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RAMIHANGIHAJASON Tolotra Niaina DOCTEUR Université d’Antananarivo Domaine : Sciences et Technologies Ecole Doctorale : Sciences de la Terre et de l’Evolution EAD : Ressources Sédimentaires et Changements Globaux THESE Présentée Par RAMIHANGIHAJASON Tolotra Niaina Pour obtenir le grade de : DOCTEUR En Sciences de la Terre et de l’Evolution Spécialité : Paléontologie et Biostratigraphie Soutenue publiquement le 09 Août 2016 Devant le jury composé de : Président : RAKOTONDRAZAFY Raymond, Professeur Rapporteur Interne : RAZAFIMBELO Rachel, Professeur Rapporteur Externe : Laura COTTON, Assistant Professor Examinateurs : RATIARISON Adolphe, Professeur titulaire RAFAMANTANANTSOA Jean Gervais, Professeur titulaire Directeur de thèse : Karen E. S AMONDS, Professor Co-Directeur de thèse : Armand RASOAMIARAMANANA, Maître de Conférences Université d’Antananarivo Domaine : Sciences et Technologies Ecole Doctorale : Sciences de la Terre et de l’Evolution Equipe d’Accueil Doctorale : Ressources Sédimentaires et Changements Globaux THESE Présentée Par RAMIHANGIHAJASON Tolotra Niaina Pour obtenir le grade de : DOCTEUR En Sciences de la Terre et de l’Evolution Spécialité : Paléontologie et Biostratigraphie Soutenue publiquement le 09 Août 2016 Devant le jury composé de : Président : RAKOTONDRAZAFY Raymond, Professeur Rapporteur Interne : RAZAFIMBELO Rachel, Professeur Rapporteur Externe : Laura COTTON, Assistant Professor Examinateurs : RATIARISON Adolphe, Professeur titulaire RAFAMANTANANTSOA Jean Gervais, Professeur titulaire Directeur de thèse : Karen E. SAMONDS, Professor, Co-Directeur de thèse : Armand RASOAMIARAMANANA, Maître de Conférences, Remerciements Même si cette thèse porte le nom d’un seul auteur, elle est loin d’être le fruit d’un travail individuel. Sans l’aide de plusieurs personnes, que ce soit à travers un appui scientifique ou un soutien moral et affectif, cette thèse n’aurait jamais vu le jour. Ainsi, je saisis l'occasion qui m'est offerte pour exprimer ma reconnaissance à tous ceux qui, de près ou de loin, m'ont apporté leurs concours tant au cours de sa préparation que de sa réalisation : Monsieur Marson RAHERIMANDIMBY : Professeur titulaire, Doyen de la Faculté des Sciences sans l’autorisation duquel la présentation de cette thèse n’aurait pas été possible. Monsieur Raymond RAKOTONDRAZAFY : Professeur, Directeur de l’Ecole Doctorale en Sciences de la Terre et de l’Evolution. Les conseils qu’il m’a prodigués durant toute la durée de la préparation de cette thèse ont beaucoup contribué à sa réalisation. Sa bonne humeur et sa volonté ont facilité la réalisation de ce travail. Aujourd’hui je lui suis reconnaissant d’avoir accepté de présider le jury de cette thèse. Monsieur Toussaint RAKOTONDRAZAFY : Maître de Conférences, Responsable de la Mention Bassin sédimentaire Evolution Conservation (BEC) pour son soutien inestimable sur plusieurs aspects. Monsieur Haingoson ANDRIAMIALISON : Maître de Conférences, Chef sortant du Département de Paléontologie et d’Anthropologie Biologique pour sa bonne humeur, ses conseils et encouragements. Son incomparable envi de soutenir et d’aider m’a constamment stimulé et poussé vers l’avant. Madame Karen SAMONDS, Professor, Department of Biological Sciences (Northern Illinois University, Illinois, USA) Directeur de cette thèse ; leader de l’équipe et initiateur du projet qui m’a permis de réaliser les travaux de terrains, commencement même de cette étude. Elle m’a accueilli les bras ouvert dans son laboratoire à NIU, Illinois et m’a prodigué matériels et conseils inestimables pour mes recherches. Sa dévotion et sa volonté m’ont toujours poussé de l’avant. J’en profite aussi pour remercier chaleureusement sa famille qui nous a accueillis chez elle et a partagé tous ces bons moments avec nous. Monsieur Armand RASOAMIARAMANANA : Maître de Conférences, Directeur du Laboratoire de Paléontologie et de Biostratigraphie et Co-Directeur de cette thèse. Avide de perfection et jamais avare de conseils, il a su montrer patience et compréhension envers l’utilisation quotidienne de son laboratoire et même de son bureau. Je suis infiniment reconnaissant envers ce grand Homme de la Paléontologie d’avoir dirigé mes recherches et de m’avoir accueilli dans son laboratoire. Malgré les nombreuses tâches qu’il a à assumer, Monsieur i RASOAMIARAMANANA Armand a bien voulu me conseiller et m’encourager dès mes premiers pas dans la recherche. Madame Rachel RAZAFIMBELO : Professeur, ses enseignements, ses conseils pratiques et techniques, son support inestimable durant mes études m’ont été d’une aide précieuse. Elle a suivi mon travail avec attention depuis le début, lors de mes travaux pour mon DEA, et m’a prodigué toutes les recommandations et critiques indispensables pour mon travail et pour la suite. Aujourd’hui, elle siège