THE E REAU ~1PERSONNE -CAREE A AUGUST, 1966 Nav-Pers-0 NUMBER 595 VICE ADMIRAL BENEDICT J. SEMMES, Jr., USN : The Chief of Naval Personnel REAR ADMIRAL BERNARD M. STREAN, USN The Deputy Chief of Navol Personnel CAPTAIN JAMES G. ANDREWS, USN Assistant Chief for Morale Services TABLE OF CONTENTS Features What Time 4s It? The Naval Observatory Knows ... ...... 2 DigThat DEG! New Construction .................... 7 Mayday-Searchand Rescue in Vietnam Waters . .I ...... 8 Stand By to Recover Aircraft:The LSO'S Job .......... 12 Want aScientific Education? You'll Like NESEP ... ...... 14 SeabeesShape Up to Ship Out ......... ... .... 17 Needed: A Battalionof Cargo Handlers .......... ... 18 Saved: A Cool $100 Million-The DIPEC Story ... 20 CenterspreadFeature NavyReorganization-Keeping You Up to Date ..... 30 Chart: Organization of theDepartment of the Navy .... ..... 32 Departments Today's Navy .......................... ... 22 Letters to the Editor .............................. 34 Servicescope: NewsofOther Services .............. ... 38 DecorationsCitationsand . ....... ...... ... 62 RulletinBoard If You're Commission-Bound, Check ThesePrograms ....... .... 40 Changes inAllotment Rules ....................... 43 Directives inBrief ........................................ 44 An Ode to the Fleet-FromShips' Deck LogStaff .... ..... 45 SpecialRoundup AndYou Were There-Latest Listings of Ships and UnitsEligible forExpeditionary andService Medals ... ......... ..... 46 Taffrail Talk ....................................... 64 John A. Oudine, Editor Associate Editors G. Vern Blasdell, News DonAddor, Layout & Art AnnHanabury, Research Gerald Wolff, Reserve 0 FRONT COVER: SPRAY DAY-Fleet oiler USS Chemung (A0 30) and escort ship USS Hooper (DE 1026) set the sprayatlying as they prepare for refueling in heavy seas off the coast of Japan.-Photo by P. F. McGee, PH3, USN. 0 AT LEFT: A STAR PERFORMANCE-HospitalCorpsman ThirdClass Arthur, H..Garnett, USN, standsat attention after receiving the Silver Star during ieremoniis at U. S. Naval Hospital, NAS Pensacola, Fla. Petty Ofticer Garnett received the award for heroic action during combat with the Marinesin Vietnam.Although twice wounded he ignored his awn plight and continued to care forand protect his stricken comrades. CREDIT: All photographs published in ALL HANDS Magazineare official Department of Defense photos unless otherwise designated. depot was christened the Naval Ob- servatory and was moved to a knoll in Washington, D.C. north of where the Lincoln Memorial now stands. FTER THE ,PASSAGE of about 50 A years, the observatorywas moved farther away from Washing- ton’s downtownlights to what was then a semi-rural location in North- westWashington. It hasremained there since to provide, among other things, precise time for navigators, Until the lastseveral hundred years,man has hadlittle need for time in navigation. If a ship stayed within sight of land, landmarks were sufficient. Whena navigatorsailed beyond sight of land,however, he hadto estimate hisship’s speed and relate the distance traveled to the time he AT SEA-Distance and time for navigation can be considered almost the same. thoughthad elapsed. Thismethod, of course,was not gational purposes, are almost synon- they neededaccurate time in navi- notably accurate and led to numer- ymous. Unless a navigator were able gation.Indeed, England’s King ous mistakes.Columbus, for exam- to measuretimeaccurately, he Charles I1 haddone something ple, had a mistaken idea concerning would also be unable to meusure aboutestablishing the correcttime the circumference of theearth. He longitude. when hecreated the Royal Green- believed the world to be much small- Bearing this handicap in mind, it wich Observatory in 1675. er than it is, and never dreamed that. is little wonder that Columbus, upon It was theGreenwich Observa- several thousand miles of land strad- his arrival inthe WestIndies, tory’s job toobtain, through syste- dled the western route to the riches thoughtmusthesurely have matic observation, the accurate posi- of the Indies. In effect, his ideas reachedEast India. tion of the sun, moon and stars and concerninglongitude were inaccu- Suchshortcomings in determin- the motion of the moon. rate. ing longitude did not always end as This, of course,resulted in accu- fortuitously as did Columbus’ first ratetime being pinned down, and ONGITUDE as every sailor knows, voyage. There was the time, for ex- GreenwichMean Time, as it is is expressed in degrees,minutes ample,when a British Fleetsailing called, is still sufficiently precise for and seconds.For navigational pur- home from Gibraltar in 1707 ran most purposes throughout the world poses, the sun moves eastward at uponthe Scilly Islands south of today. therate of 15 degrees an