EIGHTY-THIRD

ANNUAL REPORT

O F T H E

AMERICAN BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS

FOR

FOREIGN MISSIONS.

PRESENTED AT THB

MEETING HELD AT WORCESTER, MASSACHUSETTS,

OCTOBER 10-13, *8 9 3 -

PUBLISHED BY THE BOARD,

I SOMERSET STREET, BOSTON. PRESS OF SAMUEL USHER, BOSTON, MASS. MINUTES OF THE ANNUAL MEETING.

T h e American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions commenced its Eighty- fourth Annual Meeting in Mechanics Hall, Worcester, Mass., October 10, 1893, at three o’clock in the afternoon.

CORPORATE MEMBERS PRESENT Cyrus Hamlin, D.D., LL.D., Lexington. Elnathan E. Strong, D.D., Auburndale. Maine. Albert H. Plumb, d .d ., Boston Highlands. Joseph S. Wheelwright, Esq., Bangor. Judson Smith, D .D ., Boston. Jona. L. Jenkins, D .D., Portland. Franklin Carter, LL .D ., Williamstown. William H. Fenn, D.D., Portland. Hon. James White, Williamstown. Rev. William P. Fisher, Brunswick. Michael Burnham, D.D., Springfield. Galen C. Moses, Esq., Bath. John Lincoln Barry, Esq., Dorchester. George H. Eaton, Esq., Calais. G. Henry Whitcomb, Esq., Worcester. New Hampshire. Edward A. Studley, Esq., Boston. Arthur Little, D.D., Dorchester. Samuel C. Bartlett, d .d ., l l .d ., Hanover. Rev. George A. Tewksbury, Concord. Hon. John W . Noyes, Chester. Alexander McKenzie, D .D ., Cambridge. Alonzo H. Quint, D.D., Dover. Rev. Payson W . Lyman, Fall River. E. P. Kimball, Esq., Portsmouth. Charles C. Creegan, D.D., Boston. Vermont. Albert E. Dunning, D.D., Jamaica Plain. Charles F. Thompson, Esq., Brattleborough. Lyman S. Rowland, D .D ., Lee. Edward Hawes, D.D., Burlington. Rev. David N. Beach, Cambridge. Matthew H. Buckham, D.D., Burlington. Hon. J. M. W . Hall, Cambridge. Rev. H. Fairbanks, PH .D ., St. Johnsbury. Henry D. Hyde, Esq., Boston. William S. Smart, D.D., Brandon. Rev. John R. Thurston, Whitinsville. George W . Phillips, D.D., Rutland. John D. Kingsbury, D .D ., Bradford. Hon. Franklin Fairbanks, St. Johnsbury. Edwin H. Baker, Esq., Ware. Charles W . Osgood, Esq., Bellows Falls. Thomas Weston, Esq., Newton. Ezra A. Stevens, Esq., Malden. Massachusetts. Rev. W . W. Jordan, Clinton. Augustus C. Thompson, D.D., Boston. Samuel E. Herrick, D .D ., Boston. Nathaniel George Clark, D.D., Boston. Henry M. Moore, Esq., Somerville. Langdon S. Ward, Esq., Boston. J. E. Tuttle, D .D ., Amherst. Daniel T . Fiske, D.D., Newburvport Wm. F. Day, Esq., Boston. Joshua W . Wellman, D.D., Malden. Edmund K. Alden, D.D., Boston. Rhode Island. Edwin B. Webb, D.D., Wellesley. Hon. Amos C. Barstow, Providence. Theron H. Hawkes, D.D., Springfield. Thomas Laurie, D.D., Providence. Thomas P. Field, D .D ., Amherst. James G. Vose, D.D., Providence. A. E. P. Perkins, D.D., Worcester. Royal C. Taft, Esq., Providence. Daniel L. Furber, D.D., Newton Centre. Francis W . Carpenter, Esq., Providence. Richard H. Stearns, Esq., Boston. Samuel Johnson, Esq., Boston. Connecticut. Egbert C. Smyth, D.D., Andover. Charles R. Palmer, D.D., Bridgeport. Rev. John W . Harding, Longmeadow. Hon. Nathaniel Shipman, Hartford. Samuel D. Smith, Esq., West Roxbury. Rev. Joseph W. Backus, Plainville. A. Lyman Williston, Esq., Northampton. Jonathan N. Harris, Esq., New London. M. McG. Dana, D.D., Lowell. Robbins Battell, Esq., Norfolk. Charles C. Burr, Esq., Auburndale. George L. Walker, D.D., Hartford. Elbridge Torrey, Esq., Boston. Lewis A. Hyde, Esq., Norwich. William H. Wilcox, D.D., Malden. Azel VV. Hazen, D.D., Middletown. Sewall G. Mack, Esq., Lowell. Elbert B. Monroe, Esq., Southport. Thomas J. Borden, Esq., Fall River. James W . Cooper, D .D ., New Britain. iv Minutes of the Annual Meeting.

George P. Fisher, D.D., New Haven. Michigan. Rev. Edward M. Williams, Groton. Hon. Byron M. Cutcheon, Grand Rapids. Rowland Swift, Esq., Hartford. W . H. Davis, D.D., Detroit. Hon. Chester Holcombe, Hartford. S. LeRov Blake, D .D., New London. Wisconsin. S. H . Howe, D.D., Norwich. Elijah Swift, Esq., Eau Claire. Rev. Joseph H. Twichell, Hartford. Edward D. Eaton, D.D., Beloit. Hon. Charles E. Mitchell, New Britain. E. D. Smith, Esq., Menasha. Waterman R. Burnham, Esq., Norwich. Minnesota. Justin E. Twitchell, D.D., New Haven. James W . Strong, D.D., Northfield. New York. Smith Baker, D.D., Minneapolis. Richard S. Storrs D.D., LL.D., Brooklyn. Iowa. Zebuion S. Ely, Esq., New York City. George F. Magoun, D.D., Grinnell. L. Henry Cobb, D.D., New York City. Henry A. Stimson, D .D., New York City. Missouri. E. N. Packard, D.D., Syracuse. Henry Hopkins, D.D ., Kansas City. A. J. F. Behrends, D .D ., Brooklyn, Augustus W . Benedict, Esq., St. Louis. Frank Russell, D .n ., New York City. Oregon. Jas. P. Wallace, Esq., Brooklyn. John F. Anderson, J r., Esq., Brooklyn. Rev. T . Eaton Clapp, Portland. John H. Washburn, Esq., New York City. Canada. William E. Park, D .D ., Gloversville. William M. Barbour, D.D., Montreal. Frank P. Woodbury, D.D., New York City. John D. Cutter, Esq., Brooklyn. S. H. Virgin, D.D., New York City. MALE HONORARY MEMBERS REPORTED Joseph E. Brown, Esq., Brooklyn. Charles H. Daniels, D.D., New York City. AS PRESENT.

New Jersey. Maine. Henry M. Storrs, D .D., Orange. Rev. J. S. Williamson, Augusta. Samuel Holmes, Esq., Montclair. Rev. O. W . Folsom, Bath. A . H. Bradford, D J)., Montclair. Rev. Geo. W . Reynolds, Gorham. Rev. Jas. Richmond, Litchfield Comer. Pennsylvania Rev. C. D . Crane, Newcastle. George L. Weed, Esq., Philadelphia. Daniel Choate, Portland. Cyrus Nowell, Portland. District o f Columbia. Rev. D. M. Pratt, Portland. E. Whittlesey, D.D., Washington. Warren Sparrow, Portland. J. E. Rankin, D.D., Washington. New Hampshire. Ohio. Rev. E. G. Parsons, Derry. Calvin B. Hulbert, D .D ., Adams Mills. Rev. B. F. Parsons, Derry. James Brand, d .d ., Oberlin. Rev. George E. Hall, Dover. Charles F. Thwing, D.D., Cleveland. Edward Robie, D.D., Greenland. George R. Leavitt, D .D ., Cleveland. S. P. Leeds, D .D ., Hanover. Washington Gladden, d .d ., Columbus. Rev. W . W . Livingston, Jaffrey. Rev. G. H. DeBevoise, Keene. Illinois. Rev. M. J. Allen, Littleton. George N. Boardman, d .d ., Chicago. Rev. C. E. Gordon, Lyme. Edward P. Goodwin, D .D ., Chicago. Rev. M. P. Dickey, Milton. E. W . Blatchford, Esq., Chicago. R. W . Emerson, Nashua. Simon J. Humphrey, D .D ., Chicago. Geo. G. Williams, Rindge. Rev. Moses Smith, Glencoe. Rev. G. L . Bard, Walpole. Charles H. Case, Esq., Chicago. Rev. W . E. Locke, Westmoreland. James G. Johnson, D.D., Chicago. Franklin W . Fisk, D .D., Chicago. Vermont. J. K . Scarborough, Esq., Payson. Rev. Henry M. Perkins, Derby. G . S. F. Savage, D .D ., Chicago. Rev. John C. Houghton, Middlebury. J. M. Sturtevant, D.D., Galesburg. Rev. Chas. S. Smith, Montpelier. E. H. Pitkin, Esq., Ridgeland. Henry D. Hall, North Bennington. Rev. A. N. Hitchcock, PH .D ., Chicago. C. M. Lamson, D.D., St. Johnsbmy. Minutes of the Annual Meeting. v

Massachusetts. Rev. Geo. W . Osgood, Newburyport. Rev. Geo. A. Hood, Newton. Rev. F. L. Goodspeed, Amherst. E. H. Byington, D.D., Newton. Rev. F. J. Fairbanks, Amherst. Rev. J. J. Blair, Andover. Rev. J. M. Dutton, Newtonville. Asa Adams, North Amherst. George Harris, D.D., Andover. Rev. G. E. Fisher, North Amherst. W . F. Draper, Andover. Rev. J. H. Childs, Northbridge. Rev. S. C. Bushnell, Arlington. C. W . Nutting, North Brookfield. Rev. C. M. Pierce, Auburn. Rev. N. Lincoln, North Carver. Rev. Wm. S. Smith, Aubumdale. Rev. H. H. Hamilton, North Lexington. H. A. Hazen, D .D ., Aubumdale. Rev. E. W . Shurtleff, Plymouth. Geo. M. Adams, D.D., Aubumdale. Rev. G. A. Hall, Peabody. Rev. Calvin Cutter, Aubumdale. Geo. F. Osborne, Peabody. Rev. Edwin Smith, Bedford. Rev. Chas. A . White, Princeton. O. T . Lanphear, D.D., Beverly. Rev. F. S. Adams, Reading. Rev. William E. Strong, Beverly. Rev. Israel Ainsworth, Rockport. Rev. L. M. Pierce, Blackstone. B. F. Hamilton, D.D., Roxbury. Rev. Wm. E. Barton, Boston. DeWitt C. Clark, D.D., Salem. Benj. F. Dewing, Boston. Rev. C. L. Noyes, Somerville. A . P. Foster, D.D., Boston. Rev. Wm. Carr, Springfield. Geo. A. Gordon. D.D., Boston. Rev. F. B. Makepeace, Springfield. S. E. Herrick, D.D., Boston. Rev. H. P. Beach, Springfield. S. B. Pratt, Boston. Rev. L. H. Cone, Springfield. George P. Smith, Boston. Rev. Geo. H. Griffin, Springfield. Rev. D. W . Waldron, Boston. Rev. P. T . Farwell, Stockbridge. Rev. A. B. Peabody, Boxboro. Rev. Geo. E. Lovejoy, Stoneham. Rev. J. W. Kingsbury, Braintree. F. J. Stevens, South Framingham. Rev. I. C. White, Bridgewater. Rev. Edwin R. Hodgman, South Framingham. Rev. Charles Olmstead, Cambridge. Rev. John Colby, South Natick. H. Porter Smith, Cambridge. Rev. J. C. Hall, Sutton. Marshall Pease, Chicopee. B. M. Fullerton, D.D., Waltham. Rev. E. C. Ewing, Danvers. Rev. D. O. Clark, Warren. Rev. J. B. Seabury, Dedham. Rev. Jonathan Edwards, Wellesley. Rev. Hiram Houston, Dorchester. Rev. Daniel Shurtleff, Westfield. Rev. A. B. PefFers, Douglas. J. E. Hitchcock, Webster. Lyman Whiting, D.D., East Charlemont. Rev. H. A. Blake, Webster. L. D. Lyman, Easthampton. E. L. Spalding, Webster. Rev. Sumner G. Wood, Easthampton. S. H. Reed, West Brookfield. Rev. Albert Watson, Everett. Rev. H. W . Stebbins, West Medford. Wm. B. Kimball, Enfield. H. J. Patrick, D.D., West Newton. Rev. C. S. Brooks, Fitchburg. Chas. E. Swett, Winchester. George W . Bigelow, Framingham. Rev. D. A. Newton, Winchester. Rev. R. M. Woods, Hatfield. Rev. G. R. Hewitt, West Springfield. Rev. C. C. Torrey, Harvard. Rev. T . S. Robie, West Granville. Rev. C. M. Clark, Haverhill. Henry H. Smith, West Gardner. Rev. O. Bissell, Holland. Dr. J. Abbott, Winchendon. Rev. Sylvanus Hayward, Globe Village. Davis Foster, D.D., Winchendon. Rev. R. P. Hibbard, Gloucester. Rev. Wm. Slade, Williamstown. Rev. B. A. Robie, Grafton. Rev. Elijah Harmon, Wilmington. Rev. E. P. Blodgett, Greenwich. Wm. H. Bell, Worcester. Caleb T. Symmes, Lancaster. H. T. Cheever, D.D., Worcester. Rev. H. J. Richardson, Lincoln. A. Z. Conrad, D.D., Worcester. Rev. Charles Peabody, Longmeadow. Louis Dean, Worcester. Rev. George H. Johnson, Lowell. Edwin Eldred, Worcester. Rev. C. W . Huntington, Lowell. P. P. Gilbert, Worcester. Rev. W . A. Hadley, Lynn. George H. Gould, D.D., Worcester. Rev. A. H. Coolidge, Leicester. Rev. Mark Gould, Worcester. Rev. Edward Day, Lenox. Rev. S. D. Hosmer, Worcester. Rev. Geo. W . Stearns, Middleboro. Daniel Merriman, D.D., Worcester. Rev. N. T . Dyer, Medfield. Geo. L. Newton, Worcester. E. F. Morris, Monson. Rev. F. B. Vrooman, Worcester. v i Minutes of the Annual Meeting.

Rhode Island. New York.

F. P. Church, Barrington Centre. Rev. A. D. Stowell, Binghamton. Rev. H. A. Stevens, Bristol. R e v . F. S. Fitch, Buffalo. Rev. L. Z. Ferris, East Providence. Rev. Alexander Lewis, Brooklyn. Rev. A. L, Clark, Kingston. J. F. Underwood, Brooklyn. Rev. A. M. McGregor, Pawtucket. New Jersey. Phoebus W . Lyon, Bridgeton. Connecticut. Rev. Lewis Bond, Plainfield.

Rev. C. W . Park, Birmingham. Maryland. Jas. H. Bailey, Danielsonville. E. A. Lawrence, D.D., Baltimore. Wm. H. Chollar, Danielsonville. Henry N. Clemens, Danielsonville. Tennessee. Rev. Albert F. Pierce, Danbury. Charles S. Balcombe, Knoxville. Rev. \V. F. English, East Windsor. Ohio. Rev. Francis Williams, East Hartford. H. M. Ladd, d .d ., Cleveland. Rev. F. H. V iets, East Woodstock. William S. Williams, Glastonbury. South Dakota. G. S. Plumley, D.D., Greenfield HilL E. P. Wilson, Yankton. Rev. E. E. Lewis, Haddam. Canada. Rev. Geo. E. Sanborn, Hartford. Rev. A. H. Ball, Toronto. Charles M. Mead, D .D ., Hartford. Rev. D. J. Bliss, Leonard’s Bridge. MISSIONARIES PRESENT. Rev. Arthur Shirley, Lyme. Rev. Lewis Bond, Jr., and wife, European Turkey. Rev. John H. Mellish, Kiliingly. Mrs. Sarah E. Holbrook, Zulu Mission. David M. Camp, New Britain. Miss Laura B. Chamberlin, Western Turkey. E. X . Hinckley, Lebanon. I. F. Pettibone, D.D ., Western Turkey. Duncan S. Merwin, New Haven. Rev. James L. Barton and wife, Eastern Turkey. Rev. J. C. Meserve, New Haven. Miss Mary L. Daniels, Eastern Turkey. T . T . Munger, D.D., New Haven. Rev. George C. Raynolds, M .D., and wife, Eastern Newman Smyth, D .D ., New Haven. Turkey. Rev. G. A. Bryan, Norwich. Rev. Wm. 0 . Ballantine, M.D., and wife, Marathi Rev. C. T . Weitzel, Norwich. Mission. Wm. S. Palmer, D.D., Norwich Town. Rev. Henry Fairbank and wife, Marathi Mission. Rev. John DePeu, Norfolk. Rev. Edward S. Hume, Marathi Mission. L. P. Buell, Plainville. Rev. Robert A. Hume, Marathi Mission. Rev. J. W . Ballantine, Ridgefield. Miss Pauline Root, M.D., Madura Mission. Rev. Jas. Dingwell, Rockville. Rev. George H. Hubbard and wife, Foochow Rev. Wm. H. Beard, South Kiliingly. Mission. Rev. A. H. Post, Tolland. Miss Jane G. Evans, North China. Rev. W . A. Bushee, Wallingford. Rev. Henry Kingman, North China. Rev. Robert Pegrum, Watertown. C. W . P. Merritt, M .D., and wife, North China. Rev. S. H. Fellows, Wauregan. Miss Emily M. Brown, Japan. Rev. Wm. N. T . Dean, Woodstock. Rev. O. H. Gulick and wife, Japan. Rev. Geo. H. Cunningham, Thompson. Rev. C. M. Hyde and wife, Hawaiian Islands. Geo. R. Hyde, Yantic. Rev. John S. Porter and wife, Austria.

