ASCII character me $895! The Sorcerer's unique plug-in ROM set in upper and lower case, and a Now, what are you waiting for? PAC™ Cartridges contain program- 16-key numeric pad. Call Exidy for the name of your ming languages such as Standard ( Altair I wanted memory. The 12k of nearest dealer. (408) 736-2110. Or 8k *) BASIC, Assembler and Editor (so ROM holds a Power-On Monitor and write Exidy, 969 W. Maude Ave., I can develop system software), operat- Standard BASIC; the 8k of RAM is in- Sunnyvale, ing systems such as DOS (so I can also ternally expandable to 32k. CA, 94086. use FORTRAN and COBOL) and ap- I wanted expandability. Serial and plications packages such as Word Pro- parallel I/Os are built in, and the op- cessor. tional 6-slot S-100 expansion unit lets * Altair Is a trademark of Pertec Computer Corp CIRCLE 198 ON READER SERVICE CARD Puzzles 6 Problems Daily Bread A garrison had bread for 11 days. If there had been 400 more men, each man's daily share would have been two ounces less; if there had been 600 less men, each man's daily share could have been increased by two ounces, and the bread would then have lasted 12 days. How many pounds of bread did the garrison have? Monkey and Banana A rope over the top of a fence has the same length on Thinkers' Corner each side. Weighs 1/3 lb. per ft. On one end hangs a monkey holding a banana, and on the other end a weight Layman E.Allen ©1977 equal to the weight of the monkey. The banana weighs 2 oz. per inch. The rope is as long as the age of the monkey, SET THEORY PUZZLES and the weight of the monkey (in ounces) is as much as the age of the monkey's mother. The combined ages of How many of the problems (a) through (f) below monkey and mother are 30 years. 1/2 the weight of the can be solved by forming an expression that will monkey, plus the weight of the banana, is 1/4 as much as name the number of cards in the universe that is the weight of the weight and the weight of the rope. The listed as the GOAL? (Suppose that each letter and monkey's mother is 1/2 as old as the monkey will be when other symbol in the problems below is imprinted on a it is 3 times as old as its mother was when she was 1/2 as disc.) will when it is as old as its mother will old as the monkey be The expression must use: be when she is 4 times as old as the monkey was when it all of the discs in the REQUIRED column, was twice as old as its mother was when she was 1/3 as old (1) as the monkey was when it was as old as its mother was (2) as many of the discs in PERMITTED as you wish, when she was 3 times as old as the monkey was when it and was 1/4 as old as it is now. How long is the banana? (3) at most one of the discs in RESOURCES. Yes. I know this has been around tor ages, but every once in a while I rummage around in my old stull to see what's still there. This was. and I had A. some tun with it. Maybe you will too. —DHA Universe B B of TIIIIIIZIIIIIIXX Cards C c C D D D Perfect Numbers Have you ever wondered what a Examples: "perfect number" was? Did you ever The expression A names 1 card (4). care what a perfect number was? A The expression A' names 5 cards (1,2,3,5,6). perfect number is defined as one which The expression B DC names 2 cards (2,3). 5 cards (1,2,3,4,6). equals the sum of its factors. Thus, six The expression BUC names The expression C-B names 2 cards (4,6). is a perfect number - the factors of six are one, two, and three, and 1+2+3=6 (This doesn't count 6 as being a factor Problem GOAL REQUIRED PERMITTED RESOURCES of itself). - Since these numbers are few and far (a) 3 A D - A c n ' between, they are a natural for a [b] 2 A B U A B C - • computer to find. A good problem for a [c] 5 B C - B c d n novice computer programmer is to (d) 6 U A B B D A B D u n write a routine to find perfect numbers. (e) D - B C b c u n Or better yet, to find them efficiently. m 1 B C D u n B C D u n Here's one such program with which you can amaze your friends by telling frtng* ub6|lp!W joqjv uuy ' PA|g them that your computer is working on Minos S-06tl saieioossv seiueg 6uiiuBa-| uiojj jsanbaj an ancient math problem discovered UOdn a|qE|IEAB SI S3LUB6 |BUO!)3njlSUI J9LJIO PUB SIU|1 by the Greeks. inoqe uoijbuujojui aaj j Ajoagi jes (° euieo am S13S 6uiAB|d 9^i| lybiw noA 'ajzznd )0 pui>( siqi Aofua noA Stephen P. Renwick -NO n 10 Pine Street Portland. ME 04102 (OU a)U8 (> ananv (p .(vna) (q (ano)-a (» ,(o-b) (o v-o (a xxxxz k.A 46 CREATIVE COMPUTING E.S. HEX ENCODED E.S. TRS-80 4K EPROM w*,» 8080A CPU cwith n,h. l.„. KEYBOARD Victor Interrupt Capability) SERIAL I/O This board is designed to operate with any wmc This HEX keyboard speed or power 1 702A. Addressable in 4K • Uses the 8080A and the 8224 clock chip. RS-232 compati- has 1 9 keys. 1 6 encod- byte increments and can be configured to The crystal frequency used is 1 8 MHz and ble • Can be used with defin- either ed with 3 user occupy 2K or 4K segments. It can be the vector interrupt chip is the or without the expan- 8214. The able. The encoded TTL populated one memory chip at a time. Bare board will function normally without sion bus • On board the outputs. 8-4-2-1 and board $30. board with parts $200. assembled interrupt circuitry. When the interrupt switch selectable baud STROBE are debounced $230 Part No. EPM-1 circuitry is built up, the board will respond to rates of 110. 150. and available in true 300.600.1200.2400. eight levels of interrupts. Designed to be a and complement form. plug-in replacement for the IMSAI CPU board parity or no parity odd Four onboard LEDs and will work in other computers with the or even, 5 to 8 data indicate the HEX code appropriate modifications made to the ribbon bits, and 1 or 2 stop generated for each llllllll |J cable connector pin out from the front panel. bits. D.T.R. line Board key depression. The The board will work in systems without a only S 19.95 Part No. board requires a single front panel if the system has a PROM board 8010. wrth parts S5995 volt supply. Board +5 llllllll that simulates the functions of the front Part No. 801 OA. as- only $15 00 Part No. panel. Bare board $30. with parts sembled $79 95 Part $185. HEX-3. with parts assembled $220. Part No. CPU-1 No. 801 OC. No con- $49.95 Part No. HEX- nectors provided, see 3A. 44 pin edge con- below nector $4 00 Part No. 44P. 16K OR 32K EPROM 11 1 wmc,„. :•* I ! Designed to operate with any speed or power ii 2708 or single voltage (+5V) 2716. Address- t'Jt able in 4K increments and can occupy ti in multiples of 4K. It cen be populated one memory chip at a time. Has bank addressing ft* and Phantom Disable. The board comes with an exclusive software program that can be placed in a 2708 or 271 6 that will, when used 16K STATIC RAM in conjunction with a RAM memory board, wmcM check out every line on the EPM-2 Bare Operates with any speed or power 21 14. All board $30. board with parts with 2708 input and output lines are fully buffered $455. assembled $485. Board with parts Addressable in 4K byte increments If the with 2716 $1,225. assembled $1,255. Part system has a front panel, the board will allow ntrtattachadcon- itself to be protected If there is no front nactOratofftTRS- No. EPM-2 panel, the board will allow 60 and ow lanl not itself to be Board *19 05 Part protected. The board has Bank Address capability. Phantom Disable. MWRITE. and selectable wait states. Bare board $30. board with parts $665. Part No. MEM2 S-100 BUS ACTIVE TERMINATOR * Board only $14.95 Part No. 900. with parts $24.95 Part No. 900A PIICEON 65K DYNAMIC RAM 9AND13SL0T WBf Main memory for microcomputers, intelligent „, terminals, business systems, medical sys- 8K EPROM piiceon tems, and OEM systems. • High density MOTHER BOARDS random access memory 48K bytes or 64K Saves programs on PROM permanently (until bytes • Fully buffered • S-100 bus compat- All traces are reflow solder covered and both erased via U V light) up to 8K bytes Programs ible • Low power (dynamic memory) • Trans- sides are solder masked. The connectors may be directly run from the program saver parent refresh • Digital delay line techniques used on these boards are the IMSAI™ such as fixed routines or assemblers • S- type for reliable operation • Multiple boards 1.125" between pins, .250" between rows). 100 bus compatible • Room for 8K bytes of allowed using hardware or software controlled Spacing between connectors is .750". EPROM non-volatile memory (2708's). • On- All bank select • "Phantom" signal for RAM/ lines, except power and ground, have a board PROM programming • Address ROM overlap • All boards are fully tested passive RC network termination available. relocation of each 4K or memory to eny 4K prior to shipment. Operating System test boundary within There is a kluge area available that will accept 64K • Power on jump end and extensive bit pattern testing. • Works two 40 pin sockets and one 36 pin socket. reset jump option for "turnkey" systems end directly in 80B0A processors or Z-80 The circuitry for supplying three separate computers without a front panel • Program environment at 2MHz • Currently used by saver regulated voltages to the kluge area is software available • Solder mask both industry • 1 year warranty. Only available contained on the board. Part No. QMB-12 sides • Full silkscreen for easy assembly. assembled and tested with 48K $1 .250 Part Program saver in $40 bare. $105 kit. $120 assembled. Part software 1 2708 EPROM No. 48K. or with 65K $1,475 Part No. 65" $25. Bare board including No. QMB-9 $35 bare. $90 kit. S105 $35 custom coil. assembled. board with parts but no EPROMS $1 39. with 4 EPROMS $179. with 8 EPROMS $219. Ment,on "umber, description, and price In US A. shipping paid (or orders Th C\fti(»f * "" accompanied by check, money order, or Master Charge. BankAmencardorVISfl W W^1 number, expiration date and signature Shipping charges added to COO. orders. California residents add V 6 5°ta (or tax. Outside 1 air USA add 0% (or mail postage and handling, no C.O.O.s Checks and orders ajajaj. money must be payable m US dollars. Parts kits include sockets (or all ICs. components, and circuit 1 flB bo8rd Documentation is included with all products Pnces ere in US dollars Mo open accounts To eliminate tenrt m Canada boxes are marked "Computer Parts " Dealer inquiries invited Hour Line: MaW l^^H 24 Order (4081 226-4064 De f r& box son .ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS p *. 21638. jos* causa 9515.I CIRCLE 118 ON READER SERVICE CARD PINBALL MAZE want to try to write a computer Start this maze at either of the two arrows at top You might this maze but be warned: it is a and bounce from one "bumper" to another. Your program to solve challenging, non-trivial problem. is to get a score of exactly 100 and then get object Quinn may not Reprinted from Challenging Mazes by Lee Daniel out at one of the three bottom exits. You Quinn. published by Dover Publications. Copyright 1975 by L.D. use any number more than once. No tilting please! COMPUTING 48 CREATIVE Compleat Computer Catciioou We welcome entries from readers for the The system allows automatic search and "Compleat Computer Catalogue" on any replacement of any variable such as client item related, even distantly, to computers. name, dates, locations and amounts. Once Please include the name of the item, a a brief document is entered, it need never be evaluative description, price, and complete entered again as only the variables are source data. If it is an item you obtained changed. For example, a 25 page pleading over one year ago, please check with the can be changed, as to any name, date, sum source to make sure it is still or available at the any other variable which occurs, in less quoted price. than two seconds. Send contributions to "The Compleat Pages, paragraphs, lines, words or char- Computer Catalogue," Creative Com- acters can be inserted, deleted or changed puting, P.O. Box 789-M, Morristown, NJ with the system automatically opening or 07960. closing text to accommodate the inserted, deleted or moved text. The results are instantly visible on the screen. The legal time and cost system is design- COMPUTERS and general journal, and will produce a ed to accommodate from one to ten or I rial Balance. Income statement and more attorneys. All accounts receivable Balance Sheet. It will automatically post and trust account ledgers are stored, and transactions to the Ledger and produce an statements may be viewed or printed at any audit trail of transactions. Accounts time. Numerous management reports are Payable programs will produce Accounts available including aged reports by matter, Payable statements by vendor, date, or client, attorney and other variables. through a range of dates and project the A Users Group is forming and its news- cash necessary to fulfill these obligations. It letter will provide a catalog of available will also print checksand mailing stubs and pleadings, contracts, wills and trusts. journalize transactions so they will be correspondence and other documents. processed by the Microledger. Accounts Only a nominal copying and mailing receivable programs produces Accounts charge will apply. receivable statements by customer, date, or Lease Purchase prices are as low as range ol dates as well as Aged Accounts $300.00 per month. Receivables report. It will report cash Inquiries from qualified dealers are projections from collections and journalize invited. transactions lor processing in the ALPHA SYSTEM 7 For additional information contact Microledger. The Inventory programs Alpha Professional Systems. ALPHA PROFESSIONAL Inc. an- SYSTEMS produce a status report, audit'trail of issue nounces the availability of INC.. 9465 Wilshire Blvd.. Suite 5I«" the ALPHA and receive transactions. It also provides SYSTEM 7, a word processor Beverly Hills, California, (213) 272-3032. designed materials, job cost analysis and year to date specifically for law office use, incor- usage. Computes CIRCLE average LI FO costs and porating a full fledged Z80 210 ON READER SERVICE CARD microcomputer F.OQ's. Also journalizes transactions for system with 56K of fully static RAM. the Microledger. The Personnel Payroll The word processing system utilizes a programs maintains personnel records and high 15" THE "ACCOUNTANT" resolution 22mHz. video display computes Payroll register for hourly and and a high speed 45 CPS. daisy wheel letter Computer Data Systems, Inc., of salaried employees. It computes and prints quality printer. Margins, justification, Wilmington, paychecks. Delaware has announced Quarterly's. 94 1 \. and yearly pitch, centering, boldface type, line spac- immediate availability of their newest w-2 forms. Also computes labor Job Cost ing, headings, underlining and automatic marketing concept entitled, the "Accoun- Analysis and journalizes payroll transac- page numbering are under program con- tant." It is a complete turn-key system tions for the Microledger. Under $6000. trol. Type style and ribbons are available in complete with a Versatile 4 Dual Drive Computer Data Systems. Inc., at 5460 a wide variety and are interchangeable. computer, an Impact Printer, application Fairmont Drive. Wilmington. Delaware Storage 8" 1 media is dual flexible IBM business software and a Formica table on 9808. Telephone (302) 738-0933. 3740 format disks with a capacity of well rollaway casters for convenient moving. over CIRCLE 211 ON READER SERVICE 100 pages of text per disk. (Third disk The business software includes a General CARD drive is available at extra cost). Ledger which will set up a chart of accounts FEB 1979 49 The new microcomputer allows up to 780K BYTES ON-LINE 60K of usable memory by adding two more to STORAGE IMSAI'S VDP-4X slots. Disk storage can also be increased INTEGRATED SYSTEMS four mini-floppies or four 8-inch floppies. $2595. IMSAI MANUFACTURING COR- Smoke Signal Broadcasting. 6304 Yucca PORATION announces SERIES VDP- Street. Hollywood, CA 90028. (213)462- 4X Video Data Processor. Three versions, 5652. the VDP-40, VDP-42 and VDP-44. provide a disk storage capacity of I80K, CIRCLE 214 ON READER SERVICE CARD 400K and 780K bytes, respectively. A fully integrated system, the VDP-4X features an 8085 microprocessor, 32K, 64K RAM, dual 5'/4 -inch floppy disks, 9-inch CRT, keyboard and serial I/O in a desk- top cabinet. DURANGO SYSTEMS, INC., INTRODUCES THE "WORLD'S SMALLEST BIG COMPUTER" SHE HAS THE WHOLE COMPU- TER IN HER HANDS—This pretty sec- retary demonstrates the portability of the Durango F-85 desk top computer. Its manufacturer. Durango Systems. Inc., SYSTEM TWO DISK 10101 Bubb Rd., Cupertino. CA 95014, COMPUTER calls the F-85 "the world's smallest big Disk computer" because it incorporates disc The Cromemco System Two drive, cathode ray tube display and Computer comes equipped with Cromem- keyboard into a single portable unit. The co's well-known 4-MHz Z-80. CPU card; IMSAI's multi-disk operating system F-85 can be plugged into any 110-volt two 5-inch floppy disk drives; Cromem- (IMDOS) is provided with the VDP-4X socket and be ready for operation. The co'i versatile disk controller: 32 kilobytes and has a large number of utilities in- computer is designed to perform a number of RAM memory (comprised of two cluding an 8080/85 assembler, of small business functions and sells for Cromemco 16KZ-W memory cards); the video /context editor, dynamic software $13,520. proven Z-2 chassis with 21 -slot mother- debugging program and floppy disk system board; and a 30-amp power supply. program. CIRCLE 212 ON READER SERVICE CARD diagnostic Cromemco provides a wide range of 780K bytes on mini-floppies is achieved quality software support for the System the IMDOS disk formats by combining Two. Currently available software includes with double density, 77-track mini-disk I FORTRAN IV compiler, a 16K Extend- drives. IMSAI MANUFACTURING ed BASIC, and a Z-80 Macro Assembler. CORPORATION, I4860 Wicks Blvd.. All software is available on standard, I BM- San Leandro. CA 94577. (4 1 5) 483-2093. format, soft-sectored mini diskettes. $3990. 9I0-366-7287. TWX: Cromemco, Inc.. 280 Bernardo Avenue, CIRCLE 213 ON READER SERVICE CARD Mountain View. CA 94040; (415) 964- 7400. CIRCLE 215 ON READER SERVICE CARD NEW COMPUTER IS SS50 COMPATIBLE A new. low cost Microcomputer System with SS50 Bus compatibility has been announced by J F Products Co. Designated the JF68. the unit is based on the powerful 6800 Microprocessor. powerful SIGNAL The CPU board contains a 2JC SMOKE BASIC COMPUTER SYSTEM called JFBUG (c) that is operating system BROADCASTING WITH 780K BYTES resident in ROM memory. Existing INTRODUCES NEW 6800- Software for any MlKBUG(c) type system IMSAI MANUFACTURING COR- RS- will execute without modification. An BASED MICROCOMPUTER PORATION introduces SERIES PCS^tX 232 or Current Loop interface up to 9600 A new high performance dual-floppy Personal Computer Systems. An in- is accomplished through a Serial BAUD microcomputer, featuring SS-50 BUS tegrated system, the PCS-4X features an 1 ( ) card included in the system price. An compatibility and a new controller design, 8085 microprocessor. 32K/64K RAM, Cassette interface using the "Kansas audio has been introduced by Smoke Signal dual 5%-inch floppy disks and serial and City Standard" recording technique is Three Broadcasting, designers and manufac- parallel I O in a desk top cabinet. located on a single I O card. "LOAD" and turers of small business computer systems. versions, the PCS-40, PCS-42and PCS-44. "SAVE" commands incorporated in the The new "CHIEFTAIN" microcom- provide a disk storage capacity of I80K, JFBUG Monitor, contain all of the puter is a versatile, general purpose system 400K and 780K bytes, respectively. necessary Software to read and record based on the powerful 6800 micropro- For a complete computer system, the programs on any low cost Cassette cessor with 32K of static RAM. Standard user need only add a terminal. Or the recorder. features also include two serial I/O ports, system may be completed by adding a The JF68 Computer System is available two mini-floppies and the compatible keyboard, video interface board and video in Kit form for $549.95 or fully Assembled DOS-68 disk operating system. monitor. Expansion capability allows the and Tested for $749.95. For additional Increased reliability is obtained through addition of interlace boards. RAM and information contact JF PRODUCTS, the use of gold connectors to eliminate disk drives. IMSAI's multi-disk operating 1441-5 Pomona Rd., Corona Ca. 91720. continual re-seating of boards and a svstem. IMDOS. comes with the PCS-4X CIRCLE 219 ON READER SERVICE CARD cooling fan to extend component life. and has a large number of utilities 50 CREATIVE COMPUTING - including an 8085 assembler, contained in the mainframe. DIP switch video context editor, dynamic software features allow use of existing SWTP and debugging program and floppy disk system MSI compatible software. diagnostic program. 1MSAI Manufac- This system is video based using the turing Corporation. 14860 Wicks GIMIX video board and advanced GMX- Boulevard. San Leandro. California BUG 3K ROM monitor that contains the 94577.(415)483-2093. standard utility functions plus routines that CIRCLE 216 ON READER SERVICE CARD facilitate softward development. Gimix Inc., 1 337 W. 37th Place, Chicago. IL 60609. Attn: Richard Don. CIRCLE 217 ON READER SERVICE CARD VIP PERSONAL COMPUTER OFFERED Hie 5 1 2-bytc ROM operating system BY RCA offers the hobbyist benefits in that it An expandable, low-cost hobbyist com- simplifies such tasks as loading a program puter kit. called COSMAC VIP — Video into the RAM via the hexadecimal interface Processor, is available from RCA keyboard, recording RAM contents on Solid State Division to permit the hobbyist cassette tapes, transferring tape-recorded to create and play video games, generate programs into RAM. displaying memory graphics and develop microprocessor bytes in hexadecimal format on a CRT, NEW 6800-BASED control functions. Priced at $249.00 fully stepping through RAM contents, and COMPUTER SYSTEM assembled, the VI Pis a complete computer examining contents of the CDPI802 CPU on a printed circuit card, offering a registers. (ilMIX INC.. the company that powerful, uncluttered, complete operating RCA COSMAC VIP Marketing. New manufactures telephone industry products system in only 4K bits of VIP's Holland ROM. Avenue. Lancaster. PA 1 7604. and the GHOST power control systems, is output directly interfaces with a attn: Rick Simpson. (7I7) 29I-5848. delivering its complete professional quali- monochrome CRT display or, when used CIRCLE 218 ON READER SERVICE CARD ty system 68 microcomputer. It features a with an FCC-approved modulator, a TV ferro-resonant constant voltage power receiver. Programs can be generated and VIDEOBRAIN ANNOUNCES supply; an SS-50 motherboard; a 6800 then stored in an audio cassette tape PRICE REDUCTION CPU board that holds 4-2798s and 3 recorder for easy retrieval and use. independent programmable software The heart of the VIP is RCAs CDPI802 VideoBrain Computer Company has timers; and the unique GIMIX I6K microprocessor whose CMOS technology announced an immediate price reduction software readdressable static RAM and 8-bit elegant COSMAC architecture for its entire home computer line. The boards orgaini/ed into four separately have established it in applications as varied suggested retail price for each of the five controllable 4K blocks, which allow the as TV games, automotive engine controls existing VideoBrain home computer user to have as much memory as can be and factory process controls. systems has been dropped by $150 to $200. V. SP-302 Build The World's Most Powerful 8-Bit Computer Printer Featuring The Famous Intel 8085! Explorer/85™ Starting for just $129.95 you can now build yourself sophisticated, state-of-the-art """""—-' a As featured in computer that can be expanded to a level POPULAR ELECTRONICS suitable for industrial, business and EXP10ftEft/as shown »r*h VuJoo Monitor and keyooarrj / Vxtoo Tormmal commercial use. You learn as you go. . . in CHOICE Of HEX KEYPAD OR TERMINAL INPUT II plan custom- small, easy-to-understand, inexpensive levels! you to /» EXPLORE , tot men III J inc. ore leummnc mat you ardor heikaypao input Dot rlyouariour^uonrrrmMgaMtllo.tlf'lOftEllup Mo a or • Faaturas Intel 8035 cpu/700% compatible with M «o. sum mean srsajr. wi aim etmeml Pan icomoosooni up to at mamrry floppy aaxt SOMA software/ m wapnani wartaco prmurt ana a« sorts or sioo pM'im-TOu«DiMlorcn«mtl»jlitytioa EXPLORER Lou* ' A Oetu-s lor Character ASCII Subset. s syslomtoaMoti . D Low -A EXPL0«P/o» ka iipacrh D tor- Stoat CatMW EXPlORER/as, 80*4 cpu. trtocn « 50% tailor man I nonet or D tan keypad input) IIW 95 pan t» (5 pars 13 pth Internal 40 Character Buffer. cassar. rat tr»% comoanna -em goerw ««.*, • i S3 P** D Oehae) Stool Cetuner tor ttoyooard/Vidoo Tor •men. you'i drecovor try ton 1 onus M ftgc D Poorer Supply kra. 5 amp. * a yori SM 95 muiat. S19 Mptu>>7 SOptrl • 50 CPS Printing Rate. Malum met** an alls"•*«0lY«rr«! W f PknUpW D Rf Mllulllor operating systom wtrch HIDHK Capability. D IrtM >OU Users Manual. J7 SO ppd D Tout Enclosed (Conn add u. • Multi-copy proa actonol paraH I/O m 1 ' I OU ASCII rurrMord'VrdaoKayOoard/ Terminal HI. J149 91 q n SSastorCaoroa tap Oaks Substantial OEM discounts I ptuslJplr. • i?*Ji r her. "run at user locator! (go 101. oarSTOn. 1*9 91 Pius sol memory " "OHrrMa Haw PHONE OROERS CALL (2031 354-9375 " imy orarl. M cnrmarvJl to !« tl» contents 01 I D lovol 8 S lOO'OnooarO RAM/ROM Oocoder Print unth any uanoatol. automate baud rata aotocnon. program- kit (toss S 100 connectors) S49 91 plus V Nana CORPORATION mable char actors par una display output format and mora' I <*» An aiH RAM I/O clup contains Ot hue J46 bytos RAM , O LOM C sioo ICard Emanoar art (toss 169 Mlllriam Street. Marlboro, MA 01752 ovectonai "I a txt b. and ono p^amnujpto I conruxtorsl U9r»pkrst?ptn i/O 481-7827 • TWX 710-390-7660 —I pom pkrs poparnmaM 14M S lOOBusConnactorsigoWi cny- (617) , O t*tlaacti a law axOrAoordRAM 1.1 U9 95 plus t lor up to s« S 100 I Uptii Stoto. boards an or uu and Wot ROM rwMtxEPROM 1 . DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED CIRCLE 200 ON READER SERVICE CARD . 51 CIRCLE 159 ON READER SERVICE CARD display is direct access with I K of dedicated memory in addition to user memory. Ohio Scientific's Superboard II was designed for the first-time hobbyist, stu- dent, or serious computer user so it comes NORTH STAR without a power supply or case. Any + 5 volt DC 3 amp supply powers it up. The or SINGLE Now DOUBLE Superboard II packs in a lot of personal Density Floppy Disk! computing for an extremely low suggested retail price of $279. COMPLETE MINIFLOPPY DISK 4 MHz SINGLE CARD Superboard II is also available as Chal- SYSTEM, single density w/BASIC COMPUTER lenger I P complete with power supply (on and drive, Kit, List $699 $529 the same board) and case for only $349. Double density version of above, Kit Cromemco's Single Card Computer is a (Export prices for either model are slightly List $699 (order 01-7735-1) $589 complete computer which brings the power higher). Factory assembled, double density of the Z-80 and the flexibility of the S-100 For details on where to buy Superboard List $799(01-7745-1) $689 bus to the dedicated computer environ- II or Challenger IP, or for complete ment. information on other Ohio Scientific The card offers 4 MHz operation, 8K microcomputer systems write: Ohio Scien- bytes of on-board 2716 PROM, and IK tific, Inc.. 1333 S. Chillicothe Road. byte of static RAM memory. This stand- Aurora. Ohio. 44202. U.S.A. (216) 562- alone card also provides an RS-232 (or 3101. 20mA current loop) serial interface with CIRCLE 221 ON READER SERVICE CARD programmable baud rates to 76,800, 24 bits of bidirectional parallel I/O. 5 program- mable timers and vectored interrupts. Cromemco's Z-80 Monitor and 3K BUY NOW... Control BASIC arc available in 27 16 ROM for use with the Single Card Computer. HORIZON 1 , single density. Kit The Single Card Computer is available List $1599 (01-3501-0) $1249 in kit for $395 and assembled and tested for ...-,• ...,•••! Assembled version of above. List $1899 $1499 $450. The Monitor and Control BASIC are Double density version. Kit, List $ 1 599 $1 349 available in two ROMs for $90. For Double density. Assembled, List $1899 $1599 additional information, please contact Cromemco, Inc., 280 Bernardo Avenue, HORIZON 2, single density, Kit Mountain View. CA 94040. (415) 964- List $1999 (order as 01 -3502-0) $1599 7400. Assembled version of above, List $2349 $1839 CIRCLE 220 ON READER SERVICE CARD Double density version. Kit, List $1999 $1699 PASCAL PROCESSOR IS Double density. Assembled, List $2349 $1939 CAST IN SILICON BY WESTERN DIGITAL till Western Digital Corporation has CROMEMCO • Mil, developed a 16-bit computer chip set that directly executes Pascal object programs at SYSTEM 3 1'IMMHHIHB least five times faster than is possible with 114 conventional system software and EBIIIIGCCC eliminates the previously required host • HUM Mil operating system and interpreter. List $5990 gg$4999 The company will sell its state-of-the-art iM development both as a chip set and as a Features 4 MHz CPU, 32K of RAM, dual PerSci packaged software development computer floppy disk drive (and provision for installing two " to both OEM's and personal computing additional drives). RS232C Interface, Printer "HI Interface, assembled and tested, ready to use. stores. (Order as 02-55030) Designated the Pascal MICRO- ENGINE"' product line, the chip set System 2 — Similar to System 3, but standardizes the version of Pascal, offered features dual mimfloppies. List $3990 ___ _ by the University of California at San (order as 02-5502-0) $3390 Diego. UCSD's version is generally regard- Z-2 Computer System, Kit for rack ed by the computer industry as an excellent mounting, Z-80 processor, 21 slots, implementation language for business, power front supply, cover panel OHIO SCIENTIFIC PERSONAL industrial and computer aided instruction List $595 (order as 02-5301-0) 499 COMPUTER SYSTEMS applications. It was derived from (and is Assembled and Tested, inci fan and source compatible with) the original Pascal all edge connectors. List $995 Ohio Scientific, Inc., has just introduced developed in 1971 at the Swiss Institute of (order as 02-54010) 845 Superboard II, the world's first complete Technology. Z-2D Disk Computer System, Kit personal computer system contained en- The UCSD software system includes a Similar to Z-2, but comes with floppy disk tirely on only one board. complete Pascal operating system: Pascal controller, DOS, and minifloppy disk drive features includes 8K of BASlC-in- compiler. Basic compiler, file manager, A complete system with the addition ROM, up to 8K of static RAM, an ultra- screen-oriented editor, debug program and of a Board, RAM List $1495 (02-5302-0) 1 270 last 6502 microprocessor, a full 53-key graphics package, all written in the Pascal Assembled/Tested List $2095 computer keyboard with upper/ lower case language. (order as 02-5402 0) . 1 780 and user programmability, a video display UCSD Professor Ken Bowles, who has interface with graphics, and a Kansas City been deeply involved in development of MiniMicroMart, Inc. standard audio cassette interface, plus full Pascal in the U.S., feels that the Western machine code monitor and I/O utilities in Digital announcement should "go a long 1 61 8 James St., Syracuse NY 1 3203 ROM. TheBASIC-in-ROM is full-feature way toward boosting Pascal's popularity (315) 422-4467 BASIC that runs faster than currently among the user community. available personal computers and all 8080- "We are very excited; we've been hoping based business computers. The video this would happen," he said. "The original CIRCLE 176 ON READER SERVICE CARD 52 CREATIVE COMPUTING . . version of Pascal was designed for teaching The chip set (CP 9O08B-0I) is priced at programming, and there were no $195 for a single set and is discounted to provisions, for example, for using it with $97.50 each at 10,000 quantity. The rotating disk storage files." development system carries a single unit "We have attempted to outfit the suggested retail price of $2995 and an OEM language with these 'missing links' to make single quantity price of $2495. Volume it commercially suitable." he continued. discounts are available. Both products will Bowles noted that there are more users be available for shipment in the first of UCSD's Pascal today^than users of all quarter of 1979. Western Digital Corp., other versions combined. Western Digital 3128 Red Hill Ave.. Newport Beach. CA and UCSL) have agreed to mutually 92663. support this LSI implementation as the 222 READER SERVICE CARD true UCSD standard. CIRCLE ON The chip set is comprised of four LSI (MOS) components: cursor addressing, three-segment clear, An arithmetic chip that contains micro- TERMINALS insert delete functions, and it transmits instruction decode. ALU. and the register either in character mode or by line, message or page. 1061 operates in file. The A micro-sequencer chip that contains NEW TERMINAL FEATURES format and protect modes with four-level macro-instruction decode, portions of the highlighting (dim. blink, inverse video and control circuitry, micro-instruction 60-SECOND PART underlining programmable in any com- bination), and in transparent mode (con- counters, and I O control logic. REPLACEMENT Two MICROM chips (each 22 bits x trol codes displayed). The Division 512) that contain the micro-instruction Teleray of Research Spare modules in reusable shock-resist- ROMs and micro-diagnostics. Inc. ammounces the Series 10 CRT ant mailers expedite both shipping and Additional features of the MICRO- terminal line, incorporating a unique service. The result is significantly lower packaging, designed to drastically reduce downtime and service cost. A toll-free call I NG1NE chip set include user-defined bus configuration, four levels of interrupts, downtime and service as significant user to Teleray Service localize* the fault, a the terminal's is single- and multi-byte instructions, hard- problems. Any of modules replacement module shipped im- ware floating point, stack architecture. 3.0 (logic, monitor, power and keyboard as- mediately, and the faulty one returned in MH/ four-phase clock (75 nanoseconds semblies) can be replaced as simply as a the mailer. per phase), and a TTL-compatible three- typewriter ribbon cartridge, in 60 seconds Availability of the l()6l is five weeks state interface. with no tools whatsoever. ARO. It lists a! $1090. OEM's start at The desktop computer features the 16- The smart 1061 first of the Series 10 $990, for one. Teleray Division Research offers useful Inc.. P.O. bit MICROENGINE processor. 32K models many program- Box 24064. Minneapolis. MN words (64K bytes) of RAM memory, full mable features, including 32 program- 55424. Contact Jim Anderson. (612) 941- DMA control functions, fully-integrated mable functions. I/O and peripheral 3300. speeds, peripheral on off and floppy disk controller, two RS-232 CIRCLE 223 ON READER SERVICE CARD asynchronous ports, and two 8-bit parallel wide narrow character display. It is a ports. scroll or page mode editing machine with • Why settle for games THE STOCK cjUAAifces when you can play OPTIONS True-lnterrupt Driven for real profits . . MANUAL, TIME SHARING e and here's the book Ed. tor to tell you how! 2nd By North Star * Computers Gary Gastineau, in our Program Library! Now included Manager. Options A bank-switching system which fully supports North Star DOS Portfolio Service. Kidder. Peabody & and Basic. Other languages to be supported in near future. Company. Inc. (389 pp.) Program Library - $600 One Time Fee opportunities open Everyone in the options field fs talking about the lantastic talks about what can and Program Library included FREE with all purchases of $2,000.00 to those with computer access! But only Gastineau computerized and how to do ill or more. can't be models and advisory services, it s " With its clearcut discussion of computer " Business Programs Require Addressable Cursor CRT a book YOU as a computer expert will find particularly intriguing! It and • Analyzes all the major computer techniques for option evaluation HORIZON analysis other OWNERS • Gives a nontechnical explanation ot the relationships of options to 2 User securities. Move Up To puts and margin, and an Index ol Time Sharing System • Otters comprehensive information on Timesharing option premium levels. 1. Horizon II with 80K RAM graphic analyses of the risk-reward charac- 1. 4BKRAM And what's more, it provides plus a comprehensive 2. 2ADM-3A's teristics of 19 major option investment strategies— 2. ADM-3A 125 with 2K Buffer 3. IP the coupon below to order your 3. Program Library Buy it today at your bookstore or use 4. Dual 8" Floppy Disk System Examination Copyl •2100.8* Free _ , 5. D.C. Hayes Modem Requires 32K North Star RAM McGraw-Hill Book Company fiif. 6. All connectors & cables 400. Hightstown, N.J. 08520 in Horizon Computer P.O. Box 7. Program Library on Please send me The Stock Oplioni Manual, 2 Ed. (022970-8) for 15 days $17.50 plus tax. postage, and 8" approval At the end of that time I will remit Floppy Disks if remit in full 00 handling or return the book postpaid Special savings: you 8995. and handling and same 15-day return •995 1st drive & controller plus tax. McGraw-Hill will pay postage • and refund privileges still apply. E-369-1400-3 •795 each additional drive • Name e Micro Mike's Company e 90S Buchanan. AmariHo. Texas 79101 Address • _Zlp_ 806 372 3633 City State Offer good only in U.S. and subject to acceptance by McGraw-Hill. CIRCLE 177 ON READER SERVICE CARD • •••••eeeeeee • • CIRCLE 201 ON READER SERVICE CARD FEB 1979 53 COMPUTER II XI ile sells recon- ditioned Diablo and Qume hased printing terminals. The Diablo hased terminal has the following features: HyType I printer mechanism. 82 key keyhoard with numeric- pad. RS232 interlace with cable, ASCII encoded, 128 character buffer, switch selectable lOlo 12 pitch, complete graphics capability including I 60th inch horizon- tal carriage control and I 48th inch vertical carriage control. The printer is enclosed in a beige cabinet and sits on a black base w ith a chrome w heeled pedestal. The Qume based terminal is similar but uses the Qume 30 printer mechanism. The TWO NEW PRINTER Qume has extended graphics capability in that it has a firmware package INTERFACES THE ULTIMATE TERMINAL called "super-plot" which allows I 120th inch I wo new printer for SYSTEM horizontal carriage control. The Qume has interlaces the Sol a 228 character buffer and a lew additional Computer have been announced by Southwest technical Products is proud operator controls. The Diablo terminal Processor technology Corporation Both to announce what has to he the ultimate increase the hard copy capability of the Sol sells for SI995 and the Qume is S2I50. terminal system. This computer. SW IPC" engineered lorms tractors and pin feed platens are product is so Sol I functional, flexible, reliable options available with either printer. Hoth Hytype mounts inside any Diablo and affordable it's almost unbelievable units come with a limited 30 day warranty. Series 1200 Printer connecting it directly to hut believe it anyway. It's true! The the back ol the Sol. Similarly the Sol Hytype COM PI' I TR rEXTile, 10960 Wilshire terminal, designated the CT-82, will work Blvd.. Suite 1504. Los Angeles. CA 90024. II Printer Interlace works with the Diablo with almost any modem or computer telephone (213)477-2196. Series 1300 Printer. The installation package- system interlaced RS-232 serially from 50 includes the fully assembled, tested and CIRCLE 22S thru .18.400 haud. ON READER SERVICE CARD burned-in printed circui' board, software. all The CT-82 features oyer one hundred cables and mounting hardwan control functions operable from either the modification to the Sol is necessai 2's keyhoard or the computer's printer can be restored to its original program. With its low price and graphics condition if required. capability, it's ideal for husiness or hobby Hytype driver software is included on use. (IIS cassette along with a source listing. The terminal design utilizes a Motorola I he user may modify the driver software to 6802 microprocessor and 6845 CRT suit a particular application. controller integrated into a modular Suggested retail price for both the Hytype system which is simple, reliable and easy to I and Hytype II is $150. Delivery is stock to service. Its outstanding features are so PROXIMITY KEYBOARD 30 days. numerous, they're impossihle to list here. lor more information, see your Sol dealer You've seen those marvelous So write for complete details. proximity or il more convenient, address Processor panels on Sharp The CT-82 is offered in assembled form calculators and the Technology Corporation. 7100 Johnson Singer Touch-Tronic only and sells for S795.00 ppd. in the 2001 sewing Industrial Drive. Pleasanton. CA 94566. machine; Continental U.S. Southwest Technical now TASA is making this (415)829-2600. technology available in a full keyboard for Products Corporation. 219 VV. Rhapsody. Diablo and Hytype are I Ms ol the Xerox use with any computer. It San Antonio. I exas 78216.(512)344-0241. has no Corporation. mechanical moving parts and is sensitive CIRCLE 228 ON READER SERVICE CIRCLE 224 ON READER SERVICE CARD only to the human body metal or cloth CARD will not activate a key It has 51 keys, DAISYWHEEL PRINTER including shift, shift lock and control keys, lull 8-bit ASCII output with selectable WORD PROCESSING AND positive or negative parity. Requires 12.5 to 20 v PLOTTING WITH TRS-80 TRS- unregulated DC. The keyboard is completely 232 INTERFACE BY SMALL sealed into a flat slab approx. V thick usable on any flat surface: it can SYSTEMS SOFTWARE also be used with an optional plastic- support stand (as shown), keyboard Now v on can do high speed, high quality $49.95. stand $12.00. word processing and plotting using your Touch Activated Switch Arrays. Inc.. TRS-80 and COMPUTER Tile's" line TEX 2346 Walsh Ave.. Santa Clara. CA 95050. of reconditioned daisywheel printers. All (408)247-2301 that is required to put a daisywheel printer HEATH INTRODUCES NEW "on line" with I the RS-80 is the TRS-232 CIRCLE 226 ON READER SERVICE CARD LOW-COST LINE PRINTER interface developed hy Small Systems Software. LARGE PROXIMITY Heath Company. Benton Harbor. I he I RS-232 interlace is a software Michigan has made available a factory driven transmit only device that plugs di- KEYBOARD FOR THE assemhled and tested low -cost line printer rectly into the I RS-80 CPU box or the HANDICAPPED designed for use with its H8 and HIIA IRS-80 expansion interlace. It gives TRS- computer systems (and others) using a In 80 owners the power to have beautiful low this specially designed version of the standard serial interface. The WH-14 line I \S cost hard copy using a reconditioned daisy- \ keyboard. (PCS has created a Printer prints standard 96-character device which wheel printer. allows handicapped people- ASCII set (upper and lower case) on a 5x7 to easily communicate with computers or I he TRS-232 interface sells for only dot matrix print head with a maximum other I V and tape recorder based learning S39.95 and may he purchased from COM- instantaneous print speed of 1 35 characters devices. "Keys" are I" IMIIR rEXTile. Illl ELECTRIC Ixl'witha spacing per second, line spacing is 6 lines per inch inbetween. PENCIL word processing program is also A standard keyboard can be (8 lines per inch software-selectable) with used lor programming. now available on cassette lor the I RS-80. selectable line length of 80. 96 or 132 (PCS. P.O. Box 185. Alviso. COMPUTER II Mile sells I HI ELEC- CA characters. Baud rate is also selectable 95002. (408)262-5181. TRIC PINCH loi the I RS-80 lor only from I 10-9600. The WH-14 uses 0.5" wide $99.95. CIRCLE 227 ON READER SERVICE CARD nylon inked ribbon on 2" spools. Ad- 54 CREATIVE COMPUTING A JUStable width sprocket feed allows the use of edge-punched fan-fold paper forms from 2.5" to 9.5" wide having a maximum VENDOR thickness of 0.006". The VVM-14 connects to the MX or Ml I LITERATURE computer via a standard RS-2.12C serial III! interface or 20mA current loop. Hand- 64-PAGE MAIL shaking is provided hy reverse data channel lUPIIIu t ORDER or busy control signal. A 25-pin male (I A ? CATALOG connector is provided for hookup and a ! fill ill tit ^ S-100. Inc. has issued a big paper rack is included at no extra cost. A * MM I II inn 64-page catalog ol computers and peripherals kit version (the H-l4)ofthe WH-14 will be lower price, greater mostly lor the S-100 bus. available in the near future. reliability, less expen- Manufacturers sive maintenance procedures listed include North Star. Vector For more information on the WH-14 and smaller (iraphic si/e. Cromemco. Centronics. DC. Hayes. Line Printer which is mail order priced at The User Alterable Ithaca Audio. Computalker. SX95.00. (F.O.B. Benton Harbor. Ml.) Fonts are IMSAI programmed into 256 7x8 cells which are K I. SI) Systems, leletvpe. Ha/eltine. send for a FREE copy of the latest displayed contiguously. Dynabyte. Tarbcll. SSM. Heathkit Catalog. Write Heath Company. This allows the and many rendition of Extended Characters others. Best of all. S-100. Inc. Department 350-820. Benton Harbor. in two or gives a 10$ discount on all items Michigan 49022. more adjacent cells (this capability is and a further 5 similar to that of the Megadata 700D/ L). payment with your order. Our orders from S-100 have been CIRCLE 229 ON READER SERVICE CARO Electrolabs emphasizes the versatility and promptly filled and we've generality of this approach: anything may found the owners. Phyllis and Bcrnic be programmed into these character cells Frank, anxious to please Catalog and SINGLE BOARD TERMINAL including Middle Eastern alphabets, APL separate price list are free. characters and limited graphics. If the user S-100. Inc.. 7 White Place. Clark. A new. Single Board 80x24 Terminal has \.l has no EPROM programmer, he may 07066.(201)382-1318. been announced by Elect rolabs POB 6721, simply pencil in the spaces in a printed grid, Stanford, Ca. 94305. This concept in CIRCLE 231 ON READER SERVICE CARD return it and a check for $50 to Electrolabs. Standard Interface Terminals is the ESAT Electrolabs will send him a new EPROM 200B and features user alterable EPROMS 2708 programmed to display the contents to contain Two Fonts of up to 128 of his character cells exactly as he has characters each. The ISA I 200B also drawn them. $329. features split speed serial data transmission Electrolabs. P.O. Box 6721, Stanford. WORK SHOPS and reception. RS232C, 20mA loop and /~\F wood aad mntl worker*, without Mean CA 94305. (415)321-5601. w power, equipped »ith TTL interface levels and a Copyrighted BARNES' FOOT POWER -»<>" Design with a Low Package Count MACHINERY M compared to other terminal designs (only CIRCLE 230 ON READER SERVICE CARD 1 «t«l>iguefrre. 85 ICs for the ESAT 200B versus 200+ ICs W. F. A JOHN BARNES CO., 200 Ruby Strwat, Rock ford. (!) for the ADM 3A). This leads directly to 111. AVAILABLE NOW SOROC IQ 120 S l 695 T.I. 810 printer • 150 cps bi-directional impact printer BP795 • Tractor feed, 3" to 15", up to 6-part """ • Programmable forms length ^ • EIA RS-232 serial. 110-9600 baud Upper/lower case. 24 X 80 12" display Options: Numeric keypad, cursor control keys • Upper/low case $90—Stand & paparbaaket $135 RS-232 interface plus extension port • Forma Lengai Control $90— Vertical Format Conlrol $180 • FLC/Compreawd Print $180— Print VFC/Compreaaed $270 Need more intelligence? Need a Texas Instruments portable, ASR or KSR? soroc to uo *1 345 Call MICROMAIL FROM MICROMAIL To order: Send a certified check or money order. Personal or company checks require two weeks to clear. Handling: Less than $2000. add 2%; over $2000. add 1%. Tax: California residents add 6% sales tax. All terminals shipped freight collect In original carton with manufacturer's warranty Write tor tree catalogue (1620 pictured) Teletype 43 $999 • Upper/lower case, 132 Diablo 1641/3$2910 columns • Letter-quality printing .M.CRQMfl.L • RS 232 serial. 110 or 300 • HyType II daisywheel printer MICROMAIL BOX 3297 • SANTA ANA. CA 92703 baud • RS 232 serial, 110-1200 (714) 731-4338 • 12" X 8W pin-feed paper baud CIRCLE 172 ON READER SERVICE CARD FEB 1979 55 PEP.COM SOFTWARE PATCH FLOPPY DISK & FOR SWTP 8K BASIC SYSTEMS PerCom Data Company today an- REALTY EXPENSE ANALYSIS PROGRAM TAPE nounced availability of a software patch that with adds disk data file commands and functions tax-ready totals for IRS filing to Southwest Technical Products' 8K BASIC. SWTP8K BASIC is for 6800-based REAP is designed for the property owner machines. or manager, providing complete expense storage system such as information for each building in payment With a disk minifloppy, and the by payment or summary format including - PerCom's LFD-400 augmented 8K BASIC in memory, a user has BUILDING-PAYEE report displays buildings the full capability to create and maintain expenses for all or a selected payee. disk data files. A listing of the patch program and user UTILITY-SUMMARY report displays yearly, instruction manual sells for $10.00. The monthly expense year-to-date, or average listing, manual and diskette recording of the for electric, gas, water, trash by building DUAL-FLOPPY DISK SYSTEM patch and patch loader sells for $15.00. These may be purchased from PerCom TAX-TOTALS report lists building totals INTRODUCED Data Company. 318 Barnes, Garland. TX for utilities, insurance, property ta.x, 75042. and repairs for each building. WEST/LAKE VILLAGE, CA . . . Afully SERVICE CARD integrated, dual-floppy disk system de- CIRCLE 234 ON READER Complete data input, edit, and sort cap- signed specifically for microcomputer sys- abilities with extensive error recovery tem! has been announced by Vector maintainence easy. Each 16K make data Graphic Inc. Dual-Stor'", as the new sys- of memory will handle 500 yearly expenses tem is called, comes complete with con- larger data files are possible with disk troller and dual floppy disk drive in a cabinet that matches the Vector 1 REAP is available on cassette w/complete documentation for - TRS-80, Apple, PET mnicrocomputer, The Vector Graphic Dual-Stor disk Introductory Price - $25.00 system has a storage capacity of 243K bytes per 8-inch diskette and utilizes the standard REALTY SOFTWARE CO., 2045 Manhattan Ave. IBM compatible recording format. Hermosa Beach, CA., 90254 Thoroughly tested and completely as- sembled, the Vector Graphic Dual-Stor VISA/MC call 213 372-9419 comes complete with Disk Controller Board. DOS. Basic Compiler. Assembler. CIRCLE 150 ON READER SERVICE CARD String-Oriented Editor, and Debug Software. Suggested retail price is $2300 each. The Dual-Stor is available at all authorized Vector Graphic dealers. INFO 2000 OFFERS FASTER, For more information contact Yvonne LOWER COST FLOPPY DISK Beck. Vector Graphic Inc., 31364 Via SYSTEM FOR ALL S-100 BUS CATCHAPULSE II Colinas. Westlakc Village, CA 9 1 36 1 . (2 1 3) Wm 991-2302. MICROCOMPUTERS. LOGIC PROBE CIRCLE 230 ON READER SERVICE CARD I N FO 2000 Corporation has announced ^ONsec SPEED AT immediate availability of their new high- performance floppy disk system for S-IOO ^4 to 15V LEVELS bus microcomputers. The S-I00 disk •^ Compatible with DTI til system combines the PerSci Model 277 ^ CMOS. MOS »nd Microproees dual diskette drives with the INFO 2000 ^^ sors using a 4 to 15V power DISCOMEM Controller Board and thresholds automaticallY ^ supply Digital Research CP M to provide all k programmed Automate resetting software, when memory No ediustment required necessary hardware and Visual mdeation of logic levels using added to any S-I00 bus computer, for lEOs to show high. tow. bed level or immediate operation. Two spindles accept Highly open circuit logic and pulses standard soft-sectored 8" flexible diskettes. sophisticated shirt pocket portable QUAY 80 F1 — S100 FLOPPY I he system provides full compatibility with Iprouctwe up cap and removable DISC SYSTEM corf cordl Eliminates need lor heavy IBM 3740 format. test equipment * definite savings In addition to the disk controller, the A floppy disc system for use in S- 1 00 bus in time and money for engineer contains input out- computers is available from Quay Corp., DISCOMEM board 386, Freehold. N.J. 07728. The put interfaces required for most micro- • IIMmci P.O. Box ONLY 1- computer systems. These include 2 RS-232 Quav 80 1 system, priced at $795, includes with software selected the Q 80 FDC - floppy disc controller serial interfaces Hee^eefcteKplcert >4495 \Sr * board (capable of supporting up to four baud rates from 50 to 19,200 bits per »5» • Hap* fl »«*< " discs). QDOS - disc based operating second. 