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Spatial and Temporal Analyses of the Harbor at Antiochia Ad Cragum Meredith Gretz Marten

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Spatial and Temporal Analyses of the Harbor at Antiochia Ad Cragum Meredith Gretz Marten Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2005 Spatial and Temporal Analyses of the Harbor at Antiochia ad Cragum Meredith Gretz Marten Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL ANALYSES OF THE HARBOR AT ANTIOCHIA AD CRAGUM By MEREDITH GRETZ MARTEN A Thesis submitted to the Department of Anthropology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Degree Awarded: Fall Semester, 2005 The members of the Committee approve the Thesis of Meredith Gretz Marten defended on 27 October 2005. Cheryl Ward Professor Directing Thesis William Parkinson Committee Member David Stone Committee Member Approved: Dean Falk, Chair, Department of Anthropology Joseph Travis, Dean, College of Arts and Sciences The Office of Graduate Studies has verified and approved the above named committee members. ii To Dad, Sharon and Mike, for your love, support and understanding. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am very thankful for the many people who contributed their time, energy and support in the completion of this thesis. First of all, I would like to thank Dr. Cheryl Ward for the opportunity to work with the Rough Cilicia Maritime Archaeological Project at Antioch in 2004. It was an amazing adventure and a beautiful place, and allowed me to share in her passion for anthropology. More importantly, however, Cheryl has been a wonderful advisor and friend these past few years, and I am grateful for the opportunity to have studied with her at Florida State. I would also like to thank committee members Drs. William Parkinson and David Stone for their knowledge, guidance and patience with this thesis. Thank you Dr. Nicholas Rauh of the Rough Cilicia Archaeological Survey Project for coordinating the summer 2004 season and for working toward the important goal of understanding a historically misunderstood cultural minority. Thanks for a wonderful field season. The project would not have been possible without the support of the National Science Foundation (Grant BCS-0240211), Florida State University and the Nautical Archaeology Research Fund at FSU, as well as the Academic Diving Program for equipment and training. The Turkish Ministry of Culture was instrumental in the success of our field season, thanks especially to G. Savran. Graduate school may have given me a heart attack were it not for the funniest and most caring person alive residing in the next room, Beth Chambless. Thank you for holding my hand throughout comps, Parkinson’s final, Wilson Phillips and the occasional meltdown. I am indebted to Rachel Horlings for her friendship throughout our adventures in Turkey, underwater and at 1820 Medart, and for her help and advice during the thesis process. To Erik, thank you for your friendship, companionship, and for reading endlessly about the “steep rocky bluffs.” And to Jim, thanks for the edits and the 2 am phone calls, but especially for keeping me sane. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables ................................................................................................ Page vii List of Figures ................................................................................................ Page viii Abstract ...................................................................................................... Page xi 1. Rough Cilician Piracy and Trade................................................................. Page 1 Introduction................................................................................................. Page 1 Piracy in Rough Cilicia............................................................................... Page 2 Historical Background of Roman Imperial Expansion and Rough Cilician Piracy............................................................................................. Page 3 Geography of Rough Cilicia ....................................................................... Page 4 History of Early Occupation....................................................................... Page 6 Summary..................................................................................................... Page 14 2. Theoretical Overview .................................................................................. Page 15 Introduction................................................................................................. Page 15 Capitalism as a Cultural System in Contemporary Theory ........................ Page 16 A Theoretical Analysis of Piracy in Rough Cilicia .................................... Page 25 Summary..................................................................................................... Page 32 3. Rough Cilicia Archaeological Survey Project and Maritime Survey......... Page 34 Introduction................................................................................................. Page 34 Terrestrial Survey ....................................................................................... Page 34 Maritime Survey ......................................................................................... Page 38 Maritime Survey Methods .......................................................................... Page 40 Summary..................................................................................................... Page 52 4. Project Data, Artifact Identification and Analysis...................................... Page 54 Introduction................................................................................................. Page 54 Artifacts Used in Analysis .......................................................................... Page 54 Ceramic Assemblage .................................................................................. Page 57 Anchor Assemblage.................................................................................... Page 59 Identification and Analysis of Ceramic and Anchor Assemblages ............ Page 63 Miscellaneous Artifacts .............................................................................. Page 73 v Summary..................................................................................................... Page 75 5. Macroecology and Rough Cilicia ............................................................... Page 77 Introduction................................................................................................. Page 77 Artifact Distribution.................................................................................... Page 77 Preliminary Conclusions............................................................................. Page 81 Harbor Archaeology ................................................................................... Page 87 Historical and Cultural Anthropological Applications ............................... Page 96 Summary ................................................................................................ Page 99 6. Conclusions................................................................................................. Page 101 APPENDICES ................................................................................................ Page 105 A Catalog of Ceramic Assemblage........................................................... Page 105 B Catalog of Iron and Wooden Anchor Assemblage ............................... Page 114 C Catalog of Stone Anchors ..................................................................... Page 122 REFERENCES ................................................................................................ Page 130 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH .............................................................................. Page 141 vi LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Stone anchor types and descriptions...................................................... Page 60 Table 2: Stone anchor types, descriptions and locations within the harbor......... Page 61 Table 3: Iron anchor types, locations and measurements found in the harbor at Antioch............................................................................................................. Page 62 Table 4: Tentative identification of diagnostic shipping jar remains .................. Page 65 Table 5: Iron anchors found in the harbor at Antioch and associated date ranges ................................................................................................................... Page 72 Table 6: Comparative ship and anchor measurements ........................................ Page 72 Table 7: Harbor site comparisons ........................................................................ Page 90 Table 8: Catalog of Ceramic Assemblage ........................................................... Page 111 Table 9: Catalog of Ceramic Assemblage, continued.......................................... Page 112 Table 10: Catalog of Ceramic Assemblage, continued........................................ Page 113 Table 11: Catalog of Iron and Wooden Anchors................................................. Page 120 Table 12: Catalog of Iron and Wooden Anchors, continued ............................... Page 121 Table 13: Catalog of Stone Anchors.................................................................... Page 127 Table 14: Catalog of Stone Anchors, continued.................................................. Page 128 Table 15: Catalog of Miscellaneous Finds .........................................................
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