President Storrs took the chair, read the Scriptures and offered prayer. The hymn “ All hail the power of Jesus’ name! ” was sung. Rev. D. Merriman, d .d ., extended a welcome in behalf of the churches and people of Worcester, to which response was made by the President. The Minutes of the last meeting were read. The President appointed the following: — Committee on Nominations. — Pres. Edward D. Eaton, Hon. J. M. W. Hall, Rev.

J. G. Vose, d . d . , Rev. Michael Burnham, d . d . , Joseph E. Brown, Esq. On nomination of the President the following Committees were chosen: — Business Committee. — Hon. N. Shipman, John H. Washburn, Esq., Rev. Smith

Baker, d . d ., T . J. Borden, Esq., Rev. Henry Hopkins, d . d . Minutes of the Annual Meeting. v i i

Committee o f Arrangemetits. — Rev. D. Merriman, d .d ., G. Henry Whitcomb, Esq., Rev. C. M. Southgate, H. B. Lincoln, Esq., Rev. George W . Phillips, d .d . The President announced that various communications for the Board were in his hands, from the Suffolk North Association of Massachusetts, the Congregational Ministers’ Union of Chicago, 111., the Wisconsin Congregational Convention, a com­ pany of Corporate Members residing in Chicago, the Congregational Conference of Connecticut, and some Corporate Members residing in California. On motion of Rev. A. H. Quint, D .D ., the following resolution was adopted : — Resolved, That the various memorials referred to by the President be referred to a special Com­ mittee of fifteen persons to be appointed by the President, to which Committee shall also be referred all memorials, resolutions, and propositions touching the number and work of Secretaries and the Prudential Committee, the instructions given to the Prudential Committee in any matters within their province, appointments to missionary service, and any other kindred subjects ; which Com­ mittee is requested to make its reports at the earliest possible moment.

Rev. M. McG. Dana, D .D ., Prof. George P. Fisher, d .d ., Rev. H. Fairbanks, PH.D., Hon. Chester Holcombe, and E. A. Stevens, Esq., presented communications or resolutions, which were referred to the Committee to be appointed as above. Mr. J. D. Cutter offered the following resolution, which went, under the rules, to the Business Committee : — Resolved, That the Committee to nominate Corporate Members at the present meeting be and are hereby instructed to present a printed list of nominees, and to provide not less than 300 copies, one of which shall be furnished to each Corporate Member; and that action upon these nominations is hereby made a special order for the day following their presentation at three o'clock P.M. Rev. D. N. Beach raised a question as to the seating arrangements made for the members of the Board, and the Board expressed its satisfaction with those arrange­ ments as they are. Secretary Alden read the Report of the Prudential Committee on the Home Depart­ ment. A hymn was sung. Treasurer Ward presented a report of the financial affairs of the Board. The Recording Secretary read the report of the Auditors. Secretary Clark read that part of the Annual Survey relating to the Missions in Papal Lands, European Turkey, India, and Japan. Secretary Smith read that part of the Annual Survey relating to the Pacific Islands, China, Africa, and Asiatic Turkey. A hymn was sung. Adjournment was taken to 7.30 p .m .

TUESDAY.

The President took the chair at 7.30 o'clock. A hymn was sung. The Scripture was read by Rev. G. E. Hall, d .d ., and prayer was offered by Rev. D. N. Beach. A hymn was sung. The sermon was preached by Rev. A. J. Lyman, d .d ., from the text 1 Cor. 9: 19-23 : “ For though I be free from all men, yet have I made myseli servant unto all, that I might gain the more. And unto the Jews I became as a Jew, that I might gain the Jews ; to them that are under the law, as under the law, that I might gain them that are under the law; to them that are without law as without law, (being not under law to God, but under the law to Christ,) that I might gain them that are without law. To the weak became I as weak, that I might gain the weak 5 I am made all things to all men, that I might by all means save some.” Prayer was offered by the President, and adjournment taken to nine o’clock Wednes­ day morning. viii Minutes of the Annual Meeting.

WEDNESDAY MORNING.

The President took the chair at nine o’clock. A hymn was sung. Prayer was offered b y Rev. Cyrus Hamlin, d . d . The Minutes of yesterday’s sessions were read. The President appointed the following Committee, which was confirmed : — Special Committee o f Fifteen. — Hon. Henry D. Hyde, Rev. Alonzo H. Quint, d . d ., Rev. H. Fairbanks, PH.D., Rev. George B. Fisher, d .d ., Ezra A. Stevens, Esq., Rev. C. R. Palmer, Hon. J. M. W. Hall, Rev. C. F. Thwing, d .d ., Hon. C. Holcombe, Rev. S. C. Bartlett, d .d ., J. H. Washburn, Esq., Rev. James Brand, D .D ., A. L. Williston, Esq., Rev. S. H. Virgin, d .d ., Galen C. Moses, Esq. A motion w-as made and lost requiring the Committee to report in print. Dr. Webb presented a paper from some Corporate Members in Chicago, which was referred to the Business Committee. Dr. Quint presented in print the report of the Committee of Eleven, appointed last year, on the Relation of the Board to the Churches, and the report was laid upon the table. Secretary Alden read a paper from the Prudential Committee upon “ The Personal Factor in the Missionary Problem.” Notice was given by Hon. J. M. W- Hall of proposed amendments to By-laws ix and 14, changing the number of the Prudential Committee and allowing the Committee to fix the number of its own quorum. An address was made by Rev. James L. Barton, of Eastern Turkey. Prayer was offered by Rev. G. S. F. Savage, d .d ., and a hymn was sung. A paper by Secretary Clark from the Prudential Committee, on “ Two Unsolved Missionary Problems,” was read by Rev. C. H. Daniels, d .d . An address was made by Rev. Robert A. Hume, of India. The report of the Committee on the Treasurer’s Report was presented by E. H. Baker, Esq., the chairman, and was accepted. The Business Committee made report, through Judge Shipman, the chairman, offer­ ing the following resolution in the place of the recommendation referred to them, which was adopted: —

Resolved, That the Committee to Nominate Members to be elected at the present meeting be and is hereby instructed to present a printed list of their nominees, and to provide not less than 500 copies, one or more of which shall be furnished to each Corporate Member in attendance, as nearly as this is practicable, at the opening of the session on Thursday morning. Also, That suitable steps be taken to make this a permanent rule of procedure.

The Committee also reported on a proposal made in a communication from Corpo­ rate Members in Chicago that a change in the method of the Board in doing its business in public session be made so that the business at this meeting may be done in executive session, that in the judgment of the Committee the change is not to be recommended for the present meeting. The report was accepted. Secretary Smith read a paper from the Prudential Committee on “ The Work of the American Board in Africa.” Remarks were made by Rev. Josiah Tyler, presenting the report of the Committee on Africa, and the report was accepted. Prayer was offered by Secretary Woodbury, of the American Missionary Association. The report of the Nominating Committee was presented by the chairman, Pres. J. D. Eaton, and adopted as follows : — Committee on Treasurer's Report, to report next year. — R. H. Stearns, Esq., C. H. Case, Esq., E. D. Smith, Esq., Hon. Thos. Weston, Esq., G. H. Eaton, Esq., J. E. Brown, Esq., Hon. R. C. Taft. Committee on Home Department. — Rev. A. McKenzie, D .D ., Rev. Smith Baker, Minutes of the Annual Meeting. ix

D .D ., Rev. R. R. Meredith, d .d ., Samuel Holmes, Esq., E. H. Pitkin, Esq., Rev. J. W . Strong, d .d ., Lewis A. Hyde, Esq. Committee on Place and Preacher. — Rev. E. P. Goodwin, d .d ., Rev. M. McG. Dana, d .d ., Rev. S. E. Herrick, d .d ., Rev. Elijah Horr, d .d ., Rev. T. E. Clapp, d .d ., W. F. Day, Esq., A. W. Benedict, Esq. Cotmnittee to Nominate Officers. — Rev. Arthur Little, d .d ., Rev. George L. Walker, d .d ., Rev. W. H. Davis, d .d ., Elijah Swift, Esq., Pres. M. H. Buckham, E. H. Baker, Esq., Rev. J. E. Tuttle, D.D. Committee on Missions in Papal Lands. — Rev. S. J. Humphrey, d .d ., Rev. T . H. Hawkes, d .d ., Rev. G. H. DeBevoise, J. P. Wallace, Esq., H. W. Wilkinson, Esq., Rev. J. S. Porter, Rev. P. W . Lyman. Com7tiitlee on Missions in China.— Rev. George A. Gordon, d .d ., Rev. Harlan P. Beach, Rev. J. L. Jenkins, d .d ., Rev. A. W . Hazen, d .d ., Rev. W. W. Jordan, Rev. G. H. Hubbard, Hon. J. W . Noyes. Committee on Missions in India and Ceylon. — Rev. E. A. Lawrence, d .d ., Rev. H. M. Ladd, d .d ., Rev. O. H. Gulick, Rev. J. W. Harding, Thos. J. Borden, Esq., L. P. Buell, Esq., Rev. R. A. Hume. Committee o k Pacific Islands. — Rev. W . E. Barton, Rev. S. H. Howe, d .d ., Rev. Thos. Laurie, d .d ., Rev. J. S. Williamson, C. W . Osgood, Esq., Rev. G. R. Leavitt, D.D ., Rev. C. M. Hyde, d .d . Committee on Missions in Japan. — Rev. A. J. F. Behrends, D .D ., Rev. J. G. Johnson, d .d ., Rev. Henry Hopkins, d .d ., Miss Emily Brown, Rev. S. G. Barnes, Rev. F. L. Goodspeed, E. P. Wilson, Esq. Cofmnittee on Missions in Turkey. — Rev. Daniel March, d .d ., Rev. Cyrus Hamlin, D .D ., Rev. G. F. Magoun, d .d ., Rev. J. L. Fowle, Rev. I. F. Pettibone, d .d ., E. B. Munroe, Esq., Rev. C. M. Hyde, d .d . Co7nmittee on Missions in A frica .— Rev. Josiah Tyler, Rev. N. Boynton, Rev. G. W . Phillips, d .d ., Mrs. C. W. Holbrook, Rev. J. R. Thurston, Rev. Geo. E. Hall, d .d ., W . R. Burnham, Esq. Adjournment was taken to 2.30 p .m .

WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON.

The President took the chair at half-past two o’clock. A hymn was sung and prayer was offered by Rev. Geo. L. Walker, d .d . Mr. C. F. Thompson, of Vermont, presented a memorial from certain gentlemen, which was read and referred to the Committee of Fifteen. Rev. G. F. Magoun, d .d ., moved that all the memorials in the hands of the Committee of Fifteen be reported back and read to the house, and the motion was carried. Hon. H. C. Robinson presented a communication from the State Conference of Connecticut, which communication is already in the hands of the Committee of Fifteen. Field Secretary Creegan made an address. Rev. A. J. F. Behrends, d .d ., reported for the Committee on Japan, and the report was accepted. Addresses were made by Rev. Henry Kingman, of China, Rev. L. Bond, Jr., of European Turkey, and Rev. C. M. Hyde, d .d ., of Honolulu. Rev. S. J. Humphrey, d .d ., presented the report of the Committee on Papal Lands, which was accepted. Addresses were made by Rev. E. S. Hume, of Bombay, Vice-President Blatchford, and Rev. H. P. Beach, formerly of the North China Mission. After the singing of a hymn, adjournment was taken to 7.30 p .m . X Minutes of the Annual Meeting.

WEDNESDAY EVENING.

Vice-President Blatchford took the chair at 7.30 o’clock ; a hymn was sung, and prayel was offered by Rev. E. H. Byington, d .d . Addresses were made by Prof. Wm. B. Oleson, of Honolulu, Rev. F. S. Fitch, d .d ., of Buffalo, and Rev. John S. Porter, of the Mission to Austria. Prayer was offered by Prof. E. Y. Hincks, d .d . Rev. Cyrus Hamlin, d .d ., presented the report of the Turkish Missions. After remarks by Rev. A. H. Bradford, d .d ., and Secretary Smith, the report was accepted. A Committee, consisting of Dr. Hamlin and Secretary Smith, was instructed to prepare suitable resolutions addressed to the government of the United States with reference to the situation of our missionaries and missions in Turkey. Addresses were made by Rev. Geo. C. Raynolds, m .d ., of Eastern Turkey, Rev. G. H. Hubbard, of Foochow, Rev. O. H. Gulick, of Japan, and Rev. J. L. Barton, of Eastern Turkey. Prayer was offered by President Barbour, of Montreal, and adjournment taken to nine o’clock Thursday.

THURSDAY MORNING.

The President took the chair at nine o’clock. A hymn was sung. Prayer was offered by Rev. C. H. Daniels, d .d . The Minutes of yesterday were read and approved. A communication was received from the Woman’s Board of Missions and the Woman’s Board of Missions of the Interior, and was referred to the Business Committee. The Committee of Fifteen reported through Hon. H. D. Hyde, the chairman, offering the following resolutions : —

Whereas, A letter has been received from Secretary Clark requesting the appointment of an Assistant Secretary to work with him and to take his place at the end of the coming year, or sooner, if his health should require his earlier retirement, and announcing his intention of then withdrawing from active service, in accordance with the usage of the Board that seventy years should be the limit of such service, it therefore seems desirable that an Assistant Secretary should be appointed, who shall be prepared to take the place thus vacated at the Annual Meeting of 1894. It is, therefore, Resolved, (1) That the Committee on Nomination of Officers be requested to nominate a Committee of five, who with the President shall be empowered to appoint an Assistant Secretary, in accordance with the above preamble. (2) (a) That the Prudential Committee be increased at once to fifteen members, including the President and Vice-President. (&) That, beginning at the Annual Meeting of 1894, the members of the Prudential Committee shall be elected in three classes: one class to serve three years, one class two years, one class one year; that at the expiration of these terms members shall be chosen in classes for terms of three years each. It is further recommended that no member who has served three full successive terms shall be eligible for reelection till after a year has passed. (c) That the Prudential Committee be requested to secure the necessary legal authority, through a change in the charter, to carry the above vote into effect. (3) That this Board, in response to the expressed wish of its missionaries in Japan, and in recognition of the successful labors of the Rev. William H. Noyes in that empire, requests the Prudential Committee to offer to him an appointment as a missionary of the Board. The Board declares that this action is not to be understood as in any way modifying its former utterances on the subject of future probation.

Remarks were made by Prof. Geo. P. Fisher, d .d ., Rev. S. C. Bartlett, d .d ., Rev. W. E. Park, d .d ., who presented a communication from some other gentlemen; Rev. R. R. Meredith, d .d ., who presented an amendment to the third resolution, which he subsequently withdrew; Hon. H. D. Hyde; Rev. Henry T. Cheever, who offered Minutes of the Annual Meeting. xi an amendment, which was ruled out of order; Rev. A. J. F. Behrends, d .d ., Rev. Joseph Cook, and Rev. E. B. Webb, d .d .