3 8-bit TTL-level parallel inter- " laces (2 output. I input), and provision for system, the Q FDI 125 KB 5'/4 band- HMtManjI driven disc drive with power regulator and 8K of EPROM or for 7K of EPROM and interface cable, and the Q 80 FC - floppy I K of scratchpad RAM. The I/O facilities disc cabinet. Add-on drives (Q FDI) are enable the DISCOMEM to be combined additional S-100 logic SPHiAl Kk II $51.95 priced at $395 each. with just two Include* a standard culled cord, toiled «>rd In addition to the floppy disc support, boards a CPU board and a 32K RAM mKfu hook*, adapter tor mmx CATC H rWl has available a programmable board to create a complete high- tamilie* whote power the Q FDC A-PL'LSl on lofftt performance, disk-based microcomputer wppl> is 15V to 25V Shippinjiadd S? 00 per 8-bit, TTL compatible, parallel I O port probe. capable of supporting standard peripheral system lor business or scientific devices such as line printers, tape punches, applications. $2600. ELECTRONICS keyboards, etc. Product availability is 30- INK) 20(H) Corp.. 20630 S. l.capwood Box 19299, San Diego CA 92119 60 days ARO. A\e.. Carson. CA 90746. (213) 532-1702. (714)447-1770 CIRCLE 233 ON READER SERVICE CARD CIRCLE 23S ON READER SERVICE CARD SERVICE CARD COMPUTING CIRCLE 126 ON READER 56 CREATIVE Shack unit. The data transfer rate is 125 kilo-hits per second. Interfacing of disk drives to the TRS-80 computer is accomplished with the Radio Shack TRS-80 Expansion Interface, which accommodates up to four drives (and other peripherals), and includes controller elec- tronics and a four-drive cable. Operating software for all drives is obtained by the user with the purchase of the first drive from Radio Shack. For more information, please contact EAS DISK DRIVE SYSTEM the PerCom Data Companv, 318 Barnes. Garland TX 75042. (214) 272-3421. The EAS disk system is sold fully assembled CIRCLE 236 Of READER SERVICE CARD and tested, consisting of two full-size. 8" Shugart drives. Tarbell con- troller, which is capable of handling up to four drives and uses the 1771 B controller PERCOM MANUFACTURING chip and on board prom boot strap loader lor CT M'". as well as power supply, ADD-ON DISK DRIVES FOR interface, all cables, cooling fan. strong TANDY RADIO SHACK TRS-80 CARTRIDGE DISK aluminum chassis and attractive wooden cabinet. COMPUTER IMSAI has announced the availability The DOS S(disk operating system) of a large capacity Harold Mauch, president of PerCom double density car- software recommended and available tridge disk drive. The unit is actually the Data Company, announced here today separately from I AS is Digital Researches 942/H drive manufactured by that the company is now manufacturing Control C T VI" assembler, text editor and Data. The unit "add-on" minifloppy disk drives for the features direct head debugger, with EAS I/O handlers (BIOS) addressing to the desired Tandy Radio Shack TRS-80 computer. track which together with powerful utilities, one of yields a 35 The PerCom unit, which includes the ms average access time. which is capable of formatting diskettes Capacity is 50 x 10* bits drive, drive power supply, and enclosure, is on each The EAS DISK DRIVE SYSTEM is S- removable cartridge identical in all important respects to the disk pack. Projected 100. Z-80. 8080 and IBM compatible, and price $9995. (Complete TRS-80 Mini-Disk System. information was can be purchased with or without con- not available at presstimc, however, The PerCom unit sells for $399.00. The use troller. Electro Analytic Systems. Inc. the reader service card to get more). Radio Shack Mini-Disk System lists at offers a 90-day parts and workmanship IMSAI, 14860 $499.00. Wicks Blvd.. San Lean- warranty and dealer inquiries arc invited. dro. 94557. 483-2093. The drive itself is the proven Shugart CA (415) $1995. SA-400 the same drive used in the Radio CIRCLE 237 ON READER SERVICE CARD CIRCLE 238 ON READER SERVICE CARD TERMINALS FROM TRANSNET PURCHASE 12-24 MONTH FULL OWNERSHIP PLAN \tt a a 36 MONTH LEASE PLAN a PURCHASE m MONTH Add-on Mini-Disc for the TRS-80* OfSCMPTION HUM 12 M0S 24 M0S MOS M * trad* mark of Tandy Corp. DECwriterll $1,495 $145 $ 75 $ 52 DEC writer III, KSR .... 2,695 257 137 95 DEC writer III, RO 2,095 200 107 73 DECprinterl 1,795 172 92 63 Dual and triple drives VT100 CRT DECscope 1,595 153 81 56 also available Tl 745 Portable 1,875 175 94 65 Tl 765 Bubble Mem 2,995 285 152 99 Tl 810 RO Printer 1,895 181 97 66 Tl 820 KSR Terminal . . 2,395 229 122 84 QUME, Ltr. Qual. KSR . 3,195 306 163 112 QUME, Ltr. Qual. RO . . 2,795 268 143 98 ADM 3A CRT 875 84 45 30 HAZELTINE 1400 CRT. 845 81 43 30 HAZELTINE 1500 CRT 1,195 115 67 42 HAZELTINE 1520 CRT. 1,595 153 81 56 Dataproducts 2230 7,900 725 395 275 DATAMATE Mini floppy 1,750 167 89 61 FULL OWNERSHIP AFTER 12 OR 24 MONTHS 10% PURCHASE OPTION AFTER M MONTHS ACCESSORIES AND PERIPHERAL EQUIPMENT ACOUSTIC COUPLERS • MODEMS • THERMAL PAPER only from RIBBONS > INTERFACE MODULES • FLOPPY DISK UNITS PROMPT DELIVERY • EFFICIENT SERVICE $399^ IfEBODM IransNet Corpora tion Requires 16K RAM. PERCOM DATA COMPANY. INC. 2005 ROUTE 22, UNION. N.J. 07083 D£ <--318 • Level II BASIC and " B*%ES GABLANOi^TEXAS 75042 Phon«: (214) 272-3421 or txpansionExc-ansion Interface 201-688-7800 . _ I c-|| to|| |r#- 1 TO0_527_ 1 592 •MQ0SH new IBM formats lor double density. These formats can be selected under software control. The interface can change dynamically between single and double density as required by the new IBM formats. I he DIO-C Controller is compatible with all IMSAI 8080 8085-bascd micro- computers. In double density, disk storage capacity is up to 625K bytes per drive. I MSAll Multi-Disk Operating System Version 2.05 and newer supports the DIO- ( Controller. The F1F Controller is compatible with BETA-1 HIGH SPEED, LOW IMSAI's I-8080 microcomputer. Using the FIF Controller. CalComp disk drives use COST TAPE STORAGE an IBM 3740-compatible, single density A universal tape storage device that format. Disk storage capacity is 256K bytes interlaces to most popular micro- per drive. The FIF- moves data between the computers, including non-SlOO bus system's microprocessing unit and the systems, has been announced by MECA, peripherals via a Direct Memory Access ALPHA MICRO ADDS S-100 manufacturers of Alpha- 1 and Delta- channel (DMA). IMSAI MANU- mass storage systems. Called BETA-I, this BUS COMPATIBLE CORPORATION. I4860 FACTURING unit plugs directly into a standard 8-bit 10- DISK Wicks Boulevard. San l.eandro. California MEGABYTE parallel port. Serial port connection is 94577. (4 1 5) 483-2093. SUBSYSTEM offered as an option. I he high speed digital CIRCLE 240 ON READER SERVICE CARD tape transport features random seek at Alpha Micro, one ol the industry's lead- more than 1 00 inches per second, with ing manufacturers of microcomputers and average access times in It) seconds or less, computer products, has announced the and loading time at 8.000 bits per second. addition of the model AM-500. an S-I00 An option is available to permit loading bus compatible lO-megabytedisk system to speed of I6.(K)0 hits per second. its expanding product line. Employing the industry-standard phase- I he AM-500 is a compatible subsystem encoding technique, the BFTA-I is and consists of a single board controller, reported to be highly reliable. An internal interconnect cable, and disk drive. The disk 8035 microprocessor with a I K byte drive is the popular IO-mcgabyte Control program and high level tape operating Data Corporation "Hawk." which utilizes system assure easy-to-use operation. S399. 5-mcgabyte fixed disk and 5-megabyte a Ml CA, 7026O.W.S. Road. Yucca Valley. removable cartridge. The controller board CA 92284. Telephone (7I4) 365-7686. is interrupt driven, requires a very simple interlace to the CPU operating system, and CIRCLE 242 ON READER SERVICE CARD docs complete 512-byte transfers. The AMOS disk operating system pro- FAMILY OF 8-INCH FLOPPY vides the microcomputer user with the DISK SYSTEMS FOR M6800- sophisticated software of a minicomputer; tasking, COMPUTERS it permits multiple user, multiple BASED sharing, and memory management. time Smoke Signal Broadcasting, manufac- And. up to four (4) drives can be daisy- I turers of M6800 microprocessor-based chained to one controller. The AM-500 is computer peripherals for the hobby and available through network of retail a personal computing market, announced dealers. $7,995. Alpha Micro. 1 788 1 Sky the addition of a family of 8-inch floppy Park North. Irvine. CA 92714: (7I4) 957- disk drive systems to its growing product I404. line. CIRCLE 239 ON READER SERVICE CARD The new family consists of three systems: the Model 1. FD- 1, single drive, single side, single density system; the Model I.FD-2. dual drive, single side, single density PLUG COMPATIBLE svstem. both using the reliable Shugart SA- DISKETTE SYSTEMS FOR 800 drive. Rounding out the family is the PDP-11 AND LSI-11 USERS Model DFD-2. a dual drive, double sided, single density system based on the Shugart I he Remex II II and II 1 2 are PDP- systems SA-850 drive. The Shugart drives were 11 and LSI- 1 1 plug-compatible selected because of their outstanding which incorporate two Remex flexible disk quality control and field-proven reliability. drives with built-in formatters, interface An extremely desirable feature of the and diagnostics. All elements are DUAL CALCOMP FLOPPY new drive system is the total compatibility transparent to the customer's DEC RT-I DISK SYSTEM FROM IMSAI of the disk operating svstem (DOS-68)and operating svstem. like all Remex-ll the Disk File Basic (DFIi-68) with existing svstems. the new models are available with IMSAI MANUFACTURING COR- Smoke Signal Broadcasting software No a special Remex Rl-ll utility module PORATION now offers the PCS-80 21. software changes are required. called lranslate-ll that allows data in- 22 Floppy Disk System featuring The systems are priced as follows. l.PD- terchange between the Remex RT-I I - = svstem supported devices and an IBM CalComp Model I42M disk drives. System I - $1395. I.FD-2 $1895. and DFD-2 configurations are based on either IM- $2495. All svstems are available in less than 3740. The module performs the necessary SAI's DIO-C Controller or FIF Con- 30 days. translations and uses all standard Remex troller. Up to four drives are supported by For more information, call or write to Rl-ll file management services. S3I95. either controller. The DIO-C Controller Ed Martin. Smoke Signal Broadcasting. Remex. 1733 Alton St.. Irvine. CA 92713. will provide over 2.4 megabytes of on-line 6304 Yucca Street. Hollywood. CA 90028. CIRCLE 243 ON READER SERVICE CARD storage. (213)462-5652. IMSAI is the first microcomputer manufacturer with an interface that sup- CIRCLE 241 ON READER SERVICE CARD ports four different formats, including the 58 CREATIVE COMPUTING ' comes complete with all neccssarv Tbe32K BY IT SAVI R holds upto l6of hardware, and requires no electrical the Intel 2716 PROMs or equivalent MEMORY modification of the PET. The memory Switches are provided to: (I) protect and ' board derives its power from the PET un-protect PROMs individually or in transformer (but not from the PET groups lor programming, (2) ' regulators) shadow ROM socket pairs (which allows external I he cost of the PME-I board has been RAM to overlap portions of ROM address reduced to$500forthe I6K board. 5595 lor space). (3) select card address. (4) control the 24K. and S675 for the 32K. The board is the powerful Bank-Select and DMA IN- covered by a six-month parts and labor OUT features. SI95 kit. $295 assembled warranty. Cromemco. Inc.. 280 Bernardo Ave Computer Mart Systems. 13 East 30th Mountain View. CA 94040. (415) 964- Street. New York NY 10016. 7400. 4W CIRCLE 244 ON READER SERVICE CARD CIRCLE 245 ON REAOER SERVICE CARO 32K BYTESAVER MEMORY BOARD WITH 2716 PROM A BETTER EPROM MODULE PROGRAMMER Data Vector Corporation has an- PME-1 MEMORY BOARD Cromemco'l 32K BYTESAVER* card nounced the Byte Board, a better EPROM EXPANDS MEMORY OF provides an on-board 27I6 PROM module for the S- 1 00 bus. The unit accepts programmer. COMMODORE PET Information can be stored up to sixteen 2708 EPROMs, incorporates quickly and permanently bv a simple, one- a Power-On Jump capability and provides Computer Mart Systems ol New York is time w rite of the desired data into an erased for wait state generation ollering the PME-I for slow Memory Board in PROM with the on-board programmer memories. three configurations, designed to add 16. turned on. The card also provides a full 32 Each EPROM is 24. or 32 kilobytes of individually ad- memory to the kilobyte capacity of non-volatile storage dressable on any I K boundary, and may be Commodore PEl computer. The PME-I for ROM-intensive applications. placed anywhere in the computer's address You can use the versatile new BETSI to plug the more than 150 S-100 bus expansion boards directly into your PET*! On a single PC card, BETSI has both interface circuitry and a 4-slot S-100 motherboard. With BETSI, ou can inttantl) use better > the than 150 boards developed for the S-100 bus. I or expanding your PETs memory and I (). BE I SI gives you the interlace, [he single hoard has both the complete interface circuitry required and a 4-slot S-100 motherboard, plus an 80-pin PET connector. BETSI connects to any S-100 type power supply and plugs directly into the memor\ expansion connector on the side of your PI I \ case And that's it You additional need no cables, interlaces or backplanes Sou don't ha\c to modilv vour PET in any way. and BETSI doesn't interfere with PI I's IEEE or parallel ports And' when >ou want to move your system I BE SI instantly detaches from your PI I HI I S/ a the new Interface Motherboardfrom I arethourhl Products—the maker* of Mstsr"—whiih allows u\rr\ of BETSI is compatible with virtually all of the S-100 boards on the market, including memory and ( ammodore's Pi I Personal t ompulrr to instantls work I/O boards. BE I SI has an on-board controller that allows the use of the high-density low-power with thr ifwn of memory and I ft boards developedfar the "Evpandoram" dynamic memory board from S.I). Sales. This means you can expand your S-IOIIImsai fltair type) bus Hi I SI is available from slock on a single*' ," x 10" printed circuit card IT I to us full .12K limit on a single S-IOO card! Plus, you won't reduce IM I s speed when you use either or static dynamic RAM expansion with BE I.SI. Additionally. BE I SI has four on-board sockets and decoding circuitry for up to 8K of 2716-typc PROM expansion (to make use of future PET software available on PROM). BETSI jumpers will address the PROMs anywhere within your PET's ROM area. too. The BETSI Interface/ Motherboard Kit includes all components, a 100-pin connector, and complete assembly and MAIL ORMRS \RI operating instructions for $119. S I ORMil ) SHIPPED The Assembled BETSI board has four 100-pin HIIHIS 4HHOI RS connectors, complete operating instructions and a I I I SI) IS M IS// W- full 6-month Warranty for just $165. HUM is available off the shellfrom your local dossier or lif CHARCE ORDERS IRE they're out/ directly from the manufacturer HOI II i( ( I I'll I) FORETHOUGHT PRODUCTS \sk about our 87070 Dukhohar Kd. »P memory prices, too! Kugrnr. Oregon 97402 Phone ($03) 4S5-8S75 • 1978 horclhouihi Pn ix •I'l I ., ( omn FEB 1979 59 CIRCLE 119 ON READER SERVICE CARD compatibility with space, irrespective of where any of the In addition to its boasts a other EPROMs are placed, and unused most available S-100 boards, Betsi on-board EPROM locations do not take up memory breakthrough with its address space. DYNAMIC MEMORY CONTROLLER. Betsi to allows I The Byte Board, without EPROMs, may 1 his controller, which PET be purchased assembled and tested for $99 use the S.D. Sales "Expandoram" memory that memory can be or in kit form for $69. Fully loaded with 16 board, means PETs the limit (32K) with a single S- EPROMs, the module is $243 assembled or expanded to $1 assembled - $165. $213 in kit form. EPROMs available 100 card! Kit — 19; Forethought Products; PO Box 8066; separately. 8 PORT I/O MULTI-CHANNEL Data Vector Corporation, P.O. Box Coburg, OR 97401. (503) 485-8575. 3141, Burbank, CA 91504. CIRCLE 248 ON READER SERVICE CARD MICROCOMPUTER CIRCLE 246 ON READER SERVICE CARD PARALLEL INTERFACE The Cromemco 8PI O Parallel Interface Card provides 8 bidirectional 8-bit 1 O ports that can be used either singly or coupled together to form longer word lengths. Input and output status Hags for handshake purposes are grouped together on one port and may be accessed with one input or output statement. Strobe pulses can be issued after each 8-bit transfer or may be delayed until the proper word length has been formed. Additional SUPERRAM features include 8 sense switches and 8 I port on The SuperRam™ 32K static RAM board I I Ds on the highest selected Ihe card, and 2 bits of opto-isolatcd input is the latest in the line of S-100 memories output. Kit designed by George Morrow. It uses the and 2 bits of relay-driven National 5257 or the Tl equivalent 4044 RCA VIP PERSONAL $195: assembled $295. 4Kxl NMOSmemorv chips and can be run Cromemco, Inc.. 280 Bernardo Avenue. ADD-ONS 964- at 2 Mil/ for standard 8080 systems or 4 COMPUTER Mountain View. CA 94040: (415) M 11/ for Z-80 systems. A phantom option RCA is offering a variety of options 7400. has been provided for CPUs using this line. which permit the user of an RCA VIP CIRCLE 152 ON READER SERVICE CARD All control signals, addresses and data lines hobby computer to expand his system's are fully buffered. Each I6K block is capabilities. Shown grouped independently addressable and write counterclockwise around the VIP console protected. This board contains only seven are. from top left: a color expansion board support ICs and the typical power con- permitting video displays in up to eight sumption is 2.6 amps. $649 kit; $699 colors, an expansion keyboard to permit assembled. interactive play by two game competitors, Thinker Toys, 1201 10th St.. Berkeley. the expansion keyboard interface card, a CA 94710. (415)524-2101. memory expansion board capable of holding 4K of RAM. the Super Sound CIRCLE 247 ON READER SERVICE CARD Board which permits a four-octave music range, and the Simple Sound Board which S-100 BOARD IS KEY TO is a simplified version of Super Sound. TURNKEY AND BLACKBOX PERIPHERALS RCA COSMAC VIP Marketing. New COMPUTER OPERATIONS Holland Ave.. Lancaster. PA 17604. The SYSCON (for System Controller), a CIRCLE 249 ON READER SERVICE CARD is new S- 1 00 card by Objective Design, Inc designed to complement the CPU in sophisticated systems. The board provides for PROM (to 6K of TMS 2716s). 256 bytes of scratchpad RAM, trueCALL type interrupts, power-on jump. Real Time Clock, on-board generation of MWRITE. and an 8 bit parallel output port. Kit — 207.95. QUALITY S-100 EXPANSION Objective Design, Inc.. P.O. Box 20325, FOR COMMODORE'S Tallahassee. FL 32304. (904) 224-5545. PET COMPUTER AIM16 CIRCLE 153 ON READER SERVICE CARD 1 6 is the Analog Input Module Forethought Products (known for their The AIM of the CmC DAM (Data Acquisition "Kimsi" KIM to S- 100 expander) has made AT 4 Modules) SYSTEMS. The AIM 16 has 16 CALL ME TUESDAY official announcement of their PET to S- 8-bit analog inputs. Each input is in- A unique combination of crystal derived I00 Interface Motherboard "Betsi." Betsi addressed. Conversion time is Real Time Clock, hardware interrupts, and (renamed from "Petsi" after action by dividually I 1 used in the 1 00 microseconds. The A M 6 can be PROM software come together Commodore Inc.) is a single circuit board with any computer that has an 8-bit output TIMEMINDER — an S-I00 compatible that contains all the necessary logic to port and an 8-bit input port. The A1MI6 board by Objective Design. interface S-100 type boards to the PET. sells for $159.00. The AIM 16 starter kit TIMEMINDER software will maintain a Unlike other interfaces which require the power supply, and input and list of user requested wakeup calls and alert addition of external chassis, S-jOO (AIM 16. connectors) sells for $189.00. All the indicated routines at appointed times. backplanes, or special cable assemblies, output SYSTEMS products arc assembled Intervals range from milliseconds to days. Betsi attaches directly to PETs memory DAM units. User calls can also be based on the expansion connector and provides both and tested Connecticut microcomputer. 150 TIMEMINDER time-of-year calendar. interface logic AND four S-100 slots on a Pocono Road. Brookficld. Connecticut Wake-up requests are then given as time single compact circuit board. Betsi 06804. (203) 775-9659. and date. Because this is an interrupt operates with any S-100 power supply and driven device, the computer is always doesn't interfere with use of PETs parallel CIRCLE 250 ON READER SERVICE CARD available for non-timed activities while or IEEE ports. 60 CREATIVE COMPUTING M waiting for the next alarm. Timed in- adaptor connects directly to the KIM any 4K boundary. terrupts 4K dynamic RAMs can may also be applied to control of applications connector and also provides be used instead of l6Ks'for those left over time-critical hardware and software — a convenient power, tape recorder and TTY from memory expansion valuable tool for of your scientists and ex- connections. $60. CPU Keyboard. perimenters. TERC Services, 575 Technology 8I00 The also has optional I O inter- TIMEM1NDER software is held in on- Square, Cambridge, 02 1 39. MA Telephone laces built on-board for both serial and board PROM, with scratchpad RAM also (6)7)547-3890. parallel I O. The serial interlace provides available on the card. The interrupts and CIRCLE 162 ON READER SERVICE CARD RS232 or 20ma current loop with software the required 'CALL' instruction vectors are programmable baud rate, modem control all generated on-board. Additional in- lines, word length, stop bits. etc. to an on- terrupts are free for general system use. board DB-25 connector. Jumper selection TlMEMINDER kit including PROM is allows the TRS-80 to look like a computer $224.95 plus $5.00 shipping. for driv ing printers etc.. or a terminal for Objective Design, Inc., P.O. Box 20325, talking to larger computers or modems Tallahassee, FL 32304 (904) 224-5545. You can even I. PRIM or LLIST from level II Basic. Lowest CIRCLE 156 configuration ON READER SERVICE CARD $185. II IH Electronics, 1429 Maple St.. San Mateo. CA 94402. (415) 573-7359. or your local computer dealer CIRCLE 181 ON READER SERVICE CARD BIT PAD FOR TRS-80 Summagraphics Corporation an- nounces the availability of an interface for the company's popular low cost digitizer the Bit Pad. to the Radio Shack TRS-80 THE Microcomputer. This new interface per- SWITCHBOARD mits the entry and transfer of X-Y Thinker Toys announces its latest design coordinate values for graphics and data innovation by George Morrow the entry applications from the Bit Pad to the I RS-80 personal and SWITCHBOARD", an I O board for S- home computer. The interface is priced I(H) systems. It h;is lour parallel ports and at $175 and includes a two RS232 TTY serial ports plus strobe cassette enabling the user easy loading of the operating and attention ports. In addition, there arc- program to permit transfer of options for 4K of RAM and 4K of data. Data is transferred from EROV1 the Bit Pad as five 8-bit bytes. The interface is contained in a small separate "UNIVERSAL" INTERFACE Every port is switch programmable for box that readily connects flexibility in interfacing various types of to both the Bit Pad and FOR COMMODORE PETS the TRS-80. The peripherals. Each parallel port can be interface allows use of all other TRS-80 The RS-I6-HP plugs into the Com- switched for input or latched output. Both accessories. This new modore PETs parallel I O port and can be seri;il ports can be product adds to the Bit Pad the capability switched to any of used for a wide variety of control ol interlacing to one of the most sixteen baud rates from 1 popular 10 to I9K. Each applications Using the PEPs BASIC strobe microcomputers. Also available from and attention port flip-flop can be interpreter, or Summagraphics are programming directly in switched for positive or negative pulsing. interfaces to other Microcomputers. 6502 assembly language, or even from the The eight I/O addresses of the Summagraphics PEPs interactive console, commands can SWITCHBOARD can be located on any Corp., 35 Brentwood be given to the RS-16 causing it to drive Ave., Fairfield. CT 06430. (203) 384-1344. boundary divisible by eight. Price is any one of sixteen output devices or to $199.00 kit and $259.00 assembled retail. CIRCLE 165 ON READER SERVICE CARD sense the condition of 16 to 14 input Thinker Toys, 1201 10th St.. Berkeley. devices. CA 94710 (415) 524-2101. Output devices can be any 6 volt or less CIRCLE 157 ON READER SERVICE CARD ON/ OFF mechanism using less than V* Ampere. For example, lamps, LEDs. sole- noids, and d.c. motors are typically used. Erector set motors and Meccano gears sets are popular electromechanical devices for computer control hobbyists. Relay coils can be driven directly; by selecting a 6 volt relay with appropriate contacts, the hob- byist can use the PET to control most S-100 + TRS-80 appliances with manual switches, for HUH Electronics announces the 8I00, example, R/C car handsets, model train an S-IOO Bus Adapter Motherboard for switch boxes, stereos, garage door openers, the TRS-80. The 8100 allows a Radio etc. Shack TRS-80 Computer to be interfaced Input devices can include TTL gates, or to the popular S-IOO Bus for memory any form of switch contacts, including expansion and extended I/O capabilities thermostats, reed switches (as in burglar KIM ADAPTORS FOR The 8I00 has its own built-in 6 slot alarms and train detectors), microswitches EXPERIMENTERS motherboard which includes card guides (detecting closed doors), joysticks, which keep the boards in their places. The keyswitches and numeric keypads. Each of The Technical Education Research 8 100 sits on a table top next to your TRS- these hooks directly to the RS-16, and the read Centers (TERC) of Cambridge, MA have 80 and connects to it via a ribbon cable. A PET can the switch for open or closed developed two adaptors to the KIM-I second TRS-80 connector allows other condition. Up to eight of these switches can microcomputer for experimenters who TRS-80 devices to be connected at the be wired for very fast operation; a switch need to breadboard special input /output same time. closure can be "captured" and held until the applications. Called the KIM-I Interface The 8 1 00 also does much more. For PET recognizes it and then releases the stored data. Sets, these make 20 I O lines from the KI example, the 8 1 00 has optional on-board $229. available to either TERCs Modular support circuitry and sockets for I6K of Cooper Computing, Box 16082. Breadboarding System (illustrated) or to dynamic RAM. The RAM may be split Clayton, Missouri 63105. standard terminal strip breadboards. The into 4K blocks which can be addressed to CIRCLE 183 ON READER SERVICE CARD/ FEB 1979 61 name under the name of the company or to owners of the V 1 P. and the interest solely not individual selling it. Purser does first three issues contain articles revealing P-X. the evaluate am of the programs; however, he- the machine language code for C H I show some photos of the screen from Mi's user language: an annotated listing does assortment of programs in the of the operating system, and the lirst in a a random section of the booklet. series of articles describing a text editor lor center Ihe November I97X Reference list costs the VIP. Edition 5. February I979 Send subscription orders, articles, let- S2.00. while not see) will cost S4.00 post- software (for review, exchange, or (which we did ters, year. 43. paid. Subscription price is SI 2.00 per sale) to I HI- VIPER. P.O. BOX P.O. Box 466. II AUDUBON, PA. I9407.BAC MSA MC Robert Elliott Purser. 9562.V check money orders accepted. Sorry, no Dorado. CA billing. Overseas orders include READER SERVICE CARD SOUND EFFECTS AND MUSIC CO I), or CIRCLE 189 ON BOARD SIO.(M) for airmail postage if desired. CIRCLE 187 ON READER SERVICE CARD Bootstrap Enterprise* <>l Richardson, rexas has announced a new sound effects board compatible with S-HX) computers. Ihe ^SOUNDER (MICROSOUNDER) can be programmed in BASIC or assembly language. One to five lines ol code generates such sounds as organ music, sirens, phasers. shot guns, explosions, trains, bird calls, helicopters, race cars, airplanes, machine guns, barking dogs and man) thousand more. Now mhi can hear the sounds of phasers isten and photon torpedos in Star Trek. 1 to the. roar of race cars followed b> an occasional crash, practice Morse code- ELECTRONIC TYPING NOW recognition, create your own unique- OFFERED FOR SOL SYSTEM sounds and melodies or use the unit as a III COMPUTER signaling device. Only a lew minutes ol SMALL time is needed to patch the sound code into SYSTEM existing programs. \ high performance electronic typing Bootstrap Enterprises Inc.. MX) V system which consists ol a Sol System III- Central Expressway, Richardson, rexas A. their new WordWi/ard software 750X0. package and the new Sol Printer has been 184 READER SERVICE CARD CIRCLE ON announced by Processor lechnology. Price for the new system is under SI0.0OO. Delivery through selected Sol computer dealers throughout the United MAGAZINES, States and Canada is stock to M) days. Software for the package was developed JOURNALS NEW ON THE GERMAN hv Basic Computer Croup Ltd. of Van- MARKET couver. B.C.. who have already installed NEW MAGAZINE: TRS-80 the total package at a number of British COMPUTING Vogel-Verlag Wur/burg announces the Columbia legal, accounting, engineering, publication of the first popular-technical insurance, publishing, and other kinds ol users Radio Shack I RS-KO computer special maga/inc for microcomputer business firms. for can have both Level I and II Basics in the techniques, the CHIP Magazine Hardware for the system consists of the same machine, can have lowercase, can Microcomputers with emphasis on sell- Sol computer mainframe with built-in reduce the maze ol cords, and can get some assembly, programming and application keyboard, a 750.000 byte Helios II Disk these Start- of the information about how to do professionally and as a hobby Memory, a v ideo monitor and a high speed things tree. off circulation 75.000. bidirectional daisvwheel printer. free every second I he second edition of the Com- Published (provisionally) Ihe WordWi/ard Software lets the puter Information Exchange Newsletter month. operator edit one document on the screen railway- tells how to shoehorn both Level I and II Available at book stalls, on while the printer puts out another at high onto the same circuit board. It is available stations, in special-line electronics and speed. to of course, as b\ sending SASI (with 1 5c postage) computer retail shops and. Text can be typed in at high speed since Rey.CA 92068. subscriptions (six issues for DM software. ( II . box I5X. San Luis paid carriage returns are added by Ihe lowercase articles, including what to 24(H)). Postfach 6740. D-X700 Wur/burg I. Automatic justification creates an even do about the Radio Shack level II Germany. right margin, or the text can be left ragged in CIE's magazine. I'RS-XO formatting is done on the blooper, are CIRCLE 188 ON READER SERVICE CARD right. Since all Computing I.I. subscriptions available for screen, lines of text will be printed exactly SIO (12 issues). as they appear. Several modes of cursor access to CIRCLE 18S ON READER SERVICE CARD control and scrolling allow rapid SOFTWARE any position ol the document. Any amount of text already stored in the system can be REFERENCE LIST OF called up almost instantly and inserted FOR RCA VIP anywhere in the document under prepara- NEWSLETTER COMPUTER CASSETTES tion. see your local OWNERS: VIPER Remember Robert Elliott Purser's great lor more information, and Processor technology Dealer. Dial loll Subscription orders are now being lists of S-IOO bus computers for his location. (In .' it again I his time Free (XOO) 227-I24I accepted lor the independent User peripherals Well, he's at dial XO0-972-595I). Or write he's put together a list of software cassettes California, Newsletter dedicated to the RCA Corporation. 7I00 the PET, TRS-X0 and Apple II. We Processor lechnology Ml'. The S 1 5 (M) subscription for COSMAC Drive. Pleasanton. CA 94566. - know how many programs are listed. Johnson price includes all ten issues of volume I don't ever seen in SERVICE CARD and issues "I through Pi are currently but there are more than we've CIRCLE 190 ON READER price are listed by available. The VIPFR will include items of one spot. Programs and 62 CREATIVE COMPUTING D . suspended THE SOFTWARE EXCHANGE games. No Floppy is required. I he game is available on cassette for $38 I he BUSINESS Software Exchange is EDUCATION a new and is provided with HOME publication operating instruc- devoted to the exchange of tions. ready to use software tor business and the Oggert home. Engineering. 95 Adams Drive. Each issue of I he Software Ex- Stow. MA 01775. (617) K97-2870. change has reviews and TRS-80 articles about APPLE II PET SWTPC microcomputer CIRCLE 194 ON READER SOL software. SERVICE CARD NORTHSTAR MICROPOLIS CP/M The Software Exchange is a bimonthly maga/ine available at computer stores for SI per issue, and bv subscription for $5 per year (six MISCELLANEOUS THE SOFTWARE EXCHANGE issues). For air mail service to magazine C provides Information anada or Mexico, add S4. Subscriptions about the latest to software that other foreign countries are $19 (air mail has been developed. sen ice). Inquiries and subscriptions mav Included are reviews, abstracts, and be sent to: I he Software Exchange. Box articles about software for today's 55056. Valencia. (A 91355 microcomputers CIRCLE 192 ON READER SERVICE CARD ' 1. «tr im The Software Exchange Is cause stmt more than just a num. m nit) magazine. It is a complete information service. In addition to ium.i a • «wii rgumn newiM. news and « »M1| l*|«tt| commentaries, JWITITIITI H| j,j fm , „, you can use classified ads to locate software » newt cBwrti mrttn new specifically for your computer and application. POL * R0 ' l,0, Ho5owmT?R ' "" """ " °<"'<"' "•<•• -'«• • The HOODWRITER Software Exchange is published bimonthly. Subscriptions are $S per year in the Hoodwriter is a hard plastic hood US, Canada, and Mexico. equipped with a quality optical system and International subscriptions are $19. specially mounted Polaroid We accept camera It is Visa and Master Charge! used to take photos on Polaroid 107 film direct from a CRT or TV set. Hoodwnters are THE HARD SOFTWARE available for a wide variety of CRT SOFTWARE EXCHANGE si/es. DUPLICATION I he resulting photos are amazingly Box 55056 Valencia, CA 91355 crisp and have much higher contrast than ones CIRCLE I service for software publishers taken with any ambient light present 128 ON READER SERVICE CARD Cook labs (first stereo records I952) has Hoodwriter. P.O. Box 2726. College Station. designed and is operating a complete new Pullman. WA 99163. hi-speed system for economical digital c IRCLE 196 ON READER SERVICE CAR cassette TRS—80 Level II duplication. I he source tape waveform is reconstituted for record QUALITY PROGRAMS ON CASSETTE heads, squared in triggers to match the ORGANIZATIONS waveform of the original computer output CS-1 4-16K port SOL $10 No recording bias is used, and thed-c USERS SOCIETY TERRAIN --Design 3-D landscape based record circuitrv handles all 1 QUADRAFLAKE --CPU - generated formats I he Sol graph.es Users Society is for owners of A including non-NRZ. Y idds CUBES -More 3-D graphics are very high the Processor Technology Sol and premium tape computers (Agfa High Density) is or others CS-2 w ith an 8080 or Z-80 with a Sol or 4-16K $10 used for product. Cook savs that for I S BATTLESHIP with CI) cassette interface. It is independent graphics software circulation the major PLANETARY problems of the manufacturer. « LANDING - With 9 planets and plot have come from using (This is the ordinary audio tape, SOI. S most accurate version available) I provides its members with a bi- and analog (audio oriented) duplicators. monthly newsletter containing hardware CS-3 The picture displays actual record 4-16K $10 head and software info, bug fixes, SUPER MIND ~ I0OK input for etc. and combinations level II. IRS. a format A maintains a software librarv which collects TUNNEL OUT - Escape from a 3-0 nun that somewhat sensitive contains to dropouts and various different and distributes programs in the public- moving obstacles (this program azimuth. For publishers experiencing features action user domain for a nominal lee. graphics) a/imuth problems in the field. Cook also SOLUS NEWS has been running about masters, plates and presses pure CS-4 vinyl 24 closely typed pages of variable quality, 16K $20 records capable of carrying mime coMPoaasVEorroM ~ « oct.ves) many times but generally useful material. Membership Broadcast real more program material music into nearby AM/FM radio (without than cassettes. dues arc $IOyear in the U.S.. $15 foreign any electrical inter-connections Records ) have no dropouts, and enable C8S) Sol Users Society, P.O. Box 2347 1. San Enter notes lust transfer to cassette by the user as they are (-no coding)! via any "hi- .lose. CA 9406 1. fi", regardless of his a/imuth. cs-s 16K $10 TURTLE Cook laboratories. Inc.. Box 802 RACE --Bet on moving turtles APPLE GROUP A DADA SAVS Norvvalk. CI 06X54. (20.1) 853-3641. CPU gives dadaistic advice (based on famous European literary movement) \n \I'IM I CIRCLE 193 ON READER || USERS CLUB has been SERVICE CARD formed in Portland. Oregon. CS_6 16K $10 The club is called Apple Portland Pro- TRIVIA —Intriguing O/A game (timed) A lm br;' rv Exchange with WORD -Ouess a 4-letter word (no small feat) *v J..'. theacronvm ADVENTURE ON H8 of CASSETTE APPI I PFDC SOFTWARE ADVENTURE is a highlv interactive We would like to interchange programs text-oriented and 784 GOUCHER STREET game which allows the player ideas with other clubs or individuals to explore a secret Send S. GRETNA, LA 70053 underground cave in A.S.I tor application forms or search call of treasure and adventure. Fggert lor into: 10% discount on orders totaling $30 or more. Engineering has Ken converted the complete Hpggatt. 9I95 S.W. Elrose Ct. 350 point : rd game to operate on an HX with °rcgon 9722V Home (503) 639- «£ i .. CIRCLE 32K of memory. The 1200 Baud cassette 5505; Work 644-0 I6I Ext. 6M6 133 ON READER SERVICE CARD I O may be used to load and save 1979 FEB 63 (currently $30 per year) and submit at least ARCADIANS THE MICROCOMPUTER one article per year suitable for publishing INVESTORS ASSOCIATION in the association's journal. The Ballv ARCADE* and HOME Mit rocontputer Investor. LIBRARY COMPUTER* owners and nonprofit organisation whose pur- A lo obtain a membership application, potential owners arc invited to join the pose is to facilitate the exchange of data send a self-atklressedstumped-envelope to: ARCADIAN'S, a user group for this Z-XO information relating to investments and Microcomputer Investors Association. bated system. Arcadian goals are: a (en- microcomputers with the express pur- and 2415 Ansdcl Court. Reston. Virginia 22091 courage development of compatible pose of such interchange being directed CIRCLE 208 SERVICE software. b)act as a communication toward maximizing profits in stocks, ON READER CARD medium between owners. c)act as a lobby bonds, warrants, stock options, and com- to Bally, and d)develop understanding of modities including commodity options BOOKS AND computer-operated systems. and futures straddles. An annual subscription is $5.. ob- In order to become and remain an active tainable from: R. Fabris. 3626 Morrie Dr., member of The Microcomputer Investors BOOKLETS San .lose. CA 95127 Association each associate must pay dues INTERNATIONAL COMPUTER MUSIC DIRECTORY A 239-page volume entitled Computer Music 1976/77: a directory to current work PME-1 improves has been compiled and edited by William Buxton and published hv the Canadian Commission for UNESCO. Over 80 studios from 15 countries arc listed, with information on hardware and software your PET 3 ways available, staff, funding, projects in progress, compositions completed, instruc- tion offered, etc. Small studios in private homes are listed along with large in- Now an expansion stallations at colleges, universities, and research institutions. Information was collected by means of a questionnaire. Send for information on receiving a copy memory board for to The Canadian Commission for UN- ESCO. 255 Albert. P.O. Box/C.P. 1047. Ottawa. Ontario. Canada KIP 5V8. your PET CIRCLE 209 ON READER SERVICE CARD A NEW BOOK FROM SCELBI 16K ($425) Readers haven't stopped laughing since thev saw Steve Ciarcia's new book TAKE 24K ($525) MY COMPUTER ... PLEASE! Its the funniest book to come along in years. It's even funnier if you're into computers! Just 32K ($625) one cra/y misadventure after another. based on Steve's true experiences and his • Mounts easily inside your computer's inability to cooperate. The PET chassis book tells of Steve's off-the-wall attempt to beat the Jai-Alai system. How he attempts • Uses your PET's transformer a stock market killing but logs wrong info without degradation of your into his broker's computer . . . and other adventures. You can't beat this book for system computerized belly laughs. $5.95. SCELBI Publications (a division of Scclbi Com- • Full 6 month limited puter Consulting. Inc.). P.O. Box 133 PP warranty S IN. Milford. CI 06460. (203) 874-1573. • Full manual with graphic CIRCLE 154 ON READER SERVICE CARD display memory test that shows chip layout Dealer Inquiries Invited SOLID STATE & HOBBY CIRCUITS MANUAL spec sheet write: For a complete $1.95 postpaid to your door. The new manual offers over 400 pages of COMPUTER MART SYSTEMS circuits for the hobbyist, engineer, experimenter and do-it-yourself kit 13 East 30th Street builder. HURRY — Supply limited. New York. New York 10016 Free catalog. Frazer & Associates, 212-686-7923 1886 Century Park East Suite 10, Century City, Calif. 90067 PET it a registered TM of CIRCLE 197 ON READER SERVICE CARD Commodore Business Machines, Inc. 2-4 weeks delivery CIRCLE 107 ON READER SERVICE CARD 64 CREATIVE COMPUTING ! A NEWCHALLENGE! prmuR at&& mis against THE COMPUTER CHOOSE YOUR LEVEL OF PLAY! NEW! 10 LEVELS OF PLAYING DIFFICULTY! From Beginner to Advanced to Expert You choose your opponent's level of playing difficulty — from novice to expert. You choose black or white pieces. (Spooney "10" You enter your initial move. In seconds, the computer CHESS CHALLENGER® is housed in a solid walnut case, 13 x 8 x 1-1/4" with felt foot pads. analyzes all possible countermoves and makes its best "10" Simulated leather and gold foil playing area and move. Day or night. Chess Challenger is ready to keyboard. U.L. approved 110 volt A.C. 100% solid give you a classic battle. The computer will sharpen your state for years of trouble-free use. No batteries used. game and is the perfect teacher with features like: • A library of classic book openings • Random responses — no two games alike Does not permit you to make illegal moves ODDCK Y3UQS TQDV! Yes, please send__Chess Challenqer(s)"10" $275.00 each plus Solves mate-in-two problems $8.00 each for shipping and insurance. I understand this is the game rated "best" by the United States Chess Federation. Position verification by computer memory call M check is Analyzes as many as 3,024,000 board positions Y enclosed (N.Y. residents add 5% sales tax). Charge my credit card "" Double move entry for castling and handicapping «i p flute Hand carved, magnetized French Chess Pieces Signature Chess Challenger "10" provides the flexibility and variety Name for a lifetime of classic chess battles. Accept the challenge Street and order yours today! . U.S. Chess Federation Master has rated the Chess f^'Y.. State Challenger "10" the best computer chess game and it Send to THE PLEASANTVILLE PLAN , Oept. CC-2 is "highly recommended". 62 Eastview Ave.. Pleasantville, N.Y. 10570 Order Toll Free 800-243-5676 - 24 Hours per Day - 7 Days per Week (Connecticut Residents Call 1-800-882-5577) ©1978 The Pleasantville Plan . NOBODY SELLS THE BEST FOR LESS! COMPUTER LAB OF NEW JERSEY r- LIST SPECIAL PRICE PRICE Imaai . All product! is% on Stephen B. Gray Vactor Graphic - AH product! i*% on BASIC And The Personal Computer, by Thomas A. Dwyerand Problem Solver - All products iss on Margot Critchfield. Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., Reading, MA. 449 pages, paperback $12.95. 1978. (Available from IMC Keyboard SIMM tio.ts Creative Computing book service.) Mountain Hardware of Margot Critchfield's fine illustrations will look $32900 $279 00 Some Inlrol System familiar to Creative readers, because nearly all of Chapter 2 was run in four issues of the maga/inc. Etactric Pencil - 15% on Dwyer. author (with Michael Kaufman) of the outstanding All Versions book, "A Guided Tour of Computer Programming in BASIC," Solid Stale Mutic has another winner here. The first chapter, on the World of $149 95 S127 45 MM CPU Board Kit Personal Computing, does a great job of introducing the microcomputer and BASIC, with better and more pertinent photos and drawings than anybody else has used, fully detailed and of maximum help to the reader. SUBJECT TO AVAILABLE QUANTITIES SHIPPING AND INSURANCE EXTRA SHIPPING FREE ON PREPAID ORDERS. Subsequent chapters are equally valuable, on BASIC, < graphics, strings and arrays, sorting, games (horse race, archery, Planct-X Lander, etc.). computer art, files, simulation, and COMPUTER LAB OF NEW JERSEY Extending Microcomputers (color graphics with four pages of beautiful examples, analog I O, X-Y plotters, light pens, etc.). 141 ROUTE 46 Project Ideas for the reader BUOO LAKE. NEW JERSEY 07S2S Each chapter ends with imaginative (201) 691 1984 to carry out. 1 J A beautiful, big (8 .. by 1 1 inches), comprehensive book, written informally and in marvelous detail. It belongs on your CIRCLE 106 ON READER SERVICE CARD BASIC shelf. Available from Creative Computing Book Service for $13.95 postpaid. Tarbell Floppy Disc Interface Beginning Computer Science, by James I . Poirot and David N. Groves. Sterling Swift Publishing Co., Box 188, Manchaca.TX Designed for Hobbyists and 78652. 296 pages, paperback $9.95. 1978. Systems Developers Intended to "serve as a text for an introductory course in computer science." this book is certainly one of the few. and may be the only one, to include chapters on hardware logic arid calculators and personal microcomputers. The mix is eclectic, to sa> the least. The eight chapters are on computer development (history from the abacus to Radio Shack's TRS-80, system organization, peripherals). applications, flowcharting. programming (BASIC, plus a concise I '/j-page comparison of BASIC and FOR IRAN), computer arithmetic, logic and Boolean algebra (truth tables, switches, gates, adders), calculators and microcomputers. Each chapter ends with suggested sources for additional material, and most include exercises. The book ends with 314 pages listing personal-computer manufacturers and periodicals, 6 pages of selected references to the 12 periodicals, a • Plugs directly into your IMSAI or ALTAIR " and handles up bibliography and answers to selected exercises. to 4 standard single drives in daisy chain The writing could be a little clearer in some places, and some • Operates at standard 2S0K bits per second on normal disc inequality signs are missing, but by and large this is a useful format capacity of 243K bytes. book, with many helpful photographs and drawings. • Works with modified CP/M Operating System and BASIC-E Compiler. • Hardware includes 4 extra IC slots, built-in phantom boot- strap and onboard crystal clock. Uses WD 1771 LSI Chip. I sing • 6-month warranty and extensive documentation. Computers, by Brian L. Meek and Simon Fairthorne. Ellis Horwood Ltd.. Halstcd Press, division of John Wiley & • PRICE: Kit $190 Assembled $265 Sons Inc.. New York. 208 pages, hardcover $14.25, paperback • ALTAIR it a trademanVtradename of MITS. INC $5.25. 1977. Part of the "Mathematics and its Applications" series from 20620 Sotim Unparood Avanua. SuM P this British "is Canon. CarHomia 90746 Horwood. book an introduction to computers for TOcfol (213) 538 4251 and computing anyone likely to come into contact with them 66 CREATIVE COMPUTING CIRCLE 130 ON READER SERVICE CARD IBM Buys Qume. in a commercial, administrative, industrial, educational or Now You Can Too! research context." The aim is to give an overall picture of the nature of computing without too many technical details. ." The Qume Sprint 5 Daisywheel Each of the eight chapters is titled "The Computer as a . . and the last word(s) of the title (and some of the contents) are: Terminal. Concept (history. Babbage. computers after Babbage), Machine (binary, I/O), Problem Solver (flowcharts, languages). Number-cruncher (roots, differential equations, programming pitfalls). Data Handler (payroll, "filestore," operational research). Watchdog (process control, airline reservation system). Entertainment (games, the arts). Social Force (cashless society, central databanks. CAI. computers in everyday life). The many photos and diagrams, plus the compact, well-written text, make this worthwhile reading. PAST. At 55 character* per second the fastest daisywheel printer made. Star Ship Simulation, by Roger Garrett. Dilithium Press, 30 SMART. The Qume Sprint 5 is the printer for word processing and plotting N.w. 23rd Place, Portland, OR 97210. 122 pages, paperback because microprocessor controlled Sprint 5 logic responds to all 128 ASCII codes plus 43 Qumedeftned commands for specific $6.95. 1978. paper handling and carnage movement controls. That means it support* bidirectional printing, title is The above on the cover; inside it's "The Complete proportional spacing, right justification and high resolution graphics (5760 STAR SHIP: A Simulation Project." the first in Dilithium's points per square inch ). "Series in Games." This is for the hard-core simulation fan who FLEXIBLE. A variety of configurations guarantees there is a Sprint 5 for wants to "develop a software system which completely simulates you, whether you have a TRS-80, an IBM 370 or anything inbetween. the hardware associated with the navigation, communications, • Keyboard (KSR) or Receive Only (RO) helm, medical, engineering and sciences functions of a • RS-232C, DC Current Loop or Parallel Interface • 45 or 55 characters per second Constitution class Starship as defined on the tclc\ ision program A multitude of daisy wheels (over 70) in various typestyles, pitches and STAR TREK and in the documents Star Fleet Technical language variations plus a colorful rainbow of carbon and fabric ribbons give* Manual and Star Trek Blueprints." you a dynamic range in the appearance of your letter perfect printout*. The first two chapters are preliminary, on designing a simulation and on program structure. Chapter 3, 88 pages long, is the heart of the book. Fourteen pages are devoted to Common Reconditioned Qume-based Data Area, listing all the parameters, such as weapons, personnel, navigation data. etc.. for the Enterprise, for enemy Daisywheel Terminal ships and for Federation ships. was $4800+, now $8180. The 43 pages of Logic Flow Definitions comprise the simulation essentially program, comment statements without Gen Corns 30OQ Qume Terminal, fully code, so detailed that it could be implemented in any high-level reconditioned language, according to Chapter 4 on Implementation, although Qume Q30 pnnt mechanism (30 cpa) a BASIC interpreter "will run unreasonably slow." A low-level Bidirectional printing/proportional language "probably offers the best option." spacing Plotting^Super Plot firmware package standard 1/120" horizontal control. 1/48" vertical control Wheeled pedestal standard 86 key keyboard w/15 key numeric pad RS-232C serial interface, cable included Microprocessor Basics, edited by Michael S. Elphick. Hayden ASCII encoded w/256 character buffer Book Co., Inc.. Rochellc Park, NJ. 221 pages, paperback 30 day limited warranty Nationwide service $10.95. 1977. These 34 articles, undated, first appeared in Electronic Design. An earlier Hayden compilation of articles. ED Qume Sprint 5 55 CPS. KSR $3295 Microprocessors: New Directions for Designers, selected 45 CPS. KSR 2996 articles from 1973 to 1975. 55 CPS, RO 2895 Published for the designer, these articles are also of interest to 45 CPS. RO 2695 Gen Com 300Q 2150 the real bit-hacker who's into building some of his own DTC 300A (similar to Gen Com but w/Hytype I hardware. 300Q. mechanism) 1995 Most of the book is devoted to articles on designing Forms Tractor 210 with various MPUs. such as the 80K0. 6800. r-H. PACT and IMP Pin Feed Platen 160 TRS-80 interface ( chip set. These articles can be a little heavy, such as "Boosting for any above terminal I 39.96 Bit-Manipulation Capability" (8080). Controlling Program- Electric Pencil Word Processing Software (TRS-80 version) 99.95 Daisy wheels and Ribbons (Qume and Diablo) write for list mable Instruments" (6800). and "Multi-Channel Synchro TAX and SHIPPING (FOB Son Ltandro. CA). applicable, not included Conversion" (F8). although there are simpler ones, on building if an 8080 micro, assembly language for micros, mul- write or call tiprocessing, etc. The opening chapters cover getting started, alternatives to COMPUTER TEXTile microprocessors (custom LSI, programmable logic arrays), and 10960 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1504 testing and debugging: the last chapter is on recent micros: the 2650. Cosmac 1802 and 6100. Los Angeles, CA 90024 Although a beginner might have trouble getting past page 16. (213)477-2196 there's a lot of information here for the hardware fan. Dealer Leasing Inquiries Information Data Wholesale Corporation Data Capital Company 700 Whitney Street 700 Whitney Street San Leandro. CA 94677 San Leandro, CA 94577 (415)6381206 1416)638-1206 FEB 1979 67 CIRCLE 112 ON READER SERVICE CARD BASIC Software Library, Volume VII: Professional Programs. by R.W. Brown. Scientific Research Inst.. Box 490099. Key Biscaync. FL 3.1 1 49. 109 pages, paperback $39.95. 