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Muslim Youth at a Crossroads: Media and Civic Engagement in Burkina Faso a Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Scripps

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Muslim Youth at a Crossroads: Media and Civic Engagement in Burkina Faso a Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Scripps Muslim Youth at a Crossroads: Media and Civic Engagement in Burkina Faso A dissertation presented to the faculty of the Scripps College of Communication of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy Lassane Ouedraogo May 2020 © 2020 Lassane Ouedraogo. All Rights Reserved. This dissertation titled Muslim Youth at a Crossroads: Media and Civic Engagement in Burkina Faso by LASSANE OUEDRAOGO has been approved for the School of Media Arts & Studies and the Scripps College of Communication by Steve Howard Professor of Media Arts and Studies Scott Titsworth Dean, Scripps College of Communication ii Abstract LASSANE OUEDRAOGO, Ph.D., May 2020, Media Arts & Studies Muslim Youth at a Crossroads: Media and Civic Engagement in Burkina Faso Director of Dissertation: Steve Howard This dissertation examines the civic engagement as well as the online and offline discursive and performative practices of faith among Muslim youth in Burkina Faso. It specifically maps out how members of Association des Élèves et Étudiants Musulmans au Burkina (AEEMB), a Muslim student organization with over 100,000 members, negotiate the meanings of their Islamic faith and participate in debates on issues of national and global interests. Since the emergence of violent radicalism in the French speaking, Sahelian West African region over the past decade, scholars have turned their attention to political Islam with a focus on established branches of Islamic denominations such the Sunni movement, the Ahmadiyya, and the Wahhabi and salafist reformist groups. Most scholars are now widening this scope to include less well-established Muslim groups including youth associations and student militancy. One of the major underlying assumptions in this surge of research on religion in the Sahel is the persistent belief that, somehow, there is a correlation between the region being predominantly Muslim and the rise of non-state armed forces. This study challenges such assumptions and examines the communication practices of Muslim youth with a specific focus on those educated in the secular education system of Burkina Faso. It analyzes the complexity of youth activism and how youth claim their religious and other various social identities online and offline. iii Dedication To my late father, Tassere, and my beloved mother, Alimata Ouedraogo. iv Acknowledgments I am hugely indebted to several people and institutions who contributed directly or indirectly to my journey to completing this dissertation. In Ouagadougou, I would like to thank AEEMB and all of its members for granting me permission to learn with them and for being available to answer my questions, in person or through social media. A special thank you goes to former AEEMB national council president (2016-2018) Yaya Dama and all his staff for facilitating my access to various AEEMB circles and guiding me through my data collection process. I would also like to thank my family, my sister Adja Rasmata and her family in particular, for all their support during my fieldwork in 2018 and 2019. Also, during that time (and all other times), I benefited from the constant prayers and support of my mother. Thank you, mom. At Ohio University, I owe a lot of gratitude to my dissertation advisor and bro, Dr. Steve Howard, for his mentorship, guidance, moral and financial support, and for offering me the opportunity to pursue graduate studies in the first place. Bro: thank you for all, baaraka! I also thank my dissertation committee for their availability, support, and guidance. Thank you Dr. Devika Chawla for introducing me to critical ethnography and for inspiring me to seek my voice in writing and to be confident when I am not following scripted and normative academic formats. Thank you, Dr. Wolfgang Suetzl for pushing me to develop a critical cultural approach to research. Thank you for broadening my understanding of continental philosophy. A special thank you to Dr. Assan Sarr, for his mentorship and motivation, especially when things get tough. I couldn’t have done v any of this without your constant support and motivation: I sincerely thank you for all of your advising. I am also grateful for a 2019 Ohio University Student Enhancement Award, which allowed me to return to my research site to do more investigation. Furthermore, it took a large network of friends and colleagues for me to grow as a scholar and to survive as a doctoral student. My bros: Keith Phetlhe, Mongi Dlamini, Colin Lasu, Goitom Negash, Samuel Njai, Franklyn Charles, and Aggrey Willis: thank you for your fellowship and brotherhood. A special thank you to Abdoulaye Saadou Yaye, Kumba Gborie, Sharmake Farah, Souzeina Mustaq, Nune Gregoryan, Mohamed Ashour, Quang Ngo, and Laura Harbert, for your friendship during this journey. It meant a lot to have your companionship. In Goshen IN, I would like to thank my “American family” for their support. I am particularly grateful to Cynthia and Galen Kauffman for always opening their home to me to rest and power up whenever graduate school became stressful and going back home to Burkina Faso not an option. Thank you for all the care packages and handwritten cards. You offered me a gift of family and I am very grateful. Sunday and Suzan Mahaja, Carrie and Suman Bhandari, Moses Partalala Kaelo, my GC sister Alma Rosa: thank you for your support and friendship. I also would like to thank Dr. Patricia Lehman (Pat) from Goshen College for her continued support and mentorship. Lastly, I am transparently indebted to so many more people I have been fortunate to learn from and receive support, but I could not mention here. To you all, I say a big thank you. vi Table of Contents Page Abstract ......................................................................................................................... iii Dedication ..................................................................................................................... iv Acknowledgments ...........................................................................................................v List of Tables...................................................................................................................x Chapter 1: Introduction ....................................................................................................1 Introduction ...............................................................................................................1 A Brief Genealogy of AEEMB ..................................................................................3 The Researcher ..........................................................................................................6 Significance and Rationale of the Study ................................................................... 12 Outline ..................................................................................................................... 20 Chapter 2: Media, Secular State, Colonial Legacy, and Islam ........................................ 22 Getting in Line on Christmas Eve ............................................................................ 22 Religion and Mass Media......................................................................................... 24 Contextualizing Islam and Media in Burkina Faso ................................................... 28 Theorizing Politics and Religion .............................................................................. 42 Muslims in the Secular State of Burkina Faso .......................................................... 46 Locating Islamic Expansion and Reform in Colonial Burkina Faso .......................... 46 Meccan Scholars and Islamic Revivalism in Colonial Burkina Faso ......................... 53 Gap in the Literature and Research Questions .......................................................... 64 Chapter 3: The Research Experience.............................................................................. 67 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 67 Theoretical Considerations ....................................................................................... 70 Ethical Considerations ............................................................................................. 75 a) Returning in. .................................................................................................. 78 b) Getting along ................................................................................................. 79 c) Getting out? ................................................................................................... 80 Data Collection Methods ......................................................................................... 82 a) Participant observation ................................................................................... 82 b) Mediated discourse analysis ........................................................................... 90 vii c) Qualitative interviews .................................................................................... 91 Summary ................................................................................................................. 93 Chapter 4: The Challenge of Communicating a Youth-led Islamic Movement ............... 95 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 95 AEEMB’s Use of Print Media
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