MDS1TRW The Roman World: Myth and Empire The Republic: History and Literature

Rhiannon Evans Rome: the Republic

• The Roman Republic: 510/9 - 27 BCE • Mid-Republic 4th-2nd c. BCE

Jupiter in quadriga le, driven by Victory 225-212 BC hp://www.humanies.mq.edu.au/acans/caesar/Intro_Moneyer.htm

The Growth of the Roman Empire

• RED 146BCE GREEN 14CE • YELLOW 46BCE PINK 117CE Italy during the Republic

• Rome becomes dominant in 4th-3rd c. BCE • Lan • except Hellenised south • socii = allies • foedus = alliance • formula togarum • Laum: ius Lai • vs. rest of Italy • Social War 91-87 BCE hp://www.usu.edu/markdamen/ClasDram/images/12/05map01italy500bce.jpg

hp://www.big-italy-map.co.uk

Carthage

• Economic control of the Mediterranean • Carthage/Sicily/ Italy Three Punic Wars: 264-241, 218-201, 149-146 BCE

hp://www.uncp.edu/home/rwb/lecture_med_civ.htm

The Second Punic War

• 218-201 BCE • Hannibal

hp://www.phoenician.org/carthage_hannibal_barca.htm

The Second Punic War

• 218-201 BCE • Hannibal • 216 BCE Bale of Cannae - Romans lose 50,000 troops

http://factsanddetails.com/world.php?itemid=2094

The Punic Wars

Rome vs. Carthage: • Second Punic War • Scipio Africanus • Bale of Zama 202 BCE

Profile of a young Scipio Africanus the Elder from a gold signet ring from Capua (late 3rd or early 2nd century B.C.E.). http://0.tqn.com/d/ancienthistory/1/G/B/h/2/Scipio.jpg • Third Punic War: 149-46 BCE • 146 BCE Carthage razed to ground, salt ploughed into soil

Rome’s Wars: 3rd-2nd century BCE

Carthage: • 3 Punic Wars • 146 BCE Carthage razed to ground, salt ploughed into soil • New provinces: North Africa and Spain

Greece • 146 BCE Corinth razed to the ground • Greek provinces - Macedonia and Achaea

Romans and Greeks

• Greeks in Southern Italy • 3rd & 2nd c. BCE - literature, philosophy, science, art and architecture • 167 BCE - Aristotle’s library & 150,000 Greek slaves from Macedonia ! ! Romans and Greeks

• Greeks in Southern Italy • 3rd & 2nd c. BCE - literature, philosophy, science, art and architecture • 167 BCE - Aristotle’s library & 150,000 Greek slaves from Macedonia

‘Captured Greece captured its savage conqueror and brought the arts into rusc Laum’ Horace Epistles 2.1.156 The Mid-Republic: summary

• Time of wealth and prosperity for Rome – control Italy, Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, Spain, and Illyricum by the mid-2nd century BCE

• Greek culture and luxury goods influence and fascinate the Romans Early Roman Literature 250 -150 BCE

• Epic & drama • Epic poets Livius Andronicus (Greek, became a Roman) Naevius (Roman) Ennius (S. Italian)

• Literary colonizaon: Livius’ translaon of Odyssey (c. 250)

• 220s Naevius’ epic Punica = Naonal epic

• Ennius Annales - Naonal epic - history of Rome to mid 3rd century BCE Roman Drama

• 240 Livius Andronicus produced 1st play at Roman Games (ludi Romani) • 235 Naevius • c. 230 Ennius. • Plautus first dramast (not epic poet) – lived c.250 - c. 184, acve 215 on. The Greek origins of Roman comedy

• 3rd c. BCE: Livius Andronicus • Athenian New Comedy • vs. 5th c. Old Comedy – Aristophanes • Old Comedy & democracy Vase showing scene from Aristophanes’ Birds Gey Museum, Malibu

hp://www.perseus.tus.edu/hopper/arfact?name=Malibu%2082.AE.83&object=Vase

The Greek origins of Roman comedy

• Athenian New Comedy • New Comedy – Hellenisc period = domesc & romanc situaons

• Menander (c. 342–291 BCE) • Menander’s Dyskolos

Bust of ‘Menander’, Capitoline Museum, Rome

hp://santafarella.wordpress.com/2009/01/24/2nd-century-roman-marble-bust-of-menander-the-greek-playwright-circa-3rd-century-bce/

ROMAN COMEDY fabulae palliatae – stories in Greek dress • Plautus (c. 254 to 184 BCE) – 20 comedies including Pseudolus • Terence (195-160 BCE) - 6 comedies

Roman Theater - Context When were plays performed

• One off occasions: funerals, triumphs, dedicaons

• Roman ludi scaenici (‘stage games’) • - Ludi Megalenses: Great Mother (Magna Mater) in April • - Ludi Florales: Flora - April/ May. • - Ludi Apollinares – Apollo - July • - Ludi Romani - Jupiter - Sept. • - Ludi Plebeii – Jupiter - Nov.

Roman Theater – Context Who pays?

• financed by magistrates • Aediles (or Urban Praetor)

Mosaic from House of the Tragic Poet, Pompeii (Museo Archaeologico Nazionale, Naples

hp://www.ancientworlds.net/aw/Post/311291

Roman Comedy: Actors

• male actors • wore masks & pallium • also singers: canca • infamia: actors are infames (like other performers - gladiators, prostutes)

Next lecture:

MDS1TRW: The Roman World Lecture 5: Roman Comedy: Plautus Pseudolus