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Self Instruction for the Young Gardner UMASS/AMHERST 31EDbt,D050S7b53 I H re*, LIBRARY OF THE p^ •^ MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL E s 566 No..A_i ££~ .n-isss:. SOURCE EaH- This book may be kept out TWO WEEKS only, and is subject to a fine of TWO CENTS a day thereafter. It will be due on the day indicated- below. •''•. *. PEC 3 6 W* 331 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2009 with funding from Boston Library Consortium Member Libraries http://www.archive.org/details/selfinstructionfOOIoud ^""* J. SELF-INSTRUCTION FOR YOUNG GARDENERS, FORESTERS, BAILIFFS, LAND-STEWARDS, AND FARMERS; IN ARITHMETIC AND BOOK-KEEPING, GEOMETRY, MENSURATION, AND PRACTICAL TRIGONOMETRY, MECHANICS, HYDROSTATICS, AND HYDRAULICS, LAND-SURVEYING, LEVELLING, PLANNING, AND MAPPING, ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING, AND ISOMETRICAL PROJECTION AND PERSPECTIVE: S2TO ©xnmplcs, SHOWING THEIR APPLICATION TO HORTICULTURAL AND AGRICULTURAL PURPOSES. M THE LATE J. C. LOUDON, F.L.S. U.S. &c. WITH A MEMOIR OF THE AUTHOR. ILLUSTRATED WITH NUMEROUS ENGRAVINGS. LONDON: LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, AND LONGMANS, rATERNOSTEIl-KOW. 1845. t 3 O. S 1 London : Printed by A. Spottiswoore, New- Street- Square. PREFACE. The. first idea of the present work was originated by Mr. Osbortst of the Fulham Nursery, who, having for several years had numerous young men under his super- intendence, perceived how much a book of the kind was wanted ; and Mr. Loudon, always eager to adopt any plan that seemed likely to improve young gardeners, was so much pleased with his suggestions that he readily un- dertook it, making great additions and improvements in the original plan : and, had he lived a little longer, he would have made it still more complete ; as he intended to include instructions in drawing landscapes, trees, flowers, &c, sketching from life, and colouring, together with the art of imitating flowers and fruits in wax, and many other similar acquirements, which are all more or less useful to a young gardener, and at the same time adapted to relieve his severer studies. For several months after Mr. Loudon's death I could not summon courage to look at the manuscript of this work, it was so associated with the idea of his suffer- ings; at length, however, our kind friend Mr. Paxton, after exerting himself most warmly in our behalf, urged me to publish it ; adding, what is certainly the fact, that it may be considered as my poor husband's last legacy to gardeners. I have therefore presented it to the public; and, as I really could not prepare the manuscript for the press myself, it was first looked over and arranged by Mr. Wooster (Mr. Loudon's last amanuensis), and after- IV PREFACE. wards submitted to Dr. Jamieson, whose name was men- tioned by Mr.'Loudon a few hours before his death, as the person he wished to finish the work. Mr. Loudon had previously requested Dr. Jamieson to write the chapters on Mechanics, Hydrostatics, and Hydraulics, which that gentleman has done ; and Mr. Jay, a friend of his, has kindly furnished the section on Farm Book-keeping. These are the only portions that were never seen by Mr. Loudon. Some weeks before his death, the chapters on Architectural Drawing and lsome- trical Projection and Perspective were written for him by Mr. Robertson, and contributions for the work were also sent to him by Samuel Taylor, Esq., Richard Varden, Esq., Professor Donaldson, Mr. James Munro, and some other kind friends. To all these gen- tlemen I here offer my sincere thanks and acknowledge- ments, satisfied that in so doing I am only acting as my husband would have done, had his life been spared to the present time. J. W. LOUDON. Baysicater, September 30. 1845. CONTENTS. Page - Preface - - - - - iii An Account of the Life and Writings of Joiin Claudius Loudon - - - - - - ix Introduction CHAPTER I. Arithmetic. Section I. Vulgar Fractions - - - ~ 2 Subsect. I. Addition of Vulgar Fractions - 7 Subsect. II. Subtraction of Vulgar Fractions - - 8 Subsect. III. Multiplication of Vulgar Fractions - %b. Subsect. IV. Division of Vulgar Fractions - - 9 Section II. Decimal Fractions - - - - 12 Subsect. I. Notation and Reduction of Decimal Fractions ib. Subsect. II. Arithmetic of Terminal Decimals - - 17 Subsect. III. Approximate Decimals - - 18 Section III. Duodecimals, or Cross Multiplication - - 21 Section IV. Data for Arithmetical Calculations - - 22 - Subsect. I. Tables of Weights and Measures . ij„ Subsect. II. Rule for calculating Interest at 5 per Cent - 27 Subsect. III. Table to calculate Wages and otber Pay- - ments //,. Subsect, IV. Quarterly Terms - jj, A 3 VI CONTENTS. Page Section V. Proportion and Interest - - - 28 Subsect. I. Of Proportion, or the Rule of Three - ib- Subsect. II. Of Compound Proportion - - 33 Subsect. III. Simple Interest - - - 34' Subsect. IV. Compound Interest - - - 36 Section VI. Annuities and Freeholds - - - 37 Section VII. Involution and Evolution - - - 44 CHAPTER