9/17/2021 Western Ethics: Utilitarianism: Meaning, Jeremy Bentham and Different Kinds of Utilitarianism- Examrace
Examrace Western Ethics: Utilitarianism: Meaning, Jeremy Bentham and Different Kinds of Utilitarianism
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Meaning It is an ethical Philosophical theory.
Moral action is the one which leads to greatest well-being of the greatest number of people.
It is a form of an Altruism.
Part of Normative Ethics.
Jeremy Bentham, J. S. Mill, Sidgwick, Singer, etc. are some of the names of famous utilitarian՚s.
Stemmed around the 18th century.
Jeremy Bentham
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Founder of the Utilitarianism.
Utilitarian theory is teleological in nature.
Also called as Consequentialism
Stark Opposite of Kant՚s Deontological ethical theory
Different Kinds of Utilitarianism
Gross Utilitarianism This is introduced by Jeremy Bentham.
Also called Quantitative Utilitarianism.
Pleasure or utility has quantitative differences.
For example, some pleasure are more, and some are less.
Theory of Utility: it means pleasure and pain are capable of quantification, hence they are capable of measure.
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Refined or Qualitative Utilitarianism This is introduced by J. S. Mill
According to the theory, all pleasures are not alike.
Mill believed that pleasure or utility has qualitative difference.
Negative Utilitarianism Introduced by Karl Popper
According to Negative utilitarianism, we should act to minimise suffering or pain and not maximise pleasure.
Act Utilitarianism Advocated by Bentham
According to Act utilitarianism, the moral worth of an action is determined by its utility to the people.
Rule Utilitarianism Advocated by Brandt, Hooker, etc.
According to Rule utilitarianism, the moral worth of an action is determined on the rule which leads to maximum pleasure for maximum number of people.
Rule utilitarianism is based on intuitive moral rules, whereas, act utilitarianism deals with critical or moral reasoning.
Ideal Utilitarianism Introduced by Hasting Rushall
Moral worth of an action is based on the values.
So, the values must be maximised, rather than pleasure.
Preference Utilitarianism Also known as preferentialism.
According to Preference utilitarianism, moral worth of action is determined by fulfilling greatest amount of personal interests.
Two-Level Utilitarianism Introduced by R. M. Hare.
The theory of Two-level Utilitarianism is a synthesis of Act and Rule utilitarianism.
According to the theory, moral worth of an action should be based on rule utilitarianism, except in certain circumstances, where it is more appropriate to use act utilitarianism.
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Average Utilitarianism Introduced by Henry Sidgwick
Also known as averagism
Instead of maximum pleasure of maximum number of people, average pleasure should be maximised.
MCQs 1. ______formed the theory of principle of Measure
A. Mill
B. R. M Hare
C. Bentham
D. All Utilitarian՚s
Answer: C
Explanation: Jeremy Bentham formed the theory of principle of utility or called principle of measure.
2. Match the list:
List A List B
Bentham i. Gross Utilitarianism
Mill ii. Average Utilitarianism
Karl Popper iii. Negative Utilitarianism
Henry Sidgwick iv. Refined Utilitarianism
Match the List
A. i iv iii ii
B. iv i iii ii
C. i iv ii iii
D. None of these
Answer: A
Explanation:
Bentham introduced Gross utilitarianism
Mill introduced Refined Utilitarianism
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Karl Popper introduced Negative Utilitarianism
Henry Sidgwick introduced Average Utilitarianism
3. Pleasure or Utility has quantitative differences is accepted by
A. Mill
B. R. M Hare
C. Bentham
D. Karl Popper
Answer: C
Explanation: Gross Utilitarianism: This is introduced by Jeremy Bentham. Also called Quantitative Utilitarianism. Pleasure or utility has quantitative differences. For example, some pleasure are more, and some are less.
4. Values must be maximised, rather than pleasure is accepted by
A. Mill
B. Popper
C. Hare
D. Rushall
Answer: D
Explanation: Ideal Utilitarianism: introduced by Hasting Rushall. Moral worth of an action is based on the values. So, the values must be maximised, rather than pleasure.
5. All pleasures are not alike is the view of
A. Bentham
B. Mill
C. Both A and B
D. Hooker & Hare
Answer: B
Explanation: Refined or Qualitative Utilitarianism: This is introduced by J. S. Mill. According to the theory, all pleasures are not alike. Mill believed that pleasure or utility has qualitative difference.
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