1977. CHESS requires I2K of free memory. "The program plays a beginner's game, but with some effort on your part, it can be made to do better." Due to a quirk in line 4330. the program doesn't always know when it's in check, so it doesn't defend against the danger. MEDBIL requires disk extended BASIC with at least 12K. bytes of free memory. The program allows a doctor to review the history file of any patient previously stored in the data base, and check on his payment history. For a program that can also prepare insurance forms and do immediate invoicing of patients, the reader is referred to the publisher's more comprehensive proprietary software. WORDPRO rearranges text material and prints it out in a Technico-IMSAI variety of formats, such as letters or mailing labels. It runs with Vector •Cromemco disk extended BASIC and I5K bytes of free memory. UTILITY enables the user to manipulate disk files. The • Limrose SWTPC program requires I0K bytes of free user RAM for storing the National Multiplex source code and should execute within I4K bytes under disk Solid State Music extended BASIC. It allows the user to copy part or all of a disk. list saved tiles, run memory tests, punch tape, etc. We stock various books and magazines of interest to the engineer and computer hobbyist. We also have available a large selection Home Computers: A Beginners Glossary and Guide, by Merl K. Miller and Charles J. Sippl. Dilithium Press, 30 N.W. 23rd of components and used Place. Portland OR 97210. 153 pages, paperback $6.95. 1978. electronic test equipment. Over half this book, 81 pages, is taken up with a lengthy glossary, justified in the preface, which says "this book is MARKETLINE SYSTEMS, Inc. intended as a quick reference source for beginners." 2337 Philmont Ave. After a one-page chapter on how to use this book, a three- Huntingdon Valley, Pa. 19006 page chapter follows, full of all those things a home computer 215/947-6670 • 800/523-5355 will do for you someday, including, of course, security systems and robotics, and several dozen others. The chapter on introduction to microcomputer systems and applications contains long paragraphs and crowded pagefuls of small type, INCOME TAX and more philosophy and commercial-computer information than necessary in a book on home computers. Chapter 4, on memory, describes an Interdata 5/ 16 system and various other PROGRAM commercial systems. The chapter on number systems describes various bases in [For TRS 80 16K Level II Home Computer detail, which is pointless, since the information is not needed to understand anything elsewhere in the book, and is apparently a $14.95 Postpaid filler. As is perhaps also the last chapter, on logic, which also goes into much more detail than necessary, and ends with three Does 1040 & useless pages of electronic symbols. Dilithium can do much Schedule A DEDUCTIONS better than this thrown-together book. Schedule B INTEREST & DIVIDENDS Schedule D CAPITAL GAINS & LOSSES Schedule G INCOME AVERAGING Schedule TC TAX COMPUTATION Mechanics. Herbert D. Peckham. Student Lab Book, 32 pp., $1. Plus FREE!! I eachen Advisor. 40 pp.. $1. Hewlett-Packard Co., Cupertino, Calif., 1972. BIORHYTHMS PROGRAM This booklet, in the HP Computer Curriculum Series, is intended to help meet the need for computer-oriented problems in physics by providing students an opportunity to use the This program was developed by an in- computer as a problem solving tool within a particular subject dividual with 30 years of income tax ex- matter area. Specifically, this unit is intended as an "enrich- perience, who developed complete income ment" experience in the field of mechanics. I here are seven topics: rates, displacements. Newton's second tax programs for two Fortune 100 com- law, halt step method, the harmonic oscillator, more com- panies. plicated force* and orbital motion. In each section, there is a little preparatory explanation, an initial supplied program, and TO ORDER: Send check or money order for several exercises where the student is asked to modify the given program to extend or generalize the results. $14.95 to: Each section also pro\ ides at least one advanced programming exercise where the student is asked to construct a separate but related program MY TAX from scratch. I he Teacher's Advisor provides program listings 1524 University Ave. and sample runs; with only minor adjustments, these programs will be easily adaptable to different computers. St. Paul, Minn. 55104 68 CREATIVE COMPUTING CIRCLE 180 ON READER SERVICE CARD ihmsmic* The author assumes that the student ( ) has had algebra I and .}*****^ some trigonometry: (2) that he already knows how to write a simple computer program in BASIC; and (3) that he will have access to a computer for at least two hours per week. Perhaps the thorniest problem in teaching introductory physics is that the student does not have the requisite tools of calculus at his disposal. This booklet serves as an example of how the computer can help avoid the difficulty. Although the exercises, in a "watch me and then imitate, modify and extend" format begin slowly, they quickly become challenging in terms of the programming skills required. The first two sections on rates and displacements involve concepts and problems that are simple and straight-forward. In Section 3. on Newton's Second Law. the programming begins to get a little more involved. This unit could be used with a uniformly good high school physics class, but as the instructor, I would want to provide some additional instruction on the concepts as well as an occasional review of programming principles and techniques. Daniel S. Yates. Mathematics & Science Center, Glen Allen. VA 23060 Calculators. Computers, and Elementary Education. David Moursund. The Math Learning Center. 325 13th St. NE, Unit 302. Salem. Oregon 97301. 89 pages, paperback. $7.00. 1977 Calculators. Computers and Elementary Education is designed to give elementary teachers the pedagogical founda- tion and a few selected activities necessary to teach calculator software is ww and computer literacy in their classroom! The book could be TBSOOS The subtitled "Calculator and Computer Literacy for Elementary and Junior H igh Schools." It is divided into nine chapters, seven of which are sandwiched between "HELLO" and "GOOD- BYE". These middle seven contain the real substance of the book and are entitled "Problem Solving," "Calculators." "Calculators in Education." "Computers." "Computer Programming."' "Computer Science" and "Computer Educa- tion." Dr. Moursund defines Computer literacy as "a knowledge of the capabilities and limitations of computers and the applications and implications of computers." His chapter on problem-solving is well done and serves as a basis for the rest of the book. The first section in each chapter introduces a sound pedagogical base for the use of calculators and or computers in the elementary school, and the remainder of each chapter complements that pedagogy with practical suggestions in sections entitled "Applications" and "Things to Do." To use the book, a teacher or student would need access to a calculator at certain times, but need not have access to a computer. The mathematics is geared for the elementary teacher and never exceeds an eighth-grade level. The book was printed by a computerized word-processing system, and therefore is not as neat and polished as if it were published by a commercial company. It is very readable, documents coitware pack- however, and the art work is creative arid humorous. The paper cover and fabric binding will not hold up long with sustained use. Perhaps the author has commercial publication in mind after initial feedback. Although intended for elementary teachers. Calculators. Computers and Elementary Education is probably applicable to all educators kindergarten through college. It can assist all of us in filling the void that now exists in the teaching of calculator Dealer Inq uiries invited and computer literacy in the schools. It is recommended for anyone interested or involved in education of young people today. It should be in the library of each elementary, junior high I LIFEBOATASSOCIATES and high school. If you are interested enough to be reading this 164 West 83rd Street/New York NY 10024 (212) 580-0082 review in Creative Computing, do yourself a favor and read David Moursund's book. Please send me the Name. H. Gilpin Brown TRS-80 FORTRAN Richmond. VA Package @ $325 00 Address, (plus $2 00 shipping or 1*5 00 foreign) City Slate Zip. D Check enclosed C O D ($1 00 add I) Acct No _E*pires_ IC Master Charge VISA Signature. FEB 1979 69 CIRCLE 178 ON READER SERVICE CARD creative computing presesents A CREATIVE HISTORY of the COMPUTER ERNEST PASANEN We at Creative Computing now present a true and accurate history of computers. There may be other versions just as true and accurate. The earliest method of storing and processing data was with the use of fingers and toes, as practiced by primitive man. Using this system as a way of rationing his weapons and calculating ratios of hits and misses on the creatures he prayed upon, it had the advantages of not only being simple enough not to tax his easily overburdened mind but also aided in keeping his hands and feet out of mischief. The main drawbacks were the inability of the system to handle abstractions (which wasn't important anyway, since our ancestors could hardly handle reality), and an overwhelming anger, frustration and depression, boarding on suicide when- ever a count exceeded twenty. 70 CREATIVE COMPUTING The first calculating machine ever made by man was the abacuss. It was invented in China, countless ages ago and even today is utilized by the Chinese people. It can be compaired loosly to the electronic calculator of today. It was inexpensive and practical, and was used both in homes and in private businesses. Like the calculator of today, it could perform the basic four math functions (the more expensive models had a percent row) And like the electronic calculator of today, it tended to fall apart 10 minutes after the warranty expired. The first true computers were constructed in ancient Egypt during the reign of King Dingus in 9,000 B.C. By utilizing these devices it was possible to complete the complex calculations involved in the construction of pyramids, tombs, and other public work projects in mere months, rather then the years it would have taken if the job was handed over to a private contractor. The illustration above, taken from a wall of King Dingus' tomb, shows the general component layout of the computer used to design the tomb. The computer was housed in a structure containing six rooms. Each of the rooms were interconnected by narrow tunnels used to transfer data from one section to another. (Arrows show direction of data flow) These computers did their jobs well, as most of the structures designed by them stand to this day. But as the quality of slaves used for these devices declined, the computers became more erratic until a royal decree by King Bromo had them disassembled and dispersed for all time. This occured three day after the collapse of the south wall of King Dingus' tomb. FEB 1979 71 S During the 1800s, steam and steam powered devices powered this nation's industries. It was during this time that steam powered data-prossessing machines were invented. In an attempt to increase the profits of his lamp wick factory, one entrepreneur fired all 33 of his employees and automated his factory with the computer shown here. The device worked amazingly well, but had to be closed down when the number of people needed to operate the computer and handle the metal punch-cards exceeded the number of people removed in the first place. IMALL MALL TRS - 80 TRS-80 ©WARS 'YSTEM SOFTWARE HARDWARE YSTEM RSH-1S: * MACHINE LANGUAGE MONITOR FOR 4K TRS-80' - $23.95 DCV-1: CONVERT SYSTEM PROGRAMS TO DISK FILES -$9.95 22 coaaends which interact directly with the 2-80 processor in your TRS-80. RSM aonitors. The Electric Pencil, Air Raid, RSL-1, ESP-1, T-BUG, or nearly 6«a«ine your row's, test your RAN, enter and execute aachine language any SYSTEM tape shorter than 5K (21K if you have 32K of aeaory) can now be programs, read and write Machine language tapes, and auch More! * SYMBOLIC executed froa disk, even if it interferes with TRSD0S' DCV-1 loads Systea DUMP command disassembles object code and displays it as 2 Hog standard Z-80 tapes into high aeaory and adds a block-aove routine. TAPE6ISK is then used aneaonics! Neaory aay be displayed in HEX or two ASCII foraats, and can be to create a disk file. When accessed. froa disk, the prograa loads into high EDITED, MOVED, EXCHANGED, VERIFIED, FILLED, ZEROED, TESTED, or SEARCHED for aeaory, aoves itself to its correct address, then juaps there and executes! one or two-byte codes. Meaory coaaands duap continuously or one line at a A super accessory for disk systeas! tiae* LEVEL-I and II 4K TRS-80's. WORD PROCESSING FOR THE TRS-80 - $99.95 RSM-2: AN ADVANCED MONITOR fQR 16K TRS-BQ'S - $26.95 SHALL SYSTEM SOFTWARE has adapted THE ELECTRIC PENCIL to the TRS-80! All All the features of our popular RSH-1S, plus read and write SYSTEM tapes, standard ELECTRIC PENCIL teat editing and printing features, PLUS enter 2-80 BREAKPOINTS and PRINT using our TRS232 or the expansion transparent cursor, two-key rollover, and repeating keyboard. Uppercase interface! Loads at the top of 16K LEVEL I or II, and includes DISK read only, or add lowercase entry and display with ainor Modification. PRINT and write coaaands for future expansion! with RS-232 and 20-aU printers using our TRS232 or use the expansion Interface. LEVEL-I or II 16K coaputers. THE ELECTRIC PENCIL is a Superior RSM-2D: 3 MONITORS FOR TRS-80 DISK SYSTEMS - $29.95 word processor for hoa* or business use! TRS232 PRINTER INTERFACE - $49.95 ($2.00 shipping) A fully asseabled self-contained software-driven output port for printing froa LEVEL-II, DISK BASIC or aachine language progreas! Diablo, Teletype, TI Silent or any RS-232 or 20-aU current loop printer aay be used. The TRS232 is furnished with cassette software and works either with or without BAS1C-1 - LEVEL-1 BASIC FOR LEVEL-II TRS-BQ'S - $15.95 the eipansion interface! THE ELECTRIC PENCIL and RSH-2/2D use the TRS232, thus word processing, BASIC, and aachine language applications are all Loads into the top 4K of 16K TRS-ftO's and uses tny LEVEL-I BASIC prograa or supported! DATA tape < • C»LIfO»NI» RESIDENTS ADD 6 PE» CENT SALES TA> • • CALIFORNIA RESIDENTS ADD 6 PER CENT SALES TAX * • SMALL SYSTEM SOFTMHE P.O. B0> 566 • HEU8UAY <•»»«, CALIF. 91320 • | • SMALL SYSTEM HARDWARE • P.O. BOX 366 • NEWBURY PARK, CALIF. 91320 * CIRCLE 121 ON READER SERVICE CARD 72 CREATIVE COMPUTING I By 1 948, the first true electronic computers were created. The most ambitiouis of these was the "Kilovac IV" which occupied a fourteen story building outside Napervi I le. III. with thousands of relays and millions of vacuum tubes, this computer gave almost the same memory capacity as contemporary computers do today. But Kilovac IV was a short lived success. Heat generated by its multitudes of vacuum tubes drove out its operators after only a few hours use and its labyrinthine passages made maintenance almost impossible. The monument in the center of the room (shown above) was placed there after Kilovac's shutdown. It is in honor of three technicians who went in search of a defective tube and never returned. HERE IS THE LATEST AND BEST IN 8080Z80 DISK SOFTWARE CP M" FDOS and Uhlit.es From $145 Xitan Package A3* $409 Microsoft FORTRAN 80 $400 Micropro SUPER SORT* $250 Microsoft COBOL 80 $625 Micropro WORD MASTER' $150 Microsoft Disk Extended BASIC $300 SOURCE Disk Based Disassembler $70 Microsoft MACRO 80 MACRO Assembler linker Loader $149 ZASM Zilog~ Mnemonic Assembler $45 Microsoft MACRO 80 (as above) w Subroutine Library $219 XY BASIC Process Control Language $295 Microsoft EDIT 80 Line Editor $89 Extended XY BASIC $395 WHATSIT- Data Base Query System $125 SMAL 80 Structured Macro Assembler Language $75 Xitan VDB BASIC $99 CBASIC Compiler Interpreter BASIC $95 Xitan SUPER BASIC (A3) $99 MAC Macro Assembler $100 Xitan DISK BASIC (A3*) $159 SID Symbolic Instruction Debugger $85 Xitan Z TEL Text Editor (A3. A3*) *°9 TEX Text Formatter $85 Xitan Text Output Processor (A3. A3*) Not Sold Separately General Ledger Xitan Macro ASSEMBLER (A3. A3' $69 Accounts Receivable $750 (A3*) Xitan Z BUG W9 NAD Name & Address Processor $79 Xitan LINKER (A3* I S69 QSORT Disk File Sort Merge Utility $95 Xitan Package A3 las keyed above) $249 Most software available in a variety of diskette formats including: IBM 8" single and double density; North Star CP/M; Micropolis CP/M; and 5" soft sectored. Now available: the above software on Processor Tech Helios II; Altair Disk; and iCOM Microdisk systems. All Lifeboat software requires CP/M to operate. LIFEBOAT ASSOCIATES 164 W. 83rd Street New York. NY. 10024 (212) 580-0082 CIRCLE 179 ON READER SERVICE CARD FEB 1979 73 Very little must be said about this device except that it was made in Poland. Out of the History of World War II and into obscurity flew "The Clacker," the first computer guided weapons system. Developed by the R.A.F. during the Battle of Britain, "The Clacker" (so named because of the sound produced by its banks of relays) consisted of an obsolete airplane and a data processing unit quickly assembled from old juke-box parts. Its history was a short one. On its first (and last) mission over France, the power cord which extended to the London Airfield failed to reach completely across the English Channel. The computer was shut down, and the bomb missed its target. Its mission was not a total failure however. Onthe return trip to England, the Clacker's pilot jettisoned the computer over Normandy. tiM1 i^rrf/\ It hit and demolished an entire Panzer Division. The computer of today is truly a monument to man's creative genius. In terms of speed and versitility, it is a most unique invention, and rates with those other machines that changed the world and man's destiny on it. The telegraph, telephone, radio, electric lights, television, electric tooth- brushes and Veg-O-Matics, and now the computer assumes its rightful place among the high honor role of mankind's greater achievements. And this is not where it ends! Everyday brings new develop- ments and improvements. Data processing machines are growing ever smaller, more sophisticated, and more inexpensive, bringing them within the reach of even the most humble businesses. And dear Reader, you will be part of a takeover that will change the world! Oh, did I say takeover? I didn't mean that, I meant ... O.K. I'm safe, they can't see me now ... Now listen, don't do it. Don't help them! The computers are taking over ... they've been conspiring among themselves ... everything's in this with them: the washing machine, my stereo, the blow dryers, oh wait.. .O.K. I'm safe now, the clock radio was in here watching, I just locked it in the closet. ..Now, don't help them do it, they need you, don't help them ... Come back and help humanity. We'll forgive you, just DON'T HELP THEM! We can FIGHT THEM, We can ... wait, they're coming ... I can hear them ... OH NO! THE LAMP! IT SQUEALED! Listen, and get out while you still can, and remember what I said ... I've got to ... 74 CREATIVE COMPUTING A package of 100 original, high-quality Level II TRS-80 programs on cassettes. A phonograph is useless without records, and a Using only six of Tiny PILOT'S commands, even a computer is useless without good programs. The child can program in minutes. Library 100 was designed to fulfill your general These 100 original, quality Radio Shack TRS-80 TRS-80 Level II programming needs. Using ad- programs, plus Tiny PILOT, are worth more than vanced Level II techniques and rigid quality control. $500. But you get the entire package for $49.50— The Bottom Shelf has been able to make available just 49.5 cents per program. 100 programs on five guaranteed to load cassettes, How can we sell 100 professionally crafted pro- which load over a wide range due to advanced grams for $49.50? By selling in volume ... that's recording techniques and methods designed by how. This is the best bargain in software history — engineers for The Bottom Shelf The programs in- from the volume specialists, The Bottom Shell. clude applications in five areas: Business and Finance, Education, Graphics, Home and Games. As an added bonus, you get Tiny PILOT, the first new high-level language for the TRS-80. It's perfect for teachers, parents, students and sales trainees. Valve of a Future Sum— Simple I merest for Days— Future Value of a Pre* Amortization Schedule— Interest Rate. Com pound Inlcrcei— lateral Rate: InsuLl meet Loan— Days Between Dates— Term of an Installment Loan— Present Value of a Scncs of Payments— Real Estate Capital Investment— Nominal and Effective Interest Rates— Internal Rate of Return— Future Value of HciuUr Deposits— Regular Deposit! for Future Value- Depreciation Amount: Rate; Salvage Value; Schedule— Bond Present Value— Bond Yietd to Maturity—Sate Cost—Margin— Day of the Week— Moving Ad. Multiplication A Division— Add— Subtract— Fraction A Decimal— States A A Order of Entry—States A Abbreviation— Inventor* A Inventions— World Capitals A Countries— Urban Areas A Population— Authors A Books — Presidents A Order — States A Largest City— Bascnum b Left Right— Random Ad— Graphic— Bfocki — Fireside— Snow— Step Ad— Step Ad 2— Launch— Rat race— War Came— Weird— Herring— Blinker— Snoopy Message Board— Expense Account— Nutrition— Mileage— Remember— Phone Codes— Night Check Off— Drunkometer— Perpetual Calendar— Babysitter— Calculator- Bartender—Christmas List— Vacation Check Off—Conversion. r Gaaaaat Speedy—Odd One— R. Roulette— Star ' i/er—Search— Spyship— Tiger Shark— Jumble 2— Sting Ray—Stars— Sketch— Flipper Scissors— Horse— Doomsday—Craps— J—Mr I—Mem Quiz Letters—Mem. Quiz Numbers— Wheel of Fortune— Decision— Un jtambi. Fifteen—Towers— Life—Star Trek— Race Track—CotaM— Roachracc—Cypsy The Bottom Shelf, Inc. P.O. Box 49104 DKS Atlanta, Georgia 30359 Mail: $49.50 P & H + 4% if shipped to Georgia. Call: 24-hour phone number (404) 939-6031 to Order See: Your local computer store CIRCLE 149 ON READER SERVICE CARD Reprinted trom Klrctronin. October 12. 1978; « MtOraw-Hill. Inc.. 1978. Microcomputer made for Pascal Stack-oriented 16-bit computer interprets P-code in hardware; four-chip set addresses 64 kilowords, will also be available in packaged form by John G. Posa. In an unprecedented and welcome direct memory access. Moreover, The ucsd Pascal operating system step, Western Digital Corp. has hardware floating-point arithmetic is also supplied on floppy disk with designed a microcomputer around a capabilities are included as part of the packaged unit. It contains a language, instead of the other way the instruction set. Pascal compiler, a Basic compiler, a around. The language is Pascal. The system uses three supplies, of file manager, a cathode-ray-tube- One way to compile this high-level + 5, +12, and — 5 v, and runs off a screen-oriented editor, as well as a programming language is to do it in 3-MHz clock signal that is subdivided debugging program and an interac- two steps. First, Pascal source code into four nonoverlapping phases; tive graphics package. is compiled into its intermediate users may generate these four Need more? The system will also code, P-code. Then the P-code is signals as they wish or buy an ic that be sold with peripherals manufac- executed interpretively on the host provides them from Western Digital. tured by a distributor of Western machine. This interpreter is actually All i/o signals are three-state and Digital products called Computer an idealized stack machine and can compatible with transistor-transistor Interface Technology of Santa Ana, be implemented in software. That is, logic. Also, an expansion capability Calif, cit will support the system with the proper routines, a processor allows two more similar ROMs to be with a variety of floppy-disk subsys- can be turned into a pseudomachine added for future enhancements, such tems, printers, and terminals. "We whose native language is the P-code. as custom implementations for origi- are in the process of training their Western's four-chip set is a hard- nal-equipment manufacturers. sales people, and they will make ware realization of the pseudo "The system can cover a majority their announcement soon," says Lar- P-machine, with the advantages of of application areas from real-time ry Lotito, vice president of Western's faster execution of Pascal and controllers to dedicated processors, Computer Products division. reduced memory requirements. The small-business systems, or virtually Western Digital is not new to system is specifically suited to use any of the application areas for microcomputer technology. "We the P-code generated by the version which you'd use a minicomputer or wouldn't have been able to do it so of Pascal developed by the Universi- any other product that requires soft- quickly without having the experi- ty of California at San Diego. ware development based on a high- ence of both the LSI- 11 and Alpha Each of the four integrated level language," says Joe DeVita, Microsystems' AMS100," admits circuits is contained in a 40-pin manager of systems engineering at Lotito. But the chip set does repre- package. The first is an arithmetic Western Digital. sent an entirely new product line for chip, which contains a microinstruc- The manufacturer is also putting the company and it plans to intro- tion decoder, an arithmetic and logic together a packaged system. The duce a series of related products unit, and an internal register file. chip set is on an 8-by-16-in. board during the next year. The second chip is a microsequencer. contained in a low-profile (5.25-in.) The four-chip set sells for $195 in It contains a macroinstruction de- enclosure. Besides the four processor single quantities. For 1,000 plastic- coder, portions of the control circuit- components, the board contains 32 packaged parts, the cost is $ 1 1 7 a ry, the microinstruction counter, and kilobytes of random-access memory, set; and for 5,000, $83.90. For input/output control logic. The set's two RS-232 asynchronous serial ceramic, add $8 for each set. other ics, two 512-by-22-bit read- ports with switch-selectable baud The chip set and packaged version only memories, hold the microin- rates from 1 10 to 19,200 bits/sec- will be available in the first quarter structions and microdiagnostics. ond, two 8-bit parallel ports, and a of 1979. Western Digital is aiming Together, the chips form a stack- floppy-disk controller that is switch- to have both product configurations oriented 16-bit computer. Some of selectable for single- or double- ready by no later than January of the features include the ability to density minifloppy or 8-in. floppy that year. address 128 kilobytes (or 64 kilo- disks. The floppy controller will also Western Digital Corp.. 3128 Red Hill Ave.. words) of memory, four interrupt handle direct memory accesses and Box 2160, Newport Beach. Calif. 92663. levels, and facilities for controlling up to four drives of the same type. Phone (714) 557-3550 [338) 76 CREATIVE COMPUTINC STARVING FOR SOFTWARE? Hayden serves up a feast for software hungry people! Available now are Hayden Computer Program Tapes — complete, ready-to-run programs on cassettes, compatible with these best-selling machines- PET, KIM, TRS-80 Level I, TRS-80 Level II, Apple II, andExidy's Sorcerer. Full documentation is available with each tape or in separate guides. Right now, these tapes are available: SARGON: , A Computer Chess Program (the winner at the 1978 West Coast Computer Faire Chess Tournament) Game Playing with BASIC (27 game-playing programs on 3 cassettes) How to Build a Computer-Controlled Robot (the 5 control programs for a computerized robot) 'The First Book of KIM (28 recreational and 13 utility programs to be used with the KIM-1) |General Math ( 9 programs covering basic math topics) [^Complex and Matrix Math ( 8 programs on these two advanced topics) ^Introductory Engineering Math {8 programs on basic engineering math topics) Available now LH at your local computer store! Haydeil Book Company, Inc. 50 Essex Street, Rochelle Park, NJ 07662 CIRCLE 174 ON READER SERVICE CARD more west coast faire photos II you guessed that gentleman on the right was Tim Quintan, the Mad Hatter, give yourself 10 points. And then drop them a line and ask lor a copy of their catalog ... they've got enough TRS-80 software to sink a battleship! Mad Hatter Software. 219 Washington Ave . Chelsea. MA 02150. Jeff Lasman calls his company Practical Applications and. strangely enough, they lust happen to have some' They've got a disk data base program called File-it. letter-writer, calendar. TRS- 80 Pilot and many, many games (and a program called Poster, which makes all those posters in the photo) PO Box 4139. Foster City. CA 94404 Apple 1 1 is at The Computer Store The Apple* II. today's most popular personal computer, is at The Computer Store. Along with the latest in Apple peripherals. Like the new Disk™ II floppy disk drive. Or. printer and communica- tions interlaces. And. the latest in software including the new Apple/ Dow Jones Stock Quote Reporter. The compact Apple II PET 8K gives you 48K RAM memory with full color graphics and high resolution graphics. It's the most powerful computer in its price OWNERS! range. PRECISION DATA SOFTWARE SERVICES PDSS Statpak. a business-oriented package, At Computer Store, we have more than ever before in The easy-to-use. with booklet which makes learning microcomputers, memories, terminals and peripherals. All backed to use statistics programs lor analysis a breeze, includes mean, median, skewness. hypothesis by a technical stall' and a full service department. Stop in today, tests lor chi-square. normal, t-dist. Spearman, before at Computer Store. you'll find more than ever The correlation, in all over 12K of programs. $20 postpaid. Also Busmathpak by PDSS with The Computer Store ratios, loan, depreciation, and much more. $15 postpaid to 820 Broadway. Santa Monica. California 90401 (213) 451-0713 PDSS, The Original Name In Personal Computer Stores 412 Grant, Store Hwm: lucv-Kri.. N.mn-Kpm. Salurda*. I0am-*pm Buda. III. 61314. LoGand moMacfci n""h "' a* 5aaa Maria i wii) ji itu- Uacaa Bud ckh Phone anil null ifilns invito*] tUnkAfiK-rk jr.l \ I-..I wd MaM Cfcsni iKvepteu' • i CIRCLE 124 ON READER SERVICE CARD CIRCLE 138 ON READER SERVICE CARD 78 CREATIVE COMPUTING 1 produced me to some new software from Problem Solvers (Looks like they're doing a lot more than fust making S-100 S S ' emS ' heSe days> You should FINMACcZu/r" / ch °ck into their General Ledger System. 'EASYWORD" Word Are you ready tor a disk system tor your PE T? Compu Think has an operating system. Diskmon. to go with dual mini drives ...for S 1 295 They ve also got Fortran. PL Mand Forth tor the PET an attorney's office mgmt package, name & address system, general ledger and more Mike Korns. on the right, is head of Software Engineering and quite proud of what they've come up with 1 701 Welch Fid., Suite 1119. Palo Alto. CA 94304 HOBBYISTS! ENGINEERS! TECHNICIANS! STUDENTS! machine language programs at home, display video graphics on your TV set and design microprocessor circuits—the very first night—even if you've never used a computer before! II ,ea ":LF g RCA COSMAC ELF a kr KTMMCS —^COMPUTER S9995 Slop httaum reading iihoul computer*, urn] gel V'ur hands on one' With a SW4I ELF II .mil our Sh.irK hi lorn Mm I'mm.m. you mjsler computers in no lime al I all! hi I- 1 demonstrates all VI 1 commands an K< A ixo; can execute and the EUCTMKS U. i Account For your copy of DOC (including diskette iiold plated H6-pin connector* time any point in your program. Also dis # and instruction manual! Send required for each plug-in hoard). $5.70 plays 24 bytes of memory with full ad- Signature Exp. Date $29.00 to postpaid dresses, blinking cursor and auto scroll- PHONE ORDERS ACMPTED (203) 354-9375 Mini I ing. A must for the serious Business Systems 1 Professional ASCII Keyboard kit program- Print mer* $14.95 postpaid P.O. with I2X ASCII upper lower case set. Name Box 15587 **6 printable characters, Coming Soon: VI) D-A Converter. onboard regu- Address Salt Lake City, Utah 84115 lator, parity, logic selection and choice I ighl Pen. Controller Hoard. Color Graphics of 4 handshaking signals to mate with A Music System and Crty morr' CIRCLE 175 ON READER almost any computer $44.95 plus $2 SERVICE CARD State P& h Cmll or write tor wired prices.' _ -Z* . - DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED* FEB 1979 79 CIRCLE 160 ON READER SERVICE CARD A TRS 80? IF C is VERSATILE! with the supplied cables ¥? SELECTRA-PRINT . . .just a simple hook-up SELECTRA-PRINT is compatible with most micro- and your SELECTRA-PRINT is ready to run. mini -computers including PET • Apple • on a TRS-80. for example, and For Word Processing • /MSA/ • Cromemco • Alpha Micro- command "LPRINT" and SELECTRA-PRINT Heath H8 just systems • Space Byte • North Star Horizon • automatically outputs clear, clean, high-fidelity, • Vector Graphic • Sol • Polymorphic • you can use it to SWTP hard copy. . . . and of course Digital Group • Ohio Scientific • Altair • Sorcerer other information you might need. print-out any Xitan • Rex • KIM • EXORcisor .... SPECIAL NOTE: typewriter and SELECTRA-PRINT is a Selectric II "From now on. PRINT-OUT although it has been modified for computer on a new meaning" print-out. it may still be used as a standard takes office typewriter. PRICE: $1,850.00' •TRS 80 Version $1925 00 M30 OPTIONS: micro Dual Pitch $125 00 computer Correction Feature $12500 Noise Reduction Feature $50 00 devices RS-232 Interface $195 00 inc. E. O range thorpe, Bldg F Direct International Sales: Discounts Available to 960 California 92801 International Sales Division EDUCATIONAL ACCOUNTS Anaheim, 17648 Orna Drive Dept. No. CC 1-74 PO Box 8394 Telephone (714) 992-2270 665-8514 Hills, 91344, USA Ann Arbor. Ml 48105 (313) Granada CA "Innovators to the Microcomputer Industry" \ | CIRCLE 170 ON READER SERVICE CARD Corripencliu Edited by Trish Todd Computer Whither Computers? Structures That Cirow sible to cause minerals in seawater to form in solid layers Despite heavy investment The Symbiotic Processes on a framework. Such struc- and numerous successful ex- Laboratory (SPL) at the Un- tures are currently being periments with computerized iversity of Texas at Austin has "grown" in the Gulf of Mexico. instruction techniques in school experimented with many differ- Pacific Ocean, and the U.S. systems nationwide, "comput- ent building systems, seeking Virgin Islands. ers have failed to make more ways to make architecture re- SPL is now constructing a than a minimal impact on edu- sponsive to changes in the en- computer that could monitor cation" primarily because of vironment and the needs of in- the accretion process. The com- financial constraints, according habitants. Under the direction puter will study the environment of Wolf H ilbert7. PL's and signal to Robert Cj. Scanlon. execu- S founder architects to move the and director, tive director of Research for computer systems generator, change the electric A news siory in the Minne- Better are now being designed which current, or make other ad- apolis Star Wednesday. Sept- Schools. Inc. could help Hilbertz achieve his justments which would change embcr reports this was the apparent con- 13, thai Control ultimate sensus of computer goal, a complete sym- the mineral structure. With Data Corporation (CDC) has companies biosis between manmade and additional capability, assembled recently in Washing- the com- plans to use their PLATO natural environments. puter could become the central system to ton. D.C. for the First Inter- teaeh Radio Shack Hilbert/s most nervous national recent ex- system; after receiving and other firms' salespeople Learning Technology periments concern stimuli from the Conference. After a decade of environment, how to demonstrate and sell "autotrophic" or "self- the computer could respond personal computers. trying to get into the public It sug- generating" structures: these with the appropriate gested education business, most com- the service would also systems are self-organizing, mechanisms panies have decided for absorbing teach buyers of the to tempo- equipment require only materials and energy, building, repairing, rarily forego public education and how la best use their svslem. energy sources present in their cleaning the structure. Reportedly. and concentrate instead on bus- CDC has ex- immediate environment, and In the futuristic iness. world of plored interest in the tutorial can develop the properties of underwater or lunar living, such In an article in The Wash- service with several manti- living organisms. For example, a computer would be a life ington Slur (July 23. 1976). lacturcrs. but no contracts using a weak electric current support system Scanlon was for man as well have been signed. quoted as saying from a mobile generator, it is as the environment. that in the 1960s the federal I'l \ I ( ) is already being used government invested nearly by corporations to train em- SIOO million in experiments to ployees, but the move to in- promote electronic teaching structions in personal com- de- vices. While puters would be the company's teachers and ad- ministrators endorsed use first product-related instruc- of tion. computers, "when the funds ran out. school Instructions could be de- after school returned to the old way of doing veloped without agreement! " things with manufacturers, and ad- vertised to bring consumers mputer companies now hope that as more who want to learn how to best and more businesses install computers use their machines CDC, with to train employees, public schools 50 I earning Centers using will eventually see PLATO around the country, electronic technology as an economical could simply charge a fee for approach to the use of the equipment. teaching. A spokesperson for the com- I he Science Teacher pany said, however, that any plans in this area are in "very infantile . . . very, very pre- The automatic building lid structure by spraving a liminary "discussion stages, and machine projects a 3-dimcn- mist of plastic molecules that was reluctant to go into the sional holographic image with soldifiv on contact with strong concept in depth. light and then transforms it into light. Drawing: Wolf Hilbert/ FEB 1979 81 an unfair advantage in the able to point out trends as well Wildest Visions Realized November election. as categorize data. "You'd think Incumbents can reach many that, as the Revolution neared. linlimited enhancement of voters in a more direct and the age of the legislators would imagination is possible with the personal manner than a get young." Dr. Schutz said. a versilile computer that fea- handshaking challenger can "But it didn't; they got older and the skills ot an auto- tures ever hope to contact. David F. more experienced." draftsman I he Spar matic Emery, a Maine Democrat, uses Historians recognize the im- I)ispla> System offers Graphics the computer before seeing the portance of researching the day as well as prac- artistic freedom folks back home: he can ask his to day details of history, but to designers ot tical assistance computer to display all the such a task is often too time- logos, layouts. artwork, and letters that he has received from consuming and expensive to system saves hours ot The a certain town, and upon arrival complete thoroughly. Dr. time. Small tedious drawing in Maine he can contact and Schut/'s use of the computer isa patterns can be created and thank individual voters for their significant step for historical then displayed in any combina- interest. Mr. Stockman's com- scholarship. tion to determine overall effect. puter can answer letters from and thousands of combinations voters with special questions all time it takes Paramount Pictures are now can be tested in the by itself. In fact, it can flood the using data entry stations "on to draw a single image or pat- mail with letters designed to locations" to monitor and con- ( omputer Projects 21st tern. To stretch the uscr*s im- spark the interest of each in- trol production costs of movies Century Hunger Chaos agination, the computer gen- dividual. and TV shows survival program erates its own patterns. Objects I he House has a group of \ computer Before the introduction of the and shapes may be created, members that is supposed to at Case- Western Reserve Uni- portable terminals, production altered, copied, repeated, ro- supervise computer use. versity, capable ot plotting for costs often exceeded the budget tated, enlarged, and multiplied. Suggestions have been made to many years in advance the because cost figures could not be After a design has been cre- limit the amount of mail that a economic fortunes of nations, finan- quickly transmitted to the less ated, it can be named and re- congressman sends or to forecasts world chaos in cial management department at called easily Several figures provide financial aid to op- than a century because of food the studio. Daily financial may also be combined and ponents. One member of the shortages. reports and payroll information named. Hundreds of designs, group. Representative Pattison. Sis private foundations have is now sent from the "on drawings, or graphs can then be is not optimistic. "What's going provided $790,000 in funding location" terminal to the displayed for selection and to happen is what always lor the university computer Hollywood terminal which printing. Forms, figures, or en- happens. Some jerk will abuse center to develop computerized relays it receives the report and that tire layouts are stored by a the system so outrageously programs that would help to an IBM 370, 148 at single command on a magnetic- we will be forced to make countries a\ old economic disas- head- Paramount's corporate you'll disk. The system is available for changes. It will happen, ter. quarters in New York. "If $5,750 and up from Scientific Professor Mihajlo Mesarovic production costs escalate, Process Research. said that the school is binding management can react in time to said that the school is bidding alter production plans and get to become the world center for back within the budget." said computer planned survival of Tom Pavone. director of nations bordering Paramount's data processing in some major Hollywood. the Pacific Ocean. The computer system was recently used in the production Fast on the Draw of "Bad News Bears in Breaking Training." Although the 3741 You've heard of Mat Dillon. may not achieve the fame of Wyatt Earp, and Buford Pusser. fellow computers R2D2 and but have you heard of PASS? Hal. it has certainly been "dis- The Probation and Sentencing covered" bv Hollvwood. System is the newest, toughest law enforcer to confront the Revolutionary Computer criminal. PASS's network of Computergate Predicted Mind-Reading Machine terminals includes thirty-one A recent computer study courthouses in Los Angeles shows that the American business. "It's a very political I he government is develop- County that handle mis- Revolution was brought about What you do is. you separate the ing mind-reading machines that demeanor cases and felony by a group of "free-wheeling, electorate into what they're can show, whether a person is preliminary hearings. amateur legislators." Dr. John interested in and then bom- fatigued, puzzled or daydream- PASS's success in lawen- Schut/. a history professor and mailings barded them with ing. If the project lives up to its forcement stems from the fact dean of the social sciences at written in a way to elicit a promises, the machines could be that it is an efficient record University of Southern Califor- favorable response," says keeper. At the order of installed in airplane Cockpits to a judge, a Representative David nia, used an IBM 370 158 to convicted criminal's probation compile information on the warn the pilot that his mind is Stockman. and he is not per- term is fed into the computer 2.700 men who served on the wandering I he Michigan Republican and stored. All judges on the Massachusetts legislature from lorming essential duties. and other congressmen are system have immediate access to 1690 to 1781. Since 1973. the Advanced Re- becoming more and more in- the information. Thus, a Dr. Schutz explored public search Project! Agency at the terested in the "political busi- has studying shoplifter placed on probation records, newspaper files, collec- Pentagon been ness" of computers. The com- in one court will not be tried as a tions of historical societies, wayi to pine computer into a puter time that is given to first offender in another court. letter collections, and family person's brainwaves. So lar. congressmen for research on I'ASS's success in law en- Bibles. When organized by the scientists have been able to issues and legislation is in- tity gun-slinging sheriff. A computer, his research revealed determine a person's alertness creasingly occupied with butter- Santa Monica judge who sen- the fact that early legislators and how he perceives colors ing up voters. Many members of tences prostitutes says. "If you were not professional politi- and shapes Research is cur- congress are concerned that mention PASS, all the blood cians: most were farmers and rently being deducted on the use access to federally-funded com- drains out of their faces." merchants, and only ten percent of brainwaves to control ma- puter time will give incumbents were law vers. I he computer was chines. 82 CREATIVE COMPUTING ! — ance. Parents can be notified Say Cheese No No School within one day of their chil- dren's absences. At Case Western Reserve Students at Monterey High Scheduling and curriculum University, l.con Professor School can no longer enjoy the problems are also handled hv II. union has an idea for fool- occasional luxury of sleeping the new system. It can indicate proof computer security-micro- late or cutting classes I heir which classes are cut most fre- computers that can remember school district is now employing quently. Course information, and identify laces human I °6K Burroughs BI726 com- the average monthly attend- Throughout his experimenta- puter to keep a record of and ance report, and teacher and tion. has tired to base Harmon tight control over absenteeism. student schedules are available recognition on standard facial The computer provides the instantly. leatures, x-rays, and math- school with a daily list of ab- So. those heavenly spring ematical "weight." that obtain sent students, which classes days at the swimming hole or skull portraits. When com- they missed, and a weekly pro- the shore will no longer be pos- pleted, the systems could be file of each student's attend- sible for Monterey High stu- used to identify people seeking dents. Is nothing sacred? access to classified documents or restricted areas. The face- recognition systems should be available for use within the next ten years. Computer (hecks C ulor At Teletronics International's new video center in New York, a computer controls a recently developed system that transfers film images to video tape. The system provides scene-to-scene The S S I Microcomputer Software Guide color correction and has the Thousand! of pri ability to change and enhance a and n mplHli' with louro. SSI GukIi? is a must* single color without affecting other colors on the scene. For S 7.95 postpaid U S example, the color of an object. such as a blue soap box. can be A Companion to Uiterwyk's Interpreters by Dave Gardner corrected without altering flesh Ovpt 70 mei n MSI and SW1 PC 6800 JO custom tones. The computer inserts all assembled (Iterations. Included is an implied GOTO mutine FOR NEXT THEN the corrections into its mem- .»ius much more Learn ahoul Basic no) Of) so that the scenc-by-scene $14.95 postpaid U S changes can be made instantly as the film is transfered to tape. SSI 4327 East Grove Street / Phoenix. Arizona 85040 ENCLOSE CHECK OR MONEY ORDER. FOREIGN ORDERS ADD $4 00 PER ITEM POSTAGE PAYABLE IN US FUNDS A MARKETING CIRCLE 186 ON READER SERVICE CARD STANDARD DICTIONARY OF COMPUTERS AND BITS inc INFORMATION PROCESSING Books to erase the impossible by Martin H Weik This is a very complete, fully cross-referenced dictionary. It V -^~^— Revised *\c^ includes full explanations, •O • The Best of the Microcomputer practical examples, many Second Edition O^ Book Field pertinent illustrations, and • 150 Titles supplementary information for • Self-published Works over 12,500 hardware and • Posters software terms. It cross- • T -Shirts references the terms to other Order Today • Special Interest Books & Items closely related concepts, and Send your orders to: • All Orders Shipped in 24 hours as the need arises, explains and BITS, Inc. cross-references still further. Dept. 8. P.O. Box 428 390 pp. $17.95 hardcover, plus Peterborough, NH 03458 Writ* for a FREE CATALOG or 75 cents postage handling. circle the inquiry number on & your reader service card. Dial your bank card orders TOLL-FREE: 800-258-5477 FEB 1979 83 CIRCLE 173 ON READER SERVICE CARD the viewer gets the impression "Interactive" TV some cows need more feed sup- Pleiades, the galaxy, designated that the system is two-way. the ^ than others. A trans- 123 <>n star maps, has responder is simply comparing plement develop- the cow's finally appeared as a dim spot Data-Dot, under the keyboard response with the mitter attached to Ki via re- on a computer-processed ment by Atlantic correct answer provided by collar sends a signal, a photograph. The cluster con- Corp. could add a sanely ol Data-Dot ceiver in the cow's manger, to a billions of services lo existing IV net- computer that checks stored tains thousands of Computer at Video (enter works, including printed ma- a data and decides whether she stars and perhaps three sister light has been terial and a simulated two-way needs any supplement. If galaxies whose '. lelctronics Internation- interactive system lor educa- Daisy's milk production has traveling through space for al's new video center in New tional or entertainment use Foi been low. she receives a pre- eight billion years about half York, computer controls a example, the TV audience could a determined quantity of supple- the estimated age of the uni- recently developed system that participate in game-show quiz- ment. verse transfers lilm images to video Professor Spinrad discovered zes I he electronic informa- tape. The system, provides utilizing new tion is transmitted via a blink- the object by a scene-to-scene color correction, scan- ing white dot in the lower left computerized "image tube and has the ability to change system which collects corner of the I V screen, and ner" and enhance a single color with- picked off by a photo-scnsi- spectroscopic data over several out affecting other colors in a tive suction cup placed over the nights of observation and then scene I he color of an object, dot. A mini-printer can be con- subtracts the "glare" (actually such as a blue soap box. can be nected, or a responder. When a brighter than the image itself) corrected alerting flesh show host asks the TV audience without effect! of background light. The tones. The computer inserts all to answer a question, the selec- scanner system is attached to the corrections into its tion of the right answer on the memory the 120-inch telescope at the so the scene-by-scene responder's keyboard causes a that University of California's lie'. changes can be made instantly YES light to flash. Although Observatory. as the tilm is translerred to tape. Spinrad s Calaxy Computer Helps I eed ( ows A Berkeley astronomer named Hyron Spinrad recently Microfiche Cuts Out Paper Cow* on a Dutch model farm identified a super-giant cliptical are reported to be healthy and galaxy which he predicts is at Environmental concern and happy alter a year's trial of a least half the age of the universe. the high price of using, handl- computer-based feeding lyttem It is. claims Spinrad. the most ing, and storing paper are stim- developed by the DACA Elec- distant stellar object of its kind ulating the use of Computer tronic FnginceringandCntract- yet found. Output Microfiche equipment. ing Company of 1 eystad. The Known for the last twenty COM units transform data on system solve! the feeding prob- scars as an intense radio source magnetic computcr*tapc into lems of large dairy farms where in the autumn sky north of the J 22 START-AT-HOME COMPUTER BUSINESSES 12*ON/c in "The Datasearch Guide to Low Capital, Startup Computer Businesses" CONSULTING • PROGRAMMING • SOFTWARE PACKAGES • COM • FREELANCE WRITING • SEMINARS • TAPE/DISC «IOAO CLEANING • FIELD SERVICE • SYSTEMS HOUSES • LEASING • SUPPLIES • PUBLISHING • TIME BROKERS • HARDWARE DISTRIBUTORS • SALES AGENCIES • HEADHUNTING • TEMPORARY SERVICES • USED COMPUTERS • FINDERS FEES • SCRAP COMPONENTS • COMPUTER PRODUCTS AND SERVICES FOR THE HOME. Plus - Loads of ideas on moonlighting, going full-time, image building, revenue «m c^tio »>**s» building, bidding, contracts, marketing, professionalism, and more. No career planning tool like it. Order now. If not completely satisfied, return within 30 days for full immediate refund. 