parmi le jury afin de juger mon travail, je lui en suis profondément reconnaissant. Madame Laura COTTON, Assistant Professor, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands : rapporteur externe de cette thèse. Grâce à son aide, ses conseils et sa convivialité, mes travaux et mon séjour au NBC furent un immense plaisir et une expérience inoubliable. Ses critiques et remarques scientifiques sur mes travaux ont contribué à améliorer ceux-ci. Monsieur Willem RENEMA, PhD, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands : il m’a accueilli chaleureusement dans son laboratoire au NBC, sa générosité et sa disponibilité me sont très chères. Son contagieux dévouement pour la micropaléontologie m’a beaucoup aidé durant la réalisation de cette thèse. Monsieur Bert HŒKSEMA, PhD, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands : grâce auquel j’ai pu m’accommoder aisément. Toujours bienveillant, il m’a apporté son aide précieuse tout au long de mon séjour au NBC dans le cadre du programme Martin Fellowship. Monsieur Jason R. ALI, University of Hong Kong, Professor Department of Earth Sciences : Tibet Research Group, pour sa bonne humeur, ses petites blagues, et ses conseils pratiques autant sur terrain que pour les travaux et rédactions ultérieurs. Monsieur RAFAMANTANANTSOA Jean Gervais, Professeur titulaire, je lui suis très reconnaissant pour tous les conseils et enseignements qu’il m’a prodigués avec passion durant mes années d’études au DPAB. Il a accepté aujourd’hui de juger mon travail et son avis m’est important. Monsieur RATIARISON Adolphe, Professeur titulaire, son ouverture d’esprit incomparable, sa bonne humeur et son optimisme contagieux m’a toujours permis de persévérer. Ce Professeur titulaire, sommité dans son domaine, m’a toujours encouragé, grâce à son optimisme démesuré, durant la préparation de cette thèse. Je le remercie cordialement d’avoir accepté de juger cette thèse en tant qu’examinateur. Joshua MATHEWS et Katie HEFFERNAN, vous avez été de véritables amis, aussi généreux en conseils qu’en partage d’expériences. ii Monsieur Reed SCHERER, Professor, Department of Geology and Environmental Sciences, Northern Illinois University (USA) pour son précieux temps qu’il a voulu partager avec nous durant les classes de Micropaléontologie à NIU. Il a su montrer patience et rigueur et m’a laissé utiliser son laboratoire pour le traitement des sédiments de Makamby pour la recherche d’éventuels Diatomées. Les guides locaux : Baban’i Mily (Amparafaka), M. VOADY Moalimo (Cap Tanjona), M. Charlin BOTOU dit Ramiaramila (Nosy Makamby), sans l’aide desquels les prospections, excavations et prélèvement des échantillons paléontologiques et géologiques auraient été nettement plus délicats. A tous les étudiants et collègues du Laboratoire de Paléontologie et de Biostratigraphie, qui ont partagé tant de bons moments durant la réalisation de cette thèse. Gardez votre enthousiasme et votre solidarité pour un meilleur avenir. Un grand merci à tous les membres du " Cenozoic team " du Nord-Ouest de Madagascar. Les travaux sur terrains et les travaux au laboratoire ont été faisable grâce aux appuis financiers et matériels de plusieurs institutions telles que la National Geographic, Northern Illinois University, Naturalis Biodiversity Center (Martin Fellowship Program). Je tiens ici à remercier leurs valeureux appuis. Avant de finir, un grand merci à Tsiory ANDRIANAVALONA qui m’a toujours soutenu tout au long de mon parcours, elle a continuellement montré amour et patience, elle a tout partagé (et supporté) entre les moments de déprime et d’euphorie excessive et les moments de grandes concentrations aussi. Son altruisme démesuré m’a permis de m’accrocher et de persévérer pour finir ce travail. Je lui dois beaucoup. A mon très cher père, qui n’a pas ménagé ses peines pour me soutenir par tous les moyens possibles. A mes frères, ma sœur et à ma mère. Enfin, sans rancune et en toute sincérité, je remercie tous ceux qui n’ont pas cru en ma capacité de mener à bien ce travail, ils m’ont également fortement aidé à aller de l’avant, et j’espère avoir pu leur prouver le contraire. Si, par mégarde, j’ai oublié de citer certaines personnes ou institutions dans cette liste non exhaustive, je leur adresse toutes mes excuses et ma profonde gratitude leur est acquise. iii RAMIHANGIHAJASON N. Bien-Aimé (Raiaba) Ho an-dRaiaba, nanome ny tsara indrindra avy aminy hatrizay mba ahafahanay manohy hatrany ny fianarana, tsy nitsitsy aina sy harena mihitsy ary namorona ny tsy misy ary indraindray. Ho fankasitrahana izay rehetra vitanao ! Ary : Ho an’i Tsiory, nahafoy ny heriny manontolo, tsy nitsitsy izay rehetra tany aminy, nanaporofo ny fitiavany manontolo isan’andro. Hery lehibe ho ahy ny fanohananao hatrizay. Tsy adino koa i Neny, nikolokolo i Tojo,
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