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Terrorist Rehabilitation Terrorist Terrorism / Political Violence Gunaratna Angell “This is a story of an effort to address the very fundamental challenge in this conflict, deradicalization … both in large mass populations, in small cells, in cliques and ultimately into the individual’s own thought process.” —Maj. Gen. Douglas Stone (retired) (from the Foreword) TERRORIST REHABILITATION Because terrorists are made, not born, it is critically important to world peace that detainees and inmates in uenced by violent ideology are deradicalized and rehabilitated back into society. Exploring the challenges in this formidable endeavor, Terrorist Rehabilitation: The U.S. Experience in Iraq demonstrates through the actual experiences of military personnel, defense contractors, and Iraqi nationals that deradicalization and rehabilitation programs can succeed and have the capability to positively impact thousands of would-be terrorists globally if utilized to their full capacity. Custodial and community rehabilitation of terrorists and extremists is a new frontier in the ght against terrorism. This forward-thinking volume: • Highlights the success of a rehabilitation program curriculum in Iraq • Encourages individuals and governments to embrace rehabilitation as the next most logical step in ghting terrorism • Examines the recent history of threat groups in Iraq • Demonstrates where the U.S. went awry in its war effort, and the steps it took to correct the situation • Describes religious, vocational training, education, creative expression, and Tanweer programs introduced to the detainee population • Provides insight into future steps based on lessons learned from current rehabilitation programs It is essential that we shift the focus from solely detainment and imprisonment to addressing the ideological mindset during prolonged incarceration. It is possible to effect an ideological transformation in detainees that qualies them to be reclassied as no longer posing a security threat. This volume demonstrates that with the proper program and encouragement, a detainee’s extremist ideology can be replaced with the principles of moderation, toleration, and coexistence. K12414 ISBN: 978-1-4398-5249-1 90000 www.crcpress.com 9 781439 852491 www.crcpress.com K12414 cvr mech.indd 1 6/1/11 9:28 AM TERRORIST REHABILITATION The U.S. Experience in Iraq TERRORIST REHABILITATION The U.S. Experience in Iraq Ami Angell Rohan Gunaratna CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2012 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4398-5250-7 (Ebook-PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmit- ted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright. com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com Contents Acknowledgments xvii About the Authors xxi Foreword xxiii Introduction xxv Chapter 1 A Recent History of Iraq 1 The Extremist Threat 1 Introduction 1 The Case against Iraq 3 The Context 6 Background 9 Origins and Development of Threat Groups 12 The Threat Landscape 15 Ansar al-Islam fi Kurdistan (Ansar al-Islam) 18 Tanzim Qaedat fi Bilad al-Rafidayn (Al Qaeda in Iraq) 20 U.S. Impact on Threat Groups in Iraq 26 Conclusion 29 Chapter 2 State of Affairs of Detainment and Detainees 31 The Predicament 31 U.S. Detainee Operations 33 Process in Detainee Operations 36 Impact of the Abu Ghraib Abuse 41 Reaction to Abu Ghraib 44 Conclusion 50 © 2012 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC v vi Contents Chapter 3 Setting the Stage for Terrorist Rehabilitation 53 Detainees (re)Act 53 Inside the Wire 59 Major Theater Internment Facilities (TIFs) in Iraq 64 USCENTCOM 66 General David H. Petraeus 69 Task Force 134 71 Detainee Rehabilitation Program Is Put Forth for Consideration 72 Lt. Gen. Gardner Acts 79 Conclusion 80 Chapter 4 In(To) the Fire 81 Introduction 81 Major General Douglas M. Stone 81 Origination of the TIFRIC Concept 87 Initial Challenges 88 Rehabilitation Pilot Program 