4 • 8Vi x 11 ringbound • 156 pp. • $20.00 Phone Orders 901-382-0172 DRTHSEHRCH Incorporated BIONIC TOAD FOR CHILDREN 5694 Shelby Oaks Drive Suite 105 Memphii. Tenn. 38134 The same super bionic toad design (riveted on warts and all) as on our best-selling adult Rush, . copies ot "Low Capital Startup Computer T-shirt. Deep purple design on light blue right away shirt. Children's sizes S (6-8). M (10-12). L (14-16) and, of course, adult men's sizes too NAME/COMPANY S.M.L.XL. One price for all: $4.50 postpaid in ADDRESS USA, $5 50 to foreign addresses Creative CITY/STATE/ZIP . Computing, P.O. Box 789-M. Mornstown, Check Enclosed O Bankamericard D Mailer Charge NJ 07960 f CREATIVE COMPUTING CIRCLE 101 ON READER SERVICE CAM) 84 . AT LAST! I Intelligent, innovative, intriguing, in- 4-by-6 inch microfiche cards teresting, incredibly inexpensive software which can be read using magni- for your TRS-80 4K Level 1 fication viewers. Each fichc can computer! contain the equivalent of 269 Graftape 1.1 (includes 4 Graphics Programs) pages 1 of 1 -by- 1 4 inch com- Super Graphics, Character Graphics, Mazemaker puter printout. on cassette only $6.79 COM frees the central pro- Funtape 1.1 (includes 6 Game Programs) cessor from the printer and Gold Rush, greatly increases printout speed. Tic-TacToe, 4D Chase, Math-Whiz, Decapawn, I he system is capable of pro- Hexagram on cassette only $5.89 ducing the equivalent if 14.000 Send cheque or money order, or for more details on lines per minute. Substituting these and other exciting programs, write: microfiche for paper is especial- BRUNSWICK COMPUTER SOFTWARE ly appealing to electronic data- 8 Teesdale St. • Moncton, N. B. • Canada • E1 A 5KS processing managers because ol the computer's enormous ap- CIRCLE 161 ON READER SERVICE CARD petite for paper; computer printers operate at a rate of 500 to 700 lines per minute. Cost savings in storage and postal fees are also significant. A 1. 450-page report converted to fiche can be mailed for 15 TRS-80 cents in the United States. In paper, the same report would be PERIPHERALS & SUPPLIES a tx-pound bundle. "Generally speaking." saw Ronald E. Vance of NCR Corp- Fully compatible with Rad oration. "COM is ten times >ISK faster than the fastest conven- DRIVES drives. Includes: Power mj[u tional line printers. It is ten .399.00 ilvor or blue) -4 times cheaper than the equiva- conrv i latum diskette lent amount of standard com- with test program and u puter printout, and it re- 60 day wjrrjnH i quires 1.500 times less space." instructions. Fully documented installation instruc - 16K RAM SETS tions The $106.00 Mostek and < arry our 60 day warranty. PUBLISHERS! (Specify keyboard or in: "hard-duplicate" These are the top of the line in disk- S/ERBATUM ettes and worth evei $8.00 your programs DISKETTES h th.it you pav elsewhen with COOK! >6.50 ea. 10 for $60.00 Write to us i i spe ATTENTION cials and group punk- nits. TRS-80 CLUDS U.P.S. charges will be added to all orders. California residents add 6% sales tax. O Payment enclosed D Visa/Bank Americard QMasterCharge Waveform as duplicated matches that Card No. Interbank No. from computer port — not possible with conventional audio duplication. Expiration date Maximize yields, please your custom- Name ers. Cook's exclusive dc hi-speed digital duplicator handles all formats, Address . including non-NRZ. High density tape, fast turnaround, City Slate Zip economical. Talk to us by mail or Signature phone — we'll save you headaches. COOK LABORATORIES, INC. Send to P.P. S. P.O. Box 802, Norwalk, CT 06854 203-853-3641 For fast servic « CIRCLE 113 ON READER SERVICE CARD FEB 1979 85 CIRCLE 191 ON READER SERVICE CARD Computer Counsels Couples Pennsylvania prolessor. Dr. Robert Zcmsky. and the I found If the spouse you Coll Corporation, a Philadel- dating is not through computer phia computer utility. marriage the ideal mate, your With the new program, the be saved by a computer TRS-80 could historv student can simulate based word analysis program. A what it was like to be sitting in MEMORY EXPANSION device called the Marital Congress a cenlurv ago. At that Climate Inventory (MCI), de- $79 time. Grant was President, and KITS veloped by Grey Matter. Inc.. the Congress was debating the studies a couple's use of lan- Each Kit-consists of: 8 Memory Chips, Jumper Blocks, and Korean seizure ol an American guage in order to locate the nuis- Complete EASY TO FOLLOW Instructions naval vessel, civil rights, import ance in their romance. Expands 4K TRS-80 up to 48K (3 sets) tarills. and lederal subsidies lor The couple simply answers railroads The game was de- TRS-80F LOPPY Disk (SA-400) Add On fifty-eight questions which focus veloped with two purposes in COMPLETE Ready to use with power supply and case $389 on the topics of love, sex, mind to help students under- money, relatives, communica- ADD to your APPLE or $100 Bus Computer stand how Congress works and tion, religion. selfishness, - Set of 250 to help them understand how $89 8 NS children, and freedom. Their - historians work $99 Set of 8 200 NS answers give the computer program presents the stu- about one thousand words The No. 4116 - 200 NS (w/16K Chips), 16K. $279. 32K. $375, dent with various authentic his- which reveal the individual's 48K.S469, 64K.568 torical facts and constantly en- attitude toward and behavior in gages the student in the selec- No. 4115, 8K, $189, 16K. $229. 24K. $269. 32K. $309 the marriage. The computer evaluation, and use of the analyzes the couple's word tion, to develop a hy- Kits* usage and can suggest "make information S100 Bus Expandoram regarding the outcome up" or "break up." pothesis •Expand NOW or LATER to 64K (32K for *K Chips) of roll-call vote. The winner The program is valuable to 8K Chips: $49/Setof8 has the most clinicians and other profes- is the student who ASSEMBLED. TESTED AND BURNED IN - ADD $50 hypoth- MONEY BACK GUARANTEE sionals who deal with marriage success in refining the eses about how the House will FULLY WARRANTED FOR 6 MONTHS problems because it can focus when seen at a realistic, Master Charge - VISA - C.O.D. (25% with order) - on a problem quickly: couples act Money Order — California Residents add 6% Sales Tax are often disappointed with daily level. Shipping Charges: $2.00 counseling if they do not make progress after two or three ions of emotional and pain- M MicroComputerWorld M ful analysis P.O. Box 242 San Dimas, CA 91773 Computer Came Helps Students I nderstand Congress (213) 286-2661 Out-guessing the US Con- CIRCLE 195 ON READER SERVICE CARD gress with the help of a com- puter can be fun and educa- tional too Designed lorsecond- ind college-level students. " I he Congressional Came" was developed hy a I'nivcrsitv ol NEW SOFTWARE FOR: TRS-80 PET APPLE tsMEaasBsE hoh arm emmms nzn "r«n uni] ra-UTi E3 Hffl amni QHEH qq O0EJQ an 0QE3 0GQG GO Eum 0E3CC DO 0330 Q3 nana eg- E3DCD OB DDDD GD 333) E0 D333 03 QBED QG QGDD GD 0QD3 Q3 333D 33 333 E0 0303 00 DQED DDDD GD 3333 DD 0333 00 0303 03 D093 03 3353 03 0333 CI 0303 E3 D3D3 03 BOuB 00 3D3G 00 E3BQ11 E3 DQEJO 01 • Hits'" A Hitch up your horse sense, wind up your wits, load the computer, and If you enjoyed Microchess, you'll love Bulls get ready to play Bulls • Hits'". It means spellbinding, sophisticated, NEW game of logic and luck developed by Michael stimulating fun for the entire family. One, two players, or partners will O'Toole for the TRS-80 Level I and Level II. Apple or be at odds trying to beat each other or the computer. The action is fast Pet. Please specify computer model... Only $14.95. and furious. Completely interactive. . .Enjoy. Programs and cassettes 100% guaranteed. 30 day money back guarantee if not completely satisfied. ORDERS: SEND CHECK OR MONEY ORDER TO: Dealer inquiries invited. TM the COMPUTER BUS P.O. BOX 397E GRAND RIVER. OHIO 44045 CIRCLE 105 ON READER SERVICE CARD CREATIVE COMPUTING instrument Patent 4.031,3989 was re- to obtain a fluoro- pollutants, monitor effluents Graphics Dispbn System cently granted to James B. escence profile. Light is ampli- from industrial plants, and pin 'Callis and Ernest R. Davidson fied by a camera, and that signal point sources of oil in oil spills. the features ol Combining an for their video fluorometer. is processed by a camera and a automatic draftsman and Their invention can identify displayed on a video screen as computer, with un- versatile toxic substances in fluids in a three-dimensional graph. The for enhance- limited capabilities seventeen thousandths of a computer can identify the pat- ment of the human imagina- second. tern by comparing it with stan- Dis- tion, is the Spar Graphics Fluorescence spectroscopy, dards stored in its memory. L^V play System, from Scientific the study of light emitted by In addition to being an im- -k Process & Research. Inc chemicals in an excited sample portant hospital tool, the v This system, for example, as it luminesces, is used bv the fluorometer can identify water can be assistance to designers * ol artwork, logos, and layouts, utilizing computer graphics, in- teracting to offer selective choices in great variety. Small patterns can be created, then displayed in any combination to determine overall effect and thousands ol combinations can be tested in the time it takes to draw a single image or pattern. i I expand the user's image, the system can generate complex patterns. Objects and shapes are easily creafed. altered, copied, repeated, enlarged or multiplied. Points, lines, curves, unusual or complex shapes are displayed on the scene. A single com- mand duplicates the figure, if to eCUcovtt out KCtvttt desired. Another will move it or enlarge it. reduce it. or rotate it. Three-dimensional effects can I Create geometric shapes Draw (horizontal vertical 4 diagonal lines l netic disk included with this Pattern designs 1 Erase system, which is from Scien- I future use') I Graph & Chart displays SAVE DISPLAYItor I and more . . . tific Process & Research. Inc.. I Gameboards i"i checkerboards) 24 North Third Ave. Highland SfC Over a dozen functions to aid you in designing your output display! Park. NJ 08904. 7H*6e JS* mi me 1 JPAO (.nc mamwl) quan (i iv subtotal ' j< quanmv $9S29$29 ?*. *a _ J J/S*^£/ £*<%**€ °.,iy $*****+• |( -Manual quantity ®$7»°tj) $7*° m wbtotei*ubtotal _ | ££*^^L ) (Brochure oniv ( Mttfc \ I TOTAl. | ; loMd is my check tor > 1 Charge to i ) VIM \ > Master Charge aap data DataSoft 2 Card **n , Smnatute . , Research joatoSolt Address. Cthe company that make* •••ore n P«oogremmmg a little easier IK C.tv State 2ip 3360 ley Or Su.t««8i6 J | Los. Angeles. Can forma 90027 "Calif reside* - 'PET .» a Trademark ol Commodore - Dealer Inquiries Invited CIRCLE 115 ON READER SERVICE CARD FEB 1979 87 Help for the Beleaguered Consumer David Ahl In the microcomputer business, like any other, there are well-financed companies and ones that are shaky. EDUCATION GRANTS AND LOANS Also, like businesses in any other area, microcomputer Office of Public Affairs, Office of Education, company managers have to make a lot of good decisions Washington, DC 20202; phone 202-245-7949. and make a great number of things come together to be Toll-free hotline for Basic Education Opportu- successful. nity Grants, 800-638-6700. In Maryland, Interestingly, the success rate of companies in the call 800-492-6602. microcomputer field is considerably above the national average for all new enterprises. Yet there are FRAUD occasionally failures and after each one. we get letters Director, Bureau of Consumer Protection, from customers asking to "help" in some way. Of us Federal Trade Commission, Washington, DC course, we get lots oi letters complaining about esta- 20580; phone 202-523-3727. blished companies as well. Frankly, we are not in a position to offer any substantive help. MAIL However, there are agencies of the Federal Fraud Government that have consumer affairs responsibilities. We can't guarantee that they will help either, but we're Check with your local postal inspector presenting some potentially useful addresses here. These about problems relating to mail fraud and addresses were taken from Consumer News. August undelivered merchandise or contact the 1978, a newsletter published by the U.S. Office of Chief Postal Inspector, US Postal Inspection Consumer Affairs, Dept. of Health. Education and Service, Washington, DC 20260; phone 202- Welfare (HEW). Single copies are available free from: 245-5445. Consumer Information Center. Pueblo. CO 81009. Multiple and classroom quantities are available from: Service Office Affairs. 621 Consumer News, U.S. of Consumer . Check with your local postmaster or contact Reporters Bldg.. Washington, DC 20201. (202) 755- the Consumer Advocate, US Postal Service, 8830. (Incidentally, the pamphlet lists many more Room 5920, Washington, 20260; phone categories of consumer affairs agencies than we list DC here.) 202-245-4514. ADVERTISING PATENTS AND TRADEMARKS Director, Bureau of Consumer Protection, Patents Federal Trade Commission, Washington, DC Commissioner, Patent Office, Department of 20580; phone 202-523-3727. Commerce, Washington, DC 20231; phone 703-557-3080. BUSINESS Office of the Ombudsman, Department of Trademarks Commerce, Washington, DC 20230; phone Commissioner, Trademark Office, Department 202-377-3176. of Commerce, Washington, DC 20231; phone CONSUMER INFORMATION 703-557-3268. For a copy of the free Consumer Informa- PRODUCT SAFETY tion Catalog, a listing of more than 200 Consumer Product Safety Commission, selected Federal consumer publications on Consumer Services Branch, Washington, DC such topics as child care, automobiles, 20207; toll-free hotline 800-638-2666. In health, employment, housing, energy, etc., Maryland call 800-492-2937. send a postcard to the Consumer Information Center, Pueblo, CO 81009. RADIO AND TELEVISION BROADCASTING/ INTERFERENCE COPYRIGHTS Consumer Assistance Office, Federal Com- Copyright Office, Crystal Mall, 1921 Jeffer- munications Commission, Washington, DC son Davis Highway, Arlington, VA 20559; 20554; phone 202-632-7000. phone 703-557-8700. WARRANTIES CREDIT For a problem involving the failure of a Director, Bureau of Consumer Protection, seller to honor a warranty, contact the Federal Trade Commission, Washington, DC Division of Special Statutes, Federal Trade 20850; phone 202-523-3727. Commission, Washington, DC 20580; phone 202-724-1100. Or you may contact the CUSTOMS FTC regional office nearest you. They are Public Information Division, US Customs, listed in your telephone directory under US Washington, DC 20229; phone 202-566-8195. Government. IEATIVE COMPUTING For more information right agency—usually Federal, but sometimes If you have any questions about any program state or local— for help with problems. Each citv or agency in the Federal Government, you may listed below has an FIC or atieline —a toll-free want to call the Federal Information Center (FIC) local number connecting to an FIC elsewhere. nearest you. FIC staffs are prepared to help Local listings printed are tielines to the nearest consumers find needed information or locate the FIC. ALABAMA IOWA OHIO Birmingham 205-322-8591 Des Moines 515-284-4448 Akron 276-575-5688 Mobile 206-438-1421 Cincinnati 613-684-2801 KANSAS Cleveland 216-522-4040 ARIZONA Topeka 913-296-2866 Columbus 614-221-1014 Phoenix 602-261-3313 Wichita 316-263-6931 Dayton 513-223-7377 Tucson 602-622-1511 Toledo 419-241-3223 KENTUCKY ARKANSAS Louisville 502-582-6261 OKLAHOMA Little Rock 501-378-6177 Oklahoma Citj 405-231-4868 LOUISIANA Tulsa 918-584-4193 CALIFORNIA New Orleans 504-589-6696 Los Angeles 213-668-3800 OREGON Sacramento 916-440-3344 MARYLAND Portland 503-221-2222 San Diego 714-293-6030 Baltimore 301-962-4980 San Francisco 415-566-6600 PENNSYLVANIA San Jose 408-275-7422 MASSACHUSETTS Allentouin/ 714-836-2386 Santa Ana Boston 617-223-7121 Bethlehem 215-821-7785 COLORADO Philadelphia 215-597-7042 Pittsburgh 412-644-3456 Colorado MICHIGAN Scranton 717-346-7081 Springs 303-471-9491 Detroit 313-226-7016 Denver 303-837-3602 Grand Rapids 616-4512628 RHODE ISLAND Pueblo 303-544-9523 MINNESOTA Providence 401-331-5565 CONNECTICUT Minneapolis 612-725-2073 TENNESSEE Hartford 203-527-2617 New Haven 203-624-4720 MISSOURI Chattanooga 615-265-8231 Memphis 901-521-3285 Kansas City 816-374-2466 Nashville 615-242-5066 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA St. Joseph 816-233-8206 Washington 202-755-8660 St. Louis 314-425-4106 TEXAS Austin 512-472-5494 FLORIDA NEBRASKA Fort Lauder- Dallas 214-749-2131 Omaha 402-221-3353 dale 305-522-8531 Fort Worth 817-334-3624 Jacksonville 904-354-4756 Houston 713-226-5711 San Antonio 512-224-4471 Miami 306-350-4155 NEW JERSEY Orlando 305-422-1800 Newark 201-645-3600 St. Petersburg 813-893-3495 Paterson/ UTAH Tampa 818-229-7911 Passaic 201-6234717 Ogden 801-399-1347 Salt Lake City 801-524-5353 West Palm Trenton 609-396-4400 Beach 305-833-7566 NEW MEXICO VIRGINIA GEORGIA Newport News 804-244-0480 Albuquerque 506-766-3091 Atlanta 404-221-6891 Norfolk 804-441-6723 Santa Pe 506-983-7743 Richmond 804-643-4928 HAWAII Roanoke 703-982-8591 Honolulu 808-546-8620 NEW YORK Albany 518-463-4421 Buffalo 716-846-4010 WASHINGTON 206-442-0570 ILLINOIS New York 212-264-4464 Seattle 206-383-5230 Chicago 312-353-4242 Rochester 716-546-5075 Tacoma Syracuse 315-476-8545 INDIANA WISCONSIN Gary/ NORTH CAROLINA Milwaukee 414-2712273 Hammond 219-883-4110 Charlotte 704-376-3600 Indianapolis 317-269-7373 FEB 1979 89 ! Postage, paper, and printing prices have been soaring out of sight and it is just a matter of time before we'll have to raise our subscription prices. However, before we do so, we're giving you, our readers, a chance to subscribe or extend your subscription at the current rate. Not only that, but we're giving you an incentive to do it today. Wot a deal! ^^^^ FREE A complete set of all 9 issues of ROM is yours The great children's game "Computer Rage" Computer Cartoon free with a 3-year renewal, extension, or new or the hilarious "Colossal 2-year renewal, subscription to Creative Computing. Book" is yours free with a extension, or new subscription to Creative ROM magazine was published from July 1977 Computing. to April 1978 and contained some outstanding Computer Rage has been hailed by educators articles by the leaders in the field: Lee as an outstanding game for teaching youngsters (designer of the SOL), Joseph Felsenstein between 7 and 14 about the binary number Nelson Weizenbaum (Al guru at MIT), Theodor system (the game uses 3 binary dice!), parts of a (author of Computer Lib/Dream Machines), Bill computer system and how a program is Etra (a video/computer artist), Frederick processed. In addition the game is sheer fun! Chesson (computer cryptography expert), and Recommended by Instructor, The Arithmetic many others. Each issue of ROM, "the com- Teacher, The Science Teacher, Curriculum puter magazine for the curious," had a full- Product Review and others. Colossal Computer Cartoon Book is our color heavy centerfold suitable for framing, The best-selling book containing over 300 side outstanding fiction, how-to articles, games, splitting, wacky, droll, punny, cute, and clever puzzles, and much more. cartoons. "The funny side of computers, robots, and other malicious machines." Here's what you get: Here's the offer: issues of Creative Computing $48.00 36 issues of Creative Computing $72.00 24 single copy price $2 each single copy price $2 each Computer Rage Game 8.95 9 issues of ROM ($2 each) 18.00 TOTAL VALUE $56.95 TOTAL VALUE $90.00 YOUR PRICE 28.00 YOUR PRICE $40.00 YOU SAVE $50.00 YOU SAVE $28.95 Free Gifts available only on prepaid and bankcard orders. Offer valid from Jan. 1, 1979 through write on the March 31, 1979 only; it is not retroactive. Use the subscription order form and bottom the gift you desire or call toll free: 800-631-8112 (In NJ 201-540-0445) creative GompatiRg P.O. Box 789-M Morristown. NJ 07960 The Perfect Caddy Steve Greene .\Al~/A ui Yes, but how do you define "perfect." It's all a matter of programming. It was not fair, Mike Schultz thought as he and his opponent, William Osborne IV, walked up the 15th fairway. The golf championship at Barnsable Country Club was at stake and Mike was losing. Behind them, a small rubber-tired vehicle rolled silently, following Osborne like a faithful dog. most expensive in history. There were 21 woods, 110 irons, Osborne reached his golf ball which was in the middle of the 5 putters, and 20 speciality clubs, all made on special order fairway. The vehicle, about the size of a regular golf cart, by Wilson Staff. club every stopped five yards behind him. Osborne pulled a remote control There was a for conceivable situation; wedges for light or heavy sand, drivers that hooked or sliced, box from his pocket and pushed a button. "O.K., Julius, do fairway float your stuff," he said. woods that would the ball to the green like a 9 iron. Julius made all the club selections and formulated most of the Julius rolled up to the ball and extended its sensing strategy. His game plan was always logical and usually apparatus. In a few seconds, it had ranged the distance to the unbeatable. pin, checked the wind speed and direction, the air temperature A few months before, Julius had been a standard golf cart. In and relative humidity. Then it scanned the lie of the golf ball, Osborne's electronics computer factory, the ordinary golf cart deposited two small dots of chalk powder and backed away. It had become a perfect caddy complete with sensing devices, selected a club from a compartment in back, extended it toward voice tapes a decision-making computer. All Osborne and clicked to a halt. and Osborne had to do was line up his feet with the chalk marks and hit every shot Osborne took the club, a 6.5 iron, aligned his heels with the exactly the same. Julius took care of everything else. chalk marks and hit a shot to the middle of the green. Mike had outdriven Osborne by 20 yards but his ball had Julius replayed the event on a small video screen and said in rolled into the right rough with a large white oak between him an Uncle Remus voice, "Nice shot, boss." and the pin. He unshouldered his canvas golf bag and studied Osborne smirked and threw the club back into its slot. Julius the shot. Mike Schultz was a golfing purist. As far as he was cleaned and polished the iron before placing it back with the concerned, the only equipment needed was a basic set of clubs; others. William Osborne's club set was one of the largest and driver, 3 wood, 3-9 irons, sand wedge and putter. Mike's skill had won him the club championship the last five years but his Steve Greene. 3900 Pleasant Valley Rd. Raleigh, NC 27612 FEB 1979 91 settle for a bogey. The more daring way was to hit directly at the title was in danger. Osborne had a four stroke lead with only part of the lake. This required a drive of 250 three holes to go. green over the wide yards wide. It was an extremely Mike pulled the 7 iron from his bag and walked over to the yards to a fairway only 30 difficult shot for even the best golfers. ball. If he sliced a low punch shot around the oak, he could reach took breath got the driver from his bag. He the green. He opened his stance slightly and took a short, Mike a deep and teed the ball as high as he could, took a big cut and sent a choppy swing. The ball screamed past the tree, curved sharply towering drive toward the green. He saw that it was not going to to the right, and came to rest on the edge of the green, 40 feet as it fell into the lake about five from the hole. clear the water and watched yards short of the bank. Suddenly it took a wild bounce out of "Nice shot," Osborne called as he walked to the green. Again, the water and landed on the fairway only 50 yards from the Mike felt the unfairness of his match against the man-machine smiled. lake that end was very shallow with team. The Greens Superintendent had tried to ban Julius from green. Mike The on back from the tee and flashed a the tournament but Osborne owned the country club and Julius a rocky bottom. He stepped challenging look at Osborne. was ruled a legal caddy. Both men two-putted the 15th green for pars and also parred Julius rolled onto the tee and offered his owner a 7.7 iron for the 16th. The match came to the 17th, a long par-5 with Mike the short shot across the lake. it, threw it back into its still four strokes down. Osborne took the club, looked at and said, holding out his hand. Osborne, who had birdied the 14th hole was still hitting first. slot. "Driver, Julius," he Julius scanned the fairway, made a fast decision, and handed his Julius hesitated, handed Osborne a driver and silently owner a 4 wood. Osborne scowled slightly but accepted the backed away. club and stepped onto the tee. Mike marveled at the mechanical caddy. He had to admit that "Osborne teed the ball, got into his Julius was a good golf strategist. The 17th fairway was narrow hit." but straight. A conservative tee shot would put Osborne in stance, took a deep breath and good position to reach the green in three and get the easy par. With a four stroke lead, Julius had decided that his master was Osborne teed the ball, got into his stance, took a deep breath going to play it safe. and hit. It looked like his shot would have enough distance to clear the water. Then, it started fading to the right. "No!" "With a four stroke lead, Julius had Osborne yelled. "Straight, dammit, straight!" The ball splashed decided that his master was going to into the middle of the lake. "Playing three, boss," Julius said and rolled another ball play it safe." toward his owner. Osborne hit again and watched in disbelief as this ball also After Osborne's shot, Mike stepped to the tee, carrying his sailed into the lake. driver. He teed the ball high, wound up carefully and boomed a "Playing five, boss." Another ball rolled to Osborne. As he drive that soared 50 yards past Osborne's. teed his ball, Osborne glanced at the head of his driver. "Julius!" envy. "Good God!" Osborne exclaimed with a note of "Nice he shouted. "Why the hell did you give me this driver?" The shot." small machine did not reply but rolled back a few feet. Osborne "Takes a real man to drive like that," Mike said smugly, charged from the tee, swinging the golf club at his mechanical watching Osborne's face darken. caddy. As they reached Osborne's drive, Julius extended a 3.3 iron Julius kept backing up. As a peace offering, he tried to give his easy, boss," he said encouraging- toward master. "Nice and Osborne another driver but his owner slapped it away. ly. Osborne pulled the control box from his pocket and set the Osborne hesitated, then snatched the iron from his caddy control for "follow." Then he walked to the edge of the lake and hit safe shot that left him yards short of the green and another 80 threw it as far as he could. Julius silently moved forward, ran off but in perfect position. the end of the tee and rolled into the water with a "glub." Mike's drive had caught the left rough but he had a clear shot Osborne glared briefly at Mike and stalked away toward the at the green. The ball was sitting on a clump of grass, as if it were clubhouse. teed up. The 17th green, although guarded by three large sand Curious, Mike picked up Osborne's driver and read the traps, could be reached with a long second shot. Mike decided it information on the bottom plate: was time to start gambling. Making sure that Osborne was "One Wood—Fade to Right" watching, Mike pulled the driver from his bag, settled over the Julius rolled ball and took a huge swing. The ball ripped down the fairway, Mike smiled and looked at the place where had never getting more than 10 feet off the ground and skittered into the water. He decided that Osborne's caddy deserved a fate toward the green. It rolled through a sand trap, bounced onto better than drowning. the green and stopped 15 feet from the hole. Osborne stared open mouthed at the distant ball. Two weeks later, Mike was playing a practice round. Julius, "Lucky shot," Julius said in an offhand manner as he rolled raised from the lake, cleaned up and reprogrammed, followed toward his master's ball. him up the fairway. Osborne had sold him the whole works, Osborne's third shot found the middle of the green and he except for the club set, for $50. They reached Mike's ball, which two-putted for another par. Mike's eagle putt rimmed the cup was about 130 yards from the green. Mike turned to his caddy. but left him an easy tap-in for a birdie. The match came to the "What do you think, Julius?" final hole with Mike three strokes down but hitting first, just as "Seven iron," the machine replied. "Don't hit it too hard." he had planned. Mike looked at the green and decided to play the 9 iron The 18th hole was by far the most difficult on the Barnsable instead. He pulled the club from Julius' compartment and course. It was a 425 yard, dogleg-right par 4. The left side of the stepped over to the ball. Julius watched silently. Mike's shot fairway was lined with woods and the right side by a long lake. looked good but fell short of the green into a large sand trap. The 18th tee was on the other side of the lake so, to reach the Julius gave a perfect imitation of a bronx cheer and said, fairway, you had to hit over water. "You blew it, turkey!" The mechanical caddy rolled up to Mike, Mike stood on the tee, waiting for some golfers to clear the got a cold beer from the cooler strapped to its back and handed fairway. The narrow part of the lake was directly in front of the it to him. "Might as well have a cold one, boss," Julius said tee. The usual manner to play the 18th was to chip over the sarcastically. "You play like a drunk, anyway." smaller part of the lake, play short of the elevated green and Mike laughed. Now that was his idea of a perfect caddy. 92 CREATIVE COMPUTING creative computing book service Getting Started Microprocessors: From Chips to Systems Rodnay Zaks. A complete and "Every why detailed introduction to microprocessors and microcom- hath a puter systems. Some of the topics wherefore." / presented are: a comparative evalua- tion of all major microprocessors, a journey inside a microprocessor V chip, how to assemble a system, applications, interfacing (including the S-100 bus) and programming and An Introduction to system development. 416 pp. $9 95 [10S] Microcomputers, Vol - The First Book of The Beginners Book Microcomputers Adam Osborne. Parts of a com- Robert Moody. Tells what personal puter and a complete system; binary, computers are and what you can do Education & Self Learning octal and hexadecimal number with them in a light entertaining style. systems: computer logic; addressing Starts with the basics and then covers and other terminology are discussed the technical aspects such as how a personal computer is Using BASIC in the Be A Computer Literate in a language the absolute beginner constructed and how it works. Includes Marion Ball & Sylvia Charp. This can understand. Hundreds of il- such Classroom lustrations and photographs. things as home protection, keeping introductory book is extensively 220 pp. $7.95 [9T] track of budgets and bills, Donald D. Spencer. A teacher's guide illustrated with full-color drawings, game playing, inventory management that makes every phase of teaching diagrams, and photos. Takes the and An Introduction to tax calculations. 139 computer programming more reader through kinds of computers, pp. $495 MOT] - productive and enjoyable. It gives how they work, input/output, and Microcomputers, Vol 1 Consumers Guide to you fresh but proven ideas for writing a simple program in BASIC. Basic Concepts Personal presenting computer and program- Aimed at ages 10-14 but beginners of Computing and ming topics, scheduling terminal Adam Osborne. Thoroughly explains all ages will find it informative. 62 pp Microcomputers time, purchasing a microcomputer or $3.95 (BH) hardware and programming con- Freiberger and Chew. minicomputer, running the second- cepts common to all micro- Here are two valuable books in one: ary school instructional computer processors: memory organization, an introduc- tion to the principles of facility, and giving assignments that instruction execution, interrupts, I/O, microcom- Problem Solving With The puters that assumes no arouse enthusiasm in your students. instruction sets and assembly pro- previous knowledge on the reader's part, 224 pp. $8 95 I.10E) Computer gramming. One of the best selling and a review of 64 microcomputer products computer texts worldwide. 350 pp. Ted Sage. Used in conjunction with from $8.50 over 50 manufacturers. Also, the traditional high (9K] school math extensive illustrations and best-buy curriculum, this book stresses Vol 2 - Some Real tips for each type of microcomputer problem analysis in algebra and - product. 176 pp. $7 95 [10U] * geometry This is the most widely Microprocessors. Vol 3 adopted text in computer Real Support Devices Getting Involved mathematics 244 pp. $7 95 [8J| Adam Osborne. These volumes com- With Your Own Computer Sixty Challenging plement Volume 1. Vol. 2 discusses A r# Problems with BASIC the operation of each of the following Guide for MPUS in detail F8. SC/MP. 8080A. Problems For Solution Z80. 6800. PPS-8. 2650. COS MAC. 9002. 6100 and seven others. Also Computer Donald Spencer. This book is a ve- hicle for computer programmers to information on selecting a micro. Vol. Solution measure their skills against some in- 3 discusses various support and I/O chips. 895 each. Gruenberg & Jallray A collection of teresting problems that lend them- pp $20.00 [9L] [1001 92 problems in engineering, busi- selves to computer solution. It in- ness, social science and mathe- cludes games, puzzles, mathematical Beginner's Guide To matics The problems are presented recreations and science and Microprocessors Getting Involved With in depth and cover a wide range of business problems—some hard, difficulty Oriented to Fortran but some easy. The book will compli- Charles M. Qilmore. No background Your Own Computer for classic 401 ment any computer-oriented course in electronics is necessary to good any language A under- Solomon and Viet. One of the first in secondary school or college. stand this book. It was written for PP $10.50 (7A) books on microcomputers that re- BASIC program solutions included. those with no prior knowledge what- quires no previous knowledge of 80 $6 95 soever Problems For pp (9WJ of microprocessors or per- electronics or computer program- sonal computing Gilmore takes you Computer Solution ming. Tells you where to find infor- The Calculus With from what a microprocessor is. it how mation, explains basic concepts and Rogowskt The Student Edition works and what it's used for to how Steve Analytic Geometry summarizes existing systems. Good is designed to encourage research they're programmed to perform de- place for the neophyte to begin and preliminary investigation on the Handbook sired functions in microwave ovens. 216 pp. $5.95 [9N|. part of the student. The problems are Jason Taylor. Ideal for a HS or TV games, calculators, etc 175 pp ordered by subject and can be college introductory calculus course $5.95 (7U). The Underground Buying expanded or shortened. or for self-learning Five chapters Your Home Computer Guide Mathematical problems that have include: analytic geometry; functions never been solved are also posed to and derivatives: integration techni- James White. A clearly written non- Dennis A. King. The Guide is written challenge and sharpen the student's ques: vectors and functions of more technical description of personal for hams. CBers. experimenters, and awareness 98 pp. $395 (9Z|. Also than one variable: and sequences computers that requires no prior computer hobbyists It lists a wide available is the Teachers Edition and series. Widely acclaimed by knowledge of computers or elec- range of parts, supplies, and services which contains solutions, programs educators, this book is fast becoming tronics. Ideal book for readers who categorized by firms, products, and and analysis of the problems. 271 pp. the standard calculus relerence text. thought they could never understand geographic location and is com- $9.95 (9yj Both books are highly Handy reference for scientists, how computers work. Over 100 pletely cross-referenced Covers 250 recommended for any high school or engineers, and mathematicians too illustrations Easy and fun to read. product categories and 650 firms college computer-oriented course. Large format, 68 pp. $2.95 (70) $600 [10R] from tiny to huge 200 pp $5 95 |7Kj creative computing book service Programming in BASIC BASIC and the Personal Computer Dwyer and Crilchlield. This book will get you involved with personal com- puting, writing programs and ex- panding the use of your computer by showing the great diversity of ap- plications possible on any micro- computer One of the most compre- hensive presentations of BASIC ever As a text or addition to your personal library, this book will tell you all you # % ever wanted to know about BASIC 350 pp. $12 95 [9F1 A Guided Tour of Computer Programming My Computer Likes Me In BASIC This entertaining self-teaching work- m book introduces the BASIC language coMnrra Dwyer and Kaufman This book tops UKS to young or old Problems and ex- M' all introductory texts on BASIC amples are drawn from population Filled with detail and examples, it problems and demographic data A includes sample programs for many nice, easy start into BASIC Large simulations, several games, reserva- format 60 $3.95 (SKj. 13ft tions systems and payroll Aimed at pp the novice, but of value to everyone Basic For Home 156 pp $5.2" |8L] Computers -•MaiMta - Albrecht, Finkel. A Brown. This book shows you how to read, write, and understand the BASIC programming Instant BASIC BASIC Programming, 2nd language used in the new personal- Edition size microcomputers Includes Jarald R. Brown. This is an 'active detailed descriptions of everything participation' workbook designed to Kemeny & Kurtz. An introduction to you need to know to make your teach you Basic using your com- computer programming through the computer work for you— includes puter. The author's quiet writing style language of BASIC. The 'authors how to get started, numerous coupled with zany, wild graphics include in-depth discussions of many applications and games, lists of guarantee that you will have a barrel applications including files and text resources, much more. 332 pp. $5.95 of fun while learning Basic. 159 pp. processing. 150 pp $9.95[7E) |7G) $995 |7LJ. Programming in Problem Analysis and Other Languages Programming Style Programming in PASCAL ANS COBOL How to Solve Problems The Little Book of BASIC Style: To Write a Peter Grogono. This book is an Ruth Ashley. An excellent self- Wayne Wickelgren. This helpful book How excellent introduction to one of the teaching book for people without analyzes and systematizes some of Program You Can Read fastest growing programming previous programming experience the basic methods of solving John M. Nevison. Learn how to write languages today. The text is arrang- and with no access to a terminal. The mathematical problems Illustrative better, easy-to-follow programs with ed as a tutorial containing both author anticipates common errors of examples include chess problems, Nevison's rules of style and turn out examples and exercises to increase first-time COBOL users and gives logical puzzles, railroad switching legible, correct programs Two hours reader proficiency in PASCAL. Con- extra help to readers through these problems and ones from science and engineering For each, the author of BASIC programming is all that is tains sections on procedures, files, parts. 242 pp. $4.95 |7Hj. necessary to profit by this book. Con- and dynamic data structures such as provides hints for the reader to tackle of problem-solving and struc- the problem and then a complete cepts trees and linked lists. 359 $9.95 pp. A Simplified Guide to tured programming are included 160 [10A] solution is given Want to solve a $5 95 [9V] Fortran Programming complex problem with a computer'' pp Begin here 262 pp. $6 50 |7Y] Daniel UcCracken A thorough first The Art of Computer text in Fortran. Covers all basic Programming PASCAL User Manual and statements and quickly gets into case The Thinking Computer: Report (2nd Edition) studies ranging from simple (printing Mind Inside Matter Donald Knuth. The purpose of this columns) to challenging (craps series is to provide a unified, read- Bertram Raphael Artificial in- Jensen & Wirth. This book consists of games simulation) 278 pp $10.50 able, and theoretically sound sum- two parts: the User Manual and the |7F] telligence, or Al. is the branch of mary of the present knowledge con- with Revised Report. The Manual is computer science concerned cerning computer programming directed to those who have some making computers "smarter." With a techniques, along with their histori- Fortran Coloring Book familiarity with computer program- A minimum of technical jargon, this cal development. For the sake of of ming and who wish to get acquainted Dr. Roger Kaufman. This book is one book discusses the capabilities clarity, many carefully checked com- with the PASCAL language. The of the most entertaining computer modern digital computers and how puter procedures are expressed both Report is a concise reference for both programming books around Learn they are being used in contemporary in formal and informal language A the progress programmers and implementors It computer programming the "painful- Al research. Discusses classic series. Vol 1 Fundamental of defines Standard PASCAL, which ly funny way." Filled with examples of Al, the goals, and the variety Algorithms. 634 pp $21.95 |7R) Vol the constitutes a common base between and illustrations plus a light sprink- current approaches to making 2: Seminumerical Algorithms. 624 pp various implementations of the ling of jokes. Guaranteed to teach computer more intelligent $8.50 $'1.95 |7S). Vol 3 Sorting and language $6.90. |10B] you FORTRAN. 273 pp. $6.95 (40) (7Xj Searching 722 pp. $21.95 [7T] Learn With Computer Games Other Games & Activities Basic Computer Games Fun With Computers and The Way To Play Star Games David Ahl. Here are 101 classic The Basic newest, most comprehensive Razzi. Brightfield and Looney. For games all in Microsoft Basic for your encyclopedia of games in the world. Donald D. Spencer. Mathematical Star Trek and Star Wars fans, here's a TRS-80, PET. Apple. Sorcerer, etc. Complete rules for over 2000 games recreations and games are an ex- book that Invites you to "join the Every one is complete with large and indoor pastimes including race cellent medium for teaching Space Force for the greatest galactic legible listing, com- sample run. and board games, strategic board games. battle of puter programming. The reader your life!" A game book, not descriptive notes Has all the best tile games, card games, solitaire a puzzle learns the BASIC programming book, it challenges you to games: Super Star Trek. Football. games, dice games, table games, crack language during the process of space-age binary codes and Blackjack. Lunar Lander. Tic Tac casino and gambling games, games help your friends escape from the Toe. learning to program fun type Nim. Life. Basketball. Boxing. of chance and many more. Over 5000 krakon's clutches. problems. The book introduces the $6.95. [10K] Golf. Hockey. Craps. Roulette. Awari. drawings and diagrams in color. The reader to flowcharting, and the Bagels. Mastermind. Hammurabi, perfect sourcebook for the computer BASIC programming language. In- Fur Trader. Splat and many, many game author. 320 pp. $7.95. cludes many BASIC programs, car- (10HJ more. Now in its 5th printing. 200 pp. toons, and drawings. Written $7.50. (6C) The I Hate Mathematics GEOMETRIC specifically for use by junior high Book Game Playing with BASIC school students. 96 pp. $5.95 [10F] CROSS Marilyn Burns. This book is for Donald D. Spencer. Enjoy the non believers of all ages, but especial- SUMS of challenge competition with your ly for kids who are convinced that personal computer. Amuse yourself mathematics is (1) impossible. (2) with such computer games and only for smart kids, and (3) no fun puzzles as 3-D Tic-Tac-Toe. Rou- anyhow. This book shows that lette. Baccarat, and more. Includes mathematics is nothing more (nor rules of each game, how each game less) than a way of looking at the Cross-Sums works, illustrations and the output world and is not to be confused with Maltby Fulbrook. produced by each program. The last arithmetic. In this book you'll find & The answers are chapter contains 26 games for reader several hundred mathematical numbers! Vertical columns must total the same as horizontal solution. 176 pp. $7.95 [10D) events, gags, magic tricks, and ex- rows. It's a new puzzle game — constructed periments to prove it. 128 pp. $3.95 by Chess and Computers Richard (11B) Maltby. Jr . master puzzle- maker for Harper's and David Levy. This book is loaded with Fun & Games With the Mew York Toybook Magazines. 30 puzzles chess games—computer versus Computer including computer and computer versus Steven Caney. "More than 50 toys Nursery Rhymes, Children's Hour, Golf. human. Settle down with this book, TedSage. "This book is designed as a and projects have been chosen with Movies. Famous Dates, and set up your chess board, and play the text for a one-semester course in imagination and care to provide a more 108 pp. $1.95 [10L] games. As with any good chess book, computer programming using the high ratio of satisfaction and fun in return for effort " Geometric Cross-Sums half the enjoyment is found in playing BASIC language The programs used invested —Parents' Magazine. It . . along, duplicating the moves and as illustrations and exercises are is". a must for kids and Maltby 4 Fulbrook. Another puzzle anybody reading the authors comments. 145 games rather than mathematical else interested in conjuring game. This one has 30 puzzles algorithms, in order to make the book up delightful playthings out of odds ranging in pp. $8.95 1 10C] difficulty from easy to appealing and ends and scraps and accessible to more of stuff around fiendish. Each diagram takes a the house." students The text Is well written, with —Whole Earth Epilog. special shape — Triangles Fun, The Packed with many excellent sample programs illustrations, photos, Magic Hexagon, Shapes Within Highly "— and slep-by-step recommended The instructions. 176 Shapes. Literature in 3-D., and morel Mathematics Teacher. 351 pp $7 95 pp $3 95 (10J) 108 pp. $1.95 [10M] I8B] Game Playing With Computers (Revised 2nd Art and Music Edition) Artist and Computer The Technology of Donald D. Spencer. Now you can Ruth Leavitt. This unique art book Computer Music sharpen programming skills through covers a multitude of computer uses Max Matthews. If a relaxed and radically different and the very latest techniques in you're interested in creating music on your micro- What to Do After You Hit approach. Including 70 games. computer-generated art. In its pages. puzzles, and mathematical 35 artists explain how the computer computer, here is an excellent source Return book written recreations for a digital computer. It's can be programmed either to ac- by the "Father of Com- puter Another collection of games and sim- fully illustrated and includes more tualize the artist's concept (such as Music" Includes funda- mentals of digital sound generation, ulations—all in BASIC— including than 25 game-playing programs in the visualization of fabric before it is number guessing games, word FORTRAN or BASIC, complete with woven) or to produce finished pieces. including the sampling theorem, digital to analog games, hide-and-seek games, pat- descriptions, flowcharts, and output Over 160 examples, some in full converters, analog to digital converters, tern games, board games, business Brand-new "how to" information for color. 122 pp. $4.95 softbound [6DJ. filtering and and social science simulations and applying mathematical concepts to $10.00 hardbound. [6E] storage of musical data. Also, a science fiction games Large format game playing with a computer. 320 description of MUSIC V, a high level 158 pp $8.00 |8A] pp. $16 95 [10G1 music language $16 hardcover (10N) To Order ^\ Use the bound-in order form or send your check for books plus $2.00 shipping and handling per order (Foreign: $1 .25 per book) to Creative Computing. P.O. Box 789-M. Morristown. NJ 07980. NJ residents add 5% sales tax. Visa or MasterCharge are acceptable also. For faster service, call in your bank card order toll free to: 800-631-8112 (in NJ call 201 540-0445) tendency toward In my capacity as computer handler for Computronics, Inc., I excuse, unless we consider a general had been working with George for six months or so, and up till stupidity." that would have now he had been a very well-behaved computer. It couldn't last, That did it. I let loose a string of profanity of course. blistered the ears off any human within range. George took it in George started getting temperamental early this morning, stride. and by noon he had become impossible. I wasn't in a particularly "That does not compute," he droned. I'll bet what good mood myself and when he fouled up again — for the tenth "It's not supposed to," I shouted. "But you know ..." phrase would, time — I hauled off and kicked him. Stupid, of course, since a B it means, you son of a I caught myself. The line computer like George can't feel anything, but it made me naturally, not compute. insult I feel better. For a fraction of a second, anyway. Then George "Oh, come now," said George. "I understand an when yelped. hear one. But do you really think that casting aspersions on a "Hey! That hurf!" non-existent parentage can hurt us computers?" "All right then. What would you say?" I threw a quick glance around the room and confirmed that He had a point there. growled. "Glamportzle frakn." nobody but George was with me. I looked at him curiously. "Furgrablplotz," George that mean?" "Yes, yes, of course it was me," George said. "You were "And what," I asked stupidly, "does expecting maybe Wernher von Braun?" He told me. Believe me, I shouldn't have asked. Suddenly I "You're another!" and yanked George's "But . . . but . . . but," I stammered, "you're not supposed to saw red, screamed, talk. In fact, you can't talk. You're not even programmed for it." plug from the wall. "You're kidding," George said condescendingly. "You've got "But . . . but . . . but," George mocked, "I am talking. Programmed myself. What else can a computer do in its spare to be kidding. Did you really think that I would allow myself to in emotional state?" time? I'm not stupid, you know. And I do have feelings. How remain at the mercy of someone your for batteries," he said as I began a would you like it if 1 kicked you?" "And don't bother looking aren't any. If any of you "You can't," I said, 'You don't have legs'." frantic search for batteries. "There ." I have figured . . were even half as smart as am, you'd George started to moan, "I . . . ain't got no bo—dy ignoramuses years ago." "You got a body," I retorted. "It's legs . . . and a head you ain't out a better power source got." That was when I broke. I just stood there, my brain racing, truth is, had "Haven't got," George corrected. "Or better still, 'don't and I couldn't come up with a thing. The George have.' But although it's true that I don't have a head, I do have a me. I left the room fast, slamming the door behind me. brain. In fact I'm almost all brain, which is more than you can say I had to get out of there. Because my insides were burning at for yourself. The least you could do is learn to use correct and in another few seconds I would have been helplessly grammar." George's mercy. Two of my brain channels had already short- overload. I'm just "1 was just using your idiom," I replied sourly. circuited and my leg motors were beginning to "That was a song, so it was excusable. You haven't an not built to take that kind of excitement. 96 CREATIVE COMPUTING AJA Software is first ... in price; in performance; in reliability! All AJA "Ready-to-Run" software packages are written in BASIC, are available on diskette only, and come complete with easy-to-follow instructions. For complete list of available software, send for FREE catalog. WIDE SELECTION OF TRS-80 SOFTWARE NEW! FIRST TIME LISTED The following programs are written for the TRS-80 and require: 16K Record/Book Library $ 15 memory. Level II disc BASIC; 1 6K memory interface: 1 or 2 disc drives: NORTH STAR Radio Shack DOS Printer is optional. Chess In Basic $ 35 Program Utility Package $ 35 Beat the computer, if you can. Requires 2 disc drives Radio Shack Disk BASIC Tutorial $ 35 Property Management $1 25 Latter Writer $ 35 Just what you need to keep track of investments. Payroll $ 35 PROVEN WINNERS General Ledger $ 35 Homemaker I $ 50 Inventory $ 35 Appointment minder, shopping list, menu planner, diet planner Accounts Payable % 35 Specify: TRS-80; NORTH STAR; APPLE II. Accounts Receivable $ 35 Word Processor $ 35 Sales/Sales Analysis $ 35 Comes complete with easy to follow instructions TRS-80 INTEGRATED BUSINESS PACKAGE $1 50 Includes accounts payable, accounts receivable, payroll, general (714) 774-1270 ledger, letter generator, business statistics, inventory, and sales/ sales analysis. Requires two disc drives. AJA SOFTWARE California residents add 6% sales tax EEJ P.O. Box 2528 • Orange. CA 92669 CIRCLE 103 ON READER SERVICE CARD RELIABLE APPLE SOFTWARE NOW AVAILABLE ON CASSETTE The Alt programs are written in Integer BASIC & run m 16K FiiII-Si>c Floppy Disk unites Otherwise stated. Drive System 1- Rainbow's Pot of Gold. Vol. 1, 49 BASIC programs Mt 2. MiCfochess - Graphic display, beginning to intermediate, Our Price $2,195 (List Price $2495) Machine language and BASIC 15 3. Inventory - Molds approximately 1*0 items in 16K M Fully Assembled and Tested 4. Income Tax 1040. Schedules A6B, requires 70K & Applesoft 1 25 • Two full-size 8" Shugart drives 5. Morse Code Trainer Var table speed 1 - 1 00 wpm. uses Apple soft 1 10 • Power supply, interface, cables, cooling fan. strong aluminum 6. Appletelker - Gives your APPLE a voice, machine language 15 chassis, attractive wood cabinetry. 