On motion of Judge Shipman, the hour of 12.40 p . m . was fixed as the time for the vote on the resolutions; and on his motion the time of speakers was limited to five minutes each. Remarks were made by Rev. Henry Fairbanks, p h .d ., Hon. C. Holcombe, Z. Stiles Ely, Esq., Rev. J. R. Thurston, D .D ., Pres. C. M. Hyde, d .d ., Rev. G. F. Magoun, d .d ., Rev. E. A. Lawrence, Prof. C. M. Mead, d .d ., Secretary N. G. Clark, Rev. W . E. Barton, and the chairman of the Committee, H. D. Hyde, Esq. The first two resolutions were adopted viva voce. The third resolution was adopted by a vote of 106 to 24, and the entire series of resolutions was adopted viva voce. Adjournment was taken to four o’clock p .m .

THURSDAY AFTERNOON

The Board united with the churches of the city in the celebration of the Lord’s Supper, simultaneous services being held in the Plymouth and Union churches. The President took the chair at four o’clock. Rev. A. H. Quint, d .d ., called up the proposed amendment to section eleven of the By-laws, making the Prudential Com­ mittee to consist of thirteen members, with the President and Vice-President, instead of ten as heretofore, and the proposed amendment to section fourteen of the By-laws, making it read “ the Prudential Committee may fix the number of its own quorum,” and on his motion they were both adopted. The Committee to nominate Corporate Members reported through Hon. Franklin Fairbanks, stating that resignations have been received from Prof. E. C. Bissell, of Chicago, and W . J. Breed, of Cincinnati, and these resignations were accepted. The Committee nominated the following as Corporate Members and they were elected : Rev. Elijah Horr, d .d ., Worcester, Mass., John H. Perry, Southport, Conn., Rev. W . J. Tucker, d .d ., Hanover, N. H., Rev. Frederick S. Hayden, Jacksonville, 111., Frank D. Taylor, Detroit, Mich., Charles J. Hulburd, Chicago, 111. A communication was received and read from Rev. A. C. Thompson, d .d ., withdrawing his name from candidacy for a place on the Prudential Committee. Rev. A. H. Quint, d .d ., called from the table the report made by the Committee of Eleven, and on his motion it was accepted and the resolutions adopted as follows : —

Resolved, (1) That the plan for asking for nominations to be made by State or other Congregational bodies of the churches for filling vacancies in the corporate membership of the Board which was temporarily adopted at the last Annual Meeting — and which reads as follows : “ That the Committee for the nomination of new members, appointed at this meeting, be directed to receive from the State, Territorial, or independent organizations of Congregational churches, during the coming year, nominations of persons to fill vacancies which may occur in the Board, somewhat more in number being desirable than the average usually assigned to any State or Territory; and from such names, if furnished, to select and report at the next Annual Meeting enough to fill three fourths of the vacancies which may then exist, regard being had to a division between ministers and laymen and the apportionment of members according to the By-laws ’’ — be continued for the next two ensuing years. (2) That the limit of corporate membership be fixed at the number of three hundred and fifty (350), and that in addition to the vacancies regularly occurring, twenty-five (25) persons be nominated and chosen at each Annual Meeting for the next four (4) years, commencing with 1894. (3) That the By-laws Three (3) and Five (5) be amended to correspond with the second recommendation. (4) That seasonable notice be annually sent by the proper officials of the Board to the several bodies of churches to enable them to make the suggested nominations. xii Minutes of the Annual Meeting.

Judge Shipman reported back from the Business Committee a communication from the Woman’s Board of Missions, and the Woman’s Board of Missions of the Interior, with the following recommendation : —

Resolved, That the Prudential Committee is hereby requested to consider the expediency of such a charge in Rule 5 of the Missionary Manual as shall empower unmarried women of a mission and a station, in the consideration of questions touching their own work, to have an equal vote with the men; and if such an amendment is deemed expedient by said Committee, it is hereby authorized and empowered to make such amendment and addition without further action or ratification by the Board.

Rev. Cyrus Hamlin, d .d ., o f the Committee appointed for the purpose, reported the following resolutions, which were adopted : —

Whereas, the Missionaries of the Board at Marsovan have been accused of being connected with political plots against the Turkish government, and whereas our Protestant Armenian brethren have been in like manner falsely accused, therefore, Resolved, That this Board has the greatest confidence in the noble Christian integrity of its mis­ sionaries thus accused. It has never had any political agents in Turkey or elsewhere. It looks with severest disapprobation upon all political plotters. Its churches, schools, and colleges are not guilty of any evil designs toward the Ottoman government, and they look with abhorrence upon those deluded revolutionists who from foreign lands and under foreign influences are promoting schemes which are attributed to the Protestant Armenians. The American Board asks our government to defend the rights of the accused missionaries, to assure the Ottoman government of the absolute innocence of the whole Protestant community in Turkey of political designs, and that it will not consent that any of its missionaries shall be excluded from their work while strictly observing our regulations and while all Papal missions and other schools and teachers are undisturbed.

It was also ordered that a copy of the above resolutions be sent to the Secretary of State at Washington. The Committee on the Nomination of Officers reported through Rev. Arthur Little, D .D ., presenting letters from Secretary Alden and Elbridge Torrey, Esq., withdrawing their names from candidacy for reelection. The Committee nominated the following officers, who were elected : —

President. Corresponding Secretaries.

R. S. STORRS, D.D. N a t h a n ie l G. C l a r k , d .d . C h a r l e s H. D a n ie l s , d .d . Vice-President. J udson S m it h , d .d . E. W . B l a t c h f o r d , Esq. Recording Secretary. Prudential Committee. H e n r y A. St im s o n , d .d . Hon. J o se ph S. R o p es. E d w in B. W e b b , d .d . Assistant Recording Secretary, C h a r l e s C . Bu r r , Esq. A l b e r t H. Pl u m b , d .d . E d w a r d N. Pa c k a r d , d .d . H on. W i l l ia m P. E l l is o n . G. H e n r y W h it c o m b , Esq. Treasurer. A . L y m a n W il l is t o n , Esq. L a n g d o n S. WARD, Esq. J a m e s W . C o o p e r , d .d . J a m e s G. V o se , d .d . Auditors. Hon. J. M. W. HALL. Hon. H e n r y D. H y d e . S a m u e l J o h n so n , Esq. Jo h n E. T u t t l e , d .d . R ic h a r d H. S t e a r n s , Esq. Rev. Wm. W. Jordan. E d w in H. B a k e r , Esq.

The Committee also nominated the following gentlemen to serve, with the President, as a Committee to appoint an Assistant Foreign Secretary: Rev. M. Burnham, d .d ., Geo. L. Walker, d .d ., Hon. Samuel B. Capen, W. E. Hale, Esq., M. H. Buckham. d .d . ; and they were appointed. Minutes of the Annual Meeting. xiii

The President nominated a Committee of three, consisting of Rev. S. C. Bartlett, D - D ., E. W. Blatchford, Esq., Rev. H. Fairbanks, to prepare a suitable reply to the communications received from Rev. Dr. A. C. Thompson, Secretary E. K. Alden, and Mr. Elbridge Torrey. The Committee on Missions in China reported through Rev. H. P. Beach, and the report was accepted.

The Committee on the Home Department reported through Rev. Smith Baker, d .d ., and the report was accepted.

The Committee on Place and Preacher reported through Rev. E. P. Goodwin, d .d ., recommending Madison, Wisconsin, as the place for the next meeting, and Rev. T. E. Clapp, d .d ., of Portland, Oregon, as preacher, with Rev. George A. Gordon, d . d ., of Boston, as alternate; and the report was accepted and the recommendations adopted. The Committee on Missions in India and Ceylon reported through Rev. E. A. Lawrence, d .d ., and the report was accepted. The Committee on Place and Preacher reported the following Committee of Arrange­ ments for the next meeting and they were appointed: — Prof. E. A. Birge, F. J. Lamb, Edwin Sumner, Robert Woolton, M. R. Doyon, Fred Brown, Dr. C. S. Sheldon, W. A. Tracey, Rev. E. Y. Updike, Geo. B. Merrick. Adjournment was taken to 7.30 p m.

THURSDAY EVENING. The Board met at 7.30 o’clock, Vice-President Blatchford in the chair. A hymn was sung. The Scripture was read and a prayer offered by Rev. C. M. Lamson, d .d . A telegram from the St. Louis Association of Congregational Churches was received and read.

An address was made by Rev. Alexander McKenzie, d .d . President Storrs made an address. Prayer was offered by Rev. J. G. Vose, d .d ., and adjournment taken to 9 o’clock, Friday morning.

FRIDAY MORNING. The President took the chair at nine o’clock. A hymn was sung. Prayer was offered by Rev. Smith Baker, d .d . The Minutes of the sessions of yesterday were read and approved. A communication was received from Rev. J. W . Cooper, d .d ., declining, on account of imperative engagements, to accept his election to the Prudential Committee, and it was referred to the Committee on the Nomination of Officers.

Rev. S. C. Bartlett, d .d ., of the Committee to whom was given the duty of prepar­ ing a suitable Minute in reference to the communication from Secretary Alden, Rev. A. C. Thompson, d .d ., and Elbridge Torrey, Esq., offered the following resolution, which was adopted unanimously and by rising: —

Resolved, That in view of the communications received from E. K. Alden, D.D., declining a reelec­ tion as a Secretary of this Board, and from A. C. Thompson, D.D., and Elbridge Torrey, Esq., declin­ ing a reelection upon its Prudential Committee, the- Board desires, with thankfulness to God, and gratitude to them, to place on record its affectionate recognition of the high Christian character, the conscientious fidelity, the unwavering zeal, and the unfaltering labors of these our brethren, and the great indebtedness of the Board and of all the missions under its care, and of all the churches in our communion, for their long and faithful services. It thoroughly appreciates the earnestness with which, for forty-four years, or half the lifetime of the Board, Dr. Thompson has given mind and heart, ex­ pensive and unpaid journeys and toils, to this work for the Master, his ample knowledge of missionary history and experience, his unsurpassed acquaintance with the missions of the Board, and the ripe wisdom thereby accruing to his advice and influence in their management. The Board fully recognizes the diligent and zealous labors of Dr. Alden in his seven years of service on the Prudential Committee, and his seventeen more arduous years as Home Secretary, his thoroughgoing and conscientious devotion to the duties of his office as Secretary, his cheerful xiv Minnies of the Annual Meeting.

endurance of its heavy burdens, his eloquent presentations of the cause he loves, and his rare executive ability which will make his place in this respect so difficult to fill. The Board is equally sensible of its great obligations to Mr. Torrey, who for seventeen years has so unswervingly surrendered the time and attention taken from an active business life, bringing to the service the whole influence of an honored Christian layman, clearness of discernment, sagacity of counsel, and great practical knowledge and financial wisdom, offering it all as " a loving service.” In losing the special labors of these beloved brethren the Board rejoices in that “ blessed fellow­ ship," to which they testify, with each other, their associates, and the members of this Board, in the great work of the Lord; it rests assured of their unabated interest in the common cause, and assures them of its unabated Christian interest in them ; and in parting from them it invokes upon them the divine blessing, and would say to each of them, in the Master’s own words reverently used, “ W ell done, good and faithful servant! ”

Remarks were made by Rev. E. B. Webb, d .d ., Secretary Smith, Secretary Clark, and the President. The resolutions were ordered to be engrossed, and a copy sent to each of the gentle­ men named. Remarks were made by Rev. Henry T. Cheever, D.D., making a pledge of Si ,000 as a gift to the Board for the debt. The Committee on Nominations proposed the name of Rev. E. ah Horr, d .d ., as a member of the Prudential Committee in the place made vacant by the declination of Dr. Cooper, and he was elected. The Committee on the Pacific Islands reported through Rev. Geo. R. Leavitt, d .d . The report was accepted, and the following resolution was adopted after remarks by Rev. O. P. Emerson and Rev. E. P. Baker: —

Resolved, That, without the aim in any sense of political interference, we recommend that the Prudential Committee consider the wisdom of a representation to the Government at Washington setting forth the great work accomplished by the Board at such cost in the Hawaiian Islands, and in part represented by the large American Colony, and the claim which these results make for some immediate and vigorous action of the government which shall tend, in the interests of Christian civilization, to secure these results from injury or destruction by any intestine confusion in the govern­ ment of that land.

On motion of Rev. Moses Smith, d .d ., the following resolution was adopted :—

Resolved, That the Prudential Committee be requested to report at the next Annual Meeting what changes, if any, would be necessary in the Charter and By-laws of the Board if at any time it were desired that women be placed upon the Prudential Committee.

The Committee on Home Department, through Rev. Smith Baker, d .d ., offered the following resolutions, which were laid upon the table : —

Resolved, That the Publishing Department be requested to prepare special literature each month specially adapted to the Christian Endeavor Societies and Sunday-schools. Resolved, That we recommend the setting apart of a memorial hour at each Annual Meeting for the commemoration of deceased missionaries and members of the Board. Resolved, That the reports of the Secretaries be presented and sent to the Corporate Members at least two weeks before the meeting of the Board and referred to a committee previously appointed to report upon them, in order that more time may be given for missionary addresses. Resolved, That we recommend the preparation and circulation by the officers of the Board of a plan of systematic benevolence which shall be sent to the churches for their consideration.

Remarks were made by Treasurer L. S. Ward, Rev. E. B. Webb, d .d ., Rev. C. R. Palmer, d .d ., Secretary Clark, and Rev. D. Merriman, d .d ., the latter offering the following resolution, which was adopted: —

Resolved, That we pledge ourselves to combine in the most strenuous efforts to liquidate the debt of the Board, and to provide the largest possible means for enabling the administration to sustain the missions without retrenchment; and we pledge ourselves to do this in a spirit of the most hearty cooperation. Report of Committees on the Annual Report. xv

Hon. C. Holcombe moved that a special committee of five be requested to make a full statement of the financial situation and appeal to the churches for immediate relief, 'Jtd that the Board recommend that the churches make a special offering for foreign missions as nearly as possible on the twelfth of November. After remarks by Rev. J. R. Thurston, d .d ., the President, Rev. E. E. Strong, d .d ., Rev. J. L. Jenkins, d .d ., and Rev. W . E. Park, d .d ., the motion was carried. The Chair named Rev, C .R . Palmer, d .d ., Hon. C. Holcombe, Rev. J. R. Thurston, D .D ., Hon. N. Shipman, and Rev. James Brand, d .d ., as the committee and they were appointed. The Business Committee, through Rev. Smith Baker, d !d ., offered the following resolutions, which were adopted : —

Resolved, That the thanks of the Board arc hereby presented to Rev. A. J. Lyman, d .d ., for his able and inspiring sermon, and that a copy be requested for publication. Resolved, That the thanks of the Board are due and presented to Rev. D. Merriman, D.D., and his associates of the Committee of Arrangements, for the complete and thorough discharge of their mani­ fold duties. W e also thank the various railroad companies for their cooperation in the reduction of fares, and the gentlemen of the press for their valuable services. Resolved, That our thanks are due and given to the churches and Christian people oF Worcester for their characteristic, large-hearted, open-handed, thoughtful, and generous hospitality.

Rev. Henry Kingman offered the following resolution, which was adopted : —

• Resolved, That the Board address the honorable Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America as follows: The American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions in convention assembled, at Worcester, Mass., do respectfully and urgently petition that the so-called Geary Law, passed May 6, 1892, be so amended that its objectionable features imperiling the interests of all American subjects in China be eliminated.

Response to the resolutions of thanks was made by Rev. A. McCulloch, d .d ., in r behalf of the churches and citizens of Worcester, to which a reply was made by Presi­ dent Storrs. Letters of excuse for absence were accepted from the following Corporate Mem­ bers : Messrs. F. D. Ayer, H. Q. Butterfield, James W. Bradbury, Samuel B. Capen, Louis Chapin, George R. Chapman, F. E. Clark, Richard Cordley, H. S. DeForest, Nathan P. Dodge, S. W. Eaton, William P. Ellison, J. G. Foote, Burdett Hart, H. C. Haydn, Albert H. Heath, Jesse Wr. Hough, Henry S. Hubbell, N. A. Hyde, W . A. Mahoney, Daniel March, T. B. McLeod, George Mooar, Frederick A. Noble, Lewellyn Pratt, Edwards A. Park, William H. Rice, A. B. Robbins, William A.. Robinson, Thomas D. Robinson, Joseph S. Ropes, Charles T. Russell, George H- Rust, George D. Safford, Henry E . Sawyer, James W . Scoville, Julius H. Seelye, N. D. Sperry, M. E. Strieby, Thatcher Thayer, William M. Taylor, William H. Warren, W. A. Waterman, George H. White, and M. K. Whittlesey. The minutes were read and approved. Remarks were made by President Ivozaki, of the Doshisha, Japan. Prayer was offered by Rev. E. P. Goodwin, d .d . The benediction was pronounced by the President, and the Board was declared, adjourned to meet in Madison, Wisconsin, the second Wednesday in October, 1894. H e n r y A. S t im s o n , Recording Secretary XVI Reports of Committees on the Annual Report.