hour. In England due toa mistake in longi- 24 hours,the sun has moved 360 tude. Fourships and 2000 men &KING GREENWICHMEAN TIME degreesaround theearth. In other were lost as a result of this error. T.to sea, however, was another words,distance and time, for navi- It wasn’t that men didn’tknow matter. It wasn’t until the winter of Portable Atomic Clock Photographic Zenith lube Moon Camera The position of the star is known and the Mean Solar Time at which it was on the meridian can be com- puted.The difference betweenthe computedtime andthe time indi- cated by the clock tells how fast or slow the clock is. The difference is usually only a few thousandths of a second. Another type of time computed at the observatory is Ephemeris Time. Thistime is defined by the orbital motion of theearth about the sun. In practice,Ephemeris Time is de- terminedby observing theorbited motion of the moon about the earth, To do this, the Naval Observatory uses a telescope called the dual rate moon position camera. With this tel- escope,the image of the moon is heldin a fixed positionrelative to the images of the stars on a photo- graphic plate. TIME AND FREQUENCY ROOM-The Master Clock, which is in the cabinet at Whenthe plate is measured, the the right, is governed by a cesium-beam atomic oscillator in the next cabinet. astronomersthus determine the po- sition of the moon withrespect to millionth of a second a day. 1964, theInternational Committee the stars, whose positions are known. The Observatory’s atomic clock is of Weights and Measuresadopted The moon’s positionhas been com- notcontrolled by any of themeth- thisvalue to define the atomicsec- putedadvancein in terms of odsto which we have been accus- ond.The system of Atomic Time EphemerisTime and thisinforma- tomed-springs, pendulums andthe called A.l, was establishedby the tion is tabulated in a book called like-but by the electromagnetic NavalObservatory in 1958. the Lunar Ephemeris. By comparing waves emitted when an atomic tran- Time signals aretransmitted to the observedposition of the moon sitionoccurs. This provides the ships at sea by means of high fre- with that in the Lunar Ephemeris, atomic second. quency (HF) and of verylow fre- astronomersdeterminecan the quency(VLF) radiotransmissions EphemerisTime at which theob- CRITERION for theatomic from Navy radio stations at Annapo- servation was made. Hstcond is basedupon the transi- lis, San Francisco,Hawaii, the tioh between two specific energyCanal Zone and Guam. Eachtrans- WHENEVER you set your watch or levels of cesium-133. Thefrequency mitting stationhas a precisequartz- hear a time signal on the radio of the cesium beamatomic clock crystaloscillator which is easily or on thetelephone, you receive was found in 1958to be 9,192,631,- regulated and which runs for years Mean Solar Time. If you work in a 770 cycles per second(Ephemeris without stopping. This time trans- messagecenter and use Zulu time Time) in anexperiment conducted mission system virtually covers the which, of course, is Greenwich jointlybythe National Physical world. Mean Time, you are also using Laboratory at Teddington, England TheVLF carrierfrequencies are Mean SolarTime. and the U. S. Naval Observatory. In preciselycontrolled by quartz crys- EphemerisTime is independent of the rotation of the earth and is, therefore,uniform. In 1956, the I UniversalTime Keeps Navyfrom Missing the Bus mean solarsecond was abandoned Regulatingthe time at Loran-C provides a Universal Time, based on as the fundamental unit of time and stations, VLF transmitters and other the rotation of the earth, but is con- the ephemerissecond was adopted. places where precise time is needed trolled by anatomic oscillator. The Both Mean Solar Time and Ephem- may be a mysteryto most laymen, frequency is changed, but not often- erishowever, are required to ana- but to the Naval Observatory, it is a erthan once ayear so as to be lyze the precise motion of artificial relativelysimple matter. nearly the same as that of Universal satellites. The simplicity of theoperation Time. If the earth should change its The astronomers at the Naval Ob- canbe attributed largelyto the speed of rotation,then it maybe- servatory, of course,have clocks, progresswhich has taken place in come necessary to makea step ad- too. The observatoly’s clocks, how- the electronics field within the last justment in timesignals. Sucha ever, aren’t thetype that awaken 20 years. change, which is carried out by in- you inthe morning or timeyour If there is avariance in the fre- ternational agreement, is exactly 0.1 three-minute egg. quency-andsometimes there is a second. The clocks used atthe observa- difference of as much as two-mil- To many of us, onetenth of a toryfor precise timekeeping are lionths of a second per day-the