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Apresentação Do Powerpoint REVISÃO DA FAMÍLIA GEASTRACEAE CORDA (GEASTRALES, BASIDIOMYCOTA) COM ÊNFASE EM ESPÉCIES NEOTROPICAIS Julieth de Oliveira Sousa ________________________________________________ Tese de Doutorado Natal/RN, fevereiro de 2019 JULIETH DE OLIVEIRA SOUSA REVISÃO DA FAMÍLIA GEASTRACEAE CORDA (GEASTRALES, BASIDIOMYCOTA) COM ÊNFASE EM ESPÉCIES NEOTROPICAIS ORIENTADOR: IURI GOULART BASEIA (UFRN) CO-ORIENTADORA: MARÍA PAZ MARTÍN (RJB-Espanha) Natal - RN 2019 JULIETH DE OLIVEIRA SOUSA REVISÃO DA FAMÍLIA GEASTRACEAE CORDA (GEASTRALES, BASIDIOMYCOTA) COM ÊNFASE EM ESPÉCIES NEOTROPICAIS Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós- graduação em Sistemática e Evolução da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, em cumprimento às exigências para obtenção do título de Doutora em Sistemática e Evolução. Aprovada em: 26 de fevereiro de 2019. Comissão Examinadora: __________________________________________________________________ Dr. Iuri Goulart Baseia – UFRN (presidente) __________________________________________________________________ Dr. Bruno Tomio Goto – UFRN __________________________________________________________________ Dra. Raquel Cordeiro Theodoro – UFRN __________________________________________________________________ Dra. Bianca Denise Barbosa da Silva – UFBA __________________________________________________________________ Dra. Rhudson Henrique Santos Ferreira da Cruz – UFOB Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte - UFRN Sistema de Bibliotecas - SISBI Catalogação de Publicação na Fonte. UFRN - Biblioteca Setorial Prof. Leopoldo Nelson - •Centro de Biociências - CB Sousa, Julieth de Oliveira. Revisão da família Geastraceae corda (Geastrales, Basidiomycota) com ênfase em espécies neotropicais / Julieth de Oliveira Sousa. - Natal, 2019. 164 f.: il. Tese (Doutorado) - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte. Centro de Biociências. Programa de Pós-Graduação em 1. Fungos gasteroides - Tese. 2. Estrelas-da-terra - Tese. 3. Barcode - Tese. 4. Phallomycetidae - Tese. 5. Taxonomia - Tese. I. Baseia, Iuri Goulart. II. Martín, María Paz. III. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte. IV. Título. RN/UF/BSE-CB CDU 582.281.21 Elaborado por KATIA REJANE DA SILVA - CRB-15/351 DEDICATÓRIA Dedico este trabalho a todos os pesquisadores brasileiros, incluindo os alunos de pós-graduação. AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço a Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, instituição a qual estou vinculada há 10 anos, por proporcionar o suporte necessário para minha formação desde a graduação (2009) até o doutorado (2019). Sou grata aos órgãos de fomento: Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoa de Nível Superior (CAPES) e Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) pelo financiamento deste trabalho e pelas Bolsas de Doutorado (por um ano em 2015/2016) e Doutorado Sanduíche (por quatro meses em 2017). Agradeço também a Pós-Graduação em Sistemática e Evolução. Hoje, como servidora da UFRN, eu devo agradecer ao Departamento de Nutrição, onde estou lotada, por ter me concedido afastamento por quatro meses para realizar Doutorado Sanduíche no Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid- Espanha. Aos meus orientadores Prof. Iuri Baseia e Profa. María P. Martín sou extremamente grata. O Prof. Iuri, que é meu orientador desde a graduação, eu devo agradecer pela confiança que sempre depositou no meu trabalho e por todo o suporte que me conferiu durante esses anos. A Profa. María eu agradeço imensamente por tudo que vem me ensinando e por tornar este trabalho possível. Sou grata aos professores Bianca Silva, Bruno Goto, Raquel Theodoro e Rhudson Cruz por aceitarem participar da avaliação deste trabalho. Agradeço a todos os coautores dos artigos resultado desta tese e os colegas do Laboratório de Biologia de Fungos que colaboraram de alguma forma para a realização deste trabalho. Os agradecimentos a familiares e amigos serão feitos pessoalmente, mas deixo aqui registrado a gratidão a todos que contribuíram direta ou indiretamente para que eu finalizasse esta etapa. RESUMO Cerca de 97% das espécies fúngicas existentes ainda não foram descritas pela ciência, mesmo a identificação sendo embasamento para uma gama de estudos aplicados (e.x. bioprospecção, evolução, ecologia, conservação). A utilização dos códigos de barras moleculares (barcodes) vem auxiliando a delimitação de espécies. Sobretudo para os fungos gasteroides (Basidiomycota), o espaçador transcrito interno do DNA ribossômico nuclear (ITS) vem demostrando eficiência para o descobrimento de uma diversidade escondida. A família Geastraceae é constituída pelos gêneros gasteroides Geastrum e Myriostoma, sendo os espécimes popularmente conhecidos como estrelas- da-terra (earthstars). Embora seja uma das mais ricas da ordem