REPORTS OF COMMITTEES ON THE ANNUAL REPORT.

F r o m the reports of the Committees appointed at the Annual Meeting to consider the several sections of the Annual Report. Two or three of these Committees presented no written report.

The Committee on the Treasurer’s Report, Edwin H. Baker, Esq., Chairman: — Your Committee, appointed at the last Annual Meeting, and charged with the duty of passing upon the Treasurer’s report for the year ending August 31, 1893, would respectfully submit thpir conclusions : — With the cheerful consent and cooperation of the Treasurer, we reviewed carefully, before the work of the year was closed, the methods employed in receiving, caring for, and disbursing the funds of the Board. W e found the department of bookkeeping to include in order as follows : cashbook and treasurer’s proof-book; donation book; ledger and trial balances; record of drafts upon bank­ ers; accounts current, including payments to the several missions; record of legacies; accounts of permanent and general funds, and record of investments and proceeds from same. the system was found to include a practice of submitting to the Prudential committee regularly estimates for moiithly remittances to each mission, carefully itemized, and it appeared that payments are made only when duly authorized by vote, and when by a sub-committee a written approval has been given. In all these matters the spirit not less than the letter of the By-laws appears to haVe been complied with. Since the close of the year the Treasurer’s report and the Auditors’ papers have been carefully reviewed, and by a personal interview with the expert examiner we have obtained particular informa­ tion respecting the investigations made by him, all of which has served only to confirm your Committee in the opinion that ample evidence appears to indicate beyond a doubt that the duties pertaining to the Treasurer’s department have been performed during the year with intelligence and fidelity. The fact that the Board has been able to avail itself of the gratuitous services for counsel in financial matters for many years of men possessed of ability of the highest order, who have given of their time and thought most liberally, is cause for profound gratitude. With transactions covering nearly three quar­ ters of a million dollars annually, in accounts extending to the remote parts of the world, conducted wath absolute thoroughness of method, and every safeguard against losses, the percentage of cost for administration is far below the point which any banking or other commercial enterprise could hope to attain. The cost of conducting the affairs of the Board for the past year was $58,822, being 8.6 per cent, of the income, divided as follows : —

For agencies, 3.0 per cent. „ publications, 1.5 per cent. „ administration, 4.1 per cent.

The average for the past ten years has been 6.5 per cent, and for twenty years about 6.1 per cent. N o one fact can be more perfectly demonstrated than that ninety cents and more of every dollar coming to the Board reaches the work and the workers of the foreign field ; and it appears further that about two thirds of the remaining ten cents, or less, is expended in returning to the givers vastly more than ten cents’ worth of missionary literature and pulpit service in telling the story of work done, and of the opportunities for further usefulness in the ever-widening field. The accounts show a balance of $88,318.73 deficiency at the close of the year, and it may be stated that, taking into account $59,842 of special collections made last year, the actual falling off in regular donations appears to be $2,067.71, as compared with the previous year. The donations for the year have been larger than in any year of the Board’s history, previous to last year, and 16 per cent, above the aver­ age for the ten years from September, 1883, to September, 1892, inclusive. Including legacies and all, however, the total receipts for the year are less than last year by nearly $165,000. The members of your Committee, with all other members and friends of the Board, deplore those conditions of business depression and other causes which have conspired in the year just closed to keep the income of the Board below the limit of actual disbursements, instead of the large increase which was needed and so earnestly hoped for. An income of a million dollars a year seems needful to the proper care and development of all the work now committed to this Board. Surely the present condition of the treasury, and the prospective needs of money for the grdfet work in hand must, when thoughtfully considered, appeal most earnestly to all who stand pledged in any manner to the mission of this time-honored-American Board. United action, in a spirit of harmony, is the need of the hour. The credit of the Board stands very high, not only at home, but has long maintained a most excellent rating in other countries. It may well be noted in this connection that the basis for this credit is not Reports of Committees on the Annual Report. xvii

in actual capital, such as commercial concerns generally must have in order to maintain such credit, but rather in a well-established confidence in the purpose of a devoted constituency faithfully to main­ tain its sacred trust by systematic giving of funds into the treasury — a bond of Christian honor. Your Committee unite in appealing to all churches and individuals to continue increasing support for our faithful missionaries we have sent to the work at the front. W e urge that every oastor will preach special sermons in behalf of this foreign work; that new interest may be aroused in every Sabbath-school and Christian Endeavor Society by some definite purpose of sharing in the cause; and particularly that the monthly Missionary Concert may be maintained in all the churches, for the spreading of missionary intelligence, as a most valuable means for gaining renewed and extended interest in the cause, and financial support.

The Committee on the Home Department, Rev. Smith Baker, d .d ., Chairman: —

While the annual reports of this department have the same general outline and subdivisions as the trees each spring have, the same general form and variety of branches, so also the reports, like the trees, are each year clothed with new facts and are decorated with new buds of hope. Mention is always made at the outset of those whom God has called into the rewards of the unseen. It seems to your Committee that when such noble men, after many years of faithful service, as were John H. Stickney, Dr. A. Hastings Ross, and Judge John J. Bell, and worthy missionaries are taken from us, at least an hour should be given to an appropriate memorial service. It is a pleasure to learn that the reinforcements sent into the field have been an increase over the last year; that thirty-six oí our brightest and best young men and young women have said to the Lord and to the churches, “ Here am I, send me.” Let pastors watch for those whose natural gifts and sanctified characters render hopeful candidates for this highest of all work. Blessed is that church which is frequently sending sons and daughters of its own into the foreign fields! Such a church prays more, gives more, loves more, and receives more than the church which is childless of foreign missionaries. More than the usual number of our missionaries have visited their native land, welcomed by our churches and quickening the hearts of the people by their words of experience, faith, hope, and joy. The people like to greet and hear a live missionary who talks of what he has seen and felt in the work of saving souls, and no servants of Christ are more honored by our churches. The Board is also to be congratulated upon its Field and District Secretaries as men who are alive in their methods, and who have lifted a missionary campaign above a dry narrative of facts into an instructive and impassioned presentation of the world’s needs. The Board is also more and more under obligation to recognize the growth of woman’s work, her contributions and consecration for those in spiritual darkness. As in the local work of our churches she is foremost in deeds of love and the inspirations of social life, thus in the foreign field by the magnificently increasing amount of her contributions, by her conventions for the presentation of facts and the discussion of methods, and by the increasing number of cultured young women who are consecrating themselves to the missionary life, she is claiming a recognition which in time will properly admit her to membership in the corporation and participation in the councils of the Pru­ dential Committee. W e recommend that in county and State conventions there be less distinction between women’s meetings and men’s meetings, and that not only women attend where men are the speakers but men attend where women are speakers, or rather that in the discussion of missionary questions they meet together, that each may gain the benefit of the other’s thinking and experience. W hy at the Annual Meeting of the Board should all the speakers be men, or why when a woman wishes to tell of woman’s work and joy in working for souls should she retire with her sisters to some basement or hall? Do not the men need the inspiration of woman’s more tender sympathies and quicker perceptions in mission work? W e also note with peculiar gratification the new source of help from the ChVistian Endeavor Socie­ ties and we recommend that there be special monthly literature prepared which shall be adapted to the use of those societies, as well as our Sunday-schools, and that systematic measures be taken for its circulation to the best advantage. W e also suggest, not the revival of the old missionary concert, precious as it was to many of our fathers, but the maintaining of a missionary concert in which old and young shall participate and which shall not consist of patches of reports but shall be missionary institutes — developing the intelligence and quickening the sympathies of the people. In this connection, and as one of the most effectual promoters of missionary intelligence and zeal, we suggest, where churches have not a son or daughter of their own in the mission field, that they assume through the Board the financial support of some missionary or teacher or native helper whom they shall look upon in a special sense as their mission­ ary. This practice gives each church and Young People's Society of Christian Endeavor a definite xviii Reports of Committees on the Annual Report.

missionary work, and turns foreign missions from a beautiful sentiment into a tangible responsibility. So will the day be hastened when each church, even the weakest, shall have not only its own pastor, but its own missionary, and the young people shall feel that they are not simply casting their mites into a general fund but have a native helper of their own, for whose support they are pledged. Such a rela­ tion toward an individual would not only deepen their interest in the general work but awaken a keener sense of personal responsibility for missions. W e are also convinced that each pastor should feel that, by virtue of his office, he is an agent for the Board, and that no pastor, of however small a church, should allow a year to pass without the presentation by himself to his people of the needs of the mission field, and that every church, however weak, should have an opportunity each year to give something for this cause. A church which makes no contribution for foreign missions is principally a revelation of the neglect of its pastor. When every church and every member of every church shall have an opportunity to systematically give, the question of means will more and more take care of itself. Pastors are mainly responsible for the foreign missionary interest and contributions of their people, and to leave their education and development in this matter to the occasional visits of special agents is a most superficial and uncon- gregational course. Let every pastor remember that the more his people do for the world the more they will do for him, and the more they give to save a lost world the more they will work to save their own community. The Committee thinks that it would be an advantage if the reports of the Secretaries were printed and sent to the Corporate Members at least two weeks before the meeting of the Board, and a commit­ tee should be previously appointed to report upon them. In this way the reports of the Secretaries will receive more adequate treatment, and time will be saved for other purposes, especially for the addresses of returned missionaries. Your Committee cannot but feel profoundly impressed as well as greatly solicitous over the reported debt of $88,000 and the further fact that the Otis and Swett bequests are so nearly exhausted, and that the new work introduced for several years past and paid for from those legacies must now be sup­ ported from the regular receipts of the Board. It is an encouraging fact that the contributions from the living have so nearly kept pace with the orevious year (making allowance for the special effort of $50,000), but legacies ate always an uncer­ tain quantity, and this year they prove to be less than the average for several years past, by more than the amount of our debt. But this loss is not peculiar to the Board, and the last half of the year has been with many of our societies a time of diminished contributions, owing to the disturbed financial condition of the country. But the debt has been incurred, and under circumstances which could hardly have been anticipated, and of course it must be paid. The work of this Board must go on, and the missionaries and teachers whom we have sent to the field must be supported. W e cannot recommend any retrenchment in view of the great and undeveloped resources of our constituency whose work it is, and upon whom must be laid the burden and privilege of rising to the opportunity and necessity laid upon them. T o the securing of this result we recommend that the most vigorous measures be taken to bring the more than forty per cent, of our non-contributing churches into the line of paying churches, and that the plan of systematic giving which is found by experience to very largely increase the collections be adopted wherever practicable; thus bringing every man, woman, and child in our constituency into direct and living sympathy with the great work of carrying the gospel to all the nations of the earth.

The Committee on Missions in Africa, Rev. Josiah Tyler, Chairman: —

Your Committee has examined the reports of the African Missions, and have no criticism to make in regard to them. They embody, in our opinion, just what is needed to give us a clear idea of what is being done for the Master in those interesting fields. We gladly and thankfully accept the different reports, and give our unqualified approval.

The Committee on Turkish Missions, Rev. Cyrus Hamlin, d . d ., Chairman: —

W e have examined with much interest the sketches given of the four divisions of the Turkish work — the Eastern, Western, Central, and European Turkish Missions. In all parts of this wide field there are cheering facts of progress notwithstanding the increasing poverty and oppression of the people. Education is becoming more general and of a higher character, and the truth is evidently entering the old Armenian or Gregorian Church. Pictures are laid aside from the churches, the Scriptures are read, and Protestant preachers have been repeatedly welcomed to Gregorian pulpits, 'fhis is a movement of great promise and to be carefully promoted by missionaries and native agents» Reports of Committees on the Annual Report. xix

Your Committee is deeply impressed with the importance of employing the educated native agency, which has been prepared with so much labor and expense. Not men but money is what is now most needed in the Turkish Missions. The disastrous events at Marsovan and the hostile attitude of the Turkish government your Com­ mittee passes over, hoping for a more favorable turn of affairs in the future. Its course has been in violation of treaty obligations and we trust our government at Washington will exert an influence that will early put a stop to these outrages.

The Committee on Missions in India and Ceylon, Rev. E. A. Lawrence, d .d ., Chairman: —

The Marathi, Madura, and Ceylon Missions, though widely separated and using two different languages, are yet working under somewhat similar conditions and may be considered together. O f the names standing on the roll of missionaries past and present, in the Marathi Mission twenty- four belong to childre?i of missionaries. N othing can better show the vigor of true missionary spirit. In the same mission, for the first time in many years, a new mission station has been started, at W aif an important centre of Hinduism, and three new churches have been founded. One of these, the “ Church of the Lamb " at Ahmednagar, a colony from the old church, is noteworthy for its decided stand in the matter of self-support. The boy janitor is the only one paid for any services, and as the church cannot yet support a pastor three of its members have charge of the pulpit. The average monthly income of the Christian community in the Madura Mission is estimated at a little more than one rupee, or perhaps thirty-five cents. Yet out of such poverty they have given in the course of the year 8,585 rupees, a little more than usual. The problem of self-support and an ever fresh and wiser distribution of foreign money receives constant attention. The advanced educational interests of the work are mainly represented at the schools at Ahmed­ nagar, Pasumalai, and Jaffna. The history of the institution at Pasumalai which a year ago celebrated its jubilee may be taken as typical of the healthy growth of an educational system : — “ First a Christian school for general and religious education, next a specialization for the sake of larger preparations, to meet the needs of growing churches and evangelistic work; then the division of another department, for the better training of teachers for the schools in our Christian community and among the Hindus; and finally a separate theological school and fifty years’ growth of a new Christian community behind it, and fifty years of patience, faith, and generosity of the American churches sustaining it." Special notice should also be made of the Boys’ and Girls’ High School in Bombay as the sole exist­ ing coeducational school of the kind in India. Besides the common and ancient instrumentalities of the gospel, it is refreshing to see how the newest outgrowths of our bimillennial development are grafted into the youthful life of churches springing directly from pagan soil. Young Men’s Christian Associations; Young People’s Societies of Christian Endeavor; Bible-women, and Normal schools for Bibie-women; all advanced forms of work by women, among them two itineracies conducted by women ; and industrial training for boys, — these are the encouraging forms of work reported from the several fields. In general all three missions tell of fair and average progress. But there is one pitiful monotone which rises from all, especially the two larger missions. It is the note of dismay at the order “ Retrench ! Reduce ! ” It is not because all allowances of the missionaries are cut down from ten to fifteen per cent. It is not even because every missionary on the field to-day is overworked, one man, for instance, superintending work that belongs to four missionaries, and having one hundred native laborers under his charge; it is not because of this that the complaint grows most appealing. But it is because new and long-prayed-for openings must be ignored, because teachcrs and evangelists must be dismissed, because schools must be closed, because the Theological Seminary of the Marathi Mis­ sion, the bulwark of the native church, must be suspended, in the absence of the one missionary who comprised its entire faculty. It is because the work of the past is endangered, as well as the oppor­ tunity for the future neglected, that there rises from all our mission fields the cry: “ No Retrenchment! More men and women and the best men and women! ’’

The Committee on Missions to the Pacific Islands, Rev. G. R. Leavitt, d .d ., Chairman: —

Your Committee recommends the acceptance of the report of the Missions to the Pacific Islands, including the two departments of special work in Hawaii, namely, the North Pacific Institute and the Mission to the Chinese, and a third department, the Micronesian Mission, with approval and gratitude for continued successes. XX Reports of Committees on the Annual Report.

And we recommend also the early appointment of an associate for Dr. Hyde, in order that the new and increasing work at the islands may be carried on with the energy commensurate to its importance. The island work illustrates the important influences exerted upon our missions by foreign powers : for example, that German interference should so distract and threaten the work in the Marshall Islands; that Spanish interference should still exclude our missionaries from Ponape; that English protection should so encourage and facilitate work in the Gilbert Islands. All these facts put stress upon the critical political situation in the Hawaiian Islands. It is not too much to say that the results of the work of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions in these islands, social, educational, religious, are imperiled by the present political complications. In view of these compli­ cations your Committee will submit the following resolution: — Resolved, That without the aim in any sense of political interference, the Prudential Committee con­ sider the wisdom of a representation to oiy government at Washington setting forth the great work accomplished by the Board, at such cost, in the Hawaiian Islands, in part represented by the large American colony, and the claim which these results make for some immediate and vigorous action of the government which shall tend, in the interest of Christian civilization, to secure these results from injurj' or destruction by any intestine confusion in the government of that land. Two Unsolved Mission Problems. xxi

TWO UNSOLVED MISSION PROBLEMS.