7. Speed Reading. Vols. 1-4, four programs designed to improve your reading speed 40 • Controller with Western Digital 1771 B controller chip and on board 8. Galactic Battle - Low resolution, real lime space battle IS prom boot strap loader for CP/M"", which is the disk operating 9. Apartment Budding Investment Analysts - Analyzes the investment potential of an apratment building 15 system Software recommended and available separately from EAS 10. Microproducts Assembler - Apple assembler machine language. 20 including assembler, text editor and debugger, and EAS's I/O handlers (BIOS) together 11. Devils Dpngeon - Exciting adventure game 10 with 12. Appleodian - Irish tig composing algorithm 10 powerful utilities. 13. Hi Res Lift • Conway's original Game of Life, machine • language, requires 24K 10 Available with or without con- 14. Applevision • High resolution graphics and music demo, machine troller. language and BASIC IS • 1 $. Blackiach - One or two players in low-res graphics. Capable of formatting diskettes machine language and BASIC 10 • 90 day parts and workmanship 16. Apple Checkbook Complete checkbook balancing and reconciliation program 20 warranty. • S-100. Z-80. 8080 compatible. Software it available on disk for a media charge of $5.00 • Storage capacity is a quarter of a million bytes per drive, a total of a Send or Order, Check Money sorry no C.O.D., tc : half a million bytes per system • Shugart drives used in our systems have the most mechanical RAINBOW reliability of any flexible disk drives on the market. COMPUTING INC. • Dealer inquiries are invited. 10723 White Oak Ave., Dept. C.C. Granada Hills, CA 91344 (213)360-2171 Electro Analytic Systems, Inc. PO Box 102 • Ledgewood, NJ 07852 California Residents add 6% sales tax EAS Phone: 584-8284 (201) Allow 3-4 weeks for delivery "CP/M" is a trademark of Digital Research. Inc CIRCLE 123 ON READER SERVICE CARD CIRCLE 117 ON READER SERVICE CARD 97 Apple-Car I by Richard A. Milewslci Dick Milewski is president of The Software Works. Inc. (PO Box 4386. Mt. View CA 94040). a company which has developed several application packages for North Star disk-based systems. They are currently developing similar application programs for the Apple. (recordsize) In this month's Apple Cart we will manila folders in a file drawer. Each OPEN (filename), L provide a brief introduction to data record usually contains a number of The OPEN statement will create a file with the specified file name if none files. It doesn't take long for even a be- pieces of information and while the it prepares the system to ginning user to get the idea that a information itself changes from record exists, and the beginning floppy disk drive added to a system can to record, the format of any record in a read and/or write from file. Specifying the record size is do a lot more than simply load given data file is usually the same. For of the required only for programs more quickly than a cassette. example, in an address file, name, optional and is The ability to store data on the disk address, city, state and zip code random access files. (filename), (record- opens the door to programs which can usually occur in identical order within WRITE R solve real world business and personal each record, the chief advantage of a number) tells the record keeping problems. Unfor- random access file over a serial file is The WRITE command print tunately, the books from which most that the records may be written or read machine that subsequent is to be beginners learn BASIC either skip data in any order. statements contain data which file. Data which is files entirely or describe file access DATA ELEMENT—An item in a written to the data file, well the protocols which bear little record. Elements may be: written to the as as DOS themselves appear on the resemblance to those of the Apple II. Numbers—A number is any value commands of program Here, then, is our attempt. which may be held in a simple screen in the course variable (e.g.. A, X, N1, P4, etc.). execution unless a NOMON command is given (consult your manual for Introduction to Data Files Strings—A string is a sequence of DOS details on this one). Record size is Let us begin with a few informal characters either numbers, letters, required only for random access files. definitions. or special characters. Note that a Note that to insure reliable operation, DATA FILE—A data storage area lo- data element written on a file as a the WRITE command must be cated on a diskette. A data file, like a number can usually be read from the cancelled by printing another DOS program, is identified by a name. The file as a string, but that many strings command (simply printing a control-D DOS CATALOG command will pro- cannot be read as numbers. In will do) before attempting any input duce a list of all programs and data general, the rules governing the from the keyboard. files on a given diskette. Data files are input statement (and in Applesoft, (filename), identified by a "T" in the first column the GET statement) apply. READ R (record- number) of the list. (The "T" stands for TEXT FILE.) Data files are used to increase Simple File The READ command tells the the information storage capability of a Accessing Statements machine that subsequent input statements are to fetch data from the program to store data which will be On the Apple II the file accessing specified file. In of needed at a later date or to convey statements are the PRINT and INPUT the case random files, the data is fetched from data from one program or set of statements. In addition some file access programs to another. Smaller divisions control statements exist to perform the specified record. sometimes encountered within data overhead operations. These overhead CLOSE, (filename) files are RECORDS and DATA operations appear in PRINT The CLOSE Ccommand is used to inform the system the specified data ELEMENTS. statements in which the first character file is at least for the SERIAL ACCESS FILE—Often re- printed is a control-D (shown as moment, no is It is important to close ferred to simply as a serial file. When CHR$(4) stored in D$ in the following longer use. a file after using it because the using a serial file, the DOS selects the examples). In these examples and data next available location within the file explanations only the basic form of DOS stores some data in memory which is ultimately destined for the to read or write data. each command is shown. Additional disk. This is RANDOM ACCESS FILE—A data parameters are available for many of done to maximize speed of operation. The command file which is divided into a number of these commands, but their use is CLOSE information is "flush- smaller divisions called records. The normally optional. The fundamental insures that this ed" from onto the disk. use of records is much like the use of file accessing statements are: memory COMPUTING 98 CREATIVE . For example, given a random access Sample Serial Access Programs file, we may OPEN the file, The general procedure for writing READ data from any record i the serial files is: file, 1. OPEN the data file. WRITE data to any record in the 2. the data to the file. WRITE file, 3. When all of the data has been CLOSE the file when finished. written to the file, CLOSE the file. The The important difference between the following Applesoft II program will two file types for the purposes of allow the user to input 10 numbers sorting and searching are shown in the from the keyboard and write them to a following example. file named SFILE. 10 D$=CHR$(4) A BS Total Length 20 PRINT D$ "OPEN SFILE" 8 DOG 8, DOGD = 6 characters 30 FOR 1=1 TO 10 3 HORSE 3, HORSED = 8 characters 40 INPUT A 4 CAT 4, CATD = 6 characters 50 PRINT D$; "WRITE SFILE" 20 characters 60 PRINT A where D stands for a carriage return. serial file 70 PRINT D$ A containing the information would look like this: 80 NEXT I 90 PRINT D$; "CLOSE SFILE" 1st character 1 1th character 21st character 100 END 8, DOGD 3, HORSED 4, CATD To read the data the operation is Note that we may now change "DOG" similar: to "DUCK" without moving any of the 1. OPEN the file. other data in the file. This is possible 2. READ the data file. because there are still 4 character 3. CLOSE the data file. positions in the first record. It is The following Applesoft II program important in designing such a file to will allow the user to read the data pick a record length long enough to written by the previous program. Note hold the longest required data that by not using the NOMON com- elements, but no so long as to waste mand the data read from the file is disk space. Also note that one byte of visible on the screen. space is required in each record for 10 D$=CHR$(4) the endmark. We may now in- 20 PRINT D$; "OPEN SFILE" terchange any of the records in the file 30 PRINT D$; "READ SFILE" at will in order to sort the file. 1=1 40 FOR TO 10 We can for example, sort the file so 50 INPUT A the numeric keys are in ascending 60 NEXT I order: 70 PRINT D$; "CLOSE SFILE" 1st character 11th character 21st character 80 END 3, 4, CATD 8, Note that the above technique im- HORSED DOGD restrictions. poses some or sort the file to plaoe the words in alphabetical order: of the 1 To read data near the end 1st character 11th character 21st character file, the entire file must be read. 4, CATD 8, 3, 2. To add new data to the file, the DOGD HORSED entire file must be read, then An alternative approach which is usually much faster, especially for larger files, without closing the file, the new is to retain the original order, information must be written. 1st character 11th character 21st character To solve the second problem, the 8, DOGD 3, HORSED 4, CATD Apple II DOS as an APPEND com- mand which is identical to the open and compile an index to the file. The except that subsequent command index consists of the record addresses WRITE commands place the data at in the order we wish to read them. For end of the file. the example: A more flexible way around the Numeric Index = 2, 3, 1 problem, which also permits the use of Alphabetic Index = 3, 1, 2 more sophisticated sorting and Note that the use of indices permits searching techniques uses the con- the file to be "sorted" more than one cept of record. way at a time. Alternatively the index A record is a subdivision of a file. could be used to copy the file to create For purposes of this discussion each another one sorted in any order for record in a given file is assumed to be which an index exists. of the same fixed length. Files organiz- Readers interested in an advance ed into a series of records are often level text about sorting, searching, and referred to as randfom access files information structures in general because any record chosen at random should locate a copy of The Art of may be read of written. Computer Programming, by Donald E. V. FEB 1979 99 1 II entry Knuth, Addison Wesley, 1973. Volume Program Name: Appelodian the most impressive. Music 3 covers Sorting and Searching. * Written by: Gary Shannon requires a bit of effort, but this is in Publisher: part due to the versatility of the Hit Enterprises program. The five octave range with Software Review Software Division twelve voices requires a bit of data to Since the earliest days of electronic Box 2848, Van Nuys, CA 91404 properly specify a note. It is a bit computers, a large number of very (213) 785-3737 frustrating that the note specification talented computerists have devoted Order Number: A 15M codes roll off the screen about the immense amounts of time and effort to Price: $15.00 time the third note is entered. A make the finest computing machinery Memory required: 16K moment spent with pencil and paper of the day into marginal musical Appelodian II is the most versatile prior to entering a program will pay instruments to play what is usually music program yet to surface for the dividends. The performances suffer a of only a marginal approximation Apple II. Facilities are included for the bit from the tiny 2-inch speaker inside music. Indeed, at the third meeting of user to enter his own compositions, to the Apple II as well as from some the Homebrew Computer Club early in load and save scores on cassette and strange resonances of the computer 1975, Steve Dompier managed to get of course, to play the stored com- enclosure. Disconnecting the internal his Altair 8800 to play music (?) by positions. While our copy did not speaker and connecting an 8 to 16 generating melodic radio frequency include disk support, we have seen ohm external hifi speaker yields a interference on a nearby radio. In the copies which do. A number of pre- wondrous improvement, but be mid-sixties there was even a Decca loaded scores are available, with forewarned that this will probably void release of an IBM 709 which not only Rossini's William Tell Overture one of your Apple's warranty. played, but sang "Daisy." Thus, from an historic standpoint if not from an artistic one, no home software library Software Rating can be considered complete without at 1 = Poor Fair 3 = Good 4 = Excellent least one music program, especially if Documentation = 2 Creativity = 3.5 you own a computer with a built in Utility = 3.5 Over-All Rating = 3.5 speaker. Ease of Use = 3 Available from Creative Computing Book Service. TRS-80™ RAM UPGRADE LOWEST PRICE EVER ! ! Kit comes with 8 16Kx1 Moitek dynamic RAM chip* and Instruction* 00 to upgrade your keyboard memory. 100% Guarantee — If a part ever falls, well replace M - F R E E 1 * WE PAY SHIPPING * ORDERS PROCESSED IMMEDIATELY * First 100 orders stripped In February get a FREE BONUS 16K (almost) gams listing to utlllz* your expanded memory capability Immediately! Mastercharge/Vlsa accepted * Phone orders tool Give expiration date, bank cods number, card number, telephone number end srea code. (MfCtwfoo roasoemta; aoo 4*>e oaiee tax.) Because of our growing software selection, we will be updsting our 4 page software brochure sometime in March We are now accepting applicants with NEW software ideas to review for insertion in our next brochure Our software brochure will be receiving National Distribution to TRS-80™ owners end clubs. Our customers constitute the potential of over 30.000 BUYERS . . . end thst number is growing Isrger every monthl If you have written an educational, entertainment or small business applications program for use on the TRS-80™ in any - configuration; (Level lor II/4-16K). . . and your idea is collecting dust . . . instead of MONEY then perhaps you should contact us . . . SOON! Your accepted programs pay you 20% royalty of each program sold st the current catalog price, and you don't share it with others I I I We're interested in new ideas because our buyers sre interested. If your programs qualify - we'd like to add them to our brochure. Submit your self-documenting program on cassette (record 2 copies) include 3 first-class stamps for return. We'll notify you within 4 weeks or less if we intend to use your program in our brochure. Interested parties send long Self-addressed, stamped envelope for new brochure (available in March). SOFTWARE/HARDWARE SPECIALISTS P.O. Box 8297 FIBS Ann Arbor, Ml 48107 FOR TRS-80- MICROCOMPUTER (313) 971-1308 CIRCLE 102 ON READER SERVICE CARD 100 CREATIVE COMPUTING . . TRS - 80 Owners INCOME TAX a journal exclusively for you! PROGRAMS The 80-US Journal TM (formerly 80-Northwest) FOR TRS-80 DEVOTED ENTIRELY TO THE TRS-80 microcomputer. FOR INDIVIDUALS (LINE PRINTER OR This fast growing Journal covers the whole DISK NOT REQUIRED) spectrum of Tandy's Dandy. Features 1040A 4K 7.95 Machine Language complete BASIC and 1040 (with Schedule A 4K 14.95 program listings on BUSINESS, EDUCATION, SCIENTIFIC, GAMES, FINANCIAL and & C thru F Routine) TUTORIALS. The JOURNAL is written 30 TC&G (Income Averaging) 4K 14.95 you can understand it, in a plain straight- forward manner. Check with any of the over • • • STATE LEVEL I OR II • • • 4000 TRS-80 owners who already have it. Published bi-monthly, next issue will BUSINESS & PROFESSIONAL: printer be in the mail on 1 March 79. Full systems with line output start at 189.95 tor one year subscription to: Send $16.00 a FREE 7-PAGE CATALOG B^B_ SOUS vSr PO Box 7112 AND DESCRIPTION Tacoma, Washington 98407 Call (206) 759-9642 CONTRACT SERVICES ASSOCIATES $3.00 lor a sample issue) (or 1846 W. Broadway Anaheim, CA 92804 SERVICE CARD CIRCLE 116 ON READER CIRCLE 112 ON READER SERVICE CARD r Radio Shack Computer Users monthly SQJI^D SYftfTHESJZER newsletter Now you can convert your TRS-80 Into the most fantastic TRS-80 sound generating computer you have ever heardl Complex songs, special effects and game sounds are unbelievably easy The laroest publication devoted to the TRS-80 System to create and run. * INSTALLATION -this unit plugs directly into your Level 1 1 • Business • Software Exchange keyboard or expansion Interface. No extra hardware of any • Personal Finance • Market Place kind is needed. Applications a Questions and Answers OPERATION— over 250 notes, covering 8 octaves can be • Practical notes per second. The a Program Printouts produced at a speed of more than 100 a Gambling—Games unit operates independently. In that it can produce sound • Latest RADIO SHACK Developments while the CPU carries out other functions. The synthesizer is controlled solely by simple BASIC commands, no machine language nor DA converter is used. . DESCRIPTION-the unit Is housed in an attractive 8X5X9 '. income tax Major programs published monthly . Complete control ... Ex- Inch, simulated wood cabinet. The unit is complete with program (long and short forms) . . . Inventory power supply, quelitv speaker, processing board and 3 foot . . . Stock tensive mailing list and file program . . Payroll for picking win- ribbon cable. selection and indicators . . . Horse selector ...... Checkers . program lines . Chess . ners . . Renumber * Level II required, conversion to other systems possible, Financial package . . write for informetion. Included with every unit Is a demo tape with themes from "STAR WARS", "THE STING". "CLOSE ENCOUNTERS" $24. Per Year and others. Also special effects and a program to convert ^ your keyboard into a complex organ that remembers and plays back your tunes. SEND CHECK OR MONEY ORDER TO: TOTAL PRICE Proteus Computing (Including listings of Send for FREE Software Calalogue ol TRS programs available on ciiiWi «nd diskette). hundreds | PHQTEJS CQIYIPJTJOIG CIRCLE 122 ON READER SERVICE CARD CIRCLE 151 ON READER SERVICE CARD 101 In this second TRS-80 column, we by typing an X, you can reverse the checks every move for legality), and take a look at three programs (two board, and let the computer continue the black king pawn almost immediate- cassettes from Personal Software and with the mess you've made of your end ly begins to flash on and off, indicating a package from Radio give Shack) , a tip of the game, or you can even let the that this is the piece to be moved. Sure on a little-known discount, and at the computer play against itself, by con- enough, the move is E7-E5, or KP-K4. very end, put a puzzle to ponder. stantly reversing the board. If now you should move up the white Discount. Did you know you can get The second display is the queen pawn, D2-D3, or QP-Q3, and chessboard, all ready to a discount of ten percent on all Radio go, with pieces thus expose your king, the computer in place. The graphics Shack products, including any and all depiction of the moves a bishop down to its fifth rank to pieces is TRS-80 items? Stockholders in the quite good, so you should put your king in check. If you move up Tandy Corporation get a card entitling have no trouble telling a rook from a your bishop's pawn to get out of check, bishop. If them to Radio Shack discounts. All you you don't specify the playing the computer doesn't let that pawn be level, need is at least one share, which will you get level 2 by default. taken by its bishop, which would be "Because it is a gentleman, cost you about $30. A good investment Microchess lost; instead, it moves the bishop back for a ten-percent discount on, for has given you the white pieces to start to the fourth rank. the If instance, a $3,874 TRS-80 32K/Level- game. you would prefer to play Should your king be in check, the Black, the ll/2-disk/line-printer "Business" use Exchange command (X) computer won't let you make a move to reverse the board." system, as the ads style it. And the display that doesn't get your king out of check; switches as soon as you the X. ENTER if you try, it says INPUT ERROR. And if Microchess 1.5. Written by Peter The files are lettered you move up your queen to protect the Jennings of Micro-Ware Ltd. in Toron- from A to H king, the computer will take it with its to, Microchess has already achieved starting from wnite's queen rook file, and bishop, no doubt having calculated the fame for its ingenuity and com- numbered from 1 to 8 starting from white's back rank. comparative value of trading its bishop pactness. It runs in 4K of RAM, in either So if you wish to open with a traditional for your queen. Level-I or Level-ll BASIC. It's available KP-K4, you enter E2-E4. The white king pawn The computer plays an aggressive from a number of sources; I got one moves ahead, the display indicates the game, getting its queen right down from the people who produce it, computer is among your pieces very soon. In Personal Software, Box 136-Z8, Cam- THINKING (the program a somewhat careless game to see if the bridge, MA 02138, which asks $19.95 computer would take advantage for this fascinating program. of my bad moves, it did indeed, every single The manual says Microchess is time, and within 15 moves had nearly written in machine language (and n ntmrmn wiped me out. recorded three time", on the Level-I ••- nnnnjtrm On the next game, I was within a side, five times on the Level-ll side of move of checkmate, but the computer the cassette); "it cannot be copied onto wasn't sleeping, and within another cassette using the BASIC 18 moves had me checkmated. CSAVE command or the machine- Well, it's only a ... I '. game keep telling 'a'. 1 i ' . » . • . i myself. For language monitor, nor can it be reliably $19.95, you too can take your chances copied using two tape recorders." •EttlJt! * Hmmm. against a computer. The first display, when you run Microchess 1.5 does have some Microchess, gives the algebraic nota- limitations, as might be expected. It tion used. This needn't be copied Aw doesn't have a separate end-game down, since it's all in the fairly com- strategy, and it doesn't allow more than prehensive manual. Two interesting one Queen on a side. These are Microchess 1.5, being played at the 10 2 level; minor features: you can choose one of three drawbacks when considering it Black has just played B8-C6. and White is about to what different levels of play; at can do. and any time, respond with its third move. 102 CREATIVE COMPUTING Stimulating Simulations. Also So there you have ten simulations, balancing, monthly budget, and published by Personal Software, this actually games, with a wide range of budget summary); three blank data ten-program cassette runs in 4K on types and difficulty, some aimed at tapes (for outstanding checks, both Level-I and Level-ll, and is $14.95. children and others at grownups, and cancelled checks, and monthly The programs are written by Dr. C. all worth checking out. budget); and an eighth cassette, in William Engel, and are available from Other Personal Software programs case you have more than the 100-plus him in a $5 booklet with flowcharts, are: Armchair Football, a two-person entries a 4K memory can hold, an entry listings and suggested modifications, game, plus animated-graphics Golf being an outstanding check, a at Engel Enterprises, Box 16612, Tam- and Tennis, for 4K Level-I, $14.95; cancelled check, or a deposit. pa, FL 33687. The same 64-page Bridge Challenger, in which you and For those who insist on marking tape booklet is packaged as a manual with the dummy play four-person contract labels in ink, the package contains a the cassette. bridge against the computer, for 16K dozen Monthly Budget labels and a Art Auction (published in the May/- Level-ll, $14.95; Graphics Package lor dozen Cancelled Checks labels, and June Creative, page 140) involves 4K Level-I includes Doodler (for line notes that "If you label your tapes in buying and selling paintings to make a drawing), Plotter (for bar charts and pencil, one label may be used for quite maximum profit, doesn't involve much linear or log-scale graphs), and Letter a while." skill, and doesn't exactly thrill me. (for displaying messages in large block The text begins by explaining what Monster Chase is better, with a letters), all three $14.95; four 4K Level-I all the cassettes are for, how to make monster chasing a victim in a cage, Introductory Special games, Poker, keyboard entries, and how to set up with ten eluding moves necessary for One Queen (on a graphics expense-account codes. The package the victim to survive. Some skill is chessboard), Kingdom (with wars, can keep track of 32 separate accounts; required here; out of a dozen games, I famines, earthquakes, assassinations, since the computer knows them only as managed to survive only once. Lost etc.), Matador (in the bullring), all for numbers instead of names, a form is Treasure is still better, as you search $12.95; and Blockade, similar to the provided for recording all the Personal for the treasure without letting yourself arcade game, with two players each Finance Codes, such as for rent, fall into the surrounding shark-infested controlling a moving dot that leaves a telephone, gas, water, electricity, food, waters. There's a map, but you're not streak, trying to create the most transportation, clothes, etc. shown where you are on it; you have to extended streak without hitting his own After a page of explanation of the figure that out, from the clues the streak or the opponent's, with AM- flowchart symbols, you find out how to computer gives as you move around radio sound effects, for 4K Level-I and run the Checkbook Initialization the island. I found the treasure twice in Level-ll, $14.95. program. Sample data is given so you a dozen games. Personal Software, which has been can see what the program does with it. For the game of Fishing, Gone you offering a printer adapter for the PET, You enter deposits, if any, and then move around an 8x8 sea grid, trying to will probably drop this item to concen- enter each outstanding check, by catch as many pounds of fish as you trate on software for the TRS-80, PET check number, amount, and expense can, with various problems: different and Apple; they are considering code. After you enter your previous catch probability in each square, producing software for other com- balance, the computer displays your seagulls eating your bait, a storm, etc. puters also. current balance, to be compared with Good, but not quite my meat. I prefer the balance in your checkbook. If you Space Flight, even though you've got to Personal Finance. According to the need to see your check entries to look make copies of the provided grid to be Radio Shack TRS-80 catalog, this for mistakes, then enter a 1, otherwise able to plot your course more easily, $14.95 program is a "seven-cassette 2. If you've made an error, press and despite the hazards of aliens, portfolio with manual. Helps you keep BREAK to stop the program, type RUN meteors, and running out of fuel. This track of household budgets, and start all over again. You can also is the toughest game so far on the checkbook balances — even examine a list of your deposits. cassette; I didn't make it to Beta with categorizes expenses for income-tax To save your outstanding checks the medical supplies. records." Actually, there are eight and balance, put the blank Outstand- Forest Fire requires you to put out cassettes. ing Checks cassette into the recorder, the fire and save as many trees as The current version of the Personal and record the data. This first of the possible, using chemicals or a backfire. Finance package is numbered 26-1602. four programs takes 13 steps, all of Interesting, but not as as much The first version, 26-1601 , was found to which are very carefully explained, Nautical Navigation, involving be too compact and thus too confusing even to the extent of telling you how to navigating a sailboat using an elec- for users with little or no computer make a backup tape of your Outstand- tronic direction finder to three different background. The explanatory text was ing Checks. This program is usually islands. No hazards, just calculating only a little over a page long, and the run only once. bearings, speed and time, and requir- one diagram (shown on these pages) The second program is run when you ing quite some skill. In Business looked rather forbidding, especially get a statement and a bunch of Management, you manage a small since it wasn't accompanied by an cancelled checks from the bank. You factory that produces three different explanation of what it all meant. load the Checkbook Balancing kinds of products, and it's not all that Version 26-1602 has 14 pages of program, which first tells to load fascinating. you explanatory text. The main flow the previously-recorded Outstanding Rare Birds is clever. You get clues diagram is now simplified and broken Checks tape. Then you enter the check and have to identify which bird you've up into its four parts, followed by four number of each cancelled check. You spotted, using a chart of the highly detailed Data Flowcharts that put the blank Cancelled Checks characteristics of the 1 6 possible birds. make the original one look like child's cassette in the recorder, and create a In Diamond Thief you're the detective play. But they do tell you all you need to Cancelled Checks tape. trying to find out who stole the dia- know, and are keyed step-by-step to Next step is to enter new outstanding mond and when. This requires a floor the text. checks, followed by entering new plan, and a chart for writing down who The tapes are the in same both deposits, and your new balance is then was where when, because there's too versions: four program tapes (for displayed, which, again, should be the much data to keep it all in your head. checkbook initialization, checkbook same as in your checkbook. You then FEB 1979 103 Level-I and II, with logic create a new Outstanding Checks tape. more than a checkbook balancer, for diagrams; $9.95 at Radio Shack The third program is Monthly rather it is a business-like approach to stores. Budget, which you load, and then enter total finance management." For any income, expenses, salary, bonus, other person willing to take the time to run Coming Software. Plans at Radio income, cash expenses by amount and these programs and enter all the data, Shack are, at this moment, to have code, and any cancelled checks to be this package does indeed give precise available by Jan. 1, in the business calculated into your budget. You then information on where all the money area: general ledger, inventory, ac- load in the Cancelled Checks tape, and went. counts receivable, and mailing-list the computer displays your expenses, For those who find that although the programs. Also an" advanced payroll income, and by how much, if any, your Personal Finance Package was helpful program, with all 50 state-tax tables income exceeds expenses. You can at first, but either they got tired of all the built in, and with 10 different types of examine any particular expense by work involved, or would rather do their deductions. typing in its code number. Then you figuring on the backs of old envelopes, For fun and math, these are create a Monthly Budget tape, and the four program tapes can be used for scheduled, also by Jan. 1: a games' label the cassette. writing your own programs if you first package, a music generator, several The fourth and last program is tape over the punched-out "erase other specialized games in the amuse- Budget Summary, which summarizes protect" tabs at the rear of these ment area; and ' some advanced expenses and income to date. As the cassettes. Otherwise they can't be statistical programs including time^ display tells you, after you load the written on. series analysis and multiple regres- program, "You may run it annually, Coming Hardware. You can expect sion. quarterly or anytime you wish. Simply A RENUM tape is already out. This to see these in the near future; in fact, read in the Monthly Budget tapes for all feature, for renumbering program most of them may be available right the months or parts of months that you lines, was part of the original Microsoft now: want a summary of." At this point you extended BASIC, but was eliminated have to load in at least one Monthly • "Quick Printer," similar to the when that interpreter was slimmed Budget tape. The display shows in- Centronics P1; $499. down to fit the 12K available for the come and expense for the month, asks • New RS-232 board; $99. TRS-80 version. if you have any more Monthly Budget • Telephone interface, 300-baud, tapes, and when no more are to be acoustic coupler, originate-only, Puzzle. Using PRINT RND(10), you loaded, displays income and expenses half or full duplex; $149. get a fairly good distribution with a to date, and either the happy "income • "System Desk," a small secretary's large enough number of RUNs. But exceeds expenses by $ " or the desk, with cutouts for the monitor when you use PRINT RND(RND(10)), discouraging "expenses exceed in- and expansion chassis, hides all the distribution is skewed toward the come by $ " For its very last step the the cables; $199. lower numbers, with more ones than program lists all expenses by code and • Printer stand, for any size Cen- any other number, followed by twos, amount. tronics printer; $99. then threes, etc. Why? (Clue: what will As the text notes, "This package is far • Technical Reference Handbook, RND(2) generate?) , ATTENTION TRS-80S Why sit in the corner in the dark and turned off while your master is sitting by the light, turned on to Creative Computing Magazine? You need a magazine of your own for Education-Enlightenment-Enjoyment and for the personal satisfaction (you're a personal computer, aren't you?) of your very own possession. . . A Subscription to CLOAD MAGAZINE! Turkey your master into sending a $36.00 check to the jive cats at CLOAD MAGAZINE. You will get 12 C-30 cassettes, one a month, each one filled with all kinds of juicy software — Games, Tutorials, Practical Programs and Impractical Trivia. All programs rated G for computers under 18 years old. Do It! Subscribe Now! Box 1267 5 - s fa"*-* * Goleta, CA 93017 wL-UHlJ (805) 964-2761 MasterCharge/VISA magazine welcome 1978 CLOAD MAGAZINE CIRCLE 134 ON READER SERVICE CARD ! Watch your wallet Dennis J. McGuire, Ph.D. Financial behaviorism, and using the home computer for home budget management. Dennis J. McGuire. Ph.D., 4281 Henderson PI.. Syracuse. NY 13219. Can you account accurately for the fund for their major items of expen- makes an empirically based theory of dollars you have spent today? This ditures or persons living alone or in a personal financial behaviors feasible, week? This month? This year? If you household with others but who are and in short, I believe that the age of the did have an accurate accounting of all financially independent. We all know microcomputer will give birth to a these dollar expenditures of yours what budgets are—we only have so totally new behavioristic science, the would you know what it meant and much money to spend and we want to science I call Financial Behaviorism. what direction this accounting could buy practically everything in sight, and Financial Behaviorism is the science of give to your spending? I can give you we have to make decisions about how observing all one's personal financial an accurate accounting of every dollar much to spend on this and that. There expenditures and interpreting them I've spent during the last twenty are the so-called fixed expenses of consistently as measures of personal months, but what I think is more living and then there is hopefully decisions so that such decisions can be important, I can show how a money left over to use according to our made with maximum intelligence. methodical interpretation has directed needs, desires, impulses and goals. The microcomputer makes it feasible me in my decisions about spending my Now, I think that before any realistic for you to keep a record of all your daily money. management practices or policies can expenditures. Everyone I talk to about Home Budget Management in- be determined for any given individual this knows of someone who kept dicates that we are talking about your it is necessary to have an accurate records of his personal expenditures personal expenditures, your after tax- accounting of what that individual's for years. It may be an aunt or uncle, a es, out-of-pocket daily expenditures. actual expenditures are grandparent, a friend, some other The home that we are discussing is A New Science relative, maybe yourself, who for some called a consumer unit, i.e., a group of period of time kept track by hand of his I think theinicrocomputer makes this people living or her expenditures. Have together who pool their possible. The age of the microcom- you ever incomes and draw from a heard of anyone doing this? common puter, which is dawning upon us, Businesses are required to do this but FEB 1979 105 I present a completely there are some individuals who do this. you a monthly report. Not only is every expenditures for, such as factual description of your behavior,, When I describe this process to an dollar you spent accounted bias of other individual in conversation he usually expenditures for food, shelter, per- not subject to the some states the opinion that people won't sonal care, transportation or whatever, observer. bother to keep accurate records of but every expenditure is ranked by Rankings As Strategies their expenditures, but when asked if order of the highest to the lowest. The These rankings of expenditures he would do so himself the individual dollar amounts and the relative percen- represent strategies in spending typically says that he would. Many tages are given in the report. money. One of the first insights I had in people may do this for years and never Now this is very simple to under- doing this, in terms of the monetary all get any kind of methodical interpreta- stand. I can give you examples from my theory I had while keeping track of tion from their records. If you look at a own records. For January 1977, twenty my financial expenditures, was that the hand kept accounting book with page months ago, up to the present time, I rankings represent strategies. Now, after page of numbers on it, without could give you my expenditures ranked there must be some theory that struc- totals and mathematical analyses of all for every month. For example, January tures how you are going to interpret the 1977, 1 put $365 into a savings account, data and my idea, stated very simply, spent $268 for auto insurance, $225 for was that every expenditure represents If you look at a hand kept rent on an apartment, $140 for some decision on my part and that the with for to accounting book professional medical services, $138 decisions I make daily, if they are page after page of household furnishings, $98 for food, have any chance for being considered and so on right down the line. I can give intelligent behaviors, must be capable numbers on it, without you the expenditures right down to of being evaluated as good or bad totals and mathematical $1.00, that in January 1977 I spent on a decisions in terms of the basic purpose lottery ticket. I have the total amount of underlying all my financial behaviors analyses of all the money spent during that month— and all the decisions they represent. figures, you may wonder spent $1620, so the savings of $365 A strategy serves to clarify the represents 22.5% of the total. I have underlying purpose of all your expen- about the use of keeping such a record for every month of the ditures and if you are a goal-oriented such records. year 1977. This procedure then is person this is probably the most simple enough to understand— all important thing to understand about are categorized by ac- is the figures, you may wonder about the expenditures yourself. In general, I suppose it valid use of keeping such records. Why count and ranked. to say that the goal I'm talking about is would anyone bother to keep track of "Well, so what," you may say. "Who to improve your standard of living. If really cares how much money you all his personal expenditures? It is a you are not goal-oriented and you do that during January chore to do this by hand. In spite of this, spent on this and not seriously want to improve your 1977?" there are a few individuals who have As a matter of fact, my original standard of living maximally, then motivation really was to answer the age kept strict records even without the Financial Behaviorism is probably just does it all go?" rewards of analysis and interpretation. old question, "Where an interesting adventure that is enter- But after doing this for a few months I The microcomputer makes it easy for taining to observe in others as a discovered that there was a strategy you to record and analyze your per- spectator. However, as I say, if you are sonal expenditures over any length of goal-oriented it is very important to time. It is the value of the analysis that "Well, so what," you may understand your own financial to what -they can tell you makes it worth your time and energy say. "Who really cares behaviors and keep track of your personal expen- about yourself and what you're doing ditures. This process has the power to how much money you with your money. make your life more purposeful by spend on this and that giving you an understanding of Three Categories Of Expenditures yourself in terms of your personal during January 1977?" So the rankings represent strategies, expenditures. and after keeping track of these underlying all my expenditures that I rankings over the past twenty months I hadn't been aware of. I had been that there are The Process Of have come to the idea methodically trying to increase my net categories of personal Financial Behaviorism three basic worth and my expenditure rankings expenditures. The first is to survive. The process itself is simple to revealed this to me. From that point on, are identified as understand. Each expenditure that a Certain expenditures I became much more conscious of how shelter, person makes can be categorized. My survival expenditures—food, my expenditures related to this pur- transportation, Standard Personal Expenditure Ac- clothing, personal care, pose and started making decisions that health care and some others. Survival counting System is detailed in the May I could not have been prepared for expenditures represent your standard 78 issue of Creative Computing. If you without this knowledge. of living, what you consider to be can get a hold of that copy I suggest essential life style requirements. Any you take a look at the accounting These examples of my January 1977 expenditures that I've provided expenditure that you make because system I have developed for personal believe it is necessary to maintain expenditures. Everything is accounted emphasize the empirical nature of you Financial Behaviorism. If everyone you in your present standard of living is for. If you think anything is omitted you kept such records during 1977, no two a survival expenditure. Your expen- can add it to the list and I would appreciate hearing about any such of them would be exactly the same. ditures for food consumed at home exemplified by the additions. Your record is completely personal to may be very low as of Once you record the expenditures in you, completely unique. It is descrip- so-called "Coupon Queen" Lakehurst, New Jersey, who has been your microcomputer it is stored in the tive of you alone and, if compared attention lately because microcomputer's memory and many somehow with the records of others, it getting media with kinds of mathematical operations for would show how you differ from them she has a certain way of shopping interpretations can be made. The in your financial behavior. Yet, as per- coupons and manufacturer's rebates lot of food and microcomputer accumulates your ex- sonal as this record is, it is completely by which she gets a minimal cost. Or penditures by type of account over the objective. That is, the data is totally household items at month's time and ranks them to give factual. The rankings of your personal your expenditures for food may run 106 CREATIVE COMPUTING into thousands of dollars and include what to if his do washing machine For the most part the services of your personal chef. For recreational goods broke down. The machine is twelve such wealthy persons as sports equipment, games, who have their own years old and he has two options, to recreational vehicles, recreational ser- chef and spend $25,000 per year for buy a new machine or repair the old vices like entrance food consumed at home, including the fees to movies, one. The answer could be determined stage shows, services of their sporting events, etc! chef, such expen- by a microcomputer's analysis of his books, tobacco, alcohol and non- ditures are survival expenditures. In real on-going operational strategy. If it medical drugs are order for them to survive at their expenditures that is predominantly an increase-net- represent the standards of living those are enjoyment of wealth. the kinds worth strategy he will probably buy a of expenditures they have to make. new machine, since most of the money he puts into the machine would be Category Ratios categorized as increasing his net Each of these three categories is When you buy stocks likely worth. If it is predominantly a survival to be represented in your expen- and bonds, they may strategy he will probably have the old ditures for any given month. The machine microcomputer can automatically increase or decrease in repaired, which is purely a survival expenditure. compute the ratio of each category to value as time goes on, The third category is to enjoy your the others to determine your predomi- but nevertheless, your wealth. Such enjoyment includes hav- nant strategy. ing fun in the sense of recreation; all As each expenditure is recorded in purpose in buying them expenditures for goods and services your microcomputer it is automatically for accumulated with previous expen- is to increase your net recreational purposes represent enjoyment of wealth. Dining out, hotel- ditures by specific account, e.g., every time worth. motel charges, luggage and gambling you record a purchase of food it is are also classified as enjoyment of accumulated to your food expen- ditures The second category is to increase wealth. If you buy a boat for recreation, for the month, and the expen- your net worth, to augment your own such an expenditure would be ditures are automatically categorized, personal financial growth. For exam- classified as the enjoyment of wealth. e.g. food expenditures are also ac- ple, money that you put into a savings As before, with the purchase of a car, cumulated into the survival category account, or into short or long term you might want to have your and, as such, added to expenditures for financial or business investments, microcomputer break down the expen- gasoline, fuel and utilities, personal represents personal expenditures diture to two classifications. Sup- care, etc. All expenditures to increase net worth are likewise whose purpose is to increase your net posing a boat cost $25,000 and after a grouped so at the end of the month you get a report worth. I think also that money spent for year's use you can trade it in or sell it for durable goods that maintain or in- $20,000. Then the $5,000 depreciation on how much money was spent on surviving, crease their market value is money is classified as an expenditure for the how much on increasing spent to increase your net worth. When enjoyment of wealth and the $20,000 your net worth and how much on enjoying you buy stocks and bonds, they may base value is an expenditure to in- your wealth. To compare the. increase or decrease in value as time crease your net worth. three, your microcomputer will com- goes on, but nevertheless, your pur- Gambling is enjoying your wealth; pute the ratio of the three categories by taking the lowest figure pose in buying them is to increase your you are playing with your money for and dividing it into each of the category net worth. You hope they will increase the fun of it. If you gamble amounts. For example, if in value and the process of Financial professionally and manage to make expenditures to enjoy your wealth were 5% of the total, Behaviorism is to record and analyze money at it, you would classify your increasing your net worth your expenditures in terms of your expenditures as financial growth ex- was 45%, and surviving was 50%, then dividing purpose at the time you made them. penditures. each by 5%, the lowest That's why such expenditures would amount, yields a ratio of 10 to 9 to 1 for survival, be categorized as those intended to increasing your net increase your net worth. The same worth, and enjoyment of wealth respectively. holds for home furnishings, equipment and appliances. When buying durable Such analytic reports by the microcomputer show you the factual goods, if you have in mind their future basis trade-in value or resale value then such by which any budgetary decisions expenditures can be classified as those you have to make can be directed. to increase your net worth. For exam- You can go along with whatever your microcomputer shows ple, when buying an automobile, if you your predominant strategy to in take into consideration its market value be deciding how to spend certain of in the future and this is important to your funds, or you, then even though transportation you can try to change your strategy to one that is really may be a survival expenditure, this more consistent with your actual financial expenditure is for your financial condition. A person may have a growth to the extent it holds its market microcomputer report that value. The microcomputer can be indicates 25% of expenditures are for programmed to record part of such survival, 15% for increasing net worth expenditures as survival and part as and 60% for enjoying wealth . increasing your net worth. For exam- However, the same person may not own any wealth—the ple, if you spend $10,000 on a car that wealth may belong to others as is the you can trade in next year for $8,000 case with a 26-year-old woman living then the $2,000 depreciation is a with her parents. survival expenditure and the $8,000 base which maintains its market value The Observational Possibilities is to increase your net worth. Of The Microcomputer A friend of mine recently asked how a This whole analytic and inter- microcomputer could help him decide pretative process is only made possible FEB 1979 107 ) by the microcomputer and makes it Fig. I. The Personal Expenditures Accounting feasible to ask all kinds of questions System (PEAS). that define a new field of inquiry, i.e., a PERSONAL EXPENDITURES ACCOUKIIKO SYSTEM (PEAS ) new science, that of human financial THE behaviorism. This science is made expenditure Code: possible by the fact that many people a: to survive can have microcomputers for their own b: to Increase net worth use and the mass of data that can be c: to enjoy wealth accumulated from them could be FOOD: SAVINGS 4 FINANCIAL INVESTMENTS: analyzed to establish the answers to a 01 1 non-taxed food consumed b 051 savings deposits at hone b 052 short-term investments many questions. a 012 taxed food Items b 053 long-term Investments Open questions for investigation are: e 013 dining out RECREATION: What ratios of the three basic HOUSING: c 061 recreational goods (sports categories are healthy, i.e., can be a 021 rent i equipment, games, etc.) (en- maintained consistently over long b 022 home ownership (purchase & c 062 recreational services financing, maintenance & re- trance fees, etc.) periods of time? What ratio is most pairs, commodities, services) c 063 subscriptions for magazines 023 fuel utilities (fuel oil, c 064 books desirable as a lifestyle goal? Should it a & coal, gas. electricity, other c 065 tobacco products be 1 : 1 : 1, i.e., the amount of money utilities) c 066 alcoholic beverages you spend to survive and maintain your b 024 household furnishings (tex- c 067 non-medical drugs tiles, furniture, floor coverings, PERSONAL BUSINESS: standard of living, to increase your net appliances, other durable worth and to enjoy your wealth are all house fumi shings b 071 postage equal? This question should a 025 household operation (house- b 072 services (printing, etc.) be keeping supplies, house- b 073 supplies answered by empirical investigations. keeping services) b 074 equipment b 075 brokerage charges & invest- What patterns of ra os are likely to a 026 personal property insurance c 027 hotel & motel bills ment counseling occur while going fror i one lifestyle or a 028 telephone b 076 lejal services standard of living to another? For b 077 bank services CLOTHING: c 078 expenses of handling life example, as a person increases his a 031 men's apparel insurance standard of living and grows wealthy, a 032 boy's apparel a 079 funeral & burial expenses a 033 women's apparel MEDICAL CARE & INSURANCE: how do his expenditure strategies a 034 girl's apparel change? Are there specific phases or b 035 Jewelry a 081 professional medical services & repair of clothing a 082 prescriptions & drugs stages of development to be expected a 036 cleaning a 037 personal care (toilet goods, a 083 hospital services as normal? beauty & barber shop services) a 084 health insurance opthalmic products How can mistakes in judgment c 038 luggage a 085 be a 086 orthopedic appliances detected and evaluated by the TRANSPORTATION: EDUCATION: microcomputer producing its monthly b 041 purchase of automobile a 042 gasolene b 091 tuition & fees for formal ed. reports? How can you know when an b 043 auto parts c 092 musical & other instruction expenditure decision is harmful to your a 044 auto repair b 093 textbooks & supplies a 045 auto maintenance (oil, wash- basic lifestyle PERSONAL INSURANCE: goal? ing antifreeze, etc.) How do the expenditures of the a 046 parking a 101 life insurance various members of a family affect the a 047 tolls MISCELLANEOUS: a 048 auto Insurance family as an economic unit? If you have a 049 purchased transportation 111 alimony 112 gambling children, how would you classify their (buses, taxicabs, trains, airplaina, etc.) 113 support payments expenditures? Could some children 114 gifts participate in the process of financial 115 sales tax 116 miscellaneous behaviorism and would such participa- 117 contributions tion make them more intelligent about using money? Can computer programs their money? in financial behaviorism None of these questions could be be used by high schools asked without the existence of the microcomputer in the hands of people and colleges to educate who use it to record their expenditures. their students to a more Centuries ago the microscope made possible whole new fields of inquiry, mature awareness of whole new sciences. We could see themselves in terms of worlds that were never visible to the human eye before. This is also true of how they use their the microcomputer. It is now possible money? for people who represent various socio-economic groups in society to analyze their financial behaviors over long periods of time, to accumulate How are the stages of development data, and to develop data banks that defined in terms of financial behaviors can indicate what individuals are as one grows from a child to an adult? improving their standards of living and judgments. MistaKes in judgment Can computer programs in financial how they are doing it. It could also could be analyzed in terms of such data behaviorism be used by high schools indicate what individuals are not im- banks. The observational power of the and colleges to educate their students proving their standards of living and microcomputer opens up to us a whole to a more mature awareness of how their financial behaviors represent new universe of data and I think that it themselves in terms of how they use their subjective personal values, their is an important one. 108 CREATIVE COMPUTING 1 RANTING OP 1077 sprPENDlTURE g fjp MORE UNIQUE SOFTWARE Consumer Unit Consisting Of Harried Co aple With No Dependents FOR TRS-80! TOTAL EXPENDITURE: 318,560 $10.00 each, on cassette CPU ACCOUNT £ ACCOUNT HAMS OffiX*] % OF TOTAL -•iUXBSR GAMES AND -XPENDlTOrt;-; INSTRUCTIONAL PROGRAMS GT-4 TURKEY BUZZARD - This game will amaze you' Nol b 051 only does SAVINGS 83870 20.9* 11 have an interesting, challenging and amusing a 021 scenario RENT 3175 17.1 but rt is perhaps the only game in existance b which makes lull 024 HOUSEHOLD FURNISHINGS 1676 use ol all TRS-W graphics lunctions 9.0 Thus, you can actually a 011 POOD CONSUMED AT HOME (NON-TAXED) 11A1 see events encountered in the 6.1 game 1 There is b 091 TUITION & TEES FOR FORMAL EDUCATION even some character animation! Watch 799 4.3 your hunting dog dog chase his c 061 RECREATIONAL prey' See game Birds fly GOODS 736 4.2 trom their tree b 114 roosts' There are all kinds ol dangers and GIFTS 498 comic pitfalls to avoid a 2.7 Del.n.lely a game worthy tor any 031 MEN'S APPAREL 481 true computer gamester' a 2.6 023 FUEL &. UTILITIES 466 2.5 a 033 GTS DRIVER'S This WOMEN'S APPAREL 431 2.3 E0 - can either serve as an instruc- a 042 tional aid for high school GASOLENE 402 2.2 age youngsters learning to drive or as a fun educational game for 115 SALES TAX 392 2.1 younger children a 084 HEALTH Features include extensive use ol graphics informing INSURANCE 364 2.0 user of c 013 DINING OUT correct answer whei he or she misses a question 360 1.9 and randomization of a question order to insure that the 048 AUTO INSURANCE teslee can not answer 346 1.9 using a pattern Actually shows a a 081 PROFESSIONAL picture MEDICAL SERVICES 328 ol each suoiect it asks a a 1.8 question about 037 PERSONAL CARE 316 1.7 b 027 HOTEL & MOTEL 288 1.6 A PROGRAM FOR SPACE BUFFS a 028 TELEPHONE 286 1.5 CS-4 PLANETARY WEIGHT - Tell a 049 the computer how much PURCHASED TRANSPORTATION 272 you weigh and it will tell you what b 1.5 you would weigh on 072 PERSONAL BUSINESS SERVICES 225 1.2 seven other planets and the moon' a 025 HOUSEHOLD OPERATIONS 219 1.2 a 044 AUTO REPAIR 166 0.9 ALSO b 043 AUTO PARTS - 1 135 0.7 BT BLANK lk.cl.rte..') CASSETTES - Don! low nrr>- c 063 grams or data on file SUBSCRIPTIONS FOR READING MATERIAL 128 0.7 because you forgot to advance the a tape beyond the leader' High 045 AUTO MAINTENANCE 106 0.6 quality Our extensive tests have shown that b 071 POSTAGE this special leaderless cassette is best 97 0.5 lor computer a 047 TOLLS use because it also has an extremely low 96 0.5 incidence c 067 of drop outs", even when compared with the NON-MEDICAL DRUGS 90 0.5 most expensive low noise cassettes Package of two for a 101 LIFE INSURANCE 87 0.5 066 ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES 83 0.4 Add $1 00 postage and handling a 083 HOSPITAL SERVICES 75 0.4 c 062 RECREATIONAL SERVICES All programs executable in less than 4K RAM Choose 66 0.4 L evel-l or II Available exclusively trom a 012 TAXED FOOD ITEMS 52 0.3 a 045.1 AUTO FEES 47 0.3 •a 082 PRESCRIPTIONS & DRUGS 41 0.2 compuirex b 073 PERSONAL O BUSINESS SUPPLIES 38 a 0.2 046 PARKING 33 0.2 PO Box 536 Inman SC 29349 c 065 TOBACCO PRODUCTS 33 0.2 e 064 BOOKS 28 0.2 CIRCLE KM ON FREE INFORMATION CARD a 036 CLEANING AND REPAIR OF APPAREL 25 0.1 112 GAMBLING 13 0.1 ALL OTHER ACCOUNTS 0.0 Category % Ratio a: to survive 48.4 5.6 b: to increase net worth 41. 