Geastrales, o conhecimento sobre a diversidade desta família apresenta lacunas, especialmente na região Neotropical, onde há países megadiversos, “hotspots” e ecossistemas tropicais, os quais demonstram elevado potencial para abrigar uma diversidade escondida. Assim, objetiva-se revisar coleções de representantes da família Geastraceae, enfatizando os que apresentam distribuição Neotropical. As análises basearam-se em dados morfológicos e moleculares. Foram investigadas 215 amostras provenientes de 10 diferentes herbários nacionais e internacionais; sendo destas 14 coleções tipo. A metodologia consistiu em uma profunda revisão dos caracteres morfológicos, além de análises filogenéticas moleculares das regiões ITS, LSU, ATP6, RPB2 e TEF1α, sobre os critérios de Máxima Parcimônia, Máxima Verossimilhança e Inferência Bayesiana. Foram geradas 186 sequências novas, as quais foram comparadas com 294 sequências homólogas provenientes do banco de dados GenBank. Foram descritas 12 espécies novas de Geastrum: G. laevisporum J.O. Sousa & Baseia; G. pusillipilosum J.O. Sousa et al.; G. verrucoramulosum T.S. Cabral, J.O. Sousa & Baseia; G. magnosporum J.O. Sousa et al.; G. caatingense J.O. Sousa, M.P. Martín & Baseia; G. parvistellum J.O. Sousa, M.P. Martín & Baseia; G. baculicrystallum J.O. Sousa et al.; G. brunneocapillatum J.O. Sousa et al.; G. courtecuissei P.-A. Moreau & C. Lécuru, G. neoamericanum J.O. Sousa et al.; G. rubellum P.-A. Moreau & C. Lécuru; G. rubropusillum J.O. Sousa et al. O nome Geastrum hirsutum Baseia & Calonge foi revalidado e teve sequência de seu parátipo disponibilizano GenBank. Para o gênero Myriostoma duas espécies novas foram descritas: M. calongei Baseia, J.O. Sousa, & M.P. Martín e M. australianum J.O. Sousa Baseia & M.P. Martín; ademais, foram propostas duas combinações novas: M. areolatum (Calonge & M. Mata) M.P. Martín, J.O. Sousa & Baseia e M. capillisporum (V.J. Stanek) L.M. Suz et al. Foram propostos, também, um lectótipo e um epitipo para a espécie M. coliforme (Dicks.) Corda. Os dados gerados por esta revisão modificaram as interpretações sobre a sistemática de Geastraceae, sendo possível comprovar que os complexos de espécies existentes subestimavam a diversidade da família Geatraceae em região Neotropical. Palavras chave: barcode; estrelas-da-terra; fungos gasteroides; Phallomycetidae; taxonomia. ABSTRACT About 97% of existing fungi species have not been described by science, although the identification being the basis for many appliced studies (ex: bioprospecting, evolution, ecology, conservation). Barcodes have been very useful to species delimitation. Mainly for gasteroid fungi (Basidiomycota), the Internal Transcribed Spacer of Nuclear rDNA (ITS) has demonstrated to be very efficacy to discover hidden diversity. The family Geastraceae is constituted by the gasteroid genus Geastrum and Myriostoma, being the specimens popularly known as earthstars. Although it is one of the richest families in the Geastrales order, the knowledge about the diversity of this family has gaps, especially in the Neotropical region, where there are megadiverse countries, “hotspots” and tropical ecosystems, which have high potential to shelter hidden diversity. Thus, this study aimed to review collections of family Geastraceae, emphasizing those with Neotropical distribution. Two hundred and fifteen samples from 10 distinct international and national fungal collections were investigated, of these, 14 type collections. The methodoly consisted in a deep revision of morphological characters, besides the molecular phylogenetic analyses of the DNA regions ITS, LSU, ATP6, RPB2 e TEF1α, following Maximum Parsimony, Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian inference criteria. There were generated 186 new sequences, which were compared with 294 homologue sequences from GenBank data. Twelve news species of Geastrum were described: G. laevisporum J.O. Sousa & Baseia; G. pusillipilosum J.O. Sousa et al.; G. verrucoramulosum T.S. Cabral, J.O. Sousa & Baseia; G. magnosporum J.O. Sousa et al.; G. caatingense J.O. Sousa, M.P. Martín & Baseia; G. parvistellum J.O. Sousa, M.P. Martín & Baseia; G. baculicrystallum J.O. Sousa et al.; G. brunneocapillatum J.O. Sousa et al.; G. courtecuissei P.-A. Moreau & C. Lécuru, G. neoamericanum J.O. Sousa et al.; G. rubellum P.-A. Moreau & C. Lécuru; G. rubropusillum J.O. Sousa et al. For the genus Myriostoma, two new species were described: M. calongei Baseia, J.O. Sousa, & M.P. Martín and M. australianum J.O. Sousa Baseia & M.P. Martín; moreover, two new combinations were proposed: M. areolatum (Calonge & M. Mata) M.P. Martín, J.O. Sousa & Baseia and M. capillisporum (V.J. Stanek) L.M. Suz et al. A lectotype and an epitype for the specie M. coliforme (Dicks.) Corda was elected. The data generated by this revision changed the systematic interpretations about the
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