BY REV. N. G. CLARK, D.D., FOREIGN SECRETARY.

[A paper from the Prudential Committee fo r presentation at the Annual Meeting o f the Board, Worcester, October u , i 8gj^\

M an y problems that came up for consideration on the opening of the foreign mis­ sionary work have been settled by practical experience, yet there are some still waiting solution, two of which will be suggested in this paper. One of these relates to the use and limits of industrial education in the mission field; the other to unity in the pres­ entation of the gospel message to the unevangelized world. I. W e will first consider the use and limits of industrial education in the mission field. The necessity of education in general as a means of raising up a native agency to take up and carry forward the work of the missionary is everywhere recognized. It is a missionary principle that education must follow' the gospel, not precede it. Efforts have sometimes been made to win sympathy and respect by the introduction of educa­ tion as preparatory to the reception of the gospel. It has been supposed in some countries that the native mind was not capable of receiving spiritual truths without preliminary training. This experiment was tried largely in the early history of the India missions, — especially in the Marathi Mission, — where. thousands of youth were brought into schools and large expense was incurred without any spiritual results. In the Hawaiian Islands farmers and mechanics were sent out with the earlier missionaries, but their efforts were of no avail as preparing the way for the gospel. This experiment, in one form or another, has been attempted in many mission fields by different Boards, but with little success. More important than any result achieved in the lines proposed has been the lesson learned that civilization in any form does not precede, but follows the gospel. It is through education that the new life is not originated, but developed, and takes possession of the whole man, and a Christian community naturally becomes an educated community. A mere intellectual training, however, is not sufficient. It is not w'ell to bring young men and young women from their heathen or unchristian homes to receive simply this ; the result is not favorable to their personal character; it lowers their estimate of manual labor, and unfits them to engage in it whether as a means of livelihood or of benefiting their fellows. The best work yet done by any native pastors or preachers has been done by men who were trained to industrial habits and pursuits at the Bebek Seminary by Dr. Hamlin. The young men whom he brought together were all taught some useful occupation in connection with their studies. These men have made their mark wherever they have gone throughout the Turkish empire; they have been the strongest men, whether as pastors or business laymen, to be found in the Christian communities. The report comes from Samokov of the better character, the more independent spirit, the greater self-reliance shown by the young men connected with the institution there who spend a part of the time in the printing office and the carpenter’s shop. They not only are enabled to pay a part of their expenses while attending school, but are attaining a manliness and dignity of character which will make them marked men hereafter. The same lesson is taught in the experience of colored men and Indians at Hampton, Carlisle, and Santee Agency. It is said that the work of the missionary society is to preach the gospel, and that all time and labor spent on secular pursuits is foreign to its high purpose. If man were simply a spiritual and not a social being, if he were freed from all claims w’hich his home, his neighborhood, and his country impose upon him, or if he had no physical and social nature to be cultivated, the development of which is hardly less necessary xxii Two Unsolved Mission Problems.

than that of the spiritual nature, the case were different and the objection might hold; but when we remember that Christianity is for the whole man, and not for a part of him, the question assumes a different form. If industrial education and manual labor such as shall discipline the hand and eye are coming to be regarded in this country and in Europe as essential to the best development of intellectual character in our schools, and as fitting men better for their work in life, how much more is it true on missionary ground, especially among uncivilized races where life among the masses is a struggle for existence. Such education is only to be introduced in subordination to the mission purpose, to raise up self-reliant, self-respecting men and women, who shall introduce the arts of civilized life and prepare the way for self-supporting Christian communities. This is the great purpose of industrial education. Its need was forcibly suggested at a recent meeting of the native pastors and preachers of the Marathi Mission. The question raised was, what can be done for those of the young men and women trained in our mission schools Avho are not needed to become helpers in the missionary work ; what shall be done to prevent their lapsing back into their old ways as they return to their native villages and naturally fall into the modes of life which belong to their heathen condition? It was the sentiment of this body of thoughtful men that some industrial education should be connected with our mission schools; that all who should go out from these schools should be prepared not only to earn an honest livelihood by their own labor, but to instruct others in the trades and occupa­ tions with which they had become acquainted, and so to be helpful to their people. At present in some of the older missions every advance in our missionary work adds new burdens to the mission treasury. Yet there must be a limit somewhere to what the churches at home can d o ; and that limit will fall far within the limit of work needed in the foreign field. A recent statement of the Church Missionary Society is in point. The call in their different fields is for 500 new laborers; they dare not \'enture on sending more than fifty. A great part of the field opening before them must therefore for the present be neglected. The vigorous efforts of that noble Society are well known, and it would seem that they are reaching the limit suggested sooner than others. The American Board has already reached it in several of its mission fields, notably in India and in Turkey; and yet the vast outlying district remains comparatively untouched, and there seems to be no possibility of reaching it at present. Communities partially enlightened and ready to receive the gospel message cannot be reached, and great opportunities lying at hand must be abandoned. Hence the need of industrial education, helping our Christian communities to help themselves and to carry on the work we have begun. The unskilled labor of the masses is so unproductive as to secure only the bare necessaries of life, leaving them quite unable to support even their own institutions. The poverty is such that until new industrial methods shall take the place of the unskilled labor and traditional ways handed down for centuries from one generation to another there is little hope of self-supporting institutions. Despite the most strenuous efforts on the part of missionaries to promote self-support, despite the self-denial practised by many of our native Christians, it still remains true that any advance, even in our older fields, is only possible by increased expenditure from our mission treasury, and that the work is no nearer independence than twenty years ago. Nothing is more painful to a mission secretary than to receive year after year substantially the same estimates for necessary expenses to keep up the work, not to speak of any advance. Let education then, including industrial education, keep even pace with the preaching of the Word and a Christian civilization will mark the progress of the gospel. In order to carry out this idea, no large expenditure need be incurred beyond the supply of necessary buildings and equipment. After this these institutions should be self- supporting, the time of the students being divided between study and work. The first Two Unsolved Mission Problems. XXlll outlay will soon be offset by diminished running expenses of the schools, while eventually the people will be able to undertake the support of their own institutions. Intelligent and skilled labor will soon make a prosperous Christian community. This question of industrial education has been steadily coming to the front for some years past. Missionaries of the American Board, without the endorsement or formal encouragement of the Prudential Committee, and with slight expenditure of mission funds, have begun industrial schools at several points with a view to forwarding the best interests of their work, as at Samokov, Bardezag, and Alarsovan in the Turkish missions; at Ahmednagar and Sirur in the Marathi Mission; at Tillipally in Ceylon; at Amanzimtote in the Zulu Mission ; and in Western Africa. For the present, indus­ trial education is limited rather to what is known as self-help ; that is, to enable young men who might otherwise fail of an education to earn their own support; and the cost incurred thus far has been met largely by individuals specially interested in this foim of effort. Similar experiments are in progress in much the same style in the missions of the Reformed Church as well as in those of the Presbyterian Board. The results have been most happy in the development of individual character. But a broader view looks to preparing the way for self-supporting Christian com­ munities. The Church Missionary Society of England has had this matter under consideration, and an elaborate report was presented three years since. Among other statements considered was that of the Bishop of Sierra Leone, who made it clear that in his diocese the Society would fail in its duty if it confined the education of children to book learning, thus stimulating one side only of the African character, and failing to instill into them an appreciation of and respect for honest manual toil. Among the conclusions reached by the Committee were the following: — “ That it is desirable that missionaries assigned to Africa or to uncivilized portions of the mission field should have, if possible, some industrial training before proceeding to the mission field. “ That while the Committee have not been able to obtain evidence to show that industrial training should form a factor in educational work in all the C. M. S. Missions, yet they consider that there are certain places in which such training should form a part of the regular teaching in the mission schools.” In a recent letter from Mr. Speer, Secretary of the Presbyterian Board, he cites the testimony of Dr. Shed, of Persia, as follows, practically covering industrial education in both forms, whether for the individual or for the community: — “ There is a subject that by the opening of the college weighs heavily on my heart and on all thoughtful lovers of the people. It is how to save the young men from demoralization. . . . To earn a respectable living is very difficult and often impossible. Industrial education seems to be the only means toward the solution of the question. It is possible for us to have a department of instruction at the college devoted to industrial arts and then accept all the boys who wish to come and pay their way. Then put them into a course of industry as well as intellectual study, so that they will have a well-grounded education in common science, morals, and the Bible, and a good foundation for character, and a trade with which to earn their bread. The sentiment in our evangelical church will strongly support such an effort. The native brethren urge us to try some such method, to make labor respected and profitable. All the missionaries feel that we must do something or our Church and Christian community will greatly suffer.” Mr. Speer also refers to the condition of the work in various missions of his Board very like to those detailed above. He says : — “ It seems quite clear to me (i) that if we are to have a healthy, influential church in mission lands its members must be self-supporting; (2) as the Christian com­ munity grows, the proportion whom the missionaries can employ will become less; (3) xxiv Two Unsolved Mission Problems.

the others must be taught some means of self-support. (4) Industrial work can in man)^ instances become self-supporting. Other schools cannot. (5) There can be no question of the evangelistic influence. (6) One important and present advantage in some cases is that money now paid to heathen workers can be honestly earned by Christian artisans. (7) When the break comes in some of the mission fields, as it surely will come before many years, it will be an advantage beyond all value to have a large number of men not professional preachers, who will be truly missionaries, and who will help to shape the new life.” It is evident that industrial education must be adapted to the condition of different mission fields, and will be in inverse proportion to the degree of civilization found in each. It must be limited to the immediate needs of the Christian community, and from first to last be kept under direct Christian influence in order to the best result. Its value to the missionary as a means of influence on the native community has been illustrated in the splendid career of Bishop Pattison of Melanesia, of Dr. Paton of the New Hebrides, and, if possible, still more remarkably in Mackay of Uganda. As a means of self-help and discipline in character to young men in training for Christian work it has already proved itself of the greatest service. What it is to be as a means of developing Christian communities may mark the next stage in the progress of the missionary enterprise. II. We pass now to the consideration of the second problem proposed — a possible unity in the presentation of the gospel to the unevangelized world by so many denominations and schools of theology. While all are agreed in the great essentials of gospel truth, each denomination naturally presents it in a form peculiar to itself; and when, as in some instances, thirty or forty different denominations are laboring in the same field, it is obvious that the native mind is often greatly perplexed, and an undue prejudice is excited against the gospel. Aside from the form in which the truth is presented by each denomination from a doctrinal point of view, its own peculiar forms of church government naturally find expression in the new churches that each may gather; hence a multitude of churches representing all the varieties of denomina­ tional life at home spring up on foreign soil, often to the bewilderment of thoughtful natives and oftener still leading to unprofitable discussion and waste of time and strength on matters of comparatively small moment as contrasted with the supreme object of missionary endeavor. There was truth, though not the whole truth, in the objection made by Mozoomdar to Christianity in India when he said that India wanted an “ Oriental Christ” ; the East required a different Christ — one that should be “ naturalized,” so to speak, to the country. The different denominational forms and creeds had led him to this false conception of Christ, and stood in the way of his hearty acceptance of the gospel. What he needed, of course, was not an Oriental or an Occidental Christ, but the Christ of Revelation, whom God has set forth to be the Redeemer of the world ; yet his objection revealed a defect in our modern method of presenting the Christ. Now when we consider the great variety of character and of culture among the civilized races, and the peculiar characteristics of race among “ nature peoples,” it is obvious that the conceptions of divine truth presented by missionaries must be almost infinitely diversified. We accept, as the very condition and ground of all missionary effort, the fact that it is man everywhere that is to be reached, whether in a civilized or uncivilized condition; that it is man, not as sharing in peculiarities of race or culture, but man in his essential character, in his spiritual being, which underlies all possible varieties of race or forms of culture; and we claim that the gospel is adapted to every race and to every condition of the human family and that the spiritual nature of man must respond to the spiritual truths of the divine revelation. We hold that the spiritual nature, however covered up, however debased, must respond unless the light which is Two Unsolved Mission Problems. xxv

in it — its God-given heritage — has become darkness, and all possibility of reception of divine truth has ceased to be. Till then we expect a response to our message. Is it not becoming, therefore, that that message should be simplified so as to express the essential, vital truth and nothing more — just as we strip off all incidents and accidents from the man to arrive at his true spiritual condition — to the spirit that is in him ? This is the unsolved problem — to present the essential truth of the gospel stripped of all that belongs to denominational peculiarity or ritual; all that belongs to the philosophical opinions and speculations peculiar to race. Is it not possible to lay aside all these accretions and arrive at the simple substance of the gospel, which is the dninely appointed means for the regenera­ tion of human souls? Suppose it were possible, for example, to determine upon some common ground for the thirty-one different missionary societies working in Japan, or for the sixty or more in India; some one common statement of the message of life, so that wherever a missionary was found, wherever a church was organized, all should be in agreement as to the first principles of the truth; that each missionary should be found in harmony with every other missionary, each believer in harmony with every other believer in that which is a primal necessity ; each missionary, therefore, rejoicing in the success of every other as a part of the common work to the glory of a common Lord. The feeling that would prompt to such united action is often expressed more or less fully in conferences of missionaries of different denominations. In such con­ ferences, w'hether at home or abroad, the one dominant thought is Christ and his cause; all local denominational peculiarities are dropped, and men meet in a spirit of Christian brotherhood that if only carried out to the full in the manner above suggested would result in clearing away much that interferes with the progress of the gospel. A suggestion of what might be exhibited on a far wider scale is furnished by the experi­ ence of our Japan Mission, in which missionaries of different denominations have worked together as brethren, knowing only Christ and his cause. The results accomplished are the best illustration of what may be effected by such unity of effort. It is the complaint of many thoughtful Christian men in our native churches abroad that we are endeavoring to introduce not simply Christianity, but an American type of it, to establish our own forms of doctrine and church order; wiiereas due regard should be had to the constitution of the native mind. Whether we are conscious or not of hav­ ing given occasion for it, the objection is well taken. It is but natural that men living under our institutions, rejoicing in what the gospel has done for our own countiy and regarding our type of Christianity as the most advanced in the world, should desire to introduce American ideas in church and state; but when it is remembered that all nations, of whatsoever race, language, temperament, or peculiarity of any sort, shall ultimately come and worship before God in the sublime unity of a divine life and a divine purpose, we must not insist upon pressing unduly the forms of thought of one country upon the intellectual life of another. We doubt if God would be as much honored in introducing our American Christianity around the world, splendid as it is and our special joy and hope, as in having each nation with its own peculiar characteristics brought into union with him. He is to be honored in all these peculiarities and possi­ bilities that belong to each particular race. All these are to be Christianized, or rather spiritualized — made to show their fullest power and grandest possibilities through the divine life which has come into the world. It is by no means clear that a development of Christianity may not yet appear among some races which shall be of a far higher type than has yet been realized. There may be a wealth of spiritual power and spiritual life yet to be brought out in Mongol or Hindu or African, of which we have as yet no adequate conception, and which shall be to the glory of the divine grace. Any solution of the question now suggested may be quite impracticable, yet this problem may well xxvi Two Unsolved Mission Problems.