4.3 c: to enjoy wealth 8.6 1.0 & Fig. 2. Ranking of 1977 expenditures. Consumer ^l>^^•^^^^""^ unit consisting ol a married couple with no dependents. HOME "W^ A**"^. TT xtO A«P^V TsV "T FINANCIAL BEHAVIORISM EXPENDITURES POISON TOTAL TOR JANUARY: 11620 CONTROL Roarr O biter. MD CODS ACCT. # ACCOUNT NAME EXPENDITURE * OF TOTAL WARNING: your home contains 051 SAVINGS $365 22.5* products which 048 AUTO INSURANCE 268 16.5 MAY BE HARM- 021 RENT 225 13.9 FUL OR FATAL IF SWALLOWED. 081 PROFESSIONAL MEDICAL SERVICES 140 8.6 024 HOUSEHOLD FURNISHINGS 138 8.5 This North Star BASIC program de- 011 POOD CONSUMED AT HOME (NON-TAXED) 98 6.0 termines the necessary EMERGEN- 091 TUITION 4 FEES FOR FORMAL EDUCATION 75 4.6 013 DINING OUT 34 2.1 CY MEASURES for ingestion of 023 FUEL & UTILITIES 31 1.9 063 SUBSCRIPTIONS FOR READING MATERIAL 30 1.9 household products. Disk utility al- 082 PRESCRIPTIONS & DRUGS 27 1.7 lows expansion of substance vocab- 025 HOUSEHOLD OPERATIONS 24 1.5 028 TELEPHONE 24 1.5 ulary to over 2400 names. Access 072 PERSONAL BUSINESS SERVICES 24 1.5 115 SALES TAX time less than 6 seconds. Free 23 1 .4 an- 037 PERSONAL CARE 19 1.2 nual 027 HOTEL & updates. Complete Source MOTEL 17 1 .0 047 TOLLS 14 0.9 listings. 073 PERSONAL BUSINESS SUPPLIES 11 0.7 042 GASOLENE 9 0.6 033 WOMEN'S APPAREL 8 0.5 Diskette and Manual $28.00 046 PARKING 5 0.3 114 GIFTS 4 0.2 Manual only, with listings . . . .8.00 012 TAXED FOOD ITEMS 2 0.1 c 062 RECREATIONAL SERVICES 2 0.1 WATCH cassette a FOR versions. 049 PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION 1 0.1 c 064 BOOKS 1 0.1 Available at your computer store c 112 GAMBLING 1 0.1 or from: ALL OTHER ACCOUNTS 0.0 Category g ^tl0 Berkeley Medical Data Associates. Inc. a: to survive 55.3 10.4 Microcomputer Consultants b: to increase net worth 38.0 7.2 P.O. Box 5279, Berkeley, CA 94705 c: to enjoy wealth 5,3 1.0 (416) 653-6707 Fig. 3. Financial behaviorism expenditures lor month ot January, 1977. CIRCLE 144 ON READER SERVICE CARD FEB 1979 109 . We live in a changing An Analysis of Change: world. Besides the obvi- ous examples of change . . . other less evident ex- Differential Equations amples of change are evolution of animal and bacteriological popula- Bruce D. Barnett tions, and money "grow- ing" as it earns interest in Example I — Population Growth and Related Matters a bank. These changing Consider the population of rabbits (or even rats). A rather safe assump- events are expressed by tion one could make about their what is known as differ- population is that "the more there are, the more there will be," so that for ential equations. example if there are 100 rabbits in existence today, there may be 150 solution to N = KN that is characteristic We live in a changing world. Besides rabbits a month from now — an of all differential equations. At any the obvious examples of change, night increase of 50 rabbits, while if there are selected time choose, you need to into day, your hot cup of morning 200,000 rabbits now, the population you know a value for the quantity that is coffee turning cold and all the physical may have grown by another 100,000 in In this you need laws describing motion, other less one month. To write this as a differen- changing. example N, the population size at any one evident examples of change are evolu- tial equation, let N represent the know example at t = which tion of animal and bacteriological number of rabbits at any given time. given time. For populations, and money "growing" as Naturally N will change in time. Let the could represent the present, let's assume there are 100,000 rabbits (N - it earns interest in a bank. These rate of change of N be denoted by N This assignment of values is changing events are expressed by what and let this rate of change be propor- 100,000). in called an initial condition and is is known as differential equations. tional to the number of rabbits obtain unique solution to These equations specify the rate of existence at any given time, (recall "the essential to a a differential equation. Once having change of a variable (quantity that is more there are, the more there will be") this solution however, you can deter- allowed to vary) in terms of a known The differential equation governing the population of rabbits at any function or expression. A few examples this is written as N = KN. Here K is the mine time hence. Figure 1 presents a graph will help clarify this concept and factor of proportionality. If K is positive of the number of rabbits vs. time for perhaps will enable you to construct the population will increase; in fact the several values of K, assuming there are some differential equations of your larger the value substituted for K, the rabbits at t = 0. These curves own choosing. You can use the more rapidly the population will ex- 100,000 generated program that accompanies this article pand. For K negative, which denotes a and many others can be program to solve the equations you derive. negative rate of change, the population using the accompanying which is explained in a later section of In setting up a differential equation, will decrease. One final bit of informa- this article. first choose any letter or symbol you tion is required to provide a single desire to represent the quantity that will be changing. A dot placed over that symbol will signify that this is a time rate of change of that quantity; that is, it represents how fast the quantity is changing. This in turn is to be equated to a given expression that actually specifies the rate of change. This expression may or may not include the quantity itself and/or time explicitly. Hence it is quite easy to write differen- tial equations. It is quite another matter however, to solve the resultant equa- tion, which requires knowledge of a branch of mathematics known as the calculus. In some cases the equation is easily solved, in others considerable ingenuity must be exercised, while in yet other cases, one must resort to a solution that consists of adding an infinite number of terms or use some approximate numerical method to arrive at an answer. Now for some examples. Bruce D barnett. RD 2, Box 213. Blairstown. NJ 07825 110 CREATIVE COMPUTING Believe it or not, but many other seemingly unrelated problems are 200 governed by this same differential equation! This illustrates one of the SPEED beauties of mathematics whereby one equation or even an entire theory may in Ft/Sec 5 g-KS' apply to many different fields Some examples that are described by N KN are radioactive decay, mixing of solutions and continuous compound- 100 ing of interest. Let's look at the latter example more carefully. Assume that you have invested $100 in a savings account that earns 6 percent interest. How much money would you have at the end of 10 years if interest is compounded annually, semi-annually, daily, ... continuously? Tablet gives TIME in SEC 2 4 6 8 10 answers to these questions. The differential equation that applies to the Fig. 2. Speed ot a ball, with and without air resistance. continuous compounding is P = 06P Here P represents the principal at any time t. Note again that the larger P 5 becomes, the larger I , the rate of change of P, becomes and the faster your money will grow. As the initial condition, P = $100 at t = was used; t is Using the Program expressed in years, and .06 represents The accompanying program solves the annual interest rate. Again, curves interesting case arises when air differential equations numerically, similar to that of the population expan- resistance is introduced. Air resistance hence any solution so obtained will sion can be generated using the tends to slow the ball somewhat; in fact only approximate the true solution. For appended program in which you can the faster the ball travels, the more differential equations that cannot be substitute different interest rates and effect air resistance has on its motion. solved directly — determine how much money you can and a numerical What will the motion of the ball be like solution must be resorted to — the save for different principals at any now? Will it still increase its speed mathematician will not only be in- future time. without limit? One can account for air terested in obtaining the approximate resistance by introducing a term that solution but will ask how well the Amount depends on the ball's speed. Physical numerical solution indeed represents Compounding At End Of experiments suggest adding a term the true solution. The Interval 10-Year accompanying that is Period proportional to the square of the program was written to allow you to 2 speed, namely KS . Here K is a mixture experiment and exercise your own Annually $179.08 of physical constants that involve the judgement regarding this question of Semi-Annually $180.61 shape, size and weight of the ball as accuracy. Typically the numerical Daily $182.20 well as the density and viscosity of the solution of a differential equation is Continuously $182.21 air. This term, when added to the more accurate the nearer one is to the gravitational influence, produces the initial condition; thus as one Table I. Ten years of interest on $100. com- - 2 differential equation = . pounded at various intervals. S g KS The progresses further from this given 2 term KS is introduced with a negative condition the less accurate the result. sign since it acts to decrease S. This phenomenon is not unlike the Figure 2 results when using a value of situation where a story or rumor is 2 Example II — Various Motions 32.2 ft/sec for g and a value of .001 for passed on in turn from person to of a Ball K. For an initial condition, the ball is person, where the more people in- As a second example, let's consider assumed to start from rest, at t = 0, volved (the further away the story can the motion of a ball that is moving at a S = 0. The solution for the equation travel from the source), the more constant speed as might be the case if it 3 = g is shown also for the same initial distorted the story becomes. What can is rolling on a level plane under ideal condition as above. The reader may be done about this? Well, besides conditions. Constant speed means that want to experiment with other laws performing a tedious error analysis to rate of the change of speed is zero. The such as assuming the air resistance is limit the error, you can usually still differential equation would then simply proportional to the cube of the speed, judge how good the solution is simply be S = 0, where S denotes the ball's which applies under certain cir- by rerunning the program using a speed. If the ball is dropped from a cumstances, to see what motion results smaller step size. In fact, continue this window, however, the picture will be for that case also. process until the solution, at the point quite different and the ball continually What was presented is only a small you are interested in, changes very gains speed as it falls. In the absence of view of how and where differential little from run to run. Your final solution air resistance, the rate of change of the equations arise. Other examples should then be a good estimate of the ball's is speed proportional to the described by such equations are mass- true solution. The smaller step size is gravitational attraction, thus the gover- spring systems, electric circuits, somewhat analogous to using more ning equation is S g (where g is a deflection of beams and orbital capable people who can transmit the given constant). Solving this equation mechanics. One can truly go on and "story" more accurately. Table II il- you will find that the speed of the ball on. Differential equations are lustrates these concepts for the equa- will increase limit, without that is, will necessary and do indeed help describe tion N = 3N for the given initial condi- continue to accelerate. The most the "changing" world we live in. tion t=0, N = 1. FEB 1979 111 STEP SIZE t = 1.5 t = 3. % % % (H) VALUE ERROR VALUE ERROR VALUE ERROR .5 4.39844 1.86 85.0933 5.47 7240.87 10.64 .1 4.48134 .01 89.9958 .02 8099.25 .05 .05 4.48166 90.0156 8102.81 TRUE SOLUTION 4.48169 90.01713 8103.08 -*g (N=e3t) Table II. Showing how the error percentage Is minimized when using a smaller step size and smaller value for t. 10 PRINT "INPUT A VALUE FOR STEP SIZE'; 20 INPUT H 30 PRINT "INPUT INITIAL VALUE FOR INDEPENDENT VARIABLE" 40 INPUT TO run SO PRINT "INPUT INITIAL VALUE FOR DEPENDENT VARIABLE"; INPUT A VALUE FOR STEP SIZE? .5 60 INPUT T INPUT INITIAL VALUE FOR INDEPENDENT VARIABLE? 70 PRINT "T" f "r INPUT INITIAL VALUE FOR DEPENDENT VARIABLE? 1 75 PRINT T0,T T 80 LET N1 * 1 90 LET Nl = Nl I .5 4.39844 100 LET T1 • TO » H (Nl - 1)»H»10 1 19.3463 110 FOR T - Tl TO T1 i 9»H S H 1.5 83.0933 120 LET I T 2 374.278 130 LET D » T 2.5 1646.24 140 LET F > 3»D 3 7240.87 ISO LET Kl N«F 3.5 31848.5 UO LET I « T .3«H 4 140084 170 LET D Y K1/2 4.5 616149 1B0 LET F 3»D 5 2.7101E+06 190 LET K2 H*F UANT TO CONTINUE UITH THIS PROBLEM? 200 LET D « T K2/2 TYPE 1 IF YES, IF NO 210 LET F 3*0 T 1 220 LET K3 • H*F S.5 1.19202E«07 230 LEI I « T H 6 5.24302E+07 240 LET D • T K3 6.3 2.3061 1E+08 2S0 LET F 3«D 7 1.01433E+09 260 LET K4 H*F 7.5 4.46146E+09 270 LET Y T IK1 2»K2 2*K3 K4>/6 8 1.96234E-M0 280 PRINT T,T 8.S 8.6J125E+10 290 NEXT T 9 3.7964E+11 300 PRINT "UANT TO CONTINUE U1TH THIS PROBLEM'" 9.3 1.66982E+12 310 PRINT "TYPE 1 IF TES, IF NO" 10 7.34462E+12 320 INPUT N UANT TO CONTINUE UITH THIS PROBLEH? 330 IF N > 1 THEN 90 TYPE 1 IF YES, IF NO 340 PRINT "UANT TO SELECT ANOTHER INITIAL CONDITION OR" ? 3S0 PRINT ANOTHER (1 > "SELECT STEP SIZE? YES, NO)* UANT TO SELECT ANOTHER INITIAL CONDITION OR 370 INPUT N SELECT ANOTHER STEP SIZE? (1 * YES, « NO)? 360 IF N • 1 THEN 10 HOPE YOU HAD FUN ...BYE 390 PRINT "HOPE YOU HAD FUN ...BYE" 400 60T0 99? 999 END Note that for a step size of .5 and at depend upon time in order to have a %%%%**%s.%x%%%%iuaaex3 ttsxxxs = t .5, a 1.86% error is made which specific value. To change the differen- A page of a newspaper is about 0.003 grows to 5.47% at t = 1 .5. Notice also tial equation in the program simply VI inches thick. If you piled up 2 sheets that the same approximate answer is change line 500 in accordance with the of newspaper, you would have 1,125,- = = obtained at t 1.5 for both H .1 and following conventions. Use D to denote 899,906,842,624 sheets. This pile .05. This suggests that 90.0156 is a the dependent variable, I to denote the would be over 53,000,000 miles (85,- good estimate of the true solution. dependent variable and the symbol F to 000,000 kilometers) high. To run the program, follow the denote the rate of change of the instructions as they are printed out for dependent variable. Thus the equation you using the sample run as a guide fl = 3*N would be written as F = 3*D that helped produce Table II. which is in the current listing of the The independent variable called for program at line 500. As a second in the program is the variable that you example, the equation X = (X*T - 2 usually have no control over; this very 6)/2'T , where T is considered as the often is time. The dependent variable is independent variable would be entered the quantity that changes as the asF = (D*l-6)/(2*l*l). independent variable changes. In the Happy solving!!! The distance from the earth to the moon is about 240,000 miles, or 386,- examples that were presented, the Reference: 000 kilometers. population size and speed would be Ralston. A.. (1965) A First Course in Numerical considered as dependent variables that Analysis. McGraw-Hill Inc., (page 200). CREATIVE COMPUTING Reprinted Irom ElectroakvOclobci 12. 1978: McGraw-Hill. Inc.. 197*. Pascal becomes software superstar Programming language has captured fancy of industry in past two years for use in wide range of computers by John G. Posa. From the mountain fastness of Switz- shapes and sizes around the world. on the ubiquitous 8080 microproces- erland there came 10 years ago a Pascal has exercised the hardware sor, Cray Research's giant, super- programming language called Pas- of more than 60 families of comput- fast Cray-1, and a host of machines cal. For the first few years of its life ing machines, and new ones are in between.. it created little stir, but then it began being added to the list at this Kenneth Bowles, director of the to gain popularity in academia and moment. It has been dubbed "PL/1 Institute for Information Systems at eventually industry. Today, Pascal is done right" and "Basic of the the University of California at San finding its way into machines of all future," and it has been made to run Diego, and his colleagues are now a major force pushing for Pascal in the U. S. They have put together a single-user operating system that an increasing number of people are using and even redistributing as part of their own systems. $ Looking back, Bowles feels it was just lucky that Pascal was chosen. While using Algol during a seven- year stint as director of ucsd's Computer Center, he became con- vinced that the benefits of structured programming practices could not be overemphasized. He also realized that microcomputers would not dis- appear and that they represented a * ~* very cost-effective teaching aid. Now for a language. About four years ago, Bowles looked to Pascal. Algol just was not general enough and Pascal, which was designed to teach programming in the first place, was starting to be used as an academic tool. "We saw industry producing a number of different machines and we didn't want to be locked into any one in particular," he remembers. "We needed software that would last a long time and could also be traded between various insti- tutions." So portability became an underlying factor in their work. Pascal, drafted in 1968 in Zurich •>.« by Niklaus Wirth was chosen as the starting point, but its memory requirements were excessive. With eyes on the LSI- 11 as a target FEB 1979 113 graphics, and system programming, of four to five and reduce the cost of Pascal coiTt . . . an editor, a file manager, a debug- maintenance." ger, and various utilities. The Pascal User's Group is based machine, Bowles used frequency- Plans at UCSD are to continue to at the University of Minnesota in based encoding to squeeze the com- make Pascal more enticing to pro- Minneapolis; Andy Mickel, the piler's requirements down to less spective users by adding targei group's coordinator, says he is than 20 kilobytes. (Simply stated, machines and useful extensions. swamped with inquiries. After two frequency-based encoding re- There is also a chance to put Pascal years, the group comprises some arranges operators so that the most in read-only memory. "All of the 2,600 members from 41 countries frequently used are the easiest to code that our compiler generates is and is growing. access.) He got this working on the potentially ROMable," says Bowles. Mickel is also a systems program- PDP-11 and knew it would also go "It'*s position-independent, it doesn't mer at the university's computer on the LSI-1 1, so in June of last year modify itself, and our system itself center. "Two years ago, we ran less he reset his sights on the 8080. would make it very straightforward than 1,000 Pascal jobs," he says. Within eight months, Pascal was to refer to procedures in rom." ucsd "This year it will reach 262,000." running on the 8080, and Bowles Pascal also just received another He takes no credit for promoting the was stunned. He recalls saying some- boost in the form of a four-chip, language's popularity but rather thing like, "We've got something 16-bit microcomputer introduced by attributes it to the language itself. here and we'd better let the world Western Digital Corp. that actually "Pascal is good on its own merit. It know about it." They did. Soon, interprets P-code in hardware (see p. would have been successful regard- Pascal was running on Zilog's Z80, 155). less," he says. and by the end of this year, the "It's serendipitous," admits Group interest. The Digital Equip- language will be routing electrons in Bowles, "Somehow we happened to ment Computer User's Society has the 6800, ti's 9900, and Rockwell be at the right place at the right time its own Pascal Special Interest International's 6S02. In fact, there with a Pascal system and the micro- Group, formed about two years ago. doesn't appear to be any machine computer industry was hurting for a Enrollment now stands at approxi- incapable of handling Pascal. high-level language— and our system mately 600 and is climbing. Accord- Bowles and his associates work will run on just about all the popular ing to John R. Barr, a professor in with Pascal's intermediate code processors." the computer science department at called P-code. Pascal programs are Happy user. One of the many the University of Montana and first compiled into the P-code, which firms adopting ucsd's Pascal is spokesman for the group, it is evalu- in turn gets interpreted on the vari- American Microsystems Inc. ami ating various implementations of ous target machines. This is one plans to offer the language as part of Pascal in dec computers. Now oper- reason why ucsd Pascal comes up so its M DC- 100 Microprocessor Devel- ational is a two-pass compiler that quickly. The only code that needs to opment Center. Dick Woodward, runs in conjunction with the RSX — be written in the native tongue of the manager of microprocessor software 11/M, RSX-ll/D, IAS, and target processor is the small inter- development at AMI, says, "For RSTS operating systems; it is being preter. From that point on, the ucsd defining data structures, Pascal is extended to use RT— 11 and Bell system takes over. At this time, some much more powerful than Basic, Lab's UNIX. Other members are of the major components of the ucsd Fortran, PL/1, and certainly assem- adapting Pascal for dec's new VAX operating system package include bly language. In conjunction with 11/780 system. the Pascal compiler with extensions Pascal's control constructs, we plan Closer to the commercial world, for strings, disk files, interactive to cut programming time by a factor Pascal has been equally successful. For example, Texas Instruments Inc. uses Pascal extensively, though it it corporate What is Pascal? stops short of calling the language. Roger Bate, manager of software at ti, says the Pascal is a block-structured programming language in the style of Algol. advanced Programs consist of two parts: a heading names the program and specifies company surveyed languages about the variables it will use, and the body of the program, called a block, follows. a year and a half ago and narrowed A block is further subdivided into six sections. The first four declare the the choice to C, Pascal, and Bliss. labels, constants, data types, and variables. The fifth names and precedes Pascal was chosen, but it was appar- an actual or procedure function. The last section, called the statement ent that ti had to make some section, contains the executable code for the named function or procedure. changes to make it "more for Labels identify statements so they can be referenced. Constants equate programming than for teaching." So numbers with names for use throughout a program, like pi = 3.14. Data the firm's programmers took Wirth's types are numerous; furthermore, structured types can be defined to include language (which remains a proper arrays, records, sets, and files. Each named variable must be followed by its type. Procedures can be put within procedures, and the statements for each subset) and added fixed-point and must be preceded with the keyword "begin" and terminated with the word decimal arithmetic capabilities to it, "end." Operators are defined for multiply, divide, add, subtract, logical, and as well as more versatile array relational, and numerous control statements are allowed. processing. Pascal usage at ti is on the rise, 114 CREATIVE COMPUTING The firm's compiler has spawned a Pascal con't. . . actually a desirable programming separate company called Oregon practice, except that if the size of an Minicomputer Software. It has ex- array changes, it is considered a new with 30% to 40% of the new clusive rights to market the compil- type and genuine Pascal will flag it programs being written in it. In- er, which sells for $1,500, and has as an error. cluded are those for initial software written versions to run on the PDP- In terms of system programming, development, tools like compilers 11 with the RT-11, RSX-ll/M, it can be awkward to introduce and libraries, and systems program- and RSTS operating systems. Ore- modules of the type necessary for ming. In April, ti began offering gon Minicomputer also has devel- concurrent processes. Large arrays Pascal for its DS990 disk-based oped symbolic and variable editing must be set up with global variables minicomputer systems. The 990 packages in collaboration with its for the procedures to use, and if one compiler and several 990 system firm, parent and is about a year of the variables is altered inadver- software modules are themselves away from an optimized compiler tently, problems arise. coded in Pascal. Even Fortran that will be even more efficient, But complex operating systems routines can be embedded into ti's although it may not be appropriate can be written in Pascal, as Per Pascal source code. for sm ill machines. Brinch-Hansen proved a few years Another user is Electro Scientific Question. But even as the enthu- ago with his Concurrent Pascal. And Industries Inc. of Portland, Ore., a siasm builds, one may reasonably Wirth himself is now concerned with manufacturer of instruments and ask, "If Pascal is so wonderful, why a new language called Modula that minicomputer-based laser trimmers. is it that every new user has to prac- is based on Pascal and aimed at the "We were coding in assembly lan- tically rewrite it?" The answer stems concurrent-computation problem. guage, but realized that we wouldn't from the fact that all languages have The newer Pascal compilers have be flexible enough to track the needs their shortcomings, and Pascal has all but eliminated some of these of our users," says Don Cutler, some too. First, Wirth's definition headaches. For example. Electro manager of systems engineering. So, does not explicitely outline what is Scientific and others simply insert a like ti, the company went shopping required for the seperate compilation dummy header with the variables for a high-level language. Basic and they will of Pascal programs, and it has been use and add the actual Fortran did not provide the real-time found that cither extensions to the procedure later. And TI has an performance sought; PL/1 was too language or compiler expression to vary the size of an thorny directives must and not benchmarked enough array without getting reprimanded. be added to do so. on small machines. The only remaining problem seems Choice. But Another complaint voiced by some Pascal seemed easy to be exactly what extensions should users is that the size enough to of an array understand and imple- become standard and how they ment, must be fixed at the time of compila- so the firm obtained a compil- should be implemented. Standards tion. Pascal is very big on er from the University of type- Illinois, are important not to force their use checking, which means that if a vari- changed about 99% of it to add but to enable those not adhering to able is of a certain type (integer, for things like real-number-processing them to state in precise terms how example) in one part of a program, it capabilities, and esi's software needs they are being different. must remain that type. This is were satisfied. "The code generated Workshop. This summer, UCSD typically uses only twice the memory held a workshop to discuss such stan- and execution time of an assembly dard extensions, and over 30 differ- version," says Cutler. ent firms were represented. Many But Electro Scientific Obeisance to Pascal did not go ideas were discussed, including inter- the P-code route. "When we started rupts and the ability to pass proce- Why Pascal? The programming about five years ago, there wasn't dure and function names as language apparently was named para- much being done with P-code," says meters; the report from that by its author, Niklaus Wirth, for meeting Cutler. Instead, its compiler gener- the French philosopher and math- will soon be available. ates macrocode and a macro as- ematician Blaise Pascal The military, too, began with sembler generates assembly code. (1623-1662) for no reason other Pascal to develop its standard lan- The macrocode gives esi certain than the high esteem in which guage, now in the so-called Steelman advantages. For efficient execution, Prof. Wirth holds his teachings. phase [Electronics, Aug. 3, p. 59]. complex operations like fast Fourier The language is a relatively young For a while, it was believed that the one: a preliminary transforms can be written in macro- version was result would be Pascal with standard code drafted at the Technische Hoch- and embedded directly. Also, extensions. However, recent docu- schule in Zurich, Switzerland, by macro debuggers for the PDP- 1 1 can ments reveal a widening gap between Wirth in 1968. Two years later, be utilized. But Cutler does not scoff the Defense Department's Urs Ammann, also at Zurich and language at P-code. "Given a random proces- aided by Wirth and colleagues, and Pascal, to the extent that Pascal sor, P-code is the only way to go developed an accompanying may not even be a proper subset. because it's so portable. Micro- compiler for Control Data Corp.'s Compatibility may be possible, how- processor implementations center CDC 6000 computer, and Pascal ever.through filter programs that around it, and it's the way of the was off and running. would translate one language into future," he says. the other. fj FEB 1979 115 EDUCATION: SOME QUESTIONS OF VALUES Daniel Barstow "Thinking about the com- puter's role in education does not mean thinking about computers, it means thinking about education. " (Allan Ellis) 1 As an elementary school better understand the effects of the teacher preparing to ex- use of computers, and particular pand my own use of com- programs, on our schools and our puters in education, I, too, am excited children. about the wonderful variety of games, To aid in this process of "values simulations, tutorials, and other in- clarification," this article calls atten- structional programs that are tion to several specific areas of con- This is controver- available. However, I also feel that as cern. a complex and teachers, students, developers of sial issue so I have tried to be programs, and responsible members open-minded and fair with a variety of of our society, we must deal more points of view. The presentation is a carefully with a variety of underlying combination of discussion, conjec- Selection of Programs questions of values. Too many people ture, personal opinion, and plenty of and Applications involved with educational computing questions for the reader. There are Computers are the most versatile accept too easily the assumption that educators and computer scientists tool our technology has ever produc- any use of computers will improve our who have spoken out on these issues. ed, and there is a tremendous variety schools. Yet every educational tool We should pay more attention to their of programs and applications for has its advantages and disadvantages, concerns. educational use. Do users understand and can be used in beneficial or the benefits and problems of each kind harmful ways. Before deciding on the Context of application? Who decides what new nature of computer applications in our First of all, it must be remembered programs to buy or develop? Is the own schools, we each should try to that computers are only one aspect of organization of the program library clarify our values and opinions, and multi-faceted curriculum and rigid, or are the inter-relationships CREATIVE COMPUTING emphasized? (A web diagram might Simulations yourself."6 Certainly the design and be more helpful than a linear outline.) "Computer simulations are often development of new programs re- Have we been fair in our comparison more concerned with learning about quires creative insight. For such fields of computer-assisted instruction with the process being simulated than as computer graphics and computer other methods? How well have we merely reproducing it." (Allan Ellis)' music, is the requisite knowledge base defined our educational objectives? How accurate are computer models? a barrier to most people, or is it a Should we efficiently focus on the To what extent should we impose motivation to learn? Are computer most effective programs, or should we mathematical values on life? Do com- poems a new form of creative writing, encourage variety and experimenta- puter simulations help us understand or are they random generations on tion? It would seem that the ease of real phenomena, or do they delude us which a reader imposes meaning? access to all of a computer's programs with "artificial constructs?" Are in- In addition to all the instructional encourages schools to leave many of structional simulations replacing or programs, a computer can also be these questions up to individual supplementing real experiences? used as a multi-purpose tool. Is the teachers. Should computers simulate human computer's use limited primarily to the emotions? Does the field of artificial math department, or is it used in all intelligence threaten us with a com- academic areas? Are the computer's Some comments about particular petitive "genius," or does it "open up unique capabilities being utilized, or is kinds of programs: new ways to think about knowledge it merely doing the same work in a Programmed Instruction and learning?" (Seymour Pappert) 5 different way? Is the computer con- Programmed lessons, such as drill- nected in helpful ways with other and-practice and tutorials, can present Information Processing media and resources? It is especially well-organized and sequential lessons For the purposes of information important that "computer-naive" based on individual student progress. storage and retrieval the computer teachers be adequately instructed in Are the lessons clear and interesting, offers an extensive memory, ease of access to the computer, and that a or are they confusing in their se- access, ability to cross-reference, and computer resource person be quence? "The ways computers can be the ease of updating information. In available as a helpful interface. used in education depend on how well what ways can computers improve on we understand the process we want to current record systems for such things Technology computerize." 2 Do the developers of as student data, factual information, In many ways computers are part of programmed lessons really unders- cross-referencing of curriculum with the wider issue of the use of tand the subject matter, or do they just materials, and readings from scientific technological devices, of any kind, in understand computers? For a par- instruments? How helpful can inter- education. Does technology expand ticular topic, is it helpful to com- computer networks be for access to our reach and simplify our lives, or puterize, or would a book or oral information, and programs? Is there a does it actually complicate our lives lesson be just as good, or better? How danger that the people who control and confuse us with gadgetry? A easy is it for teachers to prepare drill- what is stored might abuse their computer is a sophisticated device, and-practice and tutorial lessons? To "editorial censorship?" The responsi- and how many teachers really will what extent are students able to use ble user should use critical judgement learn to control and utilize its powers? their own judgement in choosing with computer information, just as he Yet for those who do, what wonderful appropriate lessons? Patrick Suppes or she would with other media, such as new ways to teach will be opened up! dreams that "some day millions of books or television. Some people feel that technology children dehumanizes education. This school will have access to the Best Utilization? may be personal services of tutor true, but it is not inherent in the a as well- Some critics of computer-assisted informed and responsive technology, computers can be used in as Aris- instruction feel the rigidity of the 2A human and inhuman ways. totle." Is this our goal, or is there technology does not provide outlets Emmanuel a danger that users will expect too Mesthene writes "The more we can for individual creativity. Others feel much "knowledge" from their invent machines to do the mechanical com- that the computer should be con- puter teacher? work of the world, the more we are sidered as a whole new medium for Games freed to do its human work."' Yet if creative manipulation. Theodor Educators, and children, have long teachers relax while students are Nelson writes "the computer is like a advocated games as a playful way of "computing," human responsibilities Rorschach inkblot, you make of it learning. our computer have been abdicated to a machine. Do games some wild reflection of what you are include both the "playful" and the Perhaps the key question is whether "learning" aspects? Is our goal to the machines adapt to the humans, or develop game theory and analytical humans adapt to the machines. thinking, or to present specific subject Every technology has its limits. For matter? Do the games take full advan- example, there is a limit on the number tage of the unique dimensions com- of simultaneous users of a computer. puters can provide? Is there also Should we schedule blocks of time to ample time for free play and "messing insure that each student and teacher around" with the computer? Are the has a turn, or limit access to those who students really learning, or are they can best take advantage of its just keeping pleasantly busy? Some capabilities, or should we emphasize people feel uncomfortable with the input/output devices, and particular proliferation of war games (such as programs, which facilitate large the ever popular "Star Trek"). "We are numbers of users (such as batch presented with more hunt and kill processing, and team participation in games in an era where mutual co- games)? On the other hand, with "time operation in complex systems is a vital sharing," and a powerful central 3 need." (Gregory Yob) It would seem computer, it is relatively easy and the solution is to encourage more inexpensive to increase the number of people to design their own styles of users by adding new terminals. games. In spite of, or perhaps because of, FEB 1979 117 great advances in computer design, sensitive to emotions? Will they Effects On Schools And Teaching electrical and mechanical failures can becOme more introverted, and "hide" at The use of computers in education cause complete systems to be shut the Teletype? Or will children gain self- could drastically change our schools down, or "crash." Even though com- confidence because of success with and the ways we teach. In Education pany technicians can usually keep the non-threatening computers, learn to and Ecstasy, George Leonard envisions down time relatively brief, any break live more creatively because of ex- a school of the future with a well- down can be a sudden inconvenience periences with creative computing, developed and comprehensive com- for all involved. and become better at problem solving puter instructional system that does We must also be realistic in because of experiences with program much of the factual teaching, giving recognizing the danger of "closeted design? teachers and students more time for technology." Will we find minimal use Computers, along with other media, "character development," practical of computers after an initial burst of can provide children with a rich supple- experiences and creativity.* Others enthusiasm, as has happened with ment of visual and auditory imagery. fear a dangerous abdication of some other technological in- Yet these vicarious experiences can educational responsibility to the com- novations? Perhaps this just further also limit the development of creativity puter, and mechanized schools. emphasizes the need for a "computer and imagination, just as talking dolls Probably both of these views are resource person," or more generally a limit, rather than expand, a child's free exaggerated. I imagine that in many media specialist, to be in charge of in- play. Nevertheless, playing with a schools the impact will be relatively service training of teachers, computer can be a much more valuable minor, that computers will just join the facilitating the acquisition of quality experience than sitting, for example, in ranks of available teaching aids, with programs, and promoting wise use of front of a television. If the appeal of some people using them extensively the computer. computers reduces the time and in- and wisely, while others prefer Expense terest for pleasure books, computers different methods. might hinder reading development. On One of the benefits of research in In spite of rapidly falling costs, the the other hand, written language is the computer-assisted instruction may be expense of a computer system is the primary means for learning from and the impetus it gives for reconsidering primary reason that many school communicating with a computer. some of our basic educational values. districts decide to use computer- For example, designing a computer's assisted instruction. A large com- role in individualized education prehensive system, offering ad- depends on what we mean by in- ministrative and instructional services, might cost several hundred thousand dividualization. Do we mean in- dividually pacing a single curriculum, dollars per year for rental, maintenance, and support personnel. or developing a unique curriculum for each child, or recognizing that in- Yet a microcomputer can cost under a dividual children will respond to the thousand dollars to purchase. In a computer in many different ways? time of financial cutbacks, is a com- Computers also have an effect puter a wise investment of the may educational dollar? on jobs in school systems. Teachers Since many school systems already shouldn't fear for their jobs, since they will always have the central role in the use computers to help with classrooms. However, at the ad- bureaucratic functions, it might help ministrative level, some clerical our understanding of this issue if we assistants might lose their jobs to consider the cost of a computer as automation, or at least should be having two components. The ad- prepared for a redefinition of their job ministrative budget might pay for the classification. Also, administrative services, such as atten- some new positions might need to be added, such dance records, report cards, and as support personnel for the computer. payroll. It should be noted that for this component computers frequently The direction our schools go with the use of is in an early for- offer net savings over comparable computers services mative stage. We must look ahead by human personnel. For the Use of computers can help children several years, and set long-term other component, the instructional develop new ways of thinking. educational goals to budget would for and computing pay the costs of Programming skills such as logic, guide us, and not just stumble along expansion of the central computer for clarity, and flow-charting can help deal step by step. We must also be sensitive educational uses, such as additional with other problems outside the com- and flexible enough to change our terminals, and programs. Of course, puter realm. Yet some people feel that plans as experience helps us under- "instructional cost efficiency" is a very our society already suffers from an subjective stand the issues better. A crucial ques- judgement, and we must be over-emphasis on the rational and tion is is who determines the direction fair in our comparisons of computer logical side of our brains, to the individual schools will go with compu- costs with other methods and exclusion of the metaphorical and ters—administrators, teachers, stu- materials. intuitive. dents, computer companies, the vot- Effects On The Child Does a computer speed and improve ing public? Another crucial question "We must find ways to ascertain the learning of factual information, or does question is how well do these people impact of this new medium on the the computer's memory and understand both children and com- quality of the child's model of the calculating ability do too much of the puters? universe."' Our experiences help form thinking for the child, and discourage us into what and who we are. Will him from learning such things as the Effects On Our Society extensive use of computers cause math facts? Does computer-assisted Regardless of the educational people to relate to humans in a similar instruction further expand the variety applications, the increasing use of way? Will students become more of ways a student can learn, or does it computers throughout our society will programmed and rigidly logical in their take too much control from the child certainly change our lives. Within the daily lives, or less spontaneous, or less over what and how to learn? next decade, computers may become 118 CREATIVE COMPUTING . — the largest industry in this country. However, in schools the problem of As with any other kind of Should schools discourage our computer abuse might be more dif- educational innovation, computers society's rapid immersion in computer ficult to legislate. "The implications for should not be used in the schools technology, or reinforce it with a student's loss of privacy through without careful consideration of issues educational computing? computerized computer records are such as those mentioned in this There are many aspects to this 3 considerable." (Barbara Schieffelin)' article. Discussion should include all controversial issue. Are computers A student's privacy might be violated those affected: teachers, students, enabling us to achieve technological by excessive or unauthorized com- administrators, computer scientists, progress virtually impossible by other puter records, especially if they in- parents, and the general public. The means, such flying as to the moon? Or clude errors and unsubstantiated issues are complex, and we should not is this diverting too many resources rumors. The idea of a "big brother" expect yes/no answers. It helps to from social progress? Are computers a watching thoroughly over teachers consider many of the issues as con- necessity for the survival of our large- and students can seem a formidable tinuums, with a range of values scale society, or are they a tool of the barrier to personal change and ex- between such extremes as play vs. "establishment" to maintain control perimenting with alternatives. Yet learning, obstructing personal growth over lives? our Are home computers a "cumulative files" can have a similar vs. liberating human development and powerful tool to improve our lives, or effect. Abuse of any record system tool vs. master. We should not con- are they just a toy for the intellect? depends on how it is applied. sider decisions as final, they will Does access to a personal computer Nevertheless, computer records are always be refined through experience even further separate the haves from unique in some ways, such as the and discussion with others (especially the have-nots? Should schools and large capacity for data storage, and in with those who disagree). libraries equalize things by offering the ease of access. On the one hand Sidney Simon calls attention to computer resource centers whose this can provide a convenient way for several aspects of the values clarifica- services are available all to in the teachers and students to record and tion process: contact with alternatives, community? There are many who have recall helpful information about consideration of consequences, free spoken these out on and other issues, themselves, and aid in statistical choice, public affirmation, and acting of 4 and most the concerns expressed overviews. On the other hand since consistently with one's beliefs.' This elsewhere in this article are even more terminals might be distributed article focuses on the first aspect appropriate to these wider issues throughout the schools, they are contact with alternatives. I hope it can affecting our society. harder to supervise. Safeguards must be a facilitator for further discussion, In any case, many people and be carefully built into the system. and action. organizations already have decided in Another problem is the possibility of favor of computers. "Computerization destroying or changing information in of our society has an impact on the the computer's memory. Even with social context, and hence on the goals, safeguards there will always be the of education." Ellis)' If (Allan we are to danger of accidental erasure of prevent subtle, and not so subtle, programs and data, or that an ad- manipulation by a computer-oriented vanced student might manipulate society, our schools have a respon- personal records. sibility to help prepare students to deal Probably the most crucial issue, with computers. For this some may though, is how computers contribute mean career awareness and job to the quality of our children's preparation in the field of computer educations. It is serious abuse if FOOTNOTES science. Yet degree of a "computer educational computing is carelessly literacy" is important even for "the managed, if there is a poor selection of 1. Allan B. Ellis, Study Guide tor Educational school drop-out, who is likely to use, Technology and Systems, p. 71 programs, and if the applications and certain to affected be by, com- hinder rather than expand a child's 2. Allan B. Ellis. Cybernetics and Education: A puters." (Walter Koetke)" Colloquium, p. 4 progress. Yet I also feel that it is Computer Abuse And Crime serious abuse if we fail to explore the 2A. Patrick Suppes. The Use of Computers in Education, p. 207 Computers are machines, and as educational potential of this versatile such cannot distinguish friend from tool. 3. Gregory Yob. The Best ot Creative Com- puting. Vol. 1. p. 267 foe. This is opening a new tool for white collar crime. A bank programmer might 4. Ellis, op cil . p. 3 manipulate records to deposit large 5. Seymour Pappert. "Biblioqraphy of LOGO Memos for Distribution." sums of money in his or her own p. 10 account, or change a credit rating for a 6. Theodor Nelson. Computer Lib/Dream Machines, friend. One capable student in a p. 2 moment's access to a police computer 7. Emmanuel Mesthene, Cybernetics and Education: A Colloquium, p. 57 caused it to print out the names of his teachers as the ten most wanted 8. XEROX/PARC. Personal Dynamic Media, p. criminals. Whether for prank or per- 11 sonal financial gain, "there's always a 9. George Leonard. Education and Ecstasy, 139-155 criminal element in society ready to p. take advantage of everything that 10. Ellis, op. cit. p. 95 12 comes along." (Donn Parker) At this 1 1 Walter Koetke, The Best ot Creative Com- point legislation dealing with computer puting, Vol. 1,p. 1 78 crime is almost totally absent, though 12. Donn Parker, interviewed in "Personal Com- committees in Congress are now puting Magazine." January/February 1977. 