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BLG H PCOO-OOOO-OOOO International Status of Abortion BLG H 1. CONTROL NUMBER 12. SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION (695) BIBLIOGRAPiIC DATA SHEET PN-AAH-284 PCOO-OOOO-OOOO 3. TITLE AND SUBTI'LE (240) International status of abortion legalization 4. PERSONAL AiUThORS (100) Lee, L. 'r. 5. CORPORATE AUTHORS (101) Tufts Univ. Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy. 6. DOCUMENT DATE (110) NUMBER OF PAGES (120) NUMBER(170) 1973 2 7 p. 9. REFERENCE ORGANIZATION (130) Tufts 10. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES (500) (In Law and Population monograph ser. no. 16) (Reprinted for The Abortion Experience., Howard J. Osofsky and Joy D. Osofsky, eds. Harper and Row, 1973, p. 338-364) 11. ABSTRACT (950) 12. DESCRIPTORS (920) 13. PROJELT NUMBER (150) Abortion Law Legal aspects Legilation Family planning Population policy 14,CONTRACTNO.(140) 15. CONTRACT TYPE (140) Fli rt-h control AID/csd-2810 GTS 16. TYPE OF DOCUMENT (160) AID 590-7 (10-79) Law and Population Monograph Series Number 16 (1973) International Status of Abortion Legalization by Luke T. Lee Reprinted from The Abortion Experience, Howard J. Osofsky and Joy D. Osofsky, editors (Harper and Row, Publishers, Inc. 1973) Law and Pop ation Programme THE FLETCHER SCHOOL OF LAW ) ID DIPLOMACY Administered with the Cooperation of I irvard University Tufts University Medford, Massachusetts Law and Population Book Series 1/ Popltiatian and Law, Luke T. Lee and Arthur Larson (eds.) (Leyden: A. W Sijthoff; Durham, North Carolina: Rule of Law Press, 1971). 2/ International Migiiatiot La',, Richard 0. Plender (Leyden: A. W. Sijthoff, 1972). 3/ Population lit' L nlted Natiois Systern: Deeloping tIte,Legal Capacity and Prograntsot LIN Age'mes, Daniel G. Partan (Leyden: A. W. Sijthoff; Durham, North Carolina: Rule of Law Press, 1973). 4/ World Population 'Isis:The Umted States R,-q'onsoc, Phyllis T. Piotrow (New York: Praeger, 1973). 5/ 1Ihinia n Riglit anid Pop;ulation. I nrtit(, Ptrspcctityes of Llit, Policy arid Orgatniza- ti,,n(Medford, Massachusetts: Law and Population Programme, 1973). 6/ The Ai'ortian L"p,'riet'ce, Howard J. Osofsky and Joy D. Osofsky (eds.) (New York: Harper & Row, 1973). 7/ 7it,United Nations ilI I'optilatio:Major Resolultions and Instrunents (New York: United Nations Fund for Population Activities, 1973). Law and Population Monograph Series 1/ Law and Faihi lamg,by Luke T. Lee (1971). 2/ Brief Stnt'y ot l.5. Popldation i.a, by Harriet F. Pilpel (1971). 3/ Law and PopIlatio, Grow'th in Eastern Europe, by Peter B. Maggs (1972). 4/ Legal Aspects ot Fainily Planning in Indonesia, by the Committee on Legal Aspects of the Indonesian Planned Parenthood Association (1972). 5/ Law' and PiplitationCitssificatioi Plan, by Morris L. Cohen (1972). 6/ Laz', [hituan Rights and Popitlation: A Strategi for Action, by Luke T. Lee (1972). 7/ Poittlation in tit, LIN Systeni: Develtpling the Legal Capacitittand Prograinsof UN Agencies, by Daniel G. Partan (a summary of a book, see item 3 above.) (1972). 8/ Tiite Worl's Laws on Volunt it Sterilization For Fa inili Planning Pitrploses, by Jan Stepan and Edmund H. Kellogg (1973). 9/ Lat and Population Growth inSi:lgapore, by Peter Hall (1973). 10/ Law tnd P pulation Grot itin J aica, by Robert C. Rosen (1973). 11/ Law ad Pop iatitn Gro ti In theilt itet Kingdoii, by Diana M. Kloss and Bertram L. Raisbeck (1973). 12/ Law and Populatiot Groatth in France, by Jacques Doublet and Hubert de Villedary (1973). 13/ Medical Consideratiois far Legalizing Voltntary Sterilization, by F. 1. D. Konotey- Ahuiu, M.D. (1973). 14/ Brit'f SurveI/ of AI'ortiat Laus of Five Largest Coltries,by Luke T. Lee (1973). 15/ Aiti-CoitraIcL ption Laws inSili-Saharan Fratncophone Africa: Sources and Rainifications, by Bernard Wolf (1973). 16/ InternationalStattis of Alortion Legalization, by Luke T. Lee (1973). 17/ TieltWorld's l.aws tit C mtrac,'ptives, by Jan Stepan and Edmund H. Kellogg (1974). 18/ Population and the Role of Law in the Americas, Proceedings of a Semiitar of the Human Rights Committee at the 18th Conference of the Inter-American Bar Association (1974). This monograph is one in a continuing series published unde, the auspices ofthe Law and Population Pr.gramme, the Fletcher School Planned of Law and Diplomacy /The Law and Population Programme and its field work aresupported in part by the International Parenthood Federation, the United Nations Fund forPopulation Activities, and the U. S Agency forInternational Development, among members others. The Programme is under the general direction of an International Advisory Committee on Population and Law, whose are listed at the end of this monograph. /The conclusions and opinions of this monograph are the sole responsibility of the author, and do not necessarily reflect those of the Law and Population