Lave its place in our thoughts, and to some extent at least modify our methods in the foreign work. The nearer we can approach the solution the better. The more absolute the harmony of purpose and aim cherished in our various mission fields by all who bear the Christian name, the sooner will be the triumph of the gospel. In the divine economy of providence and of grace, and especially under the present dispensation of the ministration of the Spirit, we should expect that the simplest and most vital truths of the gospel would find a response in the common spiritual nature of mankind of whatever condition or clime. The Bible itself is the most wonderful illustration in all literature of truth so pre­ sented as to admit of being translated into every language spoken among men with the least possible loss. This fact shows the possibility of presenting vital truths in such a way as to reach man everywhere. The next step is the selection of such facts and truths as will sum up in the briefest, simplest, clearest form the essentials of divine revelation. These all centre in the cross of Christ. Under the ministration of the Spirit shall we not expect that this sublime revelation of the love of God will prove itself the power of God unto salvation to everyone that believeth, Jew or Gentile, bar­ barian, Scythian, bond or free? Is not this the doctrine taught us by our Lord when he said: “ And I, if I be lifted up from the earth, will draw all men unto me ” ? Is it not the doctrine of Paul as he preached of Christ and him crucified at Antioch and Corinth and other centres of old-world civilization ? What other doctrine has had such power in modern mission fields ? It was the story of Christ’s sufferings that stirred the hearts of the Greenlanders after five years of fruitless labor on other lines. It was the sufferings of Christ that stayed up the hearts of Christians in the early centuries of persecution even unto death. It was this that sustained in recent times the Christians of Madagascar during twenty-five years of bitterest persecution, with no teachers, no books, but only the remembrance of Christ’s sufferings in their behalf, to hold them firm in their loyalty to him. It is “ the old, old story” that has stirred the hearts of thousands in times of great revival on mission fields among the Hawaiians, the Karens of Burma, the Nestorians of Persia. Have we not in these instances a suggestion as to what should be the one message to which all else should be subordinate — the message for every missionary of every denomination the world over? Let all subsequent instruction be given in due time in order to the fulness of the Christian life, to the highest and worthiest Christian civili­ zation, until man shall stand forth redeemed in all his powers, to the praise of God and the glory of his grace. Let the life that is in Christ have its free development and take on a form for itself according to the characteristics and intellectual endowment of each separate people. Let no creed or form of church organization or ritual be imposed. At most the missionary will suggest methods until such time as the native church shall attain its majority. Let there be no more jealous rivalry of denominational interest, no more waste of men or means in building up separate sects, but one gospel, one Christian life, one united movement on the part of all evangelical denominations. Then would the great offence of Christianity — the multiplicity of sects and creeds — be done away; then would the Church be one in her mission enterprise; then would she rise and shine, the glory of the Lord being risen upon her. No more parliaments of religions, but conferences of the Christian world! The Church

“ Elect from every nation, Yet one o’er all the earth, Her charter of salvation, One Lord, one faith, one birth." The Personal Factor in the Missionary Problem. xxvii

THE PERSONAL FACTOR IN THE MISSIONARY PROBLEM.

BY REV. E. K. ALDEN, D.D.

\A paper from the Prudential Committee fo r presentation at the Annual Meeting o f the Board at Worcester, October u , iS p j.]

It is the missionary problem to extend the gospel invitation, as speedily as possible, to every individual the wide world over, who has not yet received it. In the endeavor to fulfil this trust, broad plans will be devised, efficient agencies will be set to work, missionary boards will be formed, and a vast enterprise will be undertaken which will grow in significance and power through successive years and generations. In the prosecution of this enterprise, the plans will further broaden, the agencies will multi­ ply, and the work will expand into different departments, each of them exceedingly important and influential. One department will emphasize the educational training of children and youth, another the preparation of books and literature, another house-to- house visitation, another the care of dispensaries and hospitals, another the formation of churches, another evangelistic touring among towns and villages, another the erec­ tion of church buildings, but all cooperating tow'ard one end. The general welfare of the people as a whole will sometimes be made specially prominent, and we shall note with interest the favorable changes in domestic, social, and public life, leading up, it may be, from barbarism to civilization, or from a pagan civilization to that which is thoroughly Christian. Every question connected with the formation of virtuous and well-ordered communities will in due time come to the front for consideration and a practical answer. The missionary must oftentimes be a man of affairs, busy from morning to night with a multitude of secularities, some of them exceedingly vexatious. Yet these may be vital to a profound spiritual work which at no distant day is to elevate a race and to enter into the permanent Christian life of a generation. How to carry forward this immense enterprise most efficiently, calling into the serv­ ice the entire church of Christ, and the entire treasure committed to that church in trust, is not an easy problem to solve. One thing, however, is certain: the problem must remain unsolved, until we emphasize, from the commencement of the enterprise to its consummation, the personal factor in the problem, and this in four particulars. • I. First, The Personal Leader. The enthroned Lord must be distinctly recognized as the One who inaugurated the missionary enterprise, who gave and still gives the imperative command, who accompanied and still accompanies it with the definite promise of His immediate presence and guidance, who provides the spiritual resources necessary for the fulfilment of the command, who superintends and directs every «vent, every agency, every detail, which enters into the prosecution of the work, and who ensures final and complete success. This must be the living, continuous thought, supreme over every other, pervading and controlling all plans, or the entire missionary ■enterprise, including all its varied instrumentalities and organizations, is a stupendous farce and failure. The wheels may revolve swiftly, wheel within wheel, and that with the “ noise of wings like the noise of great waters,” but there will be neither living wheels nor living creatures, unless the life be that of the Personal Lord.

ii. Second, Tke Personal Messenger. “ Whom shall I send and who will go for us?” This is the inquiry of the Lord surveying the entire field, knowing the exact needs of every part of it, knowing the fit instrumentality to meet each particular need, knowing •who will heartily respond, “ Here am I, send me.” To these divinely selected mes­ sengers the good tidings are committed, and then, clearly understanding the message xxviii The Personal Faôtor zn the Missionary Problem.

they are to communicate, the messengers have but one thing to do, to run swiftly bearing the tidings, each along the precise path and to the exact spot specially appointed by the superintending divine Leader. He makes no mistakes in the selection of the messenger, in the nature of his equipment, in his adaptation to the definite work in which he is to be engaged, or in the discipline to which he will be subjected in order to make the work a success. Peter and Cornelius are sure to meet; for it is a divinely appointed interview on both sides. Philip will take no circuitous route in looking for the desert road between Jerusalem and Gaza. Even human follies, blunders, and misunderstandings are so overruled that when Barnabas and Paul part company Barnabas promptly takes Mark, and Paul promptly takes Silas, so that, as the happy issue of the “ sharp contention,” two missionary expeditions are equipped instead of one, the number of messengers increased, each messenger of the same divine selection, his course directed and watched over by the same infinitely wise and gracious Master, and his personal work crowned with success to the joy alike of all the messengers and of their common Lord. It was no committee of the American Board, however “ pru­ dential” or far-seeing, which guided the steps of Adoniram Judson and Ann Hassel- tine Judson to Rangoon in Burma, and which at a later day gathered in tens of thou­ sands of converted Karens into the kingdom of God. Something happened on board the brig Caravan on the long voyage from Salem to Calcutta, something connected with the private Biblical studies of the two young missionaries, which, when reported a few months later to the members of that committee, led those cautious men to shake their heads dubiously and wonder what it all meant. But to-day there is no question either on earth or in heaven as to what it meant. The Great Pilot was at the helm. Clearly to His vision on that eventful voyage of the Caravan was foreseen the seventy- fifth anniversary, recently celebrated, of the Baptist Missionary Union, and all which that noble institution was to signify, as related to the proclamation of the gospel of Christ among the nations; and He who overruled the conscientiously diverse views of Barnabas and Paul, one of them being doubtless in the wrong, as to the missionary qualifications of young Mark in the first century, overruled also a conscientious, and some would say an incorrect, interpretation of Scripture upon the subject of baptism in the early years of the nineteenth century so that the number of the saved in glory will be multiplied by ten thousand times ten thousand. The most significant pages of our annual reports are those upon which are printed the names of the missionaries. These present to us the individual men and women who have each received a personal call from the personal Lord, and who have by him been trained by special providence and grace, in the exercise of their own individuality and possibly idiosyncrasies, for the particular service each has fulfilled or is now ful­ filling at some particular point on the foreign field. It was no hap-hazard arrangement which put into permanent juxtaposition on the missionary record certain names and places: William Goodell and Turkey, Elijah C. Bridgman and China, Robert Moffat and South Africa, Alexander Duff and India, Titus Coan and the Hawaiian Islands, John G. Paton and the New Hebrides, Benjamin G. Snow and Micronesia, Joseph H. Neesima and Japan. We might add the entire roll of the elect missionary host and the missionary fields where each made his missionary home. W e are not surprised to be told by Dr. T . L. Cuyler that, when in Edinburgh some years ago, he asked the famous Scotch artist, Sir George Harvey, if he had ever seen any of our best American paintings, the artist replied : “ No, I have not; but the grandest American productions I have seen have been some of your missionaries: they were noble characters.” These are what largely constitute missions, personal missionaries, selected by the personal Lord and by him assigned to their several posts of trust and there sustained — themselves intense in their own individual consecration and earnestness of purpose— the personal Leader and the personal Messenger in vital union. The Personal Factor in the Missionary Problem. xxix

h i . Third, The Personal Recipient o f the Message, the individual soul reached by the Messenger. Our missionaries go forth to study and master a new language, it may be to reduce it to writing or to translate into the new tongue the Holy Scriptures. They go to establish a place of permanent residence, to become acquainted with the people, to teach, to preach, to lay the foundations of civilization, and to do everything possible to bless the multitudes among whom they are thrown. All important, all helpful, all essentia], but all preparatory to their main aim, namely, the personal acceptance of the divine message by the individual soul. It may require years of patient effort and varied agencies to accomplish this end, but it is worth all it costs : the salvation of a sinful soul, delivered from a remediless woe, ransomed by the sacrificial death of the Son of God, exalted to an immortality so illustrious that through unending ages it shall “ make known the manifold wisdom of God to principalities and powers in the heavenly places,” singing a song so significant of the riches of redemptive grace that its “ secret chord” even angels “ on their harps must lean to hear.” This is the one definite thing for which the messenger is sent, the salvation of the individual soul. If that be accom­ plished, he has fulfilled his trust, and it carries with it everything else needed. If that fail, all fails. This fact cannot be too strongly emphasized. The Lord himself selects and equips a fit messenger, committing to his trust a particular message to be addressed to an individual man lost in sin. If that message is received, then the Lord himself is brought into direct communion with that new soul, and the man is saved. If the message is not received, the man abides lost. He may become more civilized, more intelligent, better clad, more wholesome in many ways, but if that special message is not accepted and the man thus brought into direct personal relations to the Lord who sent it, he abides lost, the possible glory of that redeemed soul shall never be, and the main end of the messenger’s errand has failed. More impressive than the roll of missionary laborers would be the roll, if we had it, of the individual souls whom they have been the instruments of personally bringing into the fellowship of Christ. This alone constitutes the final harvest to the glory of the Lord of the harvest; and He alone keeps the complete record. Toward this all our missionary operations tend, or they cease to be missionary in the full meaning o f that word. The educational equipment may be admirable, the buildings may be commodious, the signs of awakened intellect and quickened inquiry may be marked, and all may appear promising to the eye and ear; this is well, we are thankful and en­ couraged ; but how many individual souls give evidence of having passed from death unto life by personal faith in Jesus Christ? That is the test question which the Lord who gives the commission asks of the commissioned messenger when that messenger sits down to present to him his annual report. Gather up all the attendants of missionary" labor of every sort, — and they are many and varied, — and the resultant which the Master looks for is saved souls. And each of these souls may become in his turn a messenger to another, and he to another, and yet another, and so the saving work goes on until the final ingathering, the whole of it personal, the personal Lord, the personal messenger, the personal recipient of the message with all that this involves, this process repeated and multiplied until the new song has been learned by “ every kindred and tongue and people and nation.” Divinely simple! divinely effective! Is this circle of personal missionary influence now complete? Not quite. One important element remains. IV. Fourth. The Personal Source o f Supply. Who instrumentally shall provide the messengers and who shall support them ? Where are the rank and file of the Lord’s followers to each of whom individually is addressed the same command, “ Go make disciples of all the nations ” ? xxx The Personal Factor in the Missionary Problem.

If the personal Lord is in direct communication with personal messengers, whom He selects and equips for a personal service, sending them to distant lands that they may bear the message to the individual souls who are to receive it, if this is the divinely ordained method of fulfilling our trust as recipients of divine grace, then who are person­ ally responsible as the human instruments to equip these messengers, to multiply their number, to fill their ranks as they fall, to maintain the goodly succession, and heartily to support them by sympathy and prayer and generous gift — so being kept in personal touch with them and with the personal Lord ? Thanks be to God that we are permitted to ask such a question as this, and that its answer brings the whole body of the Lord’s disciples through each of its members into the same broad missionary fellowship! It is the Lord’s gracious provision that no individual disciple, however insignificant in his own estimation or in opportunity, shall be excluded from this sublime honor. If he shuts himself out, it shall be his own voluntary act. The command and the promise belong to him, if he accepts them, as truly and as richly as they belong to the messenger who directly carries the message. This is the significance of freewill offerings, the cheerful, generous gifts of individual self-sacrifice, varying in amount according to the amount entrusted to the giver by God, He keeping the record and knowing its private meaning. It is in the solving of this part of the missionary problem that the personal factor needs to be specially emphasized. We want not only auxiliary societies, asso­ ciations, conferences, churches, to be brought into direct fellowship with the adminis­ tration of this trust, but more than all else, and practically including all else, every in­ dividual believer. When each disciple recognizes his own direct relation to the personal Lord on the one side and to the personal messenger on the other, and this personal responsibility and privilege are kept in lively exercise by continuous prayerful thought and devout offering, all the intermediate agencies will find their appropriate, efficient place and will so abide. Let a few years elapse, — we should not need many such years, — during which every disciple shall clearly discern the Master’s personal call, and shall heartily respond, bearing the gospel to individual souls reached by the individual mes­ senger, sent forth and sustained by personal sympathy and consecrated gifts, gifts held in trust and bestowed for the Lord’s sake with equal heartiness, whether it be by the rich young ruler who has great possessions or by the poor widow whose two mites con­ stitute all her living, and the missionary problem will be solved for all days to come.

When will the living body of the ever-living Head, represented by all its members, endued with power from on high, unitedly and in serious earnest grapple with this momentous problem? Would that the experiment might be fairly tried under favorable conditions for a single year, while the gifts flowed in and the messengers went forth, and the glad tidings were everywhere proclaimed, the Spirit mightily poured out, souls by the tens of thousands saved, and the Master honored ! It would be the beginning of years for the coming Millennial church. All differences of every kind would be healed, and the glory of the Lord would fill the land “ from the rising of the sun unto the going down of the same.” God speed the dayl The Work of the American Board in Africa. xxxi

THE WORK OF THE AMERICAN BOARD IN AFRICA: AN HISTORICAL SKETCH.

BY REV. JUDSON SMITH, D .D ., FOREIGN SECRETARY.

[A paper from the Prudential Committee, for presentation at the Annual Meeting of the Board at Worcester, October u , i 8gj.\

T h e opening of Africa is one of the most fascinating chapters in the life of our day. Each new statement adds to the interest, and quickens the spirit of inquiry. The great travelers of the day turn instinctively to these untrodden tracts; scientific explorers feel the impulse and daily add to our exact knowledge of its lakes and rivers, its forests and mountains, its vast and wonderfully diversified population; the Great Powers have vied with each other in claiming jurisdiction over its territory and a share in its commercial and political development: and many Christians are striving to preoccupy the field with .the faith and institutions of the gospel. No such concentra­ tion of interest and active effort on the development of a great continent has been known before in the world’s history. Compared with this, the attention given to the New World, first brought distinctly to view four centuries since, was desultory and. intermittent. The significance of this is too plain to be mistaken. The civilized world, that is, the Christian nations of our times, is aware of its own unity with a vivid­ ness of conception that is absolutely new; and it moves as one in this grand effort to add new territory to its domain and new peoples to its expanding fellowship. The long delay of this development is one of the surprises of history. The Cape of Good Hope was rounded by the Portuguese and the adjacent coasts surveyed before Columbus caught sight of America. To human forecast it was far more probable that Africa would be the theatre of great events in the immediately succeeding centuries than that America should thus come to the front. But the hand of God was in it all. He has held the veil before this great continent unto the fulness of time; he has prepared the Christian nations for these great deeds ; he now summons the foremost nations to a work which shall at once express and deepen their sense of a common life, a common service, and a common leadership. And his purposes are fulfilling in all this varied movement which we behold. Germany has her ambitions ; France has her special policy; Italy and Portugal pursue their peculiar ends; England thinks of English aims; but high above all these plans, including them all, and subordinating them to its own ends, is the purpose of the Most High to bless and redeem and lift up to the light of his countenance and a place in his eternal kingdom the Dark Continent, with its vast resources and its countless souls. Men work and plan, and through it all his king­ dom is rising and his will is done. And this is the greatest thing that is going on in Africa to-day, as it is the greatest thing that is ever done upon the earth. It is this, and not the work of Stanley, or the deeds of the Berlin Conference, or the compacts of the Powers, which makes the past so entrancing, the present so momentous, and the future so full of glorious hope. Insensibly to themselves, upborne by the currents that flow out of the past, inspired by the dominant Christian sentiment of the times, leading minds in all lands look beyond all that now appears and behold Africa, disenthralled, enlightened, redeemed by the Lord, uplifted to the light of his glorious face, full of happy States and thriving cities and countless Christian homes, the pride of the world and the joy of the Lord. That is the goal toward which the movements of the day are tending and the march of the generations has begun. This it is which gives tireless patience to the explorer, unquenchable enthusiasm to the statesman, and an invincible hope to the Christian missionary, as in their several ways they seek to possess the strength and mold the life of this African world. And the day will surely come, even xxxii The Work of the American Board in Africa.

though our eyes may not behold it, when their work will be finished and the transfor­ mation will be complete. In the effort of Protestant Christendom to evangelize Africa, a labor which has long been in progress and which is still drawing to itself enlarging gifts and widening inter­ est, the churches cooperating in the American Board have borne a part honorable in itself and worthy of a full and careful record. At the Sixteenth Annual Meeting of the Board, held at Northampton, Mass., in 1825, this record was made: “ It was recommended to the Prudential Committee to establish a mission in Africa as soon as they shall find it practicable and be able to make the requisite preparations.” This was •only a little more than ten years after the first mission of the Board was fairly estab­ lished in India, and six years after work was opened in Turkey, and four years before the first missionaries were sent to China. It was, however, nine years before the first missionary to Africa was sent out, and the date, 1834, is a most suggestive one. The anti-slaver}' sentiment, which played so great a part in our national history for a full generation, was at that time rising all over the land and moving the hearts of all Christian people. The Board responded quickly and decisively to this popular feeling, and turned its thoughts to missionary effort in Africa as an atonement for the countless wrongs its people had suffered at the hands of Christian nations, as well as a fulfilment •of the Great Commission.

