Review Article Pheromones in Animal World: Types, Detection and Its
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Scholars Academic Journal of Biosciences (SAJB) ISSN 2321-6883 (Online) Sch. Acad. J. Biosci., 2014; 2(1): 22-26 ISSN 2347-9515 (Print) ©Scholars Academic and Scientific Publisher (An International Publisher for Academic and Scientific Resources) www.saspublisher.com Review Article Pheromones in Animal World: Types, Detection and its Application Patel Hardik P, Gohil Priyanshee V* Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, K.B. Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kadi SarvaVishvavidhyalaya, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India *Corresponding author Gohil Priyanshee V Email: Abstract: Were found larvae, pupae, and adults of the parasitoid Strongygaster Macquart, 1834 (Diptera; Tachinidae; Strongygastrini) considered to be the second largest family of Diptera that endoparasite arthropods especially insects in larval phase. This work describes the first occurrence of parasitoids associated with the beetle Lagria villosa F. (1783) (Coleoptera; Polyphaga; Tenebrionidae) in the Northwestern region of the Parana State, Brazil. Because of feeding habits, the larvae associated with the abdominal and intestinal contents of L. villosa may be ingested in the form of eggs with the decaying organic matter present in the soil. Keywords: Behaviour; parasites; natural biological control; beetle. TYPES OF PHEROMONES INTRODUCTION Insects communicate through six different Pheromones are a naturally occurring chemical modes for life activities, are as follows: (i) Hormones, compound found in all insects, animals, and humans. (ii) Sound, (iii) Pheromone, (iv) Motion, (v) Exocrine The term pheromone was introduced by Peter Karlson glandsresponsible for secretions to theexterior of the and Martin Lusche in (1959), based on the Greek word body or into the lumen of body cavity and (vi) pherein means to transport and hormone means to Enzymes.On the basis of interaction mediated, stimulate. They are also sometimes classified as pheromones are sub-divided into following category; ectohormones [1, 2]. Pheromones are molecules that are evolved signals, in defined ratios in the case of multiple Territorial pheromones component pheromones, which are emitted by an The territorial pheromones can be classified individual and receivedby a second individual of the based onpurpose and characteristics interactive same species, in which they cause effect on hormone evolution ofbehaviour and ecology; levels orbehavioural changeor specific reaction [3, Type A- Large defended area: Courtship, 4].For example, stereotyped behaviour or mating, nestingand food gathering developmental process.Pheromones are found in living Type B: Large defended area: Used for things and are the most ancient form of animal breeding but notforaging communication [3]. Pheromones are natural scents Type C: Small defended area around nest which play an important role in sexual communication. Type D: Mating territory for courtship These Pheromones aromas convey signals relating to activities only mood, status, drive and health to the subconscious Type E: Roosting or shelter positions awareness of the opposite sex. This philosophy holds well in the animal world, pheromones are consciously In dogs, these pheromones are present in the urine, detected over considerable distances and serve at times which they deposit on landmarks serving to mark the in place of real communication. They help animals to perimeter of the claimed territory. Boars, cats do mark territory, recognize mates, and signal sexual possess territorial pheromones. interest. For example, female dogs in heat leave their pheromones and can attract male dogs over a mile Trail pheromones away.Pheromones are produced by ectodermal glands These pheromones are common in social on the abdomen and associated with mandibles of insects. For example, ants mark their paths with these hymenopterans and wings of lepidopteran insects. pheromones, which are non-volatile hydrocarbons [6]. Butenandt et al. first discovered sex pheromone in the Certain ants lay down an initial trail of pheromones as silk worm (Bombyx mori) [5].Unlike higher animals, they return to the nest with food. This trail attracts other the insects communicate between sex of their own ants and serves as a guide. As long as the food source species or with its sub-species or very rarely, with remains, the pheromone trail will be continually different species of a genus or family or species of a renewed. The pheromone must be continually renewed different order. because it evaporates quickly. When the supply begins to dwindle, the trail making ceases. 