91 MNFRC Boards 92 Major General David E. Quantock 96 Conclusion 99 Chapter 5 Part of the Team 103 Prologue 103 OSS Contractors 103 Pilot Program 103 Introduction 104 Sustenance 107 Lodging 108 Medical and Spiritual Services 111 Extracurricular Activities 111 Work Conditions 118 Employed Local Iraqi Nationals 122 Introduction 122 Sustenance 123 © 2012 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC Contents vii Lodging 124 Medical and Spiritual Services 126 Extracurricular Activities 127 Work Conditions 128 Task Force 134 Military Staff Liaisons 131 Conclusion 133 Chapter 6 Detainee Care and Custody 139 Introduction 139 Background 139 Classification Criteria 141 Housing Placement 143 Caravan 143 Compound 143 K-Span 145 Modular Detainee Housing Unit 146 Special Housing Unit 147 Former Baath Party Regime Members Studios 149 Sunni and Shiite Division 154 Medical Access 156 The Motivation Factor 159 Conclusion 166 Chapter 7 A Method to the Madness 169 Introduction 169 Rehabilitation Unmasked 169 Iraq’s Rehabilitation Programs 175 The Program 177 Counterinsurgency Operations 181 Information Operations 184 Intelligence Gathering 186 Visitation 190 Conclusion 200 © 2012 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC viii Contents Chapter 8 The Secret Weapon 205 Prologue 205 Introduction 206 Background 207 Iraqi Ministry of Education (MoE) 209 Education Placement 210 Training Program for Local Iraqi Civilian Teachers 213 Training Program for Detainee Teachers for Intracompound Teaching 214 Curriculum 214 Intracompound Schools 215 Formal Schools 217 Computer Training 221 Challenges 224 Conclusion 226 Chapter 9 Religious Enlightenment 229 Introduction 229 Background 230 Growing Pains 233 Four-Day Program 238 Day One 241 Cleric Component 242 Social Worker Component 245 Day Two 248 Cleric Component 248 Social Worker Component 250 Day Three 253 Cleric Component 253 Social Worker Component 258 Day Four 260 Cleric Component 260 Social Worker Component 262 Four-Day Graduation 265 © 2012 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC Contents ix Conclusion 267 Chapter 10 Teach a Person to Fish 271 Introduction 271 Vocational Skill Training 271 Agriculture 275 Barbershop 278 Carpentry 280 Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning 286 Masonry 289 Sewing 293 Conclusion 297 Chapter 11 Art of War 303 Introduction 303 Prologue 303 Creative Expressions Program (CEP) 305 Week One 308 Week Two 310 Week Three 310 Week Four 310 Bucca Bears and Cropper Camels 313 Arts and Crafts 315 Leaping Forward 317 Lessons Learned 320 The Way Forward 321 Chapter 12 Widening the Scope 331 The Tanweer Concept 331 Phase I: Initial Tanweer 332 Phase II: Sustained Tanweer 334 10-Day Civics Course 334 Train the Trainer Tanweer 335 Phase III: Transition Tanweer 338 Tanweer Transformed 339 © 2012 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC x Contents 12-Day Tanweer 341 30-Day Tanweer 342 Conclusion 344 Chapter 13 The Future of Extremist Rehabilitation Programs 347 The Context 347 The Background 348 Human Terrain Is Key 349 The Neglected Battlefield 350 Modes of Rehabilitation 351 Religious Rehabilitation 351 Psychological Rehabilitation 354 Social and Family Rehabilitation 354 Education Rehabilitation 355 Vocational Rehabilitation 356 Creative Arts Rehabilitation 357 Recreation Rehabilitation 358 Working Model 358 First Fundamental Aspect 359 Second Fundamental Aspect 359 Third Fundamental Aspect 360 Fourth Fundamental Aspect 360 Fifth Fundamental Aspect 361 Sixth Fundamental Aspect 362 Seventh Fundamental Aspect 362 Eighth Fundamental Aspect 363 Ninth Fundamental Aspect 364 Guiding Principles 364 The Future 365 Toward a Global Regime 366 Conclusion 369 © 2012 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC Contents xi Chapter 14 Strategy for an Unconquerable Nation 373 Passion 373 The Wrap-Up 374 American Dream 375 Leap of Faith 376 Persistence 380 References 383 Appendix 393 Photographs from
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