I. THE CAPE PALMAS AND GABOON MISSION. The instructions of the Prudential Committee to Rev. John Leighton Wilson, assigned to a mission at Cape Palmas, Western Africa, given in the Central Presby­ terian Church, Philadelphia, October 18, 1834, are most inspiring reading. They reveal the high sense of duty, and the philanthropic purpose pervaded and sublimed by Christian principle, with which all the missions of the American Board in Africa were begun. Two passages in these instructions bearing upon these points are worthy of -quotation. The first, revealing the high Christian courage with which this work was begun, runs thus: “ Where the pillar of God's providence leads the way, we may venture to go, though it be into the wilderness or into the sea. No path to usefulness and to heaven is shorter, better, safer for us, than that which God prescribes.” The •other is in these terms: “ Shall the white man after having trampled upon Africa for two centuries, after having drawn myriads of slaves from its unhappy shores, and made his influence felt, like that of a demon, in every valley, plain, and mountain of its fertile region and on every oasis of its mighty deserts — shall the white man now turn his back upon that unhappy country ? Shall the Church do this ? Shall we risk nothing to heal the wounds of Africa which our fathers inflicted?” Mr. Wilson had been sent to the western coast of Africa in the previous year by the Board to make exploration and select a site for a mission. Cape Palmas had been fixed upon as the most favorable location, lying on the coast 230 miles southeast of Monrovia, near one of the sites occupied by the Maryland Colonization Society. Mr. and Mrs. Wilson arrived on the field in December of 1834, and were joyfully welcomed by the entire population. They immediately set about the task of reducing the lan­ guage to written form, opening schools for the natives, and preparing textbooks for school work and translating the Bible into the native language. In 1836 they were reinforced by Rev. and Mrs. David White and Mr. Benjamin V. James, a printer, and the work of teaching and of translation and of preaching was pressed forward with increasing energy. In 1839 the mission, which had suffered the loss of Mr. and Mrs. White but had been reinforced by the coming of Dr. and Mrs. Wilson, made the fol­ lowing report of its work. Up to this time 10,872 copies of the Scriptures and of .schoolbooks containing 180,532 pages had been printed, the mission church numbered twenty-one members, there were three public schools with fifty pupils and a boarding The Work of the American Board in Africa. xxxiii

school with thirty-five pupils. Notwithstanding the happy beginning and good pros­ perity of this missionary work thus far, it was found very difficult to secure reinforce­ ments, and the circumstances surrounding the mission were such as to raise serious question whether a better site could not be found; and in 1842, although the long- looked-for reinforcements had been appointed, it was deemed best to undertake a definite exploration and search for a new site for the mission. This resulted in the selection of the territory along the Gaboon River lying about twenty miles north of the Equator, and to this point the mission soon after removed, taking with it not a few of the native converts and teachers. In the last year of the occupancy of Cape Palmas the Annual Report showed that at that time there had been printed in the native language from the beginning 91,672 copies of books and pamphlets containing 2,252,132 pages, ten common schools were in operation and a boarding school with fifty-four pupils. For twenty-eight years work was prosecuted in this new field along the usual lines of preaching, schools, and translation, with good though not striking results. The hope of penetrating into the interior, with which the work began, was not realized; the response of the natives to the labors of the missionaries was less prompt than at Cape Palmas, and a native agency was slow in development: And yet the work was by no means in vain. The force employed was always small, never exceeding eight ordained missionaries and their wives, while frequently but two or three were in the field; but in point of devotion and ability and missionary zeal it was no whit behind that in other fields. While this mission was under the care of the American Board thirty-nine missionaries, including wives and single women, were sent out, and $164,722.16 were expended. In 1870, in the amicable withdrawal of those Presbyterian churches which up to that date had cooperated in the work of the Board, this mission with its entire force was transferred to the care of the Foreign Board of the Presbyterian Church.

II. THE ZULU MISSION. In December, 1834, six missionaries (two of them physicians), with their wives, were sent out to establish missions among two branches of the Zulu nation in South Africa. The mission among the maritime Zulus ruled by Dingaan was to be located in the region between Port Natal and Delagoa B ay; the interior mission was to be located in that portion of the continent lying to the westward and northward of Delagoa Bay, then ruled over by Mosalekatse. This plan of two communicating missions, the one mainly a seminary and training centre, the other an open gateway to the vast, populous interior, had much to recommend i t ; and though it proved impossible to maintain the interior post, this original conception of the work of the Board in Southern Africa has never been lost sight of. In a very proper sense the forward movement to Gazaland, just inaugurated by the Board, is its late fulfilment. The names of those comprising this first missionary party to South Africa are inter­ esting to note. Aldin Grout and George Champion, missionaries, Newton Adams, m .d ., physician, and their wives, make up the maritime mission. Daniel Lindley, Alexander E. Wilson, m .d ., and Henry I. Venable, missionaries, and their wives, make up the interior mission. Of all these Aldin Grout and his wife alone survive to see the later fruit of this earlier planting. The other names are household words in the Zulu Mission. Two of them have become permanently attached to the two principal stations of that mission. In consequence of the impossibility of establishing work in the interior the forces were combined in Natal and the work has been prosecuted from that day to this as a single mission. The times were not ripe for work in the interior. The unsettled state of Mosalekatse’s kingdom was the immediate cause of abandoning the interior mis­ sion. But this was connected with other causes. Too little was known of the climate or the people or the languages or the means of communication. Travel and exploration xxxiv The Work of the American Board in Africa.

must be prosecuted before the natural highways to the interior were revealed. The influences of European government and civilization, of the telegraph and the steam­ ship, and of a wiser comprehension of the missionary problem in Africa were needful before the conditions of successful work in the interior could be secured. Livingstone’s career, from the missionary pioneer to the wide traveler and the scientific explorer, seeking the untrodden path alike to the centre of the continent and the hearts of the people, was an epitome of the course the evangelization of Africa was to pursue. The American Zulu Mission in Natal has had an interesting history and a marked success. The English Colonial Government has preserved peace, given protection to the foreign laborers, and indirectly aided some forms of missionary work. The Zulu people are naturally quick-witted, kind of temper, and fairly susceptible to missionary instruction. But the hindrances have been many and slow to yield. The climate induces a temper disinclined to steady and severe effort. Heathen customs are deeply fixed and irreconcilably opposed to Christian morality. The unregenerate heart in Africa no less than elsewhere forms a stedfast opposition to the Word and grace of God, and the progress of evangelistic work has been correspondingly retarded. Not a few individual instances of remarkable conversion and genuine Christian living have occurred to cheer the hearts of the laborers, but the permanent results that reach through individual and domestic and social life to the reshaping of customs and habits and aspirations have been slow in appearing. .More than one generation of Christian life is needful to cast out of heart and home the old pagan customs and to furnish stable native leaders for church and school. The permanent features of Christian society, that instinctive loyalty to conscience and the claim of God which is the best fruit of a Christian civilization — these have been developed but slowly and are as yet rather an ideal than the full possession of the Christian communities that have been gathered in this field. The missionaries have maintained a long, lingering, and often disheartening conflict with the weaknesses of individuals and the evil customs of the tribe. They have literally taught their heavenly lesson “ precept upon precept, precept upon precept; line upon line, line upon line; here a little and there a little.” But in spite of all obstacles the gospel leaven has entered into hearts and homes, and has begun a great and abiding transformation, which in due time will establish these people in the knowledge and grace and spiritual strength of the sons and daughters of the Lord Almighty. According to the last report of this mission the results after these sixty years’ work are thus tabulated : 30 American laborers in the field, including 9 single women ; 181 native laborers, of whom 19 are preachers ; 101 places for stated preaching, with aver­ age congregations amounting to 6,375 souls; 1,718 pupils in Sunday-schools; 17 churches; 1,509 members, 211 having been received on confession during the last year; 1 theological school with 17 pupils; 1 high school for boys with 63 pupils; 2 boarding schools for girls with 168 pupils; 37 common schools with 1,918 pupils. The native contributions of 1893, for all purposes, have been $2,573. Within the last year a missionary physician of thorough training has been added to the force, with a dispensary established at Adams, and in the hope that in due time a hospital will be established and a medical school for the training of native physicians. During the fifty- nine years through which the work in this field has been prosecuted there have been in service 85 missionaries, including the wives of missionaries and single women. There have been expended from the treasury of the Board to support this work $961,493.80. The literary work done by the missionaries in this field consists in part of the prepara­ tion of textbooks for the schools and of the beginnings of a Christian literature for the people, but especially of the translation of the Bible into the Zulu language and a care­ ful revision of the same, which has but recently been completed. A noble contribution to the study of the language has been made by the “ Grammar of the Zulu Language,” The Work of the American Board in Africa. XXXV

prepared in 1859 by the R ev- Lewis Grout, a member of the mission., and this year revised and brought down to date by the author’s hand. The field of the Zulu Mission has always been contracted, and from the beginning it has been felt that the work done within this field must be largely the work of training a Christian community which should send forth missionaries from its own numbers to other regions where the Zulu language is spoken, to take their part in the wider move­ ment for the evangelization of the great interior of the continent. Considering the carefully prepared and fairly abundant literature already in possession of the mission, and the schools thoroughly graded and reaching from the kindergarten on the one hand to the theological school on the other, and the breadth of area over which the Zulu language is known and spoken, the providential preparation of this mission for a great service in sending to other fields native teachers and preachers in large numbers is obvious and most inspiring, and upon this new epoch of its work the mission has fairly entered.

III. THE WEST CENTRAL AFRICAN MISSION.

When in the autumn of 1879 a legacy of above $1,000,000 came into the hands of the American Board, it was agreed by all that this was a definite providential call to enlarge the area of missionary work in Africa, and a considerable sum was set aside for this express purpose. Under instructions from the Board, the most careful and patient inquiries were made by Rev. Dr. John O. Means, including a visit to Europe and conference with men best acquainted with Africa, to ascertain the most favorable opening for the new missions it was proposed to organize. In consequence of these investigations it was decided to open a new mission within the limits of the province of Angola, on the highlands some 200 miles due east from the port of Benguella, in the region of Bih6 and the Coanza River. At this point, with an elevation of more than 5,000 feet above the sea, were found a healthful climate, fertile soil, wholesome water, and above all a goodly population of tribes free from the vices of a degenerate civilization, speaking a dialect of the great Bantu language, and wholly unreached by existing missionary operations. Later and fuller information has very strikingly confirmed these first intimations as to the climate and people, and proved with what painstaking care Dr. Means conducted his inquiry. In the summer of 1880 the first missionary band, consisting of Rev. W . W . Bagster, Rev. W . H. Sanders, as missionaries, and Mr. S. T. Miller as assistant missionary, set out for the new field, and arrived at their destination in Bailundu March 9, 1881. Here a station was soon opened with the recognition and friendship of the native King Kwikwi; and during the ensuing year reinforcements were received, including three missionary families, one physician, one single ordained missionary, and a single woman. From the very first the missionaries received a cordial welcome from the native chiefs and their people, and friendly relations were easily established. During the first three years the main effort was concentrated upon the erection of suitable houses, the reduction of the spoken language to written form, with the development of a vocab­ ulary and grammar. In June, 1884, the native king, under evil influences, withdrew his friendship, made unreasonable demands, and at length drove the missionaries out of their stations and plundered their goods ; and for a time all seemed to be lost. But his ill-humor soon exhausted itself, and he was very glad to welcome back his “ whites,’’ and give the strongest assurances of friendship and protection in the future. This brief outbreak is the only hindrance from direct opposition which the work has encoun­ tered ; and wholly friendly relations have at all other times existed between the natives and the missionaries in the newer stations, as well as in Bailundu. The second station was opened at Kamundongo, in Bih6, in 1884, and the third station at Chisamba, in xxxvi The Work of the American Board in Africa.

1888. The latter station is occupied by missionaries from Canada, who together with their work are supported by the Foreign .Missionary Society of the Congregational Churches of Canada. For a time after the expulsion of 1884 a missionary family resided at Benguella, to meet and forward missionaries going to the field or returning home, to dispatch goods to the interior, and to maintain closer relations with the Por­ tuguese colonial government. At present the agent of the Dutch house at Benguella is employed to render these services to the mission. A school was gathered during the first year of the mission, composed of the native lads who were employed in the several families; and this form of effort has been steadily maintained and has proved successful. Gradually the way has opened for girls’ schools also, on each of the three stations, and for schools at the king’s vil­ lage in Bailundu. The nucleus of a training school has been formed at Bailundu, and a kindergarten has been opened at Kamundongo. The pupils in these schools are apt and eager to learn, and thus far have more than kept pace with the facilities for instruc­ tion furnished by the mission. From these schools have come all the first converts to the Christian faith, and the new life has been prompt to appear and genuine in its fruits. In May, 1887, only a little more than six years after the first station was opened, the first church of the mission was organized at Bailundu, consisting of fourteen members, all under twenty years of age. These were examined by the mission at its annual meeting, were bap­ tized and formed into a Christian church by public profession of their faith and the adoption of a covenant of mutual love and devotion. This church was immediately organized by the choice of certain of the more capable members as deacons, and a certain responsibility for the conduct of public worship was from the first laid upon the members of the church. Three years later this little band of believers, with their own hands and without pecuniary aid from any other source, erected a commodious house of worship, which was duly dedicated amid great rejoicings. The second church of the mission was organized August 10, 1890, at Kamundongo, consisting of eight members, two of whom were chosen as deacons; and this little community of Christian believers has followed the same line of development as the first church at Bailundu. At last report there were in these two churches forty-nine members. Already on the third station there is a goodly number prepared, in the judgment of the resident missionary, to receive baptism and to be organized into a Christian church. A pastor has been chosen for the first church at Bailundu and his support assumed, and the members of this church have entered upon evangelistic work in the neighboring villages under the general direction of the missionaries. Thus the Christian church, organized, self­ governed, active in the spread of the gospel, has already made its appearance and is beginning to yield its happy fruits. The language has been carefully studied. A vocabulary of nearly 1,000 of the more common words has been recorded and proved. A provisional grammar of the language has been compiled, and textbooks for the schools in the native language have been prepared and printed by the mission. The work of translating the Scriptures has also made commendable progress. The Gospels of Matthew, Mark, and John, the Acts of the Apostles, some of the Epistles, and the first fifty-one Psalms have been thus translated and printed by the missionaries, and are in constant use in the mission schools and churches. The total number of missionaries connected with this mission from the first has been thirty, including the wives of missionaries and single women. The cost of establishing and maintaining the mission during the first twelve years of its history has been $153,709.32. As a result of all this labor and expenditure of means we have a mission established in three stations, ministering to a population of 100,000, with the language reduced to written form and already available in the translation of the Scriptures and in textbooks for the schools, two The Work of the American Board in Africa. xxxvii

mission churches well organized with their own houses of worship, self-sustaining, with a membership of forty-nine communicants, eight common schools with 345 pupils, one third of whom are girls, and a Home Missionary Society already organized and at work in the neighboring villages. The history of the mission has proved the wisdom with which its site was selected and the good judgment and devotion with which its development has been prosecuted, and above all the blessing of heaven which attends this work.