II. BoOK-KEETING. Section I. Garden Book-keeping - - - 49 Section II. Book-keeping for the Bailiff and Land- Steward - 55 Section III. Book-keeping for the Forester - - 63 Section IV. Book-keeping for the Nurseryman - - 67 Section V. Farm Book-keeping - - - 70 Subsect. I. The Day-Book - - - 71 Subsect. II. The Invoice-Book - - - 72 Subsect. III. The Labour-Book - - - 73 Subsect. IV. The Cash-Book - - - 74 Subsect. V. The Ledger - - - - 76 CHAPTER III. Practical Geometry. - Section I. Of the Scale and Compasses - -95 Section II. Definitions - - - - 96 Section IH. Problems - - - - 97 CHAPTER IV. Mensuration. - Section I. Mensuration of Superficies » - 100 CONTENTS. Vll Page Section II. Mensuration of Solids - - - 107 Section III. Practical Questions relating to Gardening, Fo- restry, and Farming - - - 110 CHAPTER V. Practical Trigonometry. - Section I. Plane Trigonometry - - 121 Section II. Of Heights and Distances - 124 Section III. Dialling - - - - 130 CHAPTER VI. Mechanics - 133 CHAPTER VII. Hydrostatics and Hydraulics. Section I. Hydrostatics - 144 Section II. Hydraulics - - - - 150 CHAPTER VIII. Land-Surveying. Section I. Description and Use of the Instruments - - 154 Subsect. I. Of the Chain - ib. Subsect. H. Of the Cross - 155 Section II. The Practice of Surveying - - - 156 CHAPTER IX. Levelling - - - 169 a 4 V1U CONTENTS. CHAPTER X. I'age Planning and Mapping - - 182 CHAPTER XL Architectural Drawing - -191 CHAPTER XII. Projection and Perspective - - 207 CHAPTER XIII. Miscellaneous Tables. Section I. Interest and Annuity Tables - - - 219" Section II. Foreign Weights and Measures - - 22& Section III. Mathematical Tables - - - 228 Section TV. Of the Thermometer - - - 231 Section V. Digging, Well-sinking, &c. - 234 Index __---- 235 VIGNETTES. The house at Bayswater in which Mr. Loudon died - xlviii Loudunra mithylloidcs Bert, Adesmia Loudon/a Hook. - Hi AN ACCOUNT OF THE LIFE AND WRITINGS OF JOHN CLAUDIUS LOUDON. John Claudius Loudon was born on the 8th of April, 1783, at Cambuslang, in Lanarkshire, the residence of his mother's only sister, herself the mother of Dr. Clau- dius Buchanan (the author of a work entitled Christian Researclies in Asia), whose labours in India, in attempt- ing to convert and instruct the Hindoos, have made his name celebrated in the religious world. Mr. Loudon was the eldest of a large family ; and his father, who was a farmer, residing at Kerse Hall, near Gogar, about five miles from Edinburgh, being a man of enlightened mind and superior information, was very anxious that he should have every possible advantage in his education. Strange to say, however, Mr. Loudon, when a boy,' though fond of books, had an insuperable aversion from learning languages, and no persuasions could induce him to study Latin and French, though his father had a master from Edinburgh purposely to teach him the latter language. At this early period, however, a taste for landscape-gardening began to show itself, as his principal pleasure was in making walks and beds in a little garden his father had given him ; and so eager was he to obtain seeds to sow in it, that, when a jar of tamarinds arrived from an uncle in the AYcst Indies lie gave the other children his share of the fruit, on condition X LIFE AND WRITINGS OF of his having all the seeds. While yet quite a cliild, he was sent to live with an uncle in Edinburgh, that he might attend the classes at the public schools. Here he over- came his dislike to Latin, and made extraordinary progress in drawing and arithmetic. He also attended classes of botany and chemistry, making copious notes, illustrated with very clever pen-and-ink sketches. Still he could not make up his mind to learn French, till one day, when he was about fourteen, his uncle, showing a fine French engraving to a friend, asked his nephew to translate the title. This he could not do ; and the deep shame and mor- tification which he felt, and which he never afterwards forgot, made him determine to acquire the language. Pride, however, and a love of independence, which was ever one of his strongest feelings, prevented him from applying to his father to defray the expense ; and he actually paid his master himself, by the sale of a translation which he afterwards made for the editor of a periodical then pub- lishing in Edinburgh. He subsequently studied Italian, and paid his master in the same manner. He also kept a Journal from the time he was thirteen, and continued it for nearly thirty years ; writing it for many years in French, in order to familiarise himself with the language. Among all the studies which Mr. Loudon pursued while in Edinburgh, those he preferred were writing and drawing. The first he learned from Mr. Paton, afterwards father to the celebrated singer of that name ; and strange enough, I have found- an old letter of his to Mr. Lou- don, sen., prophesying that his son John would be one of the best writers of his day — a prophecy that has been abundantly realised, though certainly not in the sense its author intended it.
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