Programme, the Fletcher School, or any of the supporting agencies. I Printed in the U.S.A. The Abortion Experience 16 International Status of Abortion Legalization Luke T. Lee, J.D., Ph.D. Where an act declared "criminal" continues to be widely practiced with little effort at enforcement by the authorities, and where the harmful effects of keeping this crime on the books appear to outweigh those objectives which were originally sought by the law- makers, the question of repeal or revision inevitably arises. Such being the dilemma posed by abortion legislation, it is useful to examine briefly the different forces at work toward abortion legalization, followed by an analysis of the various judicial and legislative responses. FORCES WORKING TOWARD ABORTION LEGALIZATION High Rates of Illegal Abortion and Attendant Health Risks Despite the difficulty of measuring precisely the rates and risks of illegal abortion, the following estimates nevertheless reflect the magnitude of the problem posed by illegal abortion. In Egypt, for example, it has been estimated that 4O% of hospital admissions for deliveries and preg- nancy complications were actually for abortions and their complications.' Recent records of two university hospitals suggest the existence of one abortion for every two births, notwithstanding the restrictive nature of the Egyptian Penal Code on abortion.- Reports from Turkey indicate that, during the late 1950s and early 338 Internalional Status of Abortion Legalization 339 1960s, there were 500,000 abortions and 10,000 deaths each y'ear from abortion operations, few of which took place ill hospitals because of their illegality) The number of illegal abortions in France has been estimated on the average at bctween 250,000 and 300.000 per year, with some aul- thorities claiming a nrich higher figure., A conservative estimate of the number of abortions performed an- nua!hl in Belgium is 30,000, as compared with 50,000 births.7) In Italy. the annual nmber of interrupted pregnancies during the 1960s reportedl.y fluctuated around 150,000, a large numl)er of which were illegal abortions." Twoi other estimates have put the annual num- bers of illegal abortions at a maximunim o, 500,000- and between 800,000 and 3,000.000, respectively. High numbers of maternal deaths occur every year as a result of malpractices that run the gamut from the use of herbs to primitive, unsophisticated instruments.' A 1966 estimate in Switzerland has placed the ratio of illegal abortions to births at 1 to 2.'" Available data between 1961 and 1968 from the United Kingdom have indicated that the death rates for criminal abortion were from three and one half to eight times higher than the death rates for thera- peutic abortion.'' When all abortions were illegal in the Soviet Union between 1917 and 1920, it was estimated that up to 50% of women resorting to abortion became infected in the course of operation and that ip to 4% died as a result of the procedure. The 1920 decree legalizing abortion had as its aim the combating of the evils of clandestine abortion.'2 In Chile, 8% of all hospital admissions have been for patients with postabortal complications; these patients have occupied one-fourth of all maternih beds in Maternal Health Service hospitals."a The death rate in the Late 1960s was estinlated at 150-200 per 100,000 abortions, with most of the abortions being illegal.'' Indeed, it is estimated that 50% of pregnancies in Latin Anwrica are currently terminated bv illegal al)ortions-resulting in the death of four times as many women as in countries wher(e abortions are legal.' In the United States, estimates on the number of illegal abortions ranged from 200.000 to 1.200.000 every year prior to the Supreme Court decisions on Roe v. Wade and Doe v. Bolton on January 22, 1973.'" In a recent study in the United States involving more than 600 young people between 13 and 19 years of age, it was estimated that 10% of all American female adolescents had been pregnant at least once. Among the nonvirgin girls, 11% of those betveer; the ages of 13 and 15 and 28% of those between 16 and 19 reported having been pregnant. That many of them resorted to abortions is evidenced by the opinion of the majority of the adolescents interviewed: "If tvo people are going to 340 The Abortion Experience have a baby that neither persol really wants, it is all right for the girl to have an abortion."': The above statistics suffice to show the prevalence of illegal abortion, even among predomiflautly Moslem and Catholic states, with the at- tendant high mortality rates. Impact of Abortion Legalization upon Illegal Abortion and Birth Rates Until the enactment of a more liberal abortion law in 1957, the number of criminal abortims in Czechoslovakia was estimated at approximately 8 100.(0)-300,(X)0 per year, as compared to only 2000-7000 legal
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