22 Gohil PV et al., Sch. Acad. J. Biosci., 2014; 2(1):22-26 Alarm pheromones follow a three-dimensional pheromone trail left by a Some species release a volatile substance when swimming female, and male gametes of many animals attacked by a predator that can trigger flight (in aphids) use a pheromone to help find a female gamete for or aggression (in ants, bees, termites) in members of the fertilization [11].Many insect species, such as the ant same species [7]. Alarm pheromones serve to rapidly Leptothorax acervorum, release sex pheromones to disperse a group of insects usually as a response to attract a mate, and many lepidopterans such as moths predation. These kinds of pheromones are usually of and butterflies can detect a potential mate from as far short duration and the dispersed individuals usually away as 10 km (6.2 mi). reform aggregations. Some individuals release this pheromone to exhibit aggressive behaviour in the Releaser pheromones presence of predators. Alarm pheromones have been Releaser pheromones are pheromones that recorded in the mites, tree hoppers, aphids and the true cause an alteration in the behaviour of the recipient. For bugs etc. example, some organisms use powerful attractant molecules to attract mates from a distance of two miles Aggregation pheromones or more. In general, this type of pheromone elicits a Aggregation pheromones function in defence rapid response, but is quickly degraded. In contrast, a against predators, mate selection, and overcoming host primer pheromone has a slower onset and a longer resistance by mass attack. A group of individuals at one duration. For example, rabbit (mothers) release location is referred to as an aggregation, whether mammary pheromones that trigger immediate nursing consisting of one sex or both sexes. Male-produced sex behaviour by their babies [12]. attractants have been called aggregation pheromones, because they usually result in the arrival of both sexes Epideictic pheromones at a calling site, and increase the density of conspecifics Epideictic pheromones are different from surrounding the pheromone source. Most sex territory pheromones, when it comes to insects. Fabre pheromones are produced by the females and small observed and noted how females who lay their eggs in percentage of sex attractants are produced by males. these fruits deposit these mysterious substances in the Aggregation pheromones have been found in members vicinity of their clutch to signal to other females of the of the Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Dictyoptera and samespecies they should clutch elsewhere. Orthoptera. In recent decade, the importance of applying aggregation pheromones in the management of Signal pheromones the boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis), stored product Signal pheromones cause short-term changes, weevils(Sitophilus zeamais), Sitophilus granarius, such as the neurotransmitter release that activates a Sitophilus oryzae, and pea and bean weevil (Sitona response. For instance, Gonadot ropic releasing lineatus) has been demonstrated. Aggregation hormone (GnRH) molecule functions as a pheromones are among the most ecologically selective neurotransmitter in rats to elicit lordosis behaviour [1]. pest suppression methods. They are nontoxic and effective at very low concentrations [8]. Information pheromones Information pheromones are indicative of an Sex pheromone animal's identity or territory. For example, dogs and In animals, sex pheromones indicate the cats deposit chemicals in and around their territory, availability of the female for breeding. Male animals which then serve as an indicator for other members of may also emit pheromones that convey information the species about the presence of the occupant in that about their species and genotype.At the microscopic territory. level, a number of bacterial species (e.g. Bacillus subtilis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Bacillus cereus) DETECTION release specific chemicals into the surrounding media to Pheromones have evolved in all animal phyla, induce the "competent" state in neighbouring bacteria to signal sex and dominance status, and are responsible [9]. Competence is a physiological state that allows for stereotypical social and sexual behaviour among bacterial cells to take up DNA from other cells and members of the same species. In mammals, these incorporate this DNA into their own genome, a sexual chemical signals are believed to be detected primarily process called transformation. Among eukaryotic by the vomeronasal organ (VNO), a chemosensory microorganisms, pheromones promote sexual organ located at the base of the nasal septum [13]. The interaction in numerous species [10]. These species VNO is present in most amphibia, reptiles, and non- include the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the primate mammals but is absent in birds, adult catarrhine filamentous fungi Neurospora crassa and Mucor monkeys, and apes [14]. Three distinct families of mucedo, the water mold Achlya ambisexualis, the putative