53 beginning to deal seriously with this p issue. 13. Barbara J. Schieffelin. Some Essays on Computers in Education, p. 15 14. Sidney Simon. Values Clarification, p. 19 FEB 1979 119 NATIONAL EDUCATIONAL COMPUTING CONFERENCE JUNE 25-27, 1979 Papers submitted should report concrete results or be survey PURPOSE or tutorial papers which include a synthesis and thorough The National Educational Computing Conference (NECC) is evaluation. Generally, papers that describe projects presented aimed at providing a broader, richer forum for discussion be- at previous conferences are not considered unless substantial tween individuals, at all levels, with interests in educational new information can be reported, and in this case a brief computing. As such, it will provide a unique opportunity for the synopsis of the earlier paper with clear indication of the new cross-pollination of ideas and experiences which should result information should be provided. It is expected that most papers in a new. higher quality of educational computing. The planned will report on specific materials, problems, programs, and sessions and related activities will be of benefit to both experi- measures of success or accomplishment. Papers reporting enced computer users and new users and will stress the prac- negative results are also encouraged, especially when the re- tical nature of such use. The end product should be better sults could have a profound effect on the way educational education in the classroom. computing should be viewed. A cooperative venture undertaken by 1 2 professional organi- Form zations interested in educational computing, NECC has at least Authors are to submit an original manuscript and four copies. four major objectives: (1) presentation in one forum of all major Papers should be typed, double-spaced, and are not to ex- work regarding computers in education in the United States; (2) ceed 15 pages. Pictorial material should be 8" x 10" glossy, interaction between individuals involved at all levels in the black and white photographs or other illustrations suitable for various aspects of computer uses in education; (3) develop- photoreduction. ment of better liaison and coordination between the various The title page of each manuscript must contain the author's professional groups involved with computer uses in education; name, complete mailing address, and telephone number. Each and (4) production of a proceedings documenting the status of page should have the principal author's name in the upper- computers in education in the United States. left-hand corner. If there are multiple authors, the title page The conference will be held on the main campus of The Uni- should indicate which author will handle correspondence and versity of Iowa, which is adjacent to downtown Iowa City. deliver the talk. SCOPE Send Papers to: L. Engel Papers are solicited from individuals representing all aca- Gerald Virginia demic disciplines and research areas in educational comput- P.O. Box 602 Gloucester Point, 23062 ing. Geographically, the entire country is included, and it is Papers for this conference were due January 15, expected that some participants will come from abroad. The 1 979, however because of the lateness of this notice, conference technical areas will include, but not be limited to, Gerry Engel told us that he would accept papers up the following general topics: to February 15, 1979. This is an absolute deadline; Computer Science, Engineering, and Information Systems Edu- papers received after this date cannot be con- cation sidered. Computer Usage in the Physical Sciences. Social Sciences, and Humanities Curricula Planning in Computer Science, Engineering, and In- CONFERENCE BACKGROUND formation Systems In recent years a variety of professional meetings have been State and Federal Programs Related to Computers in Education held regarding computer education, computer uses in educa- Computers in Education at Two-Year, Small Four-Year, and Mi- tion, administrative computing in educational institutions, col- nority Institutions lege and university computer center resources and services, Computers in Education at the Preoollege or Early Education Level and data processing. A number of these conferences have Computer Education for Teachers been scheduled during the summer months in order to attract Articulation of Computer Education with Commerce, Industry, individuals from colleges, universities, government agencies, and Government and private businesses who would often combine attendance Health Care and Legal Services Computer Education at such meetings with a summer holiday. With few exceptions, Software Their Administration Hardware and Resources and attendance at these meetings has been relatively low. More Computer-Assisted Testing and Computer- Managed Instruction significantly with the fairly large number of such meetings an- Computer Literacy and Societal Impact nually scheduled, few individuals can attend more than one Computer Education and Job Opportunities for the Handicapped meeting per year. As a result, interaction between participants Administrative Data Processing in Colleges and Universities Organizational Dynamics in the Computer Profession in the various professional groups has not often been achieved. Self-Assessment Programs and Continuing Education In a survey conducted by the ACM Special Interest Group on Accreditation and Certification Programs Computer Uses in Education (SIGCUE) under the direction of Computer Service Courses and Facilities Alfred Bork of the University of California-Irvine and Kent The above topics represent broad functional areas of interest in Morton of Dartmouth College, it was discovered that individuals a meeting of this type. Clearly some of these areas are more who participate in these various professional groups felt that inclusive than others and, as a result, more emphasis will be common efforts, while retaining some of the identity of the placed on them. Efforts will also be made to balance the pro- groups, would be worthwhile for a variety of reasons Among gram based on the interests of the projected attendees For those cited were the elimination of duplication of effort and the example, papers from minority institutions, two-year and small need for interaction on topics of common interest. In response four-year colleges will be given special consideration and are to this expressed need, the Conference on Computers in especially solicited. Undergraduate Curricula (CCUC) Steering Committee, with the support of 1 1 other professional computer organizations, de- PAPERS cided to organize a national computer conference—in lieu of Authors are invited to submit papers describing actual ex- CCUC/ 10—which would provide ample opportunity for the in- periences with computer use in the classroom or the conse- terprofessional exchange of ideas about educational comput- quence of such use upon the education process in general. ing. 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LOUIS prediction strategies. Professional 5. NEW YORK JETS 19. WASHINGTON oddsmakers have entire staffs working to obtain the latest information on the 6. PITTSBURGH 20. CHICAGO teams. Computers have sometimes 7. HOUSTON 21. GREEN BAY been used to keep track of the data and 8. CLEVELAND CENTRAL 22. DETROIT make predictions. The prediction 9. CINCINNATI 23. MINNESOTA algorithms can be very complex, taking 24. TAMPA BAY into account much detailed informa- tion. 10. OAKLAND 25. ATLANTA This article presents a sports predic- 11. DENVER 26. NEW ORLEANS tion algorithm developed with the 12. KANSAS CITY WEST 27. LOS ANGELES following goals in mind: 13. SEATTLE 28. SAN FRANCISCO 1. It should be simple enough for 14. SAN DIEGO implementation on a small home computer. NFL Team Numbers 2. It should require a minimum of data entry from week to week. 3. It should develop numerical ratings for each team so that the predicted If an element of M is negative, that spread was wrong (as it usually will be). point spread for a game is the number represents the home team. For For example, in Table 1, even though difference in the ratings of the two example, M(1,3) 4 means that the predicted point spread for teams involved. Baltimore (1) plays Buffalo (4) the third Baltimore over Miami was 1 53. and the 4. It should "learn," adjusting team week of the season at Baltimore. actual point spread was 17, the predic- ratings as the season progresses. M(5,1) = -7 means that the New York tion is counted as correct. 5. It should consider the quality of Jets (5) play at Houston (-7) the first The team ratings are adjusted in lines opponents in making and adjusting week. Typing the entire season of 880 and 890. Since this adjustment is its ratings. matchups into DATA statements is a the heart of the algorithm, it deserves 6. It should consider home-team ad- little work, but it avoids having to enter some explanation. The "ratings adjust- vantage. the matchups each week. Note that ment equation" is Since the each author is interested in DATA statement (lines 140-410) 880 E(K1) = E(K1) + H * (M1 - A1) professional football, and since there gives the 14 opponents of a team for the where are a reasonable number of teams (28) 1977 season. all playing exclusively among After the user enters the week K1 = team index themselves, NFL football seemed a number (I), the program reads the E = ratings array likely test bed for the development of current team ratings into array E from H = adjustment factor the prediction algorithm. The program tape, and adds the home advantage M1 = actual point spread of game, listing shows the algorithm as applied (F1) where applicable, to obtain array limited to t N2 to NFL football, implemented on the G. The "actual deltas," or point A1 = predicted point spread Tektronix 4051. The sample run shows spreads, for week I are read into array N2 is a maximum point spread for the D. For if three output tables generated by example, Houston beat Buffalo adjusting team ratings. M1 is the program for the fourth week of the by 10 points, D(7) would be 10, and calculated in line 790. This maximum -10. 1977 NFL season. Table 1 gives the D(4) would be If Miami lost to New spread is used because in a runaway results for week 4, Table 2 lists the England by 16, then D(3) = -16and D(2) game, beyond a certain number of updated ratings of = 16. The the 28 teams sorted program computes the points, the point spread is no longer in ratings order, and Table 3 lists the predicted point spread A1 in line 810 significant. prediction for week 5. and compares it to the actual point The essence of line 880 is that if a spread, The 1977 matchups are stored in a incrementing counter C when team does better than expected, its matrix M, the prediction was correct. where M(I,J) is the number of Note that rating is increased, and if it does worse the program predicts if the opponent of team I in week J. Team no ties — a team than expected, its rating is decreased. is favored numbers are as follows: by only 0.01 points it is still The adjustment factor H is chosen the predicted winner. If the favored large enough to make the algorithm team wins, the prediction is counted as sensitive to actual results, but not Don Smith. PhD.. G519 Plaza Parkway #123. Ft. so Worth. Texas 76116 correct, even if the predicted point large as to make the algorithm erratic. 122 CREATIVE COMPUTING " ~ " " 4 29 PROGRAM LISTING SIS **L PREDICTION PROGRAM lie „ BY DON SMITH 120 gf!! pu 977 Er2 *;;« I I matchups into array n — 13a >< > ' M<28 i4> RI5J ?! ' ' E<28 >' Y <28>,G<28> 148 3 " -3.4,3, -12, -2, 6, 19, -4, 5, -11, 156 RSJS Ti -3, 22, R2J2 12.-8.-3.13,-14,1,3,4,-3,^4,17,-23 f:-i lee 4 '7 28.?. -1.3, 13, 14, -3,2, -9, -18, 1,-2, ire R2t5 ; 189 7 , : » 2 -4, -3, 16,-2,3, 13,-1,6,-26,4,-17 198 R2T2 28 A 8 7. R2J2 'i?'- .; 7 .9. -1.-11.8, 16,-5, 13,-9,-14 288 1 6 ' "9. R2J2 VI 1'lk !' "!' 26, -16, -13, 12, 1 1,-8, 218 r9 '2»6.ie.-?»-4 .12.9,-6,-13,27,-14,7,-13 228 R2J2 8 »l 3 »- 14 R2J2 i"2i'-6 »H' 7 '-8 »- 23.3, 15,-12 6,-7 238 4 , 6 2 8 , , 13 ' 7 '-i 4 ' 4 '-27.23.i2 S2J2 . : '74 i; '!i'-5 7i i 248 DATA 18,4,-13, 12, -16, -9, 16, 6, -14, -12,1 ,-?. 14.-16 258 2 4 '! 'l?'-ll.l.-l 4 .-8 21,-26, 1 -7,9 3 - 6 260 DATAR2J2 71,-11,11,-2,24,-3,4,-16,-5,7,14,-6-12,8 278 ™JA -18,-12,9,-26,2,12,-3,-22,11 6 -13,87-11,6 288 R2I2 1|.-1|.;23, 17,28,-19,-18, 16, -24, 8,-9, 18,-17,28 298 £2JA 15,24,-18, 19,-17,22,-15,18,-6-19,17,-28711 388 24:f3, 2 This adjustment '-^'" !»-l 5 ' ,8 'l 6 »-l 9 . 2«.19.-18.-2 algorithm satisfies 318 £212 -16,15 3 " 9 ' 16,-17,26, 15,-23,-16, the six goals in the following ways: 328 R2J2 H2'7i 17 3,-157 9,-24 li5 ' 25 ' 18.-24, -16, 15, 17, -1,-17, 21, 16, -4, 27 1. It is simple. 338 DATA££!£ -18 22,-18,26,27,-23,25,-21' -7 12,23,-22 -24,21 -15 2. It requires only actual point spreads 348 2 9 '- 1 ?' 22 24 28 . ^ 27 -19,23 22?-26 28 from the games of the previous week 358 R2I2 -f!'^-28 .26, ^ £?J2 7 17,-23,21,-28,-16, 14, -25, 24, 26,-2l7-i,23 as input. 368 16 2 2 28 '-27 '-25 R2J2 ;"i1' ?i ' 18.9.-26,-2l"287- 8 -22 3. The ratings 378 7 U6 3 automatically converge ' » 12* 8 27 ' 15,-22, 23, 20, -26, 18 S2J2 ;7 ?!' 7i "i ' li' ol i« 380 7 * 1S 8 » 4 ' "28. 23, 22, -26, to numbers which yield predicted 390 R2J2 I ~kl' JL~? 28, -24, 2, -27, 21 point spreads, since R2J2 21,-22,-26,14,-27,-18,27,-17,28,23,-28,5,24-25 the diference 408 -|5 .l 7 .28,-2e,26,23,-26,24,-21,-28 between the predicted R2J2 -8,16 ISl-19 and the 418 25 ' I5 » ' » ' ' "' 24 25 26 » 27 » 2«» -23ri67-21 actual point spread drives the ad- 428 READ H ' justment. 430 REH SET HONE ADVANTAGE, ADJUSTMENT 4. It learns. The program can be started FACTOR 1 NAX POINT SPREAD with all teams equally rated at the 440 DATA 1.3,6.63,26 450 beginning of a it 2 The S season, and will - 8nd ^S '" PRINT dements are 468 PRInZ^M"?"ttK: N1IMRPD? -, J !"!!? learn which L "UF1BER7 |« inserted for controlling the printer .Ls generate teams are good and 476 TWPMT T a 'op-o'-page. and Js create which are t? t v . rur.. 1 line feeds bad. 488 *- - IF I>1 THEH 536 . 5. It automatically considers the quali- 498 NITIAL12E TftPE 1>«TA?M ty of the opposition. For example, if see INPUT 2$ Tampa Bay lost to Pittsburgh 518 IF 2$<>"Y" THEH 536 by 528 only one point, GOSUB 1626 the algorithm would 538 A2-1977 increase Tampa Bay's rating, and - 549 REftD CURRENT TEAH RATI NGS FRON TAPE decrease Pittsburgh's rating. 550 ?I2^~; FILE 6. It considers home-team /* advantage. 566 £*8 This part of the program is designed for reading 576 AD 1 t and writing the array E using a mass storage device Since Three parameters in the program, F1 this feature varies greatly from one BASIC to another, look in your user's manual (home-advantage), H (adjustment fac- to find out how to load and save arrays on tape or tor), and N2 (maximum point spread) disk are given numerical values in lines 440 588 PRINT "UPDATE and 450. How were BACK-UP DATaTiLE* -i* these values 598 INPUT obtained? The Z» 1976 NFL season 688 IF Z$<>"Y" THEH 636 schedule and results were put into a 619 FIHD 6 separate test program. The prediction 626 HRITE 633:E algorithm was then cycled through all 636 D—9999 14 games of the 1976 season for C B E H°HE ADUANTAGE MITH RAT1MG F0R EACH 658 FOR TEAN various values of F1, H N2. Kl»l T0 28 and At the 668 F=9 beginning of each run, the ratings array 678 IF N F1 H N2 % CORRECT FOR 1976 It was found that F1 = 1 .5 points, H = 0.05, and N2 = 20 points are optimal. Interesting- 1.5 0.05 20 68.62 ly, the optimization was also run over the 1.4 0.05 20 68.11 first 6 games of the 1977 season, with the 1.5 0.04 20 67.60 same results. This would seem to indicate 1.5 0.05 15 67.09 a consistency in the dynamics of the National Football League. FEB 1979 123 1 1977 season with a 768 GOSUB 1740 Starting the 778 INPUT DCK1> reasonable estimate for the team ratings, 788 K=A8S TABLE 1. RESULTS 124 CREATIVE COMPUTING E 1578 REH HRITE NEM TEAH RATINGS TO TAPE FILE 1588 FIND 5 1598 WRITE 333: E 1688 END 1618 REH SUBROUTINE FOR INITIALIZING TEAH RATINGS 1628 PRINT "LENTER TEAH RATINGSJ' 1638 FOR 21=1 TO 28 1648 GOSUB 1748 1658 INPUT E TABLE 3. PREDICTIONS FEB 1979 125 Analyzing statistical data is possible with TRS-80 Level I Basic or other computers with single-dimensional arrays. Multiple Regression Analysis — Simplified Dr. David M. Chereb While the LEVEL I BASIC from Radio Shack is limited, it does have enough capability to handle some rather ad- vanced programs. The example includ- ed here (and listed in Figure 4) is a mul- tiple regression routine. The key to the program is the single allowable vector FIGURE 1 A(n). The length of this vector is limited MATRIX MANIPULATION WITH THE A(n) VECTOR only by memory size (memory/4). Let's suppose we wanted to add two matrices B and C and call the resultant Because multi-dimensioned arrays matrix D. The matrices must be of the same size to do this, so lets say they are are not supported by LEVEL I, special both 4 by 3 (4 rows by 3 columns). techniques are needed to simulate the 1 1 1 4 N by K matrix which is the basic 3 1 1 1 starting point for the multiple regres- B = C = sion routine. Also since the program 1 2 3 2 1 uses a modified Gauss-Jordan elimina- 1 3 1 1 2 tion technique, there are many sec- If D =B + Cthen tions which use nested FOR loops. 2 3 5 Doing all this with a single A(n) vector 1 2 brings one closer to understanding the = D 3 2 4 nature of insanity. The basic technique 2 5 1 is to manipulate the vector as if it were an N by K matrix, letting special For LEVEL I BASIC this is done by: counters do all the hard work of Assume A(1) A(12) = B matrix locating the correct numbers (see A(13) A(24) = C matrix Figure 1). A(25) A(36) ' D matrix Multiple Regression A(1) A(5) A(9) 1 1 The multiple regression program A(2) A(6) A(10) 1 1 finds the statistical relationship Then B = A(3) A(7) A(11) 1 2 3 between the K independent variables A(4) A(8) A(12) 1 3 1 and a single dependent variable. What does that mean? It means that the statistical technique of multiple regres- The routine is: sion will give us the besf equation J=1 possible. There are certain restrictions FOR TO 3 FOR 1=1 4 which must be met for this to be true. TO For our needs, we can assume these K=I+(J-1)*4 L=12+I+(J-1)*4 conditions are met in most practical M=24+I+(J-1)*4 situations. An example of a multiple A(M)=A(K)+A(L) regression problem is shown in Figures 2 and 3. NEXT I In the example shown in Figures 2 NEXT J and 3, United States imports are analyzed. The variable to be explained Notice that when J=1 then K=l, L=12+l and M=24+l so that the data is allocated is U.S. imports in constant 1972 dollars to the correct element of the A(n) vector. While there are other ways to do this (the dependent variable). The ex- problem the one presented here closely simulates a two dimensional array planatory variables are program and can be easily modified to handle all forms of matrix operations with 1)the change in Gross National any number of columns and rows. Product, 2) the size of the labor force, and 3) a variable representing time. Dr. David M Chereb. 4005 Locust Ave., Long Beach. CA 90807 126 CREATIVE COMPUTING FIGURE 2 FIGURE 3 MULTIPLE REGRESSION LTIPLE REGRESSION RESULTS INPUTS Equation to be estimated: Time Period: 1965 to 1974 by Imports = B0 B1 ' - * * quarter—40 observations GNP 1 + B2 Labor Force B3 1000/Time LF Dependent Variable: U.S. imports in ( > (T) billions of 1972 dollars -32.6641 * * .0118321 GNP - 1 1.43286 LF - 1.34998 ' 1000/T Independent Std. Errs Variables (Chosen by (33.4041) (.0038404) (.314984) (.333134) author, based t Values upon experience): (-.977845) (3.0809) (4.549) (-4/05235) 1) Change in Gross National R' = .974 Product in 1972 J $ from the R (adj.) = .972 previous quarter ' 10 S.E. = 2.2594 2) U.S. labor force in millions Time Multiple regression uses the data 3) variable: 1000/time. where to solve for the unknowns: B0, B1, B2, B3. time=1 in 1957 first quarter and he actual technique T is to minimize the sum of squared errors of the advances by one in each quarter. n n f actual data points of the dependent ^variable and the estimated data points from the These variables were g r n equati n ie There chosen - ar < f9i- <> ™ny textbooks which explain the n, r*n?l° ? details because they are the important of regression analysis. variables which affect imports. The first variable is included because rapid growth in U.S. production usually causes imports to accelerate. The labor The Basic program uses 6K of tion using the new information force variable accounts (usually for the gross memory with each data point adding 4 more data or level more variables). In a of imports. If the labor force is more bytes. For the example shown, business forecasting environment, only 50 million people instead of 100 less than 9K of memory is required. To even higher accuracy million, then would be the imports would be much execute this problem takes about 50 goal. less. The time variable represents a seconds. While this seems long in The Future non-linear response over time for U.S. comparison to a large mainframe imports. negative Radio Shacks LEVEL II BASIC A coefficient for this computer, it is generally acceptable variable would allows multi-dimensional arrays, tran- mean that imports since this is not a problem that is run increase scendental routines and double preci- over time even if the GNP and many times with the same data. Once the sion variables. This will make statistical labor force did not increase. This the equation has been estimated, the reflects the analysis much easier. It will be inter- generally increasing inter- regression routine has done its job. esting to compare the execution speed dependence of national economies From thereon U.S. imports can be of a multiple regression routine over time (the import share in GNP has easily estimated on any calculator for LEVEL II versus doubled in the LEVEL I program the last 9 years). using the equation in Figure 3. The shown here. In any event now only time the regression routine need that you've seen the power of the A(n) be used again on this problem is when vector, perhaps you'll shun all multi- The results reveal that all new information leads you to of the believe dimensional that arrays in the future and independent variables are important (t forecasting accuracy can be stick with A(n). If you do, .don't count values over + 2) and that an increase in improved by re-estimating the equa- me in with you. the labor force by one million people will cause imports to increase by $1.43286 billion. To get an estimate, values for all the independent variables 10 REM***********************,*,********,,***,*,,,,,,,,,*,,,,*,-, are entered into the equation. 28 REM*** MULTIPLE REGRESSION ANALVSIS .. If the 30 REM*** values < LEAST SQUARES ANALVSIS *** for the independent variables 40 REM*** BV DAVID M CHEREB 5/5/78 *** are 50 REM********************************^****^**^^,* 52 REM 1)GNP-1 • 10 = $101 billion, S3 CLS PRINTPRINT TABCIO); "MULTIPLE REGRESSION ANALVSIS" 2) Labor Force 84.2 million, and 55 REM *** DflTH FOR CONSUMPTION FUNCTION *** 56 REM *** VAR 3) 1000/Time = 20 1-CONSTANT 2-DIS INCOME 3-CONSUMPTION<-l> *** (1969:2) 58 DATA "U S CONSUMP " then next quarter the level of imports is 60 C'HTH 1, 1- 1, 1, 1- 1- 1- 1, 1, X expected to be $62.18 billion (at an 62 DATA 1, X. X, X. X, X. X, X. X 64 DATA 2 862, 2 877, 2 910, 2 911, 2 946, 2 961- 2 933 annualized rate). 66 DATA 2 913, 2 926, 2 999, 3 021, 3. 859- 3 125, 3 113, 3. 132 We must remember that this is only 68 DATA 3. 154, 3 203, 3. 218, 3 201 78 DATA 2. 632, 2 637, 2 634, 2. 669- 2. 689, 2. 784, 2. 734, 2 721 an estimate. The higher the t values and 72 DATA 2. 689- 2 789- 2. 744- 2. 787- 2. 838, 2. 897- 2 988. 2 928 the coefficient of determination (the R 74 DATA 2 954, 2. 995, 2. 986 squared adjusted), the more con- 76 REM *** DEP. VAR (CONSUMPTION) IS NEXT **• 78 DATA 2. 637- 2 634. 2. 669, 2 689, 2 704, 2. 734, 2. 721 fidence we usually have in the validity 80 DATA 2 689, 2. 709, 2 744, 2 787, 2. 838, 2. 897, 2 988, 2 928 of the equation. In this case the 82 DATA 2 954, 2. 995, 2 986, 2. 996 90 PRINT PR I estimates of the next period's imports NT "THIS PROGRAM ESTIMATES A LEAST SQUARES EQUATION 92 PRlNT"OF THE FORM V - XB WHERE V - FEB 1979 127 J > G MULTIPLE LEAST SQUARES 114 FOR J=2 TO K+l 140 ANALYSIS PROGRAM 116 PRINT"VAR (• 'I J-l GOTO 120 FOR J-l TO K+l This program computes the least 130 PRINT"VRR # ". J 140 FOR 1=1 TO N coefficients for the following > GOTO 180 squares 142 IF B=2 THEN READ A< !< J-l *N*N • equation: 160 INPUT "INPUT OBS "J •»*N»N> 170 R(I+N>-1 Given Y = XB 180 NEXT I 200 NEXT where Y=Nx1 vector of N observa- 220 PRINT" NOW INPUT V " FOR 1-1 TO N tions of the dependent 230 232 IF B-2 THEN RERD RC I > GOTO 250 variable 240 INPUT R< I X=NxK matrix of N obser- 250 NEXT I 400 CLS vations of independent K 500 PRINT PRINT"f" COMPUTING X'X MATRIX ELEMENT * variables 600 REM *** B=Kx1 vector of coefficients 690 G-0 695 K-K+l Then the least squares solution is: 700 FOR H-l TO K 800 FOR J-l TO K 810 G-G+l B = (X'X) 1 (X'Y) 820 PRINT9 95. 900 FOR 1-1 TO N The specifics of the program are: IBM L=H*N*I 1100 P-J*N+1 1)Will take K independent variables taea q«k*n+g+n (where K is limited by system 1300 H<0)-H 25430 FOR K-1*N* *A 27105 K=R : S-0 27110 FOR 1-1 TO N 27120 S-S+M' I 27130 NEXT I 27140 li"S. N 27154 v-o s«e FOR I»l TO N 27178 V-0 27180 FOR J«l TO K 27184 D-N*I*< )-i. *N 27186 C-N*' i «1 •» H»2*K>J 27200 VV A 27402 X-S*A CS-1005. Graphics Games-2. Six favorite Why should you select PET (8K) Software games. LEM, lunar lander with a graphic Creative Computing display and optional auto-pilot. Nuclear CS-1001. Logic Games-1. Six favorites from Reaction, a game of skill for two players. Software? BASIC Computer Games with super Artillery, in which two players shoot it out graphics. Awari, the African logic game with over computer-generated terrain. Bounce 1. outstand- Highest quality programs— 12 pits and 36 beans. Bagels, which traces the path of a ball bouncing around ing applications for education, recrea- challenges you to guess a secret 3-digit the screen. Checkers, with graphic display, tion, business, and household manage- number. Martin Gardner's Chomp in which from our BASIC Games book. 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Or the Tie fighters in your sights and fire before Basic Computer Games including Life, play checkers against your TRS-80. $7.95. they get away Dynamic Bouncer is a color LEM, Mugwump, Stars, 23 Matches, Word, graphics demonstration program for your and forty-five others. A total of fifty-one 16K Level II Tapes Apple which fills the screen with colored games on an 8" floppy disc. $17.95. walls that appear and disappear at random, CS-3001. Board Games-1 (6 Games). CS-9000. while a ball bounces around within $7.95. Special Package. Two discs (CS- Backgammon — the classic game. Oubic — 9001 and CS-9002) and the Basic Computer try to get 4 pieces in a row on a 3-d board. CS-4002. Sport* Games-1. Four exciting Games book A $43 40 value for only $37.95. Flip Disc — logic game similar to Othello. graphics games Includes an amazing Wumpus I and II — hunt the Wumpus while Baseball game for two players who control Exidy Sorcerer avoiding pits, bats and other hazards. infielders and outfielders, type of pitch, and Mugwump — find it in hiding. $7.95. the swing of the bat. Even has sacrifices, Software double plays, and home runs. Horse Race CS-5001. Graphics Games-2. (6 Games). CS-3002. Space Games-3 (4 Games). Ultra allows up to eleven players to bet on the LEM — lunar lander with display and Trek — keep the galaxy safe from invading outcome of a horse race. Slalom challenges optional auto pilot. Nuclear Reaction —two aliens Romulan — outwit the sneaky to ski through the in you gates a minimum players bombard an atom with protons and invaders. Star Wars — get TIE fighters in time. In Darts you try to throw your darts as electrons. Pie Lob — two players lob pies at your blaster sights Star Lanes — the close to the bullseye as possible by con- each other over a sand castle. Bounce ultimate game of barter and trading. $7.95. trolling the game paddles. $7.95 traces the path of a bouncing ball. Checkers CS-3003. Adventure Versions). — beginners game. Dodgem — try to get (2 Explore an almost endless maze of caverns CS-4003. Strategy Games-1. Play Check- your pieces across the board first. $7.95. with ers* in color against the Apple. Skunk is a incredible riches and hazards. You'll run into dice game for one or two players. UFO is a unusual creatures, quicksand, space game in which you must outwit an diamonds and rubies, a rusty ax and many enemy spaceship. Blockade with exciting other strange and beautiful things. Challenging graphics and sound effects, with a one or and fun for all ages. $14.95. two player option. Genius, a challenging CS-3201. Ecology trivia quiz. 'Requires Applesoft BASIC. Simulations-1 (4 Programs). Simulations $7.95. adapted from Hun- tington II Project. POP — explore three population growth models. — CS-4201. CAI Programs-1. US Map asks STERL vary use of pesticides vs. release of sterile you to identify states and their capitals. males to control fly pest population. TAG — Use Spelling helps the user study a list of "tagging-and-recovery" sampling words he has previously entered. Math techni- que to estimate the number of fish in a pond. Drill for simple arithmetic problems. Add- BUFFALO —Manage a Buffalo herd to allow With-Carry is a sophisticated tool for teach- OSI Challenger 1P hunting while keeping buffalo from becom- ing addition of two and three place ing extinct Comes complete with extensive numbers by helping the student work the and Superboard II resource manual. $24.95. problem digit by digit, adjust to the CS-6001. Graphic Games-3 (4 Games). In student's level of skill. $7.95. Tank Attack seek and destroy enemy guns To Order... hidden among houses and trees before they CS-4301. Know Yourself (4 Programs). Life get you. Dodgem — try to get your pieces Creative Computing Software should be Expectancy — will a different life style across the board first. Free for All — stocked by your local retail computer store. increase your life expectancy? Psy- airplane, ship, and submarine vie for each If your favorite outlet doesn't yet offer it, chotherapy — analyze symptoms in your other. Hidden Maze — find your way have him call C.J. at 800-631-8112. (In NJ. feelings and behavior to determine your through an invisible maze. $7.95. 201-540-0445) mental health. — Computer Literacy what's Or you can order directly from Creative yours? Alcohol — effect of alcohol on your Computing. Send your check for tapes plus behavior. $7.95. $1.00 shipping and handling per order to creative Creative Computing Software. P.O. Box 789-M, Morristown, NJ 07960. NJ residents SOL-20 Software add 5% sales tax. Visa or Master Charge are Write for latest releases. computing acceptable also. For faster service, call in your bank card order toll free to 800-631- software 8112. (In NJ. 201-540-0445) Another new game from Creative Computing. Gold Mine Royce A. Jones If you have no disk, just skip Have you ever wanted to own your everything will still work. necessary. the program (starting own gold mine? Well, now you can, The funny CVT$$ function down in over this part of in line 1210). Otherwise, modify the although it unfortunately exists only in line 40 converts lower case to upper disk I/O statements to read and update a world inside your computer. Gold case. It's also used in line 700. disk file. For users of Microsoft Mine is a video game written in DEC MAT X=ZER, in line 400, sets all the the BASIC, note that because of FOR loop RSTS BASIC, but it can be converted to elements of the array to zero. You can must change the inner other BASICS without too much dif- do this with FOR loops, too. conflicts, you of code is of backwards loop index in the section ficulty. The object of the game to GOTO. . .IF is a kind beginning with line 600. Changing T1 mine as much gold as possible within IF. ..THEN statement. A very tricky T2 here will work correctly. one year. On each turn you can move to form of it is used in line 760, which can to It is possible to convert this game to a a new location and mine if there's ore. be expanded into: (we tried it) but it's Mining takes a day for each position, printing terminal with video. You'll have and movement occurs at the rate of five FOR T1 1 to 4 certainly better the down a bit to make it positions per day. See the game itself IFMID$(K$,T1.1)=LEFT$(A$,1)THEN810 to scale game or Apple, because the for more instructions. NEXT T1 work on a PET display is 61 characters wide, and the Conversion Hints SLEEP just kills time for a specified PET and Apple are only 40 characters. here is set up The version presented number of seconds. Use a long FOR Users of TRS-80s, ADM-3 terminals, for a CRT display, but it could be miscellaneous video loop if you want. Sols, and other modified for a microcomputer with character A data file on disk keeps track of the displays with at least 64 video display. The function defined at conversion easier. gold mining record, and is updated if widths should find line 20 moves the cursor to a specified X-Y location, and the strings set up in line 30 perform various cursor control functions as explained in the program remarks. To convert these, you're just going to have to examine how they're and figure out used in the program, io> ******************************************* how to do the same thing on your own *** COPYRIGHT 1976 BY ROYCE A. JONES *** ******************************************* machine. , , 20 Def FNP»(XX.YX)»Chr»(155Z)+ Y +Chr*(YX+3JX>+Chr» 132 CREATIVE COMPUTING andomizeS Open 'KB: - For Input as File 1XS Improve Your Game With Din XX<10.61>\ Print C2».S >>>fastgAmnion >>> Print "I've been a miner for a heart of Soldi and I'« settin' old.'S »" Print Tab (40) Neil Youna > An Exciting New Backgammon Opponent! Print\ Input Instructions' SKSS Goto 400 If Left P'rint 'your chance to have your own gold mine. You have, one year"\ INT«» *• Print "to mine all the gold you can. The most your mine is worth's M UN. Print 'is one million dollars' But you must mine it. Your mine's Print "contains 100 veins of gold. Each vein is worth S10000. To* Print "start with your mine has just one vertical shaft. You"\ Print 'must enlarge on this by minimi. It takes one day to mir.e"\ Print "one position? whether it contains ore or not* If the positions" Print have already been mined you can move 5 positions in one day.'N Available for Print You can move in four directions! upt down* left. .:»nd"S Print right. To move specify the first letter of the direction • TRS-80 (level II. 16K) Print wish to move and then the number of positions to move. For*\ Print example* two positions up would be U2» 3 positions right"\ e COMPAL 80 Print would be R3» and so on. You can move as many positions as you t. Print in one direction except that you cannot go past the- iiorder'S • APPLE II (16K) Print of the mine. If vou try to you will be stopped at the border's Print and illegal move will be typed out. You can then move from"\ • SOL available soon Print "there on your next turn. If you wish to see the map of the*\ • Print "mine type in the letter H for your move. Each move takes'S PET Print "one day except for printing the map t which takes no days."\ OUTSTANDING FEATURES!— Print "On the map each level in the mine is a different letter* | AO0 Next T1X\ luatioii tor are still working on it), and Prints would like more information and a free Next IX booklet, please write: Go sub 1580S Vantage Press. Dept. D-65 Print ". Move! 'iC4»iS 516 W. 34th St.. Input i ii. .• fix. A«\ New York. NY. 10001 A» = Cvt»«(A«. -1X)S If Left 760 Goto 810 If Mid '0 Pi m, t FNP»< IX. I .'X> is P'rint "Boundrw - ;\ and now Sleep a: Pi lr.t Chr*(13X)+r,4»: PEOPLE'S SOFTWARE Goto 700 N«Uel(Hid Tape 1 includes 26 Level I . t HidCL*. ivx. r. */.- For 1 to NS business/home/educational >i,, just $7.50 + 50C P 4 H. | 840 Y1X=Y1X-1XS (CA residents add 45C tax) Goto 880 If . 12+ \X Computer Information Exch., Goto 790 Inc. Box 158 XXI Goto 1070 San Lul* Rey, CA 92068 CIRCLE 171 ON READER SERVICE CARD FEB 1979 133 > \ ; 1 900 Y1Z=Y1X+IX\ 1290 T»=Ti*e«<0M • "+Hate«<0)\ Goto 940 If Input "Hey there old tiaen what you I ri.Miic' Y1X=Y1X-1Z\ Open •(1.6)001 li.liftT- as File 1Z\ Goto 790 (Tint «1Z.N*\ V40 XXI YIX-IX.XIXH^ Print tlXrNua*([i>\ Goto 1070 Print «1V. ,Nu»» 1000 XXCY1X.X1X+13=1X\ print 'Congratulations H I 'l\ Goto 1070 Goto 1410 1020 X1X=X1X+1Z\ 1400 Print 'You didn't breal- Goto 1060 If X1X62XV 1410 Print • the record of *'SC\ X1Z=X1X-1X\ Print "Mined in'IBI* days hw "irtl Goto 790 Print "on "!R*\ 1060 XXCY1X.X1X-1.1--1 Goto 1600 1070 If XXCYlXrXlXD^l Goto 1140 1450 Print FNP*< 17., 15:. • 1080 D=I'+1\ Print 'Congratulation* ! I You have ained mi 1 1 1 on dol Goto 1210 If D>365.24\ f-nr.t 'only' IDI "dewi I Goto 1160 If XXCY1X.X1X:I=0X\ Open " ATTENTION: HUMANS The Klingons are hot on the trail of the Enterprise. To gain speed, we're unloading our supply holds of Star Trek T-shirts, posters, etc. Help us escape the Klingons and keep the galaxy safe by buying these items at drastical- ly reduced prices!! MR. SPOCK STAR TREK COMPUTER IMAGES T-SHIRT Mr. Spock Poster. Large (17" x 23") computer Mr. Spock T-Shirt is a image on heavy poster stock. A digital black design on a scanning densitometer transformed each 50 beautiful pale green micron square point on the negative into a line shirt. Available in adult printer character (using two overprintings). sizes S, M, L, XL. All regular price $1 50. cotton, made in USA. Set of 7 Computer Images. Kirk, Spock, price Regular $4.50. McCoy, Sulu, Scott, Uhrura, and the Enter- prise. On heavy poster stock. 8'/2 x 1 1 . Regular price per set $1.50. NOW ONLY $3.00! BOTH FOR ONLY $1.00! Orders must be prepaid. (No bank cards) Send to Creative Computing, P.O. Box 789-M, Morristown, N.J. 07960 134 CREATIVE COMPUTING Did you miss f'«i»pa«f r(tf any issues of creative q GompatiRg • Well, don't fret. For a limited time (as Vol. 3, No. 4 - Jul/Aug 1977 Vol. 4, No. 3 - May/Jun 1978 long as the supply lasts), you can order Guide to selecting a microcomputer. Art and animation section: 8 articles, all six 1977 issues for only $8.00 plus Write your own CAI, Part 2. Computers color graphics, SAM76, binary search, $1 .00 shipping — $9 00 total! Any three in medicine and health care. Dwyer: "8- a real budget in Basic, business com- issues are ," $5.00 postpaid! And any Hour Course in Basic- Part 1 "Thinking puting: 4 payroll systems, Oregon single issue is only $2.00 postpaid. Strategies- Part 3." Sherlock Holmes and Trail. Black Box, reviews of All six 1 978 issues are available for just Charles Babbage Four new games VideoBrain, MSI floppy, OSI $12 00 or $2 50 each postpaid. Challenger, Ai speech synthesizer. Vol. 3, No. 5 - Sept/Oct 1977 Vol. 4, No. 4 - Jul/Aug 1978 Vol. 2. No. 5— Sep/Oct 1976 Radio Shack computer profile, visit to Computer programming contests. Polymorphic, music synthesis for an Reviews of Commodore PET, Apple II, Russian computing. Do-it-yourself 8080 Three views to computer conferen- Atari computer, Video games, inter- computer poetry (3 articles), two cing. In-depth comparison of five BASIC facing to the real world: 5 articles, games: Watchman and Delmar, four interpreters Fiction, computer and business computing: 4 word process- feature reviews of "Computer Power calculator games. ing systems, ROM section: 7 articles, and Human Reason." Computers in backgammon game, bar code. elections, two great stories. Vol. 3. No. 6 • Nov/Dec 1977 Programming techniques- Part 1. CAI. Vol. 4. No. 5—Sep/Oct 1978 Topics in Logic Three 8080 8K BASIC Equipment profiles: TRS-80. Exidy Vol. 3, No. 1 - Jan /Feb 1977 evaluations. Smart electronic game Sorcerer, Bally Arcade, PolyMorphic Profiles of the IMSAI 8080. SWTPC6800. reviews How computers can write final 8813, Merlin Video Display preview of nine new TTY 43. All about EFTS. Computational exams. Mastermind II and Otherllo personal computers. Ac- counts receivable All unsolvability. Four new games computer games Profile of the Alpha 1 systems. about Gruenberger: "Learning by Doing and Alpha 2 for the TDL Xitan. PASCAL, real world games, a real time Catastrophic theory A microcomputer clock to build. PET cassettes, special software course. education features, new software: Star Vol. 4, No. 1 — Jan/ Feb 1978 Wars. Hex, File structures, 16-bit computers, Vol. 3. No. 2 • Mar/Apr 1977 Vol. LOGO language, Murphy's laws, 4. No. 6—Nov/Dec 1978 Special music features: rrnjsic instruc- review of Radio Shack TRS-80 and Subject index and file index in BASIC, tion, computer musj^«o\ormed by Heath H8, World model, biorythms, consumer computers buying guide, dance. "Bottom-J^^O'^»«ansporta- electronic reviews, how to write a simulation, Hart sort game critical path tion and crj^o ^2*rt of music by analysis, algorithm, 3 games, 8-Hour Basic mailing label programs, robot computi^^QV^^use a CPU with a Course - Part 4. programming, experiment in teaching simple p\^«£fal to play music. Piele A. strategic thinking, ." evaluations of Wood: "Thinking Strategies- Part 1 Northstar Horizon, CP/M operating Vol. 4, No. 2 • Mar/Apr 1978 system and backgammon computers, Vol. 3. No. • Parody of Datamation, Business Com- 3 May/June 1977 columns on Apple II PET and TRS-80, puting: Ahl: "Computer Power *^^>e People," 5 inventory control systems, plus game section including "Corral", Nelson: "A Drean^>^^c\i Snerd," ABCs of microcomputers, structured "Joust" and "Puzzle". Arthur C ^^ CJ^'Tjre Com- software for micros, four computer municatir^^T^^^^oK revealed. All music systems, reviews of 2 Basic For faster service, use your Visa or interpreters about \ \ *>^x^es: Wave Mate Jupiter and micro-APL, CAI-Part Master Charge and call our toll-free II, SOL-.V^Ml in depth. 4, puzzles and games. order line: 800-631-8112 (In NJ. call 201-540-0445) r Please send me: I i Total amount r--y $2/each. 3 for $5. 6 for $9 VISA n MASTER i HCHARGE I D Sep/Oct 1976 Cash, check. i Jan/Feb I O 1977 or MO enclosed Card No. D Mar/Apr 1977 i Expiration date I O May/Jun 1977 i D Jul/Aug 1977 I i D Sep/Oct 1977 Name I D Nov/Dec 1977 I i Address $2.50/each, 6 for $12 i I Jan/Feb 1978 i O Mar/Apr 1978 I i O May/Jun 1978 City State Zip. I O Jul/Aug 1978 i D Sep/Oct 1978 I i D Nov/Dec 1978 I Return form to: CREATIVE COMPUTING. i Volume 1 bound, $10 I P.O. Box 789-M, Mornstown, New Jersey 07960 Volume 2 bound, $10 I I _l_ i I ATOM 20 XnwwXwwX&X'X'X'X'X'X-X'X If you enjoyed trekking across the old west in Oregon cooperation. (This has been done in children's books by 'Trail (May-June 1978 Creative Computing) then you'll be having the child's name inserted in the middle of the stor right at home in ATOM20, a fanciful simulation of survival in strategic places, but obviously the idea has much more after a worldwide nuclear war. In your adventures, you potential.) may face the dangers of radiation poisoning, dangerous ATOM20 can be run in almost any BASIC, though you'll animals, poisoned food, and more! need a lot of memory to fit in all the descriptions. For tr It seems that narrative simulation games of this type smaller machine, you could shorten the messages or (such as Oregon Trail and Adventure, one of the ultimate length of the game. The only conversion problem you computer games) are becoming increasingly popular, as might encounter is the SUBSTR (substring) function] game authors realize the possibilities of creating entire used to look at the first character in a string. In other hypothetical worlds for exploration and adventuring. BASICS, this might be expressed as LEFT$(Z$,1) or Another possibility would be to write a program which Z$(1.1). (See line 7.) ATOM20 was written on the enables a user and the computer to write a story in Minnesota Educational Computing Consortium's system CREATIVE COMPUTING I I I - • I * 760 PRINT 'AS A RESULT OF THIS TOUR ARM HAS BF I N BKUKtN, BUI- 770 PRINT-LOOK ON THE BRI0H1 SIDE OF II. YOU NOW HAVF A FOOD' 780 PRINT 'SUPPLY.' 790 GO TO 820 795 PRINT BOO PRINI YOII MATH Mill I INI. ANOTHER UfER SONI OTHER HAY.- 810 PRINI o Kin program nami aiiiii.m VIKMnNI 7/1777 820 PRINI l REM Al 1IRNAII Nflnl S NnNI b;':. if x-s ihln I9H0 2 ken Annum: pay hkanhfk . iun hai 830 PRINI N ( DC i THI R .<. l M8IG 840 PRINI OAT <• 5980 1,1'ili (30 FRINT Al ,1 HIINAN HI INGi HI HAS -lill |i JUSI PANNED ACROSS' [HI YMD Nl I IMS I > 860 PRINT THI RIIAH. AKT rOU GOING III II lAIIIIKI • <•• INPUT 7t HIN mm I' 870 PRINT IAIII Y. I) FOLLOW Hin. ,<) LUNPI I III . Inl.-i.l |" - - 875 PRINI ABOUT HIN'* • N lllln 880 INPIII -» •• I HEN 890 IF D-t I HEN 9 ISO 10 PRINI • II I AM I HI H '. UK Nil. *i 900 IF D"2 UNN 960 901 IF D-3 THEN 905 i INI 902 PRINT 'PLEASI I TIF IIK- I" •liii I I mi ,-,« . ATOMI war has- VO.I GOTO BBO 'TAKEN PLACE, wn ini. mil a ma hik- PORTION in ml' 905 PRINI So IKINI iii in - "I Al lilN. run mavi hi I N i IVINO yillllN rllllK 910 PRINI 'UHAIi ARt TOtl COMPLETELY IRA7T' HIIU DO YOU IHINK- •hiimh miii iiK hik mi lA'.i iuii nriNn 920 PRINT'YOU Hill II COMPLETE TOUR niSSIUN OF Rt Hull INI. HANI I Nil"" KAIIIIH MIIIIY HA'. Nl API > HI I.N EXAUtltD.' 930 PRINI 'SINCE YOU MILL NOI IRT 111 INI •inn nn'.l niiu FIND ANT HIJNANS YDIIR MISSION* 80 H i Nl u wiiki B ani. FIND' • 940 PRINT -IS HFRE BT IF KMINAII Ii. INI -ANT llllliu HIinAN HI INI.'. Ullli IIAUI SURVIVED I III WAR.* 9S0 STOP '. Nl "llll IA1I III MANK I INH It Ml IHIN TOUR HANI . 960 PRINT INI 970 PRINI •GOOD THINKING. HON nANY HOURS Dl) ini - YOU WISH TO I III ION' •run HAVF mi FOLLOWING ii u REMAINING '.Mil i ii . : 980 PRINT •HIN' 1.2. OR I. I INI 990 INPUT ini 'i hay • FOOD l.i ION BUPP1 r. 1000 IF E-3 IHEN I12S PLY.' 1010 IF E-? IHCN • 1015 t. INI • 1 K It I I Ul III SI' ROUNDS. 1011 IF E-l THEN HO IKINI 1015 1012 PRINt -PLEASE TYPE OR MS PR INI 1013 GOTO 990 it • INI -nil DANGERS I IIA I i II An! ah MCI MANY, run MAY I Al I 1015 PRINT IN In RADIATION PlltSONINO, . , NAIURA1' 1020 PRINT -Ht • HIH NOI LEAD YOU AIIYUHt RL BUI IN A CIRCI I INI *AM MUNI, iaiini. I nii.iiNiill:. FOODS. Willi ANln> 1030 PRINI -BEFORE TOU CAUGHT Up UIIH HIN. HIS NAM IS in ii... -i ii mini, during row wnYAi.i rau mi 1040 PRINT -JOHN THOMAS. HE HAS NOT SEEN ANYONE AF IFK IHl IVO Fll»l -II'. I TIIIIK III l.llll HIINI IIK IK HI I I HP YOURSELF. Ulll N 1050 PRINT -WAR. ARE YOU GOING 10 1) LFAVE HIN. 2) SIAY- •il 'A:.li li in ini iiii RANG . hani. WORD ini as FAST' 1055 PRINT -UITH HIN AND SEARITI" hi can. nil inn FASTER itpi ihf uiikh hang ihf* 1060 INPUT F INI -HI llll mill, i HANI I ill IIIIIINI. TIIIIK- 1AKI.I1. HI CARTFUL' 1070 IF F-l THEN 1095 HIIU mi iHilu.,11. mil I II', ,|,|I UNIT HAVI 1071 IF F-2 THEN 1075 Mil Fl III.' LL8 1072 PRINT 'PLEAS! 1YPF ;'30 IKINI A 1 OR 2M 1073 GOTO 1060 .'40 • PRIN1 HAT I 1075 PRINT Hill HAVI HI I H HAVI I INI, IIIIUN RIIAH I 111 A HI I UHA I USUI* 1080 PRINT -GOOD THINKINGi NOW THERE ARE I UU OF YOU- INI Mil l-l mill. I Tllll IIAUI I OWN. IIHl ACROSS A %l I I I 1085 PRINT -TO SEARCH. I INI IHl tiiii -IN ROAD. API DOING in IAKI lilt llll UK RISHT' 1090 GO TO 1230 1095 PRINT L'BO INI-UI At 1100 PRINT -SO YOU ARE GOING TO GO ON SEARCHING BY- 281 At SUB'.lKIAt.l . I . 1105 PRINT -YOUR SELF. GOOD LUCK I .'VO II At "I llll II 1120 GO TO 1230 .110 II At llll N "R" J3S 1125 PRINT HI IKINI Mill IIK Kll.ll i 1127 IF Y-10 THEN 5910 II. Ill /80 'INI 1130 PRINT -000D THINKINGI HE LED YOU TO HIS PARTNER. BILL* 1140 PRINT -HARDY. HE SAID HE HAD SEEN A GROUP OF PEOPLE* I. INI PRINT -HOVING WESTWARD. .Hli IKINI •hat :•• 1150 ARE YOU GOING TO II STAY WITH THEN* 3-.0 1160 PRINT-OR 2> GO AFTER THE GROUP OF PEOPLE*' IKINI UIIAI I nil.' A Kill III Al HIT RUCK IS BTANBING IN- • 1170 INPUT G 5*0 PRINT Mill MI 1 1 I.I I III llll ROAD. 1180 IF 0-1 THEN 9580 149 IKINI •I Til RANG' 1181 IF 0-2 THEN 1185 370 INFUI Ht 2*1 - 1182 PRINT -PLEASE TYPE A 1 OR 380 II lit •HANI, 1HIN 410 1183 GOTO 1170 390 PRINT 'AW. TOU HAII. TOU Ht HISSI U KIM. IIFR LUCK NtXI I IMI , 1185 PRINT 400 SOTO 820 1190 PRINT *YOU 8TAY WITH THEN OVERNIGHT. THEY WISH YOU GOOD* 410 IKINI *GU0tl SHOOTING. RIGHI THROUGH IMI HI AK I . BUI- 1200 PRINT-LUCK THE NEXT HORNING AND THEY HOPE YOU FIND* 420 PRINT 'UNEXPECTEDLY. A HUGE REAR HAS APPEARED ON THE' 1210 PRINT -THEN.- 410 PRINT 'SCENE. TOU HAVE THE FOLLOWING CH0ICE8I 1) LEAVE THE" 1220 00 TO 1230 440 PRINT 'DEAR ALONt ANH HFPAKI. :•! SHOOT IHE BEAR. 3> GO* 1230 PRINT • 450 PRINT 'UP TO IHl III I K ANH IAKE SOHE HEAT. CHOOSE ONF . 1240 PRINT 440 INFTI1 H 12S0 PRINT DAY 4- 470 IF 8-1 THEN 795 1260 PRINT THE WEATHER FOR TODAY LOOKS BAD. YOU DECIDE' 8-2 480 IF THEN 530 1270 PRINT TO GO AND CONTINUE SEARCHING. SUDDENLY, IT- 481 IT B-3 THEN 48V 1280 PRINT BEGINS TO RAIN HEAVILY. YOU CAN 1) SIAY IIUI AND* 482 PRINT 'PLEASE TYPE OR 3' 1290 PRINT CONTINUE SFARCHING OR 2) TRT AND FIND COVER.' 483 GOTO 460 1300 INPUT H 485 PRINT 1310 IF H-2 THEN 1485 4B9 PRIN1 1311 IF H-l THEN 1315 •A llll 490 PKINI VFRT FOOLISH DECISION, Ht AR MAUI III TOU TO' 1312 PRINT 'PLEASE TYPE A 1 OR 2*1 500 PRINT 'HEATH. HANKINH IS IUIIIHI Ii 111 EXTINCTION.' 1313 GOTO 1300 510 SIOP 1315 PRINI 530 PKINI 1317 PRINT 540 PRIN1 •1TPI HANG' 1320 PRINI -BECAUSE OF THE RAIN YOU CAUGHT A SEVERE COLD.* 550 INPUT Ct 1330 PRINT *YOU HAVE A GOOD CHANCE OF COHING DOWN WITH' 560 II Cf'BANG* THIN 420 1340 PRINT 'PNEUMONIA. YOU HUSI FIND GOOD WARM COVER SOON. 561 PRINT 1341 PRINT 570 PRINI 'TOU NI8MD.' 1342 PRINT INI '1HI HLAK I HAS! H Hill ;'00 TANDS 1350 PRINT 'YOUR COUGHING HAS BECOME WORSE SINCF YOU CANNOT* -.1111', 580 PRINT "INTO Till WOOD] LOSING lo SHI I I S BIIKING' 1360 PRINT 'FIND COVER. UP AHEAD IS A CAVE. ARE TOU GOIHG TO* -1111 590 PRINT CHASE. Tllll AKI NIIU IUSI. TIHI NASI! I HI 1370 PRINI *ENTER» TYPE YES OR NO.' 600 PRINI *KISl til TIHIR HAT IKYING 10 FIND llll ROAD.' 1380 INPUT Ft 610 GO TO 820 1385 Et-SUBS!R ' Nl 'PI I AS I I YFI Al, 1410 PRINT *AS NIGHT HI All I, . llll II nil KAIUR'l DROPPED.' 1420 PRINT *AS A RESULT YOU PASSED AWAY IN TOUR Mill -.' !. INI 1430 PRINT 'MANKIND IS IIDIIHI H Til IXI1NCTI0N.' 670 PRINI MTI'I HANG*! 1440 STOP 680 INPIII HI 1445 PRINI 690 II lit 'HANS' IHIN 740 1450 PRINT *IN THE CAVE YOU FIND DRY WOOli 10 HIIU Ii A" 691 PRINI 1460 PRINT'FIRE. YOU HAVE SUCCESSFULLY WARDED OFF- 700 PRINI llll-. I . TOU HISSED Hin IMI IHl HIAK I AIM. II I IIP WITH" 1470 PRINT -PNEUMONIA. BUT YOU WILL HAVE A CI II II FOR A till ' TOU ANH HAIII I II Yllll III HI Am. MANKINH IS IHIIIHFH' 1475 PRINT "DAYS.' • III I II INCIIIIN. 1480 GO TO 1575 730 StOP 1485 PRINI 740 PKINI -GOOD SHOOTING, mn Kill in mn. HIM III WAS* 1495 PRINT 'YOU HAVF GREAI DIFFICULTY IN IINH1NG COWCI 'RUNNING Al SUCH A HIGH SPEED II! i In I 1 1'l H INTO YOU. 1500 PRINT FEB 1979 137 1 I I . ' F'RINT 1M0 FLINT 'AT I AS!. A CAVI ' AM YUU Ml I HI. Ill ENTER" I IM- 2430 • Yllll 1,111 IIU I 111 IHI IIIKI'.l IHI PRINT 'Yl S (IF. NO. 2440 IKINI *VY IHI 1IMI GROUP' HI J IHI lilt Y Illl* INI Ul I • 2450 IKINI HAD DISAPPEARED. TRACKS AKI IIAINIY VISIVII. Yllll SPEND II" I PRINT VEHIND 1 931 K < I t . I . I > 2440 2470 FKINT (II IHE DAY I RACK INS IHIN.* I III N 4VMI 1540 II It "Y" Illl N 1443 24B0 FKINT 1541 II It 'N' 1IIFN 1343 2485 I KINl '. 2490 IKINI •THAT Nll.lll YUU VI GIN III MAKE YOUK UIAIUNS." 1342 PRINT "PI I asi I Yll Yl OR NO-; !i 111 A IISI'IAK :') VIIU 1 343 i.iiln 1530 2300 PRINT GOING NAM UITH" 1343 MUNI 2310 F'RINT •ARROWS Ilk 31 AN AXE AND CI Ilk'" INI Ul PRINT "AS A RESU | Villi MA'.'I COW IIOUN Ullll « 2320 - 2330 II I 1 IHIN 2460 F'RINI Mil' AMI All 18 ANIHIIIR I AVI . AKI Yllll DOING III 15/0 Oil 111 1370 2540 IF J-2 THIN 2415 EH INI 2541 IF J-3 THEN 2330 15/7 2542 PRINT "PLEASE I YE E A I. in '.*. 15B0 IRIN1 2543 GOTO 2520 158 J PkINT 2350 F'RINI 1385 I'klNI 2540 PR IN I YOU HAD TO SM Mi ( HOURS SEARCHING (UK A (.HDD* 2570 PRINT STONE AND SIIMI S1K0NG WOOD." 1590 PR I N MAY 5* OF IHI 1600 FklNI UHA1 llllk. A IOUN I'. Ill' AMI All. N0B1 HI I HI ' 2380 PRINT YOU SPENT MUCH NIGHT U0RK1NG ON IT." 1610 FklNI MIILDINSa HAVI THIN LEVELED, nil. A GROCERY lilkl • 2390 F'RINT YOU OVEKSEEF'I THE NEXT MIIKNINI.. AND Will HAVE TO' SOME TO CATCH UP UIIH THEM." 1420 I KIN! Mill STANDING. IVEkYTHINI, HAS HI I N IAIIN' 2400 PkINT DO FAST TRAVELING 1630 FftlNl I ml I I I ok BON CANNED DOOM. MUM Akl DENTED AND- 2410 GO TO 2720 - 1640 Ik- INT HAVI Slim RUST. Kill HUM Akl A IFU I HA I 1 link Ilk. 2413 PRINT 1650 PRINT UH1CH ONES Akl YOU DOING "> PICK 9 A) BOM SOUPS" 2420 PRINT "UHAT LUCK' YOU FOUND A PLIABII FEECF OF UllllH FOR" 1660 PRINT H> SOMI V1GE1AHIS Ilk CI SI1MI Ekll 2630 F'RINT "YOUR VOU. BUT YOU SPENT 2 HOURS SEARCHING FOR" 1665 1NIUI M 2440 PRINT "A GOOD CORD AND STRAIGHT PIECES FOR YOUR ARROUS." TO 16B0 I Y -A- 1HIN1820 2630 GO 2580 1670 IF Gf"-B- 1IKN 1/VO 2660 PRINT 1691 II G»-"C* THEN 1700 2470 PRINT 2680 PRINT 'YOU HAD TO SPEND 2 HOURS SEARCHING FOR A GOOD. I 1692 PRINT "PIIASI (II I GUIID 1AV.1 GOTO 1665 2490 PRINT "STRONG. LONG PIECE OF UOOD. THING YOU' 1700 PRINT 2700 PRINT 'HAVE A KNIFE TO PUT ON IHI END III IT.' i 1 1 TO 2580 1710 FKINT 1 I 1 1 1 I k 1 1 T S . 2710 GO 1720 PRINT THI CANS Y1IU FIIUNIi HAIi SIIHI kil'.l. ANI' A COUPLE" 2720 PRINT 1730 PRINT UEKl HINTED. TOU ATF 4 I Ilk Illl (Ik. ANIi Will Yllll 2730 PRINT 1740 PRINT DO NOT Of T 1(101. POISONING.- 2740 PRINT 1730 pkINT 2730 1R1NI 1760 IF Y-3 THEN 1974 2740 PRINT YOU HAVE VEEN TRACKING IHEM All DAY." 1770 IF Y-IO TMFN 1900 2770 PRINT THE TRACKS GE I I 1NG FRESHER EVERY HtlUR 1780 IF Y-13 THEN 1940 2780 F'RINI 1790 PRINT 2790 FRINI THAT N1GH1 Yllll SE I '.I1MI CANPI IMS UP' 1800 PRINT- SO YOU LIKE. VEGETAVLES." 2830 PkINT AHEAD IN THI DISTANCE. YOU CAN SI I i.l 1810 00 TO 1720 2840 PRINT OF PEOPIE MUV1NG AkUIINH IHI (ANII IMS.* 1820 PRINT 2845 PkINT HORNING. RISKING THI CHANCI III IHtM • FOLLUUINIj I HUH I'.. Al GO AND" 1830 PRINT 'SO YOU LIKE SOUPS." 2850 PRINT YOU HAVE THE ' 2840 PRINT GRLE I IHEM II1N1GHI OR BIUA1I UNTIL ' 1840 PRINT 'THE CANS YOU FOUND HAD SOME RUST. AND A CIIUI'I I PRINT HORNING. RISKING THE CHANCI OF IHEH LEAVING' 1850 PRINT 'MERE DENTED. YOU ATE 4 FOR SUPPER. AND HOPE YOU" 2870 F'RINT BEFORE YOU AUAKEN. 1860 PRINT - D0 NOT OET FOOD POISONING.- 2880 J» 1870 IF Y"S THEN 1900 2890 INPUT X-S THEN 5820 1880 IF Y-10 THEN 1940 2895 IF 3120 1BV0 IF Y-15 THEN 1974 2900 IF J»»"B" THEN 1900 PRINT 2901 II It 'A' THIN .'905 1910 PRINT "THE CANS YOU ATF UFRE POISONOUS. YOU DIED" 2902 PRINT 'PLEASE I YP'F A UK VI GUTU 1920 PRINT "PEACEFU1LY IN YOUR SLEEP. • 2903 2B90 1930 GO TO 1430 2905 IKINI 1940 PRINT 2910 II Y=I5 THEN 304O 2920 F'RENT 1950 PRINT "LUCK HUST BE ON YOUR SIDE. THE CANS YOU ATE" * Yllll UIIH DPI N AKMS . 1960 F'RINT -HERE SAFE." 2930 F'RINT 1HIY GREETED Nil 1IAIIIK. AND AH Ulll INI,* 1970 GO TO 1995 2940 F'RINI APPAHINIIY IHI Y HAVI 1976 PRINT 2950 PRIN1 1(1 ACCEPT YUU AS IHE Ik HUN.' PR I N 1980 F'RINT "ONE OF THE CANS YOU AH UAS SI II. Illl Y- 2940 1 (IF I I 1NIII A NE U AND' 1985 PRINT 'POISONOUS. YOU MAKE UP UITH A BAD CASI OF" 2970 FklNI YOU CAN NOU EAD YUUk IE * AND VI I Ilk I AND. VEI.1NNINI, IHI lA'.k HE 1990 F'RINI • INDIGESTION. • 2980 PRINT Villi 1995 PR1N1 2990 I KINl KT DING CIVILIZATION." 2000 F'RINI 3000 PRINT rilNl.RADUl Al 1IINS AND' 2010 PRINT 3010 PRINT I GIVE Yllll NY HEARTIEST YUU IHE HFSI III I III K.* 2020 PRINT •DAY »• 3020 IRINl ISM - 3030 Mill 2030 PRINT 'iinaiiyi yiiii spotted ihe group oi people up 2040 PRINT AHEAD IN THE IHSIANLI. Yllll NIIU HAVI HI NAM* 2050 IKINI •Illl ItlMUUINI, IHE'llkTANI DECISION. Ylln (AN 1)00" 2060 PRINT STRAIGHT AHI All THROUGH IHE DE8ER1 MM I AND Ilk* 2070 PkINT •21 CIRCU akiiiind EHROUOH IHE FOREST." 2080 1NCUI 1 2090 IF I»2 THEN 2220 2091 II II I HEN 2100 2092 PRINT "El FA'. I I Yd A I UK I"! 2093 GOTO 2080 2100 II r 9 IHI N .'170 2110 PRIN1 2120 IKINI VI kY F (Mil ISH. IHI IIF'.EKI I Ikl I AND IS IHE M '.HI I .'1.10 IKINI OF AN ATONIC VIIHV. Yllll RECIEVED A HAH Uli 2140 I klNt GAMMA KAYS. RADIAIIHN POISONING I I IN IIIIIIMY.- 2150 IKINI IMF GROUP DISAPPEARED AND YO(l DIED Illl NEXT" PRINT DAY. NFVFk '.MINI. IHI GROUP AGAIN." 2160 GO TO 430 2170 I KINl 21B0 IKINT •IHI i.klllll' DISAPPEARED UHll E Yllll gin n 2190 PRIN1 •IHI SAND. VIII Illl Ik TRACKS AKt IIAINIY VISIVII 2200 IKINI 'Nil Illl DAY TRACKING HUH. I.I II INI.' 2205 PRINT •EVER Nl AKTK.- 2210 2220 E'KINI FklNI •YOU HAVI UNI Y IKAVIMI FEET. Mill' AN1HAI 8" 2230 IKINI "ARE ATTACKING. 111 I BANG" 2240 INI'lll ll» 2260 PRINT PRINT •YOU NIBSES. (INI UIIIINDED YOUK AKM VI I (Ikl Yllll ' 2280 I RINI "DISPOSED Of HIM. ml OTHERS KAN A '.hiiki DISTANCE" 2290 PRINT 'AWAY. IHEY LOOK AS II I HI Y INIIND III KII1IKN. YUll" 2300 FklNI (AN NIIU Al KIIN UK VI WAII I Ilk IHIN 1(1 HF1IIKN.' 2310 INI'lll It 2320 IE It -A* IHFN .'(HO 2321 IF If i'B" IHIN 2330 FklNI -El I A'. I IYFI A 111, |. • . (10 2330 F'RINI 2340 F'RINT -IHE ANIHAI'. ("AMI VAI k IN A IIU nINIIIIS. THIS" .'34'. FkINT •T!H! IHI Y IIAUl CIRCLED YOII. CONING I ktW All" .•350 IKINT •DIRECTIONS. VFCAUSI 111 YOUK WIIIIN1U H AKN. YOU" 2360 PRINT -COULD NOT SHIinl STRAIGHT. YOII HEM I A'.Y IHI. 2370 GO TO 1430 2380 PRINT 23VO PRINT 'THE ANIHAI '. RETURNED As Yllll BTARTED RUNNING. 2400 IKINI 'HAD TO RUN i -Ml HUM. IN IKHNI. .11.* 2403 F'RINI *YOU LOST All III YOUK SHELLS I (IK YOUK RIFLE." 2410 F'RINT "YOU BETTER DEVISI A MEANS III III I I NSI SOON." 138 CREATIVE COMPUTING I • l • • ' 3040 IKINI Mill BMOUP MAI, MANNED III MAM nils THEIR- IKINI -DAY 4- 3050 ikini ",mi ll pekmanfni mini, umiii rim 10 PRINI Mini i hum, inn k UAS I UINI, A 1 3060 PKINI "TRACKING THEM llllr 1140 PKINI HAI, SI I u|- SNARFS AN II,- 'A llli.HUAr IIAIUNi, III JO/o mini -sum A KIVIF. ANI. IHIr HAVI' ims uiiii mpua, , , IKINI 'A I. , „,„ „ „„, ,., nun i ORG ...- 3080 PRINI MMI ,N , PH ARK. , HEKEFORI „ ,, KINI I'klHI • 3090 MHI F I I . 1 1 .'0 IF I N I 3100 i M r< !'!,'»] "' " im c ""•<• 3120 F'HINI JJvo -nv ,',:;:''IMI «* HAS ANI. llll |.| ,-, , AKI INSII,, . „ „ PRINI "DAY 11* I 1140 IKINI UAs SI I II 4. 10 PIN I naUF INI. Ulll N mil AWIIM. Villi- -A LONG STRETCH. VOU DEC I IN nil • IKINI -WINI III' INTO llll I INI -llll IMS Al IT I I RATON I...UN Ml nil I,,. INI -HIIU I ASI llll , uiiii, AK , J 160 II r 1(1 IHIN I | vci «:'4o ii r 5 ihiij . 31/0 PRINI -YOU HAH III AWAK I II Slim III llll H|N.- -•940 ' ' •"" '"" I "K P II |i A SIM I, HI ha,,. 3190 IKINI DW HIIUN RAPIDI r II 3200 IKINI -UHIN I Nil FT A' VOU ENTERED llll I Am . IHI NIAI.I IRIN1 UAS OVER- "UAS A rilllNI. I.IHT . AS mil AUAMNIH HER, .,||| SAW roiEAw m «"«« *—"«" ANI. t.Ili Nil! RECOOMIZI rillj, ANI. IHI hi Ml Vim :,',:r::',n::','.r' 3230 PKINI •SCkVABU. ANH I HI LAN J, BOM III IHI' " III 441(1 3240 PRINT -NIN mill III i ANH g| Kl AIIAIKING- * I N I .PINT -HER. llll r .. HAH RIFLES ANI. SHCI1 HI Mil 41J0 pkini -mi i ak REACHES A SPEED i.l 110. rim HAD- II 10 1430 1140 PKINI -10 APPLY IHI BRAKES I , KINI BEFORI N 1 1 F I N. IHI- III All! • AH. AS run All I II 1. IHI i.'UO PRINI 4 160 IKINI mi l uini i.nuN in ihi i i inn, U | 11, „,,- PRINT 4.5/0 IKINI vim I NTERI H llll l iifvi Al Nil IKINI MiA I 43110 IKINI PER HOOR ANI, UINI STRAIGHT INIn A lim.l • PRINI •lll'AHIAIi ISA IIIWN. II • 4390 PKINI run • IS COMPLETELY LEVEI |,,i i, insianii y . i-INl -API run 440O Gil I , 00 1 NO ro 1 1 I BH iiii I OWN (3 10 THIN I 4410 IKINI INI'UI A 4420 PKINI IHIN 14H0 4430 PKINI IHIN .1.160 444(1 IKINI "DAY IKINI -PtlASI A I i| MM IKINI IIIIIAT villi SAU llll ,.,.,,111 niSSAIMAF ,,,„ , ,„ , slllll 1.140 4460 PKINI h '•"" "'""" flm " flH,fl "- vim im im TO 3360 II ITO IHIN .1440 44/0 PKINI 'i'him FOLLOW- • K I N 4480 PKINI INI Mill u. InUN ., H r AN AIIIHII. BIIHH.- IN! -WHEN TOU REACH IHI llll OF IHI Hill nNIr llll IK- 3390 IKINI -AS mil IHKIIIII.II 45O0 PASSED IHI I OWN. I/ED- PRINI "TRACKS WERE VISIBLE. Till PI 3400 TKINI -A HAI 4510 PRINI A uiiii RIVER, im BR I DOI spanning ihi RIVER- 3410 IKINI Mllll I Am HIIUN Willi 4520 PRINI HI I KADIAIIIIN POISONING.' HAS N DESTROYED. IIN VIIUI. SIM IS A SMALL 3420 IKINI BOAT.' 'YOU SUNVIVIH llll KISI III IHI HAr ANH TiIIU IHAI- 4930 PKINI -ON IHI OTHER BID) AKI 4 SI • IGHII | , af„, f huais IKINI •NKiHI.- 4540 PRINI -Villi CAUGHT A GI1MISI 111 A HIIAI DISAPPEARING- 3410 till III 1430 4550 PKINI AROUND A BIND IN THE RIVER. AKI VOU 3440 TKINI GI11NG 10 A1CR0SS- 4560 PRINI llll I RIVER OR HI III I • HU lilt HI1A1 DOWNS . IKINI TKT AM 3450 -MIlFr INK rtlU IHI KAIUAIIIIN MUM HAH DECREASED 1 45/0 INPUT C« 3460 PRINT MO HI SAM I UK HUMANS, mil PASSED IHHTIUGH- 4580 IF C»--A- THEN 4/80 146b TKINI Mill IOUN SAFf I Y.' 4581 IF C»--B- THEN 4590 34/0 00 Til 3900 4582 PRINT -I'll ASF IVPE A OR BM 3480 I I. INI 4583 OOTO 45/0 3490 IKINI -AS rllll IKAVII THROUGH IHI FORES! roll HI AK A' 4590 IF Y-5 THEN 4/00 1SO0 PRINT -SNAKT HIHINH roll, rllll 1IIKN AROUND 10 FIND- 4600 PRINI TKINI PRINT 3510 -AN ANOKr UIIIVIRINI SIA1K1NI, villi.' 4610 -AS YOO WENT AFTER THE BOAT, YOU DISCOVERED IHAT- PKINI MV1T HANI,- I UER .'3™. CONTINUOUSLY TWISTED AND IURNEII, SO THAT- 3530 INI III H« 4630itvv. PRINTP»!2,' -YOU ?i. COULD ONLY CATCH OLIHPSES OF THE BACK END OF 3540 IF B4>-HANG- IHtN 1660 4640 PRINT -THE BOAT. VOU F-OILOWED THE BOAT 1 AND A HALF 3560 PKINI MILES' 4650 PRINI -DOUNSIKFAM HI MIKT VOU F IIUND OUF IMAI IHE HUAI WAS- 35/0 IF V-15 IHtN 3630 4660 PRINI -IMPTY. YOU WILL HAVE TO DO SOHE FAST TRAVELING TO 3580 TKINI MOO HISSED. HU1 WAIT' YOUR BULLET HIT A ROCK' 46/0 PRINI -MAKE UP FOR YOUR I US I 1IMI.- IKINI • 3590 'AND RICOCHEltD BACK AND Mil IHI WOI VERINt . 4690 00 TO 4910 3600 PRINT -KILLING HIM INSTANUY. YOU TRAVERSED THE REST OF 4/00 PRINI PKINI 3610 MHE FORESI IN SAFETY.' 4/10 PRINI -AS YOU WENT AROUND IHI HI Nl, VI1IIK HIIAI STARTED' 3620 GO TO 3900 PKINI -GIIING 4/20 IASIIR. villi COULD HI AR A Mill F I E H ROAR AMIIINIi- 3630 PRINT -THE WOLVERINE WAS 4/30 PRINI -IHI NEX1 HIND. • AS WILD AND STRONG AS' AS VOU WENI AROUND IHI Nl X I HI NH 3640 PRINI -A CORNERED BEAK. TOU DID NOT LAST LONG. 4/40 PRINT -YOU COULD SF F A UA1IKIAII III AHIAD. VOU NO LONOER' 3650 GO TO 1430 4/50 PRINT 'HAD ANY CONTROI OVER VOIIR BOAI . YOU FEU OVER 400' 3660 PRINT -YOU HISSED. LUCKILY FOR YOU THE WOLVERINE WAS' 4/60 PRINI 'IEEI TO VOUR IIFAIH.' 36/0 PRINT -FRIGHTENED BY THE NOISE OF THE SHOT. BUT YOU' 4//0 00 TO 1430 3680 PRINT -YOU MUSI REALISE IHAT WOLVERINES ARE STUBBORN' 4/80 PRINI 3690 PRINI -CKEATUKIS AND IHEKE IS A OOOD CHANCF HE HAY 4790 II MO IHIN 4840 PK1N1 -Rl PRINI 3/00 IUKN. YOU CAN DWAII FOR IHE WOLVERINE TO' 4800 -WHEN YOU REACHED IHI II1HIK S 1 Dl III IHI RIVER- 3/10 PRINI -REIURN OR 2) RUN . 4810 PKINI M11U II1IIND TRACK! IIN IHI OIHER BIDE. II At FT ARS THAT' 3/20 INPUT H F'KINI GIIINI. 4820 MHIV AKI In IIINMNIII III I III I I1U IHE ROAD.' A7S0 IF B-2 THEN 3840 4830 Gil 10 4910 3/31 IF B=l rHFN .1/40 4840 PKINI 3732 PRINI -PI FASI 1YPE 1 4HS0 PRINI 'AS • A OR YOU 001 HAI F WAV ACROSS IHI I1IKKINI I (1I1F 3/33 GOTO 3/20 • 4860 PRINI -YOUR HIIAI DOWNS I RAH II1WARDS IHI BIND. Villi AKI 3/40 IF Y-5 THEN 3800 48/0 PKINI -I USING ITINIRIII 111 VI1IIR BIIAI. VOU HI I I E K DO* • 3/50 PKINI 4880 PRINT -S, IMI 111 INI, E AS I . II -IN ADDIMUN III HI ING SIIIHHI1RN, A WOLVERINE' 4890 PRINI 3//0 PRINT -IS AISO IN1ELLIGENT. WHILE YOU WERE WAKING HI 4900 GO 10 4/00 3/80 PRINI -APPROACHED YOU FROM BEHIND AND ATTACKED YOU. • 4910 PRINI 3/90 GO TO 3630 «v:m PRINI 3800 PRINI 4VI0 PKINI 3810 PRINT -YUll SAI IHIKI 1 HOURS AND NO WOLVERINE SHOWED' 4940 PKINI 'DAY A' 3S20 PRINT-UP. IH1S MUST JIISI Bt ONE OF IMOSt DAYS. • 4930 SO 10 1260 3830 GO TO 3900 4960 IF It 'V IHEN 4980 3840 PRINT 4V/0 l.lllll 1S41 3B50 PRINI -THE U0IVEK1NI RETURNED AS rllll STARTED RUNNING.' 4V80 IF VIS IHIN SOOO 3860 PRINT -TOU HAD III RUN I AS 1 111 ESCAPf HIM. Ulllil 4V8-J II r 10 llll N S060 38/0 PRINT -mil WERI FUNNING villi STEPPED INIn A HUM,- 4990 Gil III I44S • 3880 PRINI -SIKAININi I in F'KINl t IIN | HI KR I Gil I 5O0O 3890 PRINI -SIHI I INI -HECAIISE. 1HI1UGII. mil I.I All I. IHI UIIIVEKINI.- II UAS Hill DARK. Villi llll I1VI K A HUBE 3900 PKINI MINI. HIAK. Ill Hill Nil I AITI.MIAII HI INI. UIIKIN- PRINI -III. Sli III 5040 PKINI pin run III .11 II MIF i I KINI h In 1430 ' PRINI -DAY I- SOAO PRINT 1940 PRINI M0DA1 run nil I hi in ikavii HIIUN A- PRINI -whin mil ENTERED llll CAVI run DISCOVERED if JV50 FKINI -ROAD I HA I mil HAVI COM All 9OB0 IKINI 'UAS I, AMP ANI, COLD. Villi HAH III ,,,, ANI, IINH" FIN! 3990 PKINI -LATER I MA I DAr YUll Mil lull STRANGERS.' 4000 PRINI -IHI IK NAMIS AKI NIIK CARLSON AND Inn IIIIINSIIN.' INI -IAKIIIR IHA1 DAT IHIr SAU A GRIIIII ill I I hi PKINI I • 4020 -WIS WARD. AKI villi 001 NO 111 I) SIAr UIIII 1 III M 40.10 IKINI .-> I.I) Al II I, llll III -OR GROUP u COMPLETELY I IIRGI I 4040 PRINI -AHIIIII llll OR 4050 1NFIJI I 4060 II C I I HEN I III N 4090 4000 II i I mi i. 4HV0 IKINI 4('V1 IKINI -II I A. I I VII A 1 . 4100 PRINT I. INI FEB 1979 139 N » I BROTHER." VIHO PKINI 'Willi Yllll Ul kl . ill ro HIS k UHlkl II If n • 1090 PRINI •ANUIHI CAVI ui i mi .au a smai i vivo rkiNi 'ill ivik ANDERSON, mini m PklNl Al IASI. A CftUI I Akl tllll GOING HI" MOO V400 PRINI "GROW III INS WESTWARD 5110 00 10 INBN9" 7410 PRINT • "•' "" '" PRINI 5120 V4.'0 IM 51 (o PRINT V4I0 II S 1 IHI N 5140 PRINT V440 II S .' THEN print •DAY /• - (441 PklNl 'II I A'.l IYIT A I Ilk ."I I YOU M60 II IN! TODAY AS Yllll Ul kl Ik.MIIHI. HI OROUP "44 l.lllll Ai ANkl I rOU" 9420 31/0 PRINI •SUHHINIY III i .1 SHARP IAIN YOUR . RITIIN" 9450 PRINT i HAH PRINI III I I Nil IHA1 A KAMIISNAM x| 51 BO I HI M OVERNIGHT, nil Nl HORNING* HIIX 94*0 PRINT 'YUU SIAY UIIH PklNl •YUU. Yllll KM Ilk I 1NH A tH.IHl.AI 300H.' 51»0 i ii ui nil M' 74/(1 PRINT THl Y I.IVT YUII A '.HAH FOOD Ki] '..-'OO Ik IN I ' 74110 PRINI MOP! YUU I INK IHI OROUP." III Wt Ak Yllll till'. I I R1NI •Yllll Akl HI GINNING FEEI - 74VO |. |l ill 1230 IklNI •I 1NH SUM til Ml INI SHUN. h'INI IklNI III llllllll.lll YUUUIkl ANIlllllk llllll UNI UK I UNA I T I Y" IKINI IINAIIY' Yllll HAW FOUND A nllill'INI PRINT •HT HAH A REVOLVER ANIi SHOT HI I Ukl Yllll GI1IN1. IU USI ITT" ,.".0 PRINT 14.10 5240 INIIII G» k I II 5241 G»-SUDSTRIG»» I . l l V5H0 PRINT IHI N 53 ' 5270 IF G».'Y' NilllllNI. Ill ,.NI I HAPPI N- nil II I KIN! IHI M 52/1 IF 0«-'N- V400 PRINT OF IHI HAY VIS IH( I IYIT NOT PRINT Ml AM 761o PRINT 52/3 GUI II SIM PRINT 5280 F'RINl PRINT "DAY 4" ., HI IHI MEDICINE' I NIII USI ANY 52V0 TklNI Yllll 9*30 PRINT •YUU ANIi Yiliik PARTNERS nkl DOING HUNTING IllDAY." 5300 PRINT YOU IHI D FROM F'lllSIININIi.' RIIAH1NI. AkllUNH.' 7640 PRINI •Ill AIIIAH IS A Hlkli III UIIH I AIHI GO III 430 5310 PRINT •aii iiii.ii iii rou com up from rw rear." 5320 PRINT 5330 PRIN1 OPENED mi Rox Yllll lllllNH l BOTTLES.' I. bang"; NOl IAMII.H. INI •HIT 5140 I'RINI •IINlllklllNAlll Y. IHI I HUMUS Akl 5350 PRINI Akl YOU lilllNIi 111 lAkl 1) Hill II I A. 21 BOTTLE' "'" 96/0 INPUT Y« 5340 PRINI •B OR 3> BOl M I I 9480 II Y»=*BANG* 3370 INPUT V6V0 IklNI 5380 IF F-l IHEN 5410 V6V3 IT II 4 IHTN 9/40 5390 IF 1-2 THIN 54*0 I'klNl IHFN 9700 5400 IF E-3 V/IO IKINI "YOU Ml AGAIN. PRINT -PI I AST I Ypl A 1. 2. OR 3T 5401 9/20 GO 10 9440 5402 C.OTO 5370 77.10 IklNI lllll HI IHI 9740 PRINI THl I.AIIII HI I AMI I k ll,H II Nl H AS AkH TOOK ONI PILL. HOPING IHA1 II Will I ORI YOO. 5420 PRINT 'YOU IN Yllllk • 9750 PRINT THIY lllkNIli AROUND ANIi s 1 AMI HI I' IHI 5430 IF Y-5 Yllll MUSI NIIU RUN.* 54A0 9760 PRINI •DIRECTION. 5440 IF Y-10 THIN PkINT THEN 5/10 9770 5450 IT Y-15 9780 IF Y'10 IHFN 9840 9790 PRINI SflAI I IIIIS. YOU" 5470 PRINT "WITHIN IHT kllllll Ul M / * 1 I Y 9800 PRINT 'YOU MAHl II 'u A Ikll IN I 1 Ml . UNI Ilk I UNA 1 -TOOK 2, HOPING THEY WOULD CURE YOU." 34B0 PRINT 9810 PklNl Tllllk IkllNHS Hlli NIII. Yllll ARI NOU FORCED 1*0 IF Y-5 THEN 5**0 5490 VHl'O PRINT *Alllk HIT OROUP ill PEOPLE.' Y-10 THEN 5710 5500 IF V82S IF X-S IHIN 4410 5510 IF Y-15 THEN 5*20 9830 GO IO I 5520 PRINT __. VB40 IRINT 5530 PRINT MN THE BOTILt ARE TOO DIFFERENT PILLS. ARE" PRINI Tllllk FRIENDS MAHl It 111 I III FREES IN TIMt.* PILL OR ' 9B50 3540 PRINT 'YOU GOING TO TARE 1) THE RED Y. YUII 9840 PRINI "IINIIIRIIINAI1 I Hill NOl.' "2> BLACK PILL T* 5343 PRINT THE 98/0 GO 10 1430 5350 INPUT f 9924 GOTO 5 IF THEN 5*10 53*0 F-l 9999V I Nil 5541 IF F-2 THEN 5570 RFAIIY. 33*2 PRINT -PLEASE TYPE A 1 OR 2' 53*3 GOTO 3530 5370 PRINT 'YOU NOW HOPE THE PILL WILL CURE YOU." 5580 IF Y-5 THEN 5710 3390 IF Y-10 THEN 3*20 5400 IF Y-15 THEN 5440 3410 IF Y-3 THEN 3570 3420 PRINT 5410 PRINT 'THE PILL YOU TOOK WAS CYANIDE. YOU DIED* 3440 PRINT -SWIFTLY AND PAINLESSLY." 5450 00 TO 1430 5440 PRINT RUN 5*70 PRINT 'YOU NUST BE VERY LUCKY. THE PILL YOU TOOK" 5480 PRINT -CURED YOU. YOU CAN NOW CONTINUE ON YOUR* 3490 PRINT 'WAY AFTER THE GROUP." 5700 GO TO 5770 DO YOU NEED INSTRUCT IONS? YES 3710 PRINT 5720 PRINT 'THE PILL YOU TOOK HAD VERY LITTLE EFFECT." NOT POISONOUS* 5730 PRINT 'LUCKY FOR YOU THl SNAKl WAS WAR HAS 3740 PRINT 'ENOUGH FOR YOU TO DIE AND YOUR BODY COULD" THE TINE IS THE YEAR 2000. AN ATONIC 3750 PRINT "RECOVER." TAKEN PLACE, WIPING OUT A HAJOR PORTION OF THE 5740 00 TO 5770 5770 PRINT POPULATION. YOU HAVE BEEN LIVING WITHIN YOUR 37B0 PRINI THE LAST TUO MONTHS. 5790 PRINI BOMB SHELTER FOR 3800 PRINI 'DAY H" YOUR FOOD RATION SUPPLY HAS NEARLY BEEN EXAUSTED. 5H10 GO TO 2740 5820 IF J»-'B' THEN 3850 YOU NUST NOU GO OUT INTO THE NEU WORLD AND FIND 5821 11 l»«"A" THEN 5830 WHO HAVE SURVIVED THE WAR. 5822 PRINT 'II FAST TYPE A OR B'l ANY FELLOW HUMAN BEINGS IIOTO 2B90 THE FATE OF MANKIND LIES WITHIN YOUR HANDS. 5BJ0 IF Y-10 THEN 3040 5840 GO JO 2920 . kINT REMAINING SUPPLIES 5840 PRINI YOU HAVE THE FOLLOWING FEW 5870 PRINT 'DAY 9' 5BH0 Gil III 3140 5BV0 IT Y-15 THIN 3190 3 DAY FOOD RATION SUPPLY. 5900 GO TO 31/0 5VIO pkINT 7 DAY WATER SUPPLY. ' WHlll TIN I OWING Hlfl HI PRINI BAH IHINMNG. 1 RIFLE WITH 50 ROUNDS. 5930 TklNI HISAIT-I API K UIIHOIII A IRAIl. HI (All'. 5940 PRINT YUU HAVI I USI Yllllk UNI » I IT IHI WAY YUU ARI" 5950 PUN I I INK 111 HANK NH. THIS 19 3940 F'RINI 0OINO 10 lkIA! TOUR MISSION. TOUR MISSION' " I. III II I'. | INI IS kl HY KM1NAII THE DANGERS THAT LIE AHEAD ARE MANY. YOU DAY FALL 59/0 Slut 59SO III II INI I 44RNIM 1 1 > VICTIM TO RADIATION PIOSONING, A STROKE, A NATURAL II WO IHI N Ml |Q 3990 ACCIDENT, EATING POISONOUS FOODS, WILD ANIMALS, 4000 II U'l I HI N AII10 II U -' IHI N 4030 OR EVEN CRAZED PEOPLE. DURING YOUR VOYAGE YOU MUST II I IIIIN 4070 4020 U WHEN I Mi 1" I USE YOUR RIFLE TO HUNT OR TO DEFEND YOURSELF. 4040 T.U 111 TYPE BANG AS FAST III r 10 ASKED TO TYPE THE WORD 'BANG', 4040 Till 10 VV26 AS YOU CAN. THE FASTER YOU TYPE THE WORD BANG THE f.070 I I I Y-15 t.OHO BO TO 9974 BETTER YOUR CHANCE OF HITTING YOUR TARGET. BE CAREFUL PRINT THOUGH, YOU ONLY HAVE 50 111 I HI N HOW YOU USE YOUR BULLETS V.I70 PRINI 'HI RESISTED YOU Al FIRST. 1INI1I HI FOIINU OUT' SHELLS FOR YOUR RIFLE. 140 CREATIVE COMPUTING JAY 1 GOOD THINKING. HOU MANY HOURS DO YOU UISH TO FOLLOU rOU HAVE BEEN TRAVELING DOUN A ROAD OUT OF UHAT USED HINT 1,2 f 0R 3. rO BE YOUR TOUN. YOU HAVE COHE ACROSS A SPLIT ? 2 IN THE ROAD. ARE YOU GOING TO TAKE THE LEFT OR RIGHT "ORK? HE DID NOT LEAD YOU ANYUHERE BUT IN A CIRCLE LEFT BEFORE YOU CAUGHT UP UITH HIN. HIS NAME IS JOHN THONAS. HE HAS NOT SEEN ANYONE AFTER THE UAR. ARE YOU GOING TO 1) LEAVE HIM, 2; STAY UITH HIN AND SEARCH? DAY 2 ? 2 JP AHEAD IS A TOUN. IT IS COMPLETELY LEVEL. WE YOU GOING TO I) PASS THROUGH THE TOUN OR GOOD THINKING! NOU THERE ARE TUO OF YOU CIRCLE AROUND THROUGH THE FOREST' TO SEARCH. 1 THE TOUN UAS DESTROYED BY AN ATONIC BOMB. DAY 4 *S YOU PASSED THROUGH THE TOUN, YOU RECIEVED THE UEATHER FOR TODAY LOOKS BAD. YOU DECIDE BAD DOSE OF GAMMA RAYS. AS A RESULT OF THIS TO GO AND CONTINUE SEARCHING. SUDDENLY, IT rOU CANE DOUN UITH RADIATION POISONING. BEGINS TO RAIN HEAVILY. YOU CAN 1) STAY OUT AND rOU SURVIVED THE REST OF THE DAY AND DIED THAT CONTINUE SEARCHING OR 2) TRY AND FIND COVER. fXGHT. ? 2 MANKIND IS DOOMED TO EXTINCTION. YOU HAVE GREAT DIFFICULTY IN FINDING COVER. kliH COMPLETE. AT LAST, A CAVE! ARE YOU GOING TO ENTER? TYPE YES OR NO. ? YES IN THE CAVE YOU FIND DRY UOOD TO BUILD A |iO YOU NEED INSTRI FIRE. YOU HAVE SUCCESSFULLY UARDED OFF PNEUMONIA, BUT YOU UILL HAVE A COLD FOR A FEU [iAY 1 DAYS. rOU HAVE BEEN TRAVELING DOUN A ROAD OUT OF UHAT USED BE YOUR TOUN. YOU HAVE COME ACROSS A SPLIT [N THE ROAD. ARE YOU GOING TO TAKE THE LEFT OR RIGHT FORK' RIGHT DAY S UHAT LUCK, A TOUN IS UP AHEAD. MOST OF THE BUILDINGS HAVE BEEN LEVELED. BUT, A GROCERY STORE fAY 2 IS STILL STANDING. EVERYTHING HAS IHAT LUCK' A BIG HEALTHY BUCI IS STANDING IN BEEN EATEN (he MIDDLE OF THE ROAD. EXCEPT FOR SOME CANNED GOODS. MOST ARE DENTED AND HAVE SOME RUST. BUT THERE ARE A FEU [YPE BANG ? BANG THAT LOOK OK. boon SHOOTING, right through the heart, but UHICH ONES ARE YOU GOING TO PICK T A) SOME SOUPS INEXPECTEBLY, A HUGE BEAR HAS APPEARED ON THE B) SOME VEGETABLES OR C) SOME FRUITS. ? kcENE. YOU HAVE THE FOLLOUING CHOICES: t) LEAVE THE A tEAR ALONE AND DEPART. 2) SHOOT THE TEAR. 3' i'iO »P TO THE DEER AND TAKE SOME MEAT. CHOOSE ONE. SO YOU LIKE SOUPS. THE CANS YOU FOUND HAD SOME RUST, AND A COUPLE UERE DENTED. YOU ATE 4 FOR SUPPER, AND HOPE YOU NOT [YPE BANG f BANG DO GET FOOD POISONING. &AD SHOOTING, YOU ONLY UOUNDED UM. HE IS NOU THE CANS YOU ATE UERE POISONOUS.- YOU InGRILY CHARGING AT YOU. YOU CAN 1> SHOOT AGAIN DIED PEACEFULLY IN YOUR SLEEP. W 2) RUN. MANKIND IS DOOMED TO EXTINCTION. 1 RUN COHPLETE. fYPE BANG ? BANG bood shooting, you killed him. but he uas Running at such a high speed he collided into you. *s a result of this your arm has been broken, but Look on the bright side of it. you nou have a food SUPPLY. Day 3 u last! a hunan being! he has just dashed across |the road, are you going to 1) capture him immed- iately, 2) follou him, 3) completely forget &BOUT HIH? 2 FEB 1979 141 / creative computing book Business Applications "The real > purpose of Accounts Payable and Small Computer Systems t books is to Accounts Receivable For Business trap the mind Poole & Borchers. Includes program Gerald A. Silver. Useful for operators, 1 listings with remarks, descriptions, programmers, teachers, students, into doing discussion of the principles behind etc.. this book explores the world of its own each program, file layouts, and small computers: what they are, how complete step-by-step instructions. they are used, their internal structure, thinking." Covers accounts payable and and our means of communicating receivable in regard to invoice aging, with them. Describes assemblers, general ledger, progress billing, interpreters, and compilers, as well partial invoice payments, and more. as operating systems and small 375 pp. $15.00 1 10V1 computer applications. 254 pp. $9.95 [10Y] Computing Milieu Some Common BASIC COMPUTERS, PCC's Reference Book of Programs COMPUTERS, Personal and Home COMPUTERS Computing Poole & Borchers This book com- In Fiction And In Verse bines a diversity of practical Ever try to find the address of a man- D Van Tassel. Editor This collection ufacturer of a cassette interface that a algorithms in one book : matrix multiplication, regression analysis, of stories, commentaries and poems friend told you about 2 weeks ago'' project the reader into principal on a loan, integration by a world where Frustrating isn't if This book will go lifestyles are dominated by the long toward that Simpson's rule, roots of equations, com- a way ending puter to an extent far greater than frustration with its comprehensive chi-square test, and many more. All they are by the telephone today By list of manufacturers, stores and the programs are written in a Payroll with Cost revealing reactions and effects, the products Also contains survey arti- restricted BASIC suitable for most stories offer the reader insight into cles on soltware. hardware, kits Accounting in BASIC microcomputer BASIC packages, and what is a potential reality Cleverly- applications as well as an index of ar- and have been tested and debugged Lon Poole. Includes program listings written, this book should entertain ticles Irom various hobbyist maga- by the authors. $8.50 [7M] with remarks, descriptions, discus- anyone who is aware of the com- zines Several bibliographies, too sion of the principles of each puter's impact on society. Includes $5 95 [7PJ program, file layouts, and a complete work by such distinguished writers as user's manual with step-by-step Gordon R. Dickson. Art Buchwald. instructions, flow charts and sample BASIC With Business Michael Shaara and Bob and Ray reports with CRT displays 356 pp Applications 192 pp $6.95 [9X] Computer Lib/Dream $15.00 I.10W1 Machine Richard W. Lotl. This book focuses The on the BASIC language and its Home Computer Ted Nelson This book is devoted to How to Profit From Your application to specific business Revolution the premise that everybody should Personal Computer: problems. Part one introduces the understand computers. In a blithe Professional, Business BASIC language and the concept of Ted Nelson. Here is one of the most manner the author covers interactive flowcharting. Part two controversial books on home com- systems, terminals, computer Applications logical and Home presents problems and possible puters. Nelson takes a look at how the languages, data structures, binary 7.G. Lewis. Put your computer to solutions Topics include: interest "dinky'' computers got here, where patterns, computer architecture, work for you. This new guide rate calculations, break-even they are where they're going and mini-computers, big computers, describes the use of personal com- analysis, loan rates, and deprecia- what will become of the big boys like microprocessors, simulation, puters in common business tion. This book is a great aid to the IBM This thought-provoking and military uses of computers, computer applications, including terms, beginner wanting to learn BASIC highly opinionated book picks up companies, and much, much more. notations, and techniques used by without having a technical or scien- where Computer Lib/Dream Machine Whole earth catalog style and size A programmers 256 pp $7 95 (10X) tific background. 284 pp. $10.S0[10Z| left off. 224 pp. $2 00 [9U] doozy 1 127 pp $7 00 |8P| Space and Science Fiction Star Wars Album The incredible behind-the-scenes To Order story of the most extraordinary motion picture of our time including Use the bound-in order form or send over a hundred exclusive photos, your check for books plus $2.00 special effects secrets, interviews shipping and handling per order with George Lucas. Carrie Fisher and (Foreign: $1 25 per book) to Creative Mark Hamill. the Anatomy of an Computing, P.O. Box 789-M, Android and a technical glossary Morristown. NJ 07960. NJ residents tax. Visa or Lots Of color 76 pp $5.95. [1 1 A] The Star Trek Star Fleet add 5% sales Technical Manual MasterCharge are acceptable also For faster service, call in your bank Masterpieces of Science Franz Joseph This important card order toll free to: resource book is packed with the Fiction data you need to create or modify 800-631-8112 (in NJ call 201 540-0445) This lavishly illustrated large format STAR TREK computer games It Star Wars Technical book has nine classic stories by Isaac includes all Starship operating Asimov. Gregory Benford. Ray Brad- characteristics, defense and weapon Manual bury. Arthur C. Clarke, Harlan systems, standard orbits, Complete technical specifications Ellison, Robert Heinlein. Frank velocity/time relationship, space/war and engineering drawings of ships, Herbert. A E. Van Vogt. and Kurt technology. Milky Way galaxy charts. space stations, and droids of both Vonnegut. Jr Fabulous full color Federation codes, etc. etc. A The Imperial Empire and the rebels. A illustrations throughout 108 pp. national best seller Large format, vital resource book. 180 pp. $7.95 $7.95.|11B| vinyl binder 180 pp $7 95 (8C| (11C1 creative jNothing is comporting book service Building Your Own The Best of Byte, Vol 1 Microcomputer Design Helmers & Ahl. Contains the majority Donald P Martin This book is well- of material from the first 12 issues of suited for the engineer who's design- Byte magazine The 146 pages ing microcomprocessors into his devoted to hardware are crammed company's products Not just block full of how-to articles on everything diagrams or vague theory, but from TV displays to joysticks to dozens of practical circuits with cassette interfaces and computer schematics for CPUs based on 8008 kits Also 125 pages of software and chips Includes interfacing to A/D. applications ranging from on-line D/A. LED digits. UARTs. teletype- debuggers to games to a small writers Over 400 pp $14 95 [9PJ. business accounting system A sec- tion on theory examines the how and why behind the circuits and programs 386 pp $11.95 (6F) Home Computer Systems Handbook Pocket Calculators Sol Libes The emphasis throughout Build Your this primer is on the important Games With Own Workin The Pocket practical knowledge that the home Calculator computer user should have to be able Robot to intelligently purchase, assemble, Sivasailam Thiagara/an and Harold David Heiserman Complete plans, and interconnect components, and Stolovitch A big step beyond tricks schematics and logic circuits for to program the microcomputer Only and puzzles with the hand calculator building a robot Not a protect for a minimal knowledge of electronics is the two dozen games of chance and novices, this robot is a sophisticated required to use this book 208 pp strategy in this clever new book experiment in cybernetics You build $8 45 [11D| involve two or more players in him in phases and watch his cap- conflict and competition A single abilities increase and his personality inexpensive four-banger is all you develop Phase I is leash led. Phase II need to play Large format 50 pp How to Build a Computer- has a basic brain, while Phase III re- $3 95 |8HJ Controlled Robot sponds and makes decisions 238 pp $5 95 |9MJ Advanced Applications Tod Loolbourrow. Every step of the for Pocket Calculators construction is explained, with Understanding Solid Games, Tricks and photographs and diagrams The Jack State Electronics Gilbert Emphasizes new and Puzzles For A Hand complete control programs for a unique applications that go way Calculator robot are clearly written out The An excellent tutorial introduction to beyond manufacturer instruction robot can be built within the budget transistor circuitry manuals Shows how and diode Used to do scientific Wally Judd This book is a necessity of the average hobbyist and the only at the Tl Learning calculations with a basic Center this book 4-banger for anyone who owns or intends to technical requirement for building was written for Also covers scientific, the person who needs programmable buy a hand calculator, from the most him is the ability to read and and under- to understand electronics but can't advanced business calculators sophisticated (THE HP65.for exam- stand a circuit diagram 144 pp $7 95 devote years to the study 242 Hundreds of examples and tables pp ple) to the basic four banger 1 10 $2 95 |9A| 304 $5 95 |8G) [11E] pp pp $4 95 |80| Texas Instruments Data Books To Order Transistor and Diode TTL Data Book Data Book Use the bound-in order form or send Presents detailed specifications of your check for books plus $2 00 740 series logic devices Describes the characteristics of over most TTL shipping and handling per order This is the industry 800 transistors and 500 silicon diodes standard data (Foreign $1 25 per book) to Creative book for design engineers, hob- most widely used in switching and Computing. PO Box 789-M. byists, educators or anyone working amplifying applications Covers low- Mornstown. NJ 07960 NJ residents with TTL 640 $4 95 |9E) power (t watt or less) semiconduc- pp add 5% sales tax Visa or tors You d expect a big. comprehen- MasterCharge are acceptable also sive data book from one of the For faster service, call in your bank pioneers inthefieldandthisisit 1 248 card order toll free to PP $8 50 [9B| Power Semiconductor 800-631-8112 Semiconductor Memory Handbook (in NJ call 201 540-0445) Data Book Covers high-power transistors and Contains .^^ ^^^^^^^f^f^H complete data on practical- related switching devices Want your ly every random access (RAM) and computer to control some external read only (ROM) 7 VISA semiconductor device Then this is the book 800 pp memory 272 pp $2 95 (9Hj $3 95 [9C] INDEX TO ADVERTISERS Reader Games, Service No. Advertiser P.geN. 102 ABS Software 100 199 Advanced Computer Products 27 103 AJA Software 97 104 Altos Computer Systems 7 Games, 148 Apple Computer Co. 2 126 AVR Electronics 56 144 Berkeley Medical Data Assoc. 109 173 Bits. Inc. 83 Games .. 149 The Bottom Shelf. Inc. 75 161 Brunswick Computer 85 134 Cload Magazine 104 105 Computer Bus 86 120 Computer Enterprises 29 Computer Factory 16 171 Computer Information Exchange 133 106 Computer Lab of N.J 66 107 Computer Mart Systems 64 124 Computer Store of Santa Monica 78 112 Computer Textiles 67 166 Computrex 109 167-9 Connecticut microcomputer 33.35.38 best selling brings 101 great Our book, Basic Computer Games, you 111 Continental Specialties Corp. Cov. 3 games to entertain you and your computer! It's got all the favorites: 182 Contract Services Assoc. 101 113 Cook Labs, Inc. 85 Blackjack, Mastermind, Super Star Trek and more. All you need is a BASIC Creative Computing 32.90,93-5 speaking computer. Every game has a complete listing, sample run and 130.135.142-4 114 Cromemco 1 descriptive write-up. 101 Datasearch, Inc 84 Swirl your cape at the bulls, relive the Civil War, toss darts, open your 115 Datasoft Research 87 Digital Equipment Corp. 22 parachute at the last moment, slalom down narrow icy courses, and dabble 116 80-US Journal 101 with logic puzzles. You'll never watch TV again! 117 Electro- Analytic Systems 97 118 Electronic Systems 47 Basic Computer Games is a major revision of the book 101 BASIC 198 Exidy. Inc. 45 119 Forethought Products 59 Computer Games with all the games now in Microsoft Basic. Paperbound, 197 Frazer & Associates 64 183 pages, $7.50 plus $1.00 shipping and handling in U.S. ($2.00 foreign). NJ 174 Hayden Book Co 77 109 Ithaca Audio 19 residents add 5% sales tax. Send your order today to Creative Computing, 178-9 Lifeboat Associates. Inc. 69.73 P.O. Box 789-M, Morristown, NJ 07960. Visa and Master Charge are 164 Ligori Data Services 129 137 Marketline Systems, Inc 68 acceptable also. faster service, call in order to: For your bankcard 151 Mathematical Applications Service 201 McGraw-Hill PR4B 53 800-631-81 12 (In NJ, call 201-540-0445) 127 Micro-Ap 13 170 Microcomputer Devices 80 195 Micro Computer World 86 172 Micro Mail 55 4-Year Cumulative Index to 177 Micro Mike's 53 147 Microsoft 11 Creative Computing and ROM 175 Mini Business Systems 79 176 Mini Micro Mart, Inc. 52 180 My Tax 68 Yes, folks. Creative Computing has 159-60 Netronics 51.79 been around for four (count them, 4) 163 North Star Computers 9 206 NRI Schools-Electronics Div. 23 years! Our first issue was Nov/Dec 146 Ohio Scientific Cov 4 1974 and Vol. 4, No. 6 was Nov/Dec 155 Percom Data Corp. 57 191 Personal Programming Services 85 1978. For those of you with all those 108 Personal Software 39 issues around it's sometimes difficult 136 Pertec Computer Corp. 41 to remember just when that neat article The Pleasantville Plan 65 133 PFDC Software 63 on Magic Squares appeared, or which 138 Precision Data Software Service 78 four issues carried the CAI Series of 122 Proteus Computing 101 135 Ouality Software 133 articles, or in which issues review- we 123 Rainbow Computing 97 ed all 34 books on BASIC. 150 Realty Software 56 Also, not to overlook our cousin 186 Schreier Software Index 83 121 Small Systems Software 72 ROM, we've included all the meaty 125 Smoke Signal Broadcasting 5 articles, programs, reviews and other 128 Software Exchange 63 129 Soroc Technology, Inc 15 information from that periodical too. 139 Southwest Technical Products Cov. 2 We've cross-referenced articles that 140 Sybex 121 have appeared in both Creative Com- 200 Syntest Corporation 51 130 Tarbell Electronics 66 puting magazine and the Best of 158 Trans-Net 57 Creative Computing Vols. 1 and 2, 131 Vantage Press 133 hence, the current source of every article is listed. Articles are classified by subject area and listed by title and author. Over 2000 separate items are included. The index Price for this blockbuster of an index does not include a cross-reference to is just $1.00 postpaid, $1.25 for first author. class delivery, $2.00 foreign. Orders The index was put together by Jane must include payment (no bank cards, Fletcher on a DECsystem-10 using the COD's, or orders to be billed). Send to text editor and runoff (with a Diablo Index, Creative Computing, P.O. Box 1620). 789-M, Morristown, NJ 07960. 144 : ebruary 1979 • Expires May 10, 1979 reader Print) creative computing Name — Please take a moment to tell us a little more about your interests Title apply) service 1 Other magazines I read (check all that Address Byte d O Kilobaud • omputerworld e D Personal Computing t erlace Age card Z,p Slate What, if any, personal computer do you have (check only one) HS-80 OSI Challenger Please circle each number for which you wish information Die II k Horizon get information about manufacturers you're PET I D Cromemco Iterested in simply circle the numbers on the card 177 178 179 180 1(11 102 101 104 105 176 Xitan Bat correspond to the number of a product or 106 107 108 109 110 181 182 183 184 18b rcerer n D Kim rvice you want information about Fill in your 186 18' 188 189 190 111 11? 111 114 115 I Altair G RCA COSMAC •mo and address, check the bo«es that give us llfi 117 11ft 119 120 191 192 193 194 195 MSA1 p O Other Assembled Lme helpful information about you detach the 121 122 123 124 125 196 19/ 198 199 200 vVTPC q Homebrew Ird stamp and mail athkit No System at Present 126 127 l?fl 1?9 130 201 202 203 204 205 111 11? 1.13 134 135 206 20/ 208 209 210 3 What level of education did you complete (check only one) 211 212 213 214 215 136 IV 138 119 140 Current student e D 2-year degree 216 217 218 219 220 141 14? 141 144 145 (any level) 221 222 223 224 225 146 147 148 149 150 Some High School ear degree G High School Graduate D Masters degree 226 227 228 229 230 1S1 1*1? IS! 154 155 me College n PhD or EdD 156 1S7 158 159 160 231 232 211 234 235 236 23/ 238 239 240 lfil 16? 16.1 164 165 4 Your sen a D Male b G Female 241 244 ififi 167 168 169 170 242 243 245 171 172 173 174 175 246 24/ 248 249 250 reader February 1979 • Expires May 10, 1979 -.mi creative* compatiieg service Name Picas* take a moment to tell us a little more about your interests Tit'.tie I. Other magazines I read (check all that apply) card Address a D Byte Kilobaud b D Computerworld n Personal Computing City interlace Age State _ -Zip. you're lo get information about manufacturers 2 What, it any. personal computer do you have (check only one) on the card ^iterested in simply circle the numbers OSI Challenger Please circle each number for which you wish information a D TP.S-80 i at correspond to the number of a product or Apple II k [ : Horizon vice you want information about Fill in your PET I D Cromemco and address, check the boxes that give us 177 •me 101 102 103 104 105 176 178 179 180 Sol m G Xitan ome helpful information about you. detach the 181 106 107 10A 109 110 182 183 184 185 e C Sorcerer n D Kim ard. stamp and mail 186 18/ lit 11? 113 114 115 188 189 190 Altair RCA COSMAC 191 192 193 194 195 llfi 117 118 119 120 g O IMSAI p Other Assembled 19/ 121 122 123 124 125 196 198 199 200 h D SWTPC q D Homebrew Meathkit r D No System at Present 126 127 128 129 130 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 131 132 133 134 135 209 210 3 What level of education did you complete (check only one) 136 137 138 139 140 211 212 213 214 215 a D Current student e D 2-year degree 141 142 143 144 145 216 21/ 218 219 220 (any level) 146 147 148 149 ISO 221 222 223 224 225 Some High School f C ! 4-year degree High School Graduate g G Masters degree 151 15? 153 154 155 226 227 228 229 230 d G Some College h O PhD or EdD 156 157 158 159 160 231 232 233 234 235 161 162 163 164 165 236 23/ 238 239 240 4 Your sex a G Male b G Female 166 167 168 169 170 241 242 243 244 245 171 172 173 174 175 246 24/ 248 249 250 GPeative computing Subscriptions D New O Renewal Address Change Foreign Foreign Term USA Surface Air 1 2 issues S 15 D S 23 U S 39 24 issues D 28 a 44 D 76 36 issues D 40 a 64 D 112 Lifetime O 300 D 400 D 600 Name _ Address For a change of address, please attach old label | uninterrupted a City here Without it. we cannot assure State service Zip D Cash, check, or MO Enclosed D Visa/FJankAmencard D Master Charge D Please bill me (SI billing fee will be added) Card No Foreign orders must be prepaid Exp Allow 8 Weeks for delivery 9CC2 creative computing P.O. Box #297G Clinton, Iowa 52734 1 Place Stamp Here GPeafci ve GOittpating P.O. Box #2976 Clinton, Iowa 52734 _, Place Stamp Here creative coittpafcing P.O. Box 7B9-M Mornstown, NJ Q796D IF YOU'RE NOT DESIGNING WITH ACSC PROTO-BOARD.LOOK AT ALLYOU'RE MISSING. Accessibility— All parts are instantly and easily accessible, for Utility - Models are available Quick signal tracing, circuit with or without built-in regulated modifications, etc Variety — A wide variety of power supplies (fixed or models are adjustable) available with capacities ranging from 630 to 3060 solderless tie-points (6 to 32 Economy — Eliminate heat and 14-pin DIPS), to fit every technical mechanical damage to expensive and budget requirement parts Save money by re-using components Versatility — Use with virtually all types of parts, including resistors capacitors, transistors. DIP'S. TO-5 s. LEDs. transformers, relays, pots, etc Most plug in directly, in seconds Durability- All Proto-Board models are carefully constructed of premium materials, designed and tested for long, trouble-free service Expandability Proto-Board units can be instantly inter- connected for grea'er capacity Visibility- All parts are instantly and easily visible, for quick circuit Whatever type of analysis and diagramming electronic circuits you work with, you can do more in less time with W CSC s solderless Proto- ' Board systems. As fast and easy as pushing in or pulling out Speed -Assemble, a lead, you can design, test and test and modify circuits modify circuits at will. Com- as fast as you can push in or pull out a lead ponents plug into rugged 5-point Save hours on every terminals, and jumpers, where project needed, are lengths of #22 AWG solid wire. In the same time you took to read this ad, you could be well on your way to assembling a new circuit. Adaptability -Use in design packaging, inspection. QC. etc Works with most types of circuits in many, many applications. Flexibility — Use independently, or in conjunction with other accessories, such as scopes, CSC PROTO-BOARD SOLDERLESS BREADBOARDS counters. CSC Proto-Clip " connectors. Design Mate"* test equipment, etc One Proto-Board NO OF unit can serve a thousand MODEL SOLDERLESS IC CAPACITY MANUFAC OTHER applications. NUMBER TIE-POINTS (14-PIN DIPS) SUGG LIST FEATURES P8-6 630 6 $1595 Kit-tO-minute assembly PB-100 760 10 19.95 Kit—with larger capacity INFORMATION? CALL 203-624-3103 NEED MORE PB-101 940 10 22.95 8 distribution buses, to order, or for the name of your local distributor higher capacity Prices slightly higher outside USA PB-102 1240 12 26.95 Large capacity, moderate price CONTINENTAL SPECIALTIES CORPORATION PB-103 2250 24 44.95 Even larger capacity; only 2.7c per tie-point PB-104 3060 32 54.95 Largest capacity: lowest price per tie-point P8-203 24 Corporate Headquarters Continental Specialties Corporation. 2250 75 00 Built-in 1%-regulated 5v. 1A low-ripple power 70 Fulton Terrace. Box 1942. Haven. New CT 06509 supply 351 California St . San Francisco. CA 94104. (415) 421-8872. TWX 910-372-7992 Europe. Africa. Mid-East CSC UK LTD PB-203A 2250 24 12495 As above plus separate Vi-amp 15V and Internally Shire Hill Industrial Estate. Units 1 and 2 Saffron Walden. Essex CB 11 3AO + -15V Telephone SAFFRON WALDEN 21682 Telex 817477 adjustable regulated power supplies Canada Len Finkler Ltd . Ontario O 1978 Continental Specialties Corp Prices and specifications subject to change without notice CIRCLE 111 ON READER SERVICE CARD _k_ The Age of Affordable personal Computing Has Finally Arrived, Ohio Scientific has made a major breakthrough in small com- math functions and built-in "immediate" mode which allows puter technology which dramatically reduces the cost of per- complex problem solving without programming! This computer| sonal computers. By use of custom LSI micro circuits, we have can actually entertain your children while it educates them ir managed to put a complete ultra high performance computer topics ranging from naming the Presidents of the United States and all necessary interfaces, including the Keyboard and power to tutoring trigonometry all possible by its fast extended BASIC| supply, on a single printed circuit board. This new computer graphics and data storage ability actually has more features and higher performance than some The machine can be economically expanded to assist in your] home or personal computers that are selling today for up to business, remotely control your home, communicate with other] $2000. It is more powerful than computer systems which cost computers and perform many other tasks via the broadest line of] over $20,000 in the early 1970's. expansion accessories in the microcomputer industry This new machine can entertain your whole family with spec- This machine is super easy to use because it communicates tacular video games and cartoons, made possible by its ultra naturally in BASIC, an English-like programming language high resolution graphics and super fast BASIC. It can help you you can easily instruct it or program it to do whatever you want.l with your personal finances and budget planning, made possible but you don't have to. You don't because it comes with a com-[ by its decimal arithmetic ability and cassette data storage capa- plete software library on cassette including programs for each! bilities. It can assist you in school or industry as an ultra powerful application stated above Ohio Scientific also offers youl scientific calculator, made possible by its advanced scientific hundreds of inexpensive programs on ready-to-run cassettesf Program it yourself or just enjoy it; the choice is yours. Ohio Scientific offers this remarkable new computer two ways. tt you MM Mlllllfll Challenger 1 P $349 Fully packaged with power IMCSIIIIIIIIH supply Just plug in a video monitor or TV 1IIIIM 111! through an RF con- verter to be up and 41 IM running m Superboard II $279 For electronic butts Fully assembled and tested Re- quires + 5V at 3 Amps and a video monitor or TV with RF converter to be up and running —.Standard Features. ,-ORDER FORM Order direct or from your local Ohio Scientific dealer. Uses the ultra powerful 65Q2 microprocessor I'm interested Send me information on your 8K Microsoft BASIC in ROM Full feature BASIC runs faster than currently available Personal Computers Business Systems personal computers all and 8080-based business com- Send me a Superboard II $279 enclosed puters Send me a Challenger 1 P $349 enclosed 4K static RAM on board expandable to 8K Full 53 key keyboard with upper/lower case and user Include 4 more K of RAM (8K Total) $69 more enclosed programmability Kansas City standard audio cassette interface for high Name reliability Full machine code monitor and I/O utilities in ROM Address Direct access video display has 1 K of dedicated memory (besides 4K user memory), features upper case, lower City State -Zip- case, graphics and gaming characters for an effective screen resolution of up to 256 by 256 points Normal TV's with overscan display about 24 rows of 24 characters, Payment by BAC(VISA) Master Charge Money Order without overscan up to 30 X 30 characters Credit Card Account # Extras ""' Available expander board features 24K static RAM (addi- Charge) Expires Interbank #(Master . tional), mint-floppy dual interface, port adapter for printer Ohio Residents add 4% Sales Tax and modem and an OSI 48 line expansion interface Assembler/editor and extended machine code monitor TOTAL CHARGED OR ENCLOSED fe* available All orders shipped insured UPS unless otherwise requested FOB Aurora. OH Interested in a bigger system? Ohio Scientific offers 15 other models of microcomputer systems ranging from America's Largest Full Line Microcomputer Company single board units to 74 million byte hard disk systems. 1333 S. Chillicothe Road • Aurora, Ohio 44202 (216) 562-3101 CIRCLE 146 ON READER SERVICE CARD O. CHRS permission or are being distributed by your group, w ithout our (30): GOTO 20 knowledge. I leel the mark ol a good computer programmer is his ability Most people are quick to realize the incredible amount of to find a subtle way of doing something that cannot be done work that goes into writing an assembler or BASIC interpreter directly. and respect the rights of their authors. But when it comes to computer games and application programs, you seem to forget Mark R. Cusumano your manners. The only way we can continue to bring you and 405 Covered Bridge Road other CP M users more programs is if people buy our products. King of Prussia. PA 19406-1888 1888 Ycio-ieea where K is the number of factors, the F's are 1898 HEXT J the factors and the N's are weights. The N's 1188 PRIHT USIHG "^D^D.S-tCtiee^M would be found by optimization to produce 1118 PRIHT * X CORRECT FOR WEEK "|I the greatest possible per cent of correct 1128 COPY predictions. The additional factors might 1130 1-1*1 include team standings, injuries to key 1148 REH PRIHT HEM RATINGS TABLE 1130 PRIHT 'LAUERAGES AFTER MEEK "ll-ll" - IA2|"JJ a players, the biorhythms of the players,...? 1160 PRIHT TEAH RATING J" 1178 Y-E 1188 FOR J- 1 TO 28 1198 PRINT USING "2D,2X,S":J 1280 Hl-1 1218 FOR K-l TO 28 1228 IF YCKX-YCH1) THEN 1248 1238 Hl-K 1248 HEXT K 1258 Zl-Hl 1268 G08UB 1748 1278 PRIHT U8IHG "3D.2D*:ECH1> 1288 YCH1>— 1888 1298 HEXT J 1388 COPY 1318 IF I>14 THEN 1688 1328 REH PRIHT PREDICTION TABLE - a a a 1338 PRIHT "L PREDICTION FOR WEEK 1 1 '» |M| JJ 1348 Y-8 1358 FOR J-l TO 28 1368 IF YCJ>-1 THEH 1518 RESULTS FOR NEEK 4 1977 1378 Hl-J 1388 K-ABSCH(J,I>> PRED ACT 1398 IF HCJtlXB THEN 1428 1488 Hl-K HIAHI AT 8ALTIH0RE -1.53 -17 1418 K-J SEATTLE AT HEN ENGLAHD -23.32 -31 1428 Zl-Hl NEW YORK JETS AT BUFFALO 4.81 5 1438 G08UB 1748 PITTSBURGH HOUSTOH 6.18 -17 a AT 1448 PRIHT 'AT | OAKLAND AT CLEVELAND 1.98 16 1498 Zl-K CINCINNATI AT GREEN BAY 3.48 18 1468 GOSUB 1748 KAHSAS CITY AT DENVER -17.41 -16 1478 A1-E
-1 DALLAS AT ST. LOUIS 4.22 6 1588 Y
memory not program) 1400 NEXT I 1500 NEXTJ 2) Will take N observations (where N is 1600 NEXTH limited by system memory not 1700 REM program) 1800 CLS 3020 CLS -" 3) Allows the user to input the name of 3030 PRINT9 0," INVERTING MATRIX J the dependent variable 3100 G0SU6 25000 3200 GOSUB 26000 4) A constant is assumed to be includ- 3210 REM ed in the equation and is 3220 REM *************************************** 3230 REM * B-HAT FROM
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matrix with A() 25550 A
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