IV. THE EAST CENTRAL AFRICAN MISSION. About the same time that inquiries were prosecuted by the American Board with reference to the establishment of the West Central African Mission, similar efforts were made to find a site in the eastern part of Africa suitable for the establishment of a new mission which should be partly a foreign mission field for the churches of the Zulu Mission and in part a distinct and additional contribution by the Amer­ ican Board to the evangelization of the interior of Africa. In 1881 Rev. Myron W. Pinkerton, a member of the Zulu Mission, was authorized to take charge of an expe­ dition to Umzila’s kingdom, lying to the north of the Sabi River and inland from the east coast some 200 miles. Mr. Pinkerton’s expedition was unhappily terminated by his decease in November of that year, but the impulse thus given to the establishment of new work in Southeastern Africa was not lost. The following year Rev. E. H. Richards took up the unfulfilled commission of the brave Pinkerton, and through many difficulties succeeded in reaching the kraal of the great King Umzila. He was favor­ ably received and assured that missionaries would be welcomed. But the recruits that would be needed in order to make a suitable beginning could not be found, and so the favorable opportunity was lost for a time. In the year 1883, however, Rev. W . C. Wilcox and Rev. E. H. Richards, of the Zulu Mission, visited the region of Inhambane Bay and obtained permission to make a beginning of missionary work there until a favorable time for going to Umzila’s kraal should appear; and the East Central African Mission was thus organized with its temporary centre at Inhambane. Explorations were made into the interior, three sites were selected for stations, and from time to time new missionary families were added to the force. Here the work of reducing the unwritten languages of the natives was begun and prosecuted with energy and good success. The entire New Testament was translated into the Tonga language, and printed on the mission press. Portions of the Scriptures and other books were translated into the Sheetswa language, and printed for the use of the schools. From the beginning the site of this mission proved to be to an unusual degree unfavorable to health, and the conviction became gradually fixed in the minds both of the members of this mission and of the Zulu Mission, with which this mission was from the first closely connected, that a new site more healthful in its conditions and farther inland should be sought. Accordingly the old kraal of Umzila was revisited in 1888, only to find that the Catholics were already in possession there; and Gungun- yana, Umzila’s successor, said that our missionaries had come too late. Explorations were made in 1891 and 1892 to a region north of the site thus occupied, and within the limits of the British South Africa Company, on the line between Gazaland and Mashonaland, and upon the report of the last exploring party it was decided definitely to remove the mission from Inhambane to these highlands, and to organize the mission afresh. Accordingly in this very year the new mission is on its way to a settlement upon Mt. Selinda, 4,000 feet above sea level, on the upper waters of the Busi River, about 200 miles inland from the coast, to be reached, partly by boat and partly by carriers, from the city Beira, at the mouth of the Pungwe River. The mission as thus newly organized consists of Rev. George A. Wilder, Rev. xxxviii The Work of the American Board in Africa.

F. W . Bates, Rev. F. R. Bunker, Dr. William L. Thompson, and their wives, and Miss Nancy Jones; and it moves to the new field with high hopes and far-reaching plans. Thus far in this field there have been employed fourteen missionaries, including wives and single women, and $70,605 have been expended. Such in brief is the part already taken by the American Boaid in the evangelization of Africa. The outward tangible results Ire not great or striking; the statistics which give the present condition are almost surprisingly meagre; and the question of success may rise. It must be remembered that much of the most significant results of mission­ ary works finds no place in statistics. The heroism and patience and indomitable hope and all-enduring love which have marked the laborer in all these fields, and which shed undying lustre on the Christian name, no figure or words can duly express. The patient and persistent inculcation of Christian truth, the gradual but widespread diffusion of the light and life of the gospel through the dense darkness of paganism and death, the slow emergence of the Christian home and the Christian society, beneath the labors of the missionary and the brooding Spirit of God — these are great and inspiring facts, though our statistics scarcely breathe a hint of them. Everything that was hoped has not indeed been accomplished, but all that could reasonably be expected has been done. All the preliminary work has been finished; the missions are well located, the confidence of the natives has been won, their languages have been reduced to written form, and the Bible has been translated, churches have been organ­ ized, native preachers are at work by the side of the missionaries, schools have been established to train the native agency and lay a broad and firm basis for the new life. W e have only to put to more effective use, and on a wider scale, the appliances already in hand to see a swift and widespread advance of the kingdom of grace. These missions, small in themselves, some of them but recently planted, the oldest and most successful only in the morning of its productive life, all belong to a move­ ment which is one of the most sublime in the world’s history, the effort of the Protestant nations to make a Christian and civilized world out of the Dark Continent. Compared with what must yet be done to set the light of God on every mountain-side, in every valley, by every lake and river, in every home and in every heart of this mighty con­ tinent, all that has been accomplished is but the beginning. But the march has begun and the goal is distinctly in view ; and its meaning grows more clear with every wheel­ ing year. Amid all the stir and activity, in politics and commerce, in exploration and occupation, by which the»leading Powers of the world are vying with one another to cover and appropriate to themselves the resources and power of Africa, this aggressive advance of evangelizing forces is the supreme movement of the times, and holds in its plastic hands the long and glorious future of the nations that one day are to fill and adorn these lands with a varied and progressive life and with a Christian civilization. Its leader is no earthly sovereign, but the very King of kings; the forces that work within it are not armies and navies, the wealth and power of the world, but the celestial and victorious legions of the Christian Church, love and patience and hope and prayer. Thank G od! the cruel days of hate and wrong, of outrage and blood are passing away; the dawn of peace and liberty, of love and righteousness is at hand, and other eyes shall see the coming of the glory of the Lord, when Africa, disen­ thralled, redeemed, in the beauty of the King shall take her place among the Christian Powers of the earth. ANNUAL REPORT.

1892- 93.

REPORT

O F TH E PRUDENTIAL COMMITTEE.

HOME DEPARTMENT.

NECROLOGY.

T h r e e of the Corporate Members have deceased during the past year: John

N. Stickney, Esq., of Connecticut, elected in 1870; A. Hastings Ross, d .d ., of Michigan, elected in 1886; and Hon. John J. Bell, of New Hampshire, elected in 1890. Mention should also be made of the death during the year of Rev. Isaac R.

Worcester, m .d ., of Massachusetts, elected in 1870, who resigned in 1889, who rendered efficient service in behalf of the Board for nine years as District Sec­ retary for Massachusetts, for twenty-two years as Editor of the Missionary Herald, and for four years as a member of the Prudential Committee.

REINFORCEMENTS.

During the past year there have entered upon missionary work abroad, or are on their way thither, seven missionaries, one of them a physician, and twenty- nine assistant missionaries, a total of thirty-six. Their names and places of designation are as follows : — F o r IVest Central Africa : Miss Amy Johnston, Miss Helen J. Melville. For the Zulu Mission : George B. Cowles, Jr., Mrs. Amy Bridgman Cowles. For Western Turkey: Rev. Henry K. Wingate, Miss Frances C. Gage, Miss Martha A. King, Miss Sarah H. Harlow. For Central Turkey: Miss Harriet A. Lovell. For Eastern Turkey: Rev. Herbert M. Allen, Miss Grace H. Knapp. For the Marathi Mission: Rev. Edward Fairbank, Mrs. Mary A. Fairbank, Rev. Harvey M. Lawson, Mrs. Dedie S. Lawson. For the Madura Mission: Rev. Charles S. Vaughan, Mrs. M. Ella Vaughan, Miss Ella Samson, Miss Gertrude Barker.

F or Ceylon : Rev. Thomas B. Scott, m .d ., Mrs. Mary E. Scott, Miss Katie Myers. For Foochoto: Mrs. Ellen J. Kinnear, Miss Caroline E. Chittenden, Miss Frances E. Nieberg. For North China: Rev. George H. Ewing, Mrs. Sarah H. Ewing, Mrs. Maud L. Aiken, Miss Viette J. Brown, Miss Abbie G. Chapin, Miss Gertrude W. Stanley, Miss Annie A. Gould, Miss Henrietta B. Williams. For Shansi: Miss Mary L. Partridge. For fapan : Miss Lucy E. Case. For Micronesia : Miss Louise E. Wilson. 4 Home Department. [Report,

Thirty-six missionaries and assistant missionaries have returned to their fields of labor or are on their way thither after temporary rest in this country, whose names are as follows: Rev. Walter T. Currie, Rev. William H. Sanders, for West Central Africa ; Miss Esther T. Maltbie, for Europca?i Turkey; Rev. C. C. Tracy, Mrs. Myra P. Tracy, Rev. James L. Fowle, Miss Marion Sheldon, Mrs. Helen INI. Herrick, Mrs. Jane C. Wingate, for Western Turkey; Rev. Americus Fuller, for Central Turkey; Mrs. Ellen R. Allen, Miss Caroline E. Bush, for Eastern Turkey; Rev. Justin E. Abbott, for the Marathi Mission; Rev. Richard C. Hastings, Mrs. Minnie B. Hastings, for Ceylon; Rev. J. E. Walker, Mrs. A. C. Walker, Henry F. Whitney, m .d., Mrs. L. A. Whitney, Miss Kate C. Woodhull, m .d., for Foochow ; Rev. Edward E. Aiken, Rev. Mark Williams, Rev. H. P. Perkins, Mrs. Estella Perkins, m .d., Mrs. Eleanor W. Shef­ field, for North China; Rev. John L. Atkinson, Mrs. Carrie E. Atkinson, Rev. George Allchin, Mrs. Nellie M. Allchin, Mrs. Agnes H. Gordon, Miss Susan A. Searle, for fa p a n ; Rev. Hiram Bingham, d .d ., Mrs. Clara B. Bingham, for the Micronesian Mission; Rev. A. W. Clark, for A ustria; Rev. James D. Eaton, Mrs. Gertrude C. Eaton, for Mexico.

AGENCIES.

The presentation of the work of the Board to the churches has been vigor­ ously prosecuted during the past year particularly through t>ur two efficient District Secretaries, Drs. Daniels and Hitchcock, and our energetic Field Secre­ tary, Dr. Creegan, assisted by a large number of missionaries temporarily in this country, and by several cooperating pastors. Dr. S. J. Humphrey has continued to render assistance in this department in the District of the Interior and Dr. Cyrus Hamlin in New England. Rev. Walter Frear is proving himself a faith­ ful and laborious helper on the Pacific Coast. The interesting and instructive detailed reports of the District Secretaries and the Field Secretary are herewith submitted.

ANNUAL REPORT FROM THE MIDDLE DISTRICT.

[Including Connecticut, the Middle and South Atlantic States, with office at 121 Bible House, New York.] Rev. Dr. C. H. Daniels reports as follows : — “ The report from the Middle District for the year just closed may also indi­ cate, in a measure, the duties of a District Secretary. It is not necessary to speak of minor incidents, in the work, in journeyings often, by sea and by land, by night and by day, the number of miles unrecorded; in absence from home a great deal, with our rest in many a strange place and with many a stranger. “ Miscellaneous Duties. — These vary with the passing months and all have a necessary place. Reference is had to dealings with different parties in regard to* the coming and going of missionaries, meeting them, attending to their inquiries, and kindred work. With a view to missionary economy we have spent many an hour in securing reduced rates for travel and in planning the cheapest route. In a like manner are many calls in regard to books, baggage, merchandise, and freight and passenger tariff, from friends of our work and friends of our workers. These errands have given us pleasure to fulfil, in so far as they have come under the scope of our missionary business. 1893.] Home Department. 5

“ Correspondence. — This is varied. There is the correspondence pertaining to the engagements of the Secretary or missionaries for meeting the churches. These calls are frequent and take much thought and planning. We have, also, calls for literature and information concerning the missionary world. There is hardly a field in the world that is not a subject of inquiry, from Alaska to Patagonia, from Spain to Korea, from the islands of the Pacific to the Laccadive group. Inquiry is made in regard to every possible phase of missionary enterprise, evangelistic, educational, and medical. We are asked to advise men as to commercial pros­ pects in heathen lands, and, in one case, vve were urged to find, at once, a for­ eign girl for domestic service. In this department of work the Secretary has had pleasure in the funds of information he himself has acquired in thus help­ ing others. No pains have been spared properly to answer inquirers. Many letters are called forth in adjusting gifts to special objects as the donors may elect. This is profitable. There is also a miscellaneous correspondence, prop­ erly coming to us, financial, commercial, and ecclesiastical, which has the care­ ful attention of the office. “ Literature. — Increased efforts the past year to place our literature before the churches have met with reasonable success. There have been sent from this office during the year, in leaflets, pamphlets, and reports, probably 60,000 copies. The Almanac, while receiving a good sale, was worthy a larger. A letter for the use of pastors, printed to supply a demand, has had a circulation of about 12,000, as also at least a corresponding number of collection envelopes. Cir­ cular letters to pastors, Sunday-school superintendents, and Endeavor Societies have been mailed as occasion has offered and the many answers have added pleasure to the work. It has been of value to transcribe letters from our mis­ sionaries for the churches in which they may have spoken while in this country. Several hundreds of these have been sent and many grateful acknowledgments returned. A few new leaflets, published this year by the Board, have met a popular demand. “ Among the Churches.— To the extent of time and strength the churches have been visited. We have on the average made four addresses each week. Sabbaths are rarely disengaged, while weekday appointments are not a few. In the country and city alike we have had a cordial welcome. Invitations have been accepted from four State Associations and seventeen local Associations. Six weeks were spent in Ohio with almost daily addresses. All the other States in the district have been visited personally, save the Southern. We have addressed many Endeavor Societies, Sunday-schools, Women's Societies, and Mission Bands; also, a few colleges and seminaries. Among the youth are found responsive hearts. It pays to give the children occasion to love the work of foreign missions. “ Variety in Address. — Were it possible to indicate the range of thought called for in this field of public address, it would suggest the breadth and inspiration of our world-wide work. Geographical and historical, biographical and biological, evangelistic and educational subjects have all claimed attention. Special fields with the use of the maps, special persons with illustrations from their work, medical work and its value, the use of literature for the sake of intelligence, advising the use of the Missionary Herald, Almanac, and other books, the 6 Home Department, [Report,

opportunities of the youth, the work of women, the loyalty of our missionaries, the effectiveness of native agencies, the fidelity of native Christians, methods of work, principles of giving — these are some of the themes that have had a place. Old objections are answered again, line upon line. Apologetics have had a small place, while privilege has been magnified. “ Missionaries. — As heretofore we have had valued aid from our missionaries in all parts of our field. They are winning the goodwill of the churches as never before. They have something to tell which is worth hearing. At least twelve missionaries have rendered more or less service with us this past year. Missionaries with adaptation to this field work could do great good among the churches if they could be spared for months of consecutive service. The very fact of being a missionary has great influence. “ Personal Mention. — The personal association with so many of the pastors and the many royal people who have opened their homes to the stranger we cannot forget. From all the officers of the Board and the Committee, as also the Corporate Members, we have received only the kind help which has called forth gratitude. If there are infelicities in the Secretary’s life, there are compen­ sations along these indicated lines.

M ID D L E D IS T R IC T . S T A T E M E N T FO R 1892-93.

(Last year’s statement in parentheses.)

Û si ! ! MM

5 *0 . ~ 5 .5 ! STATES. ! « ”3 rt c 0 ^ 0 1 Z ‘5 1 i c j 0 CO 'g ^ H c Q * *3 CJ

I. 309 with 1 !

resident 264 45 CONNECTICUT, i $32,115.05 $2,488.42 $23,501.40 $20,495.39 $78,600.26 members. (274) (3 4 ) (34,103.28) (1,597.66) (24,895.41) (23,385.93) (83,982.28)

II. 284 with j 41,689 resident 167 117 NEW YORK. 1 3 3 .257-49 1,908.82 8,284.00 30,378.83 73,829.14 members. (154) (128) ! (67,115.29) (2,341.20) (8,315.96) (48,138.46) (125,910.91) III. 33 with 4,560 resident 23 xo : NEW JERSEY. , 4 .335-59 437-74 2 ,107.79 500.00 7,381.12 members. (20) (12) (4 ,5 i 7-5 i) (3 I 7-4 9 ) (2,394.87) (1,000.00) (8,229.87)

IV. i n with j 9 .7 1 9 resident 40 71 PENNSYLVANIA. 2 ,3 21.99 113.13 346.40 6 ,937-49 9,719.01 members. (37) (7°) ( i , 92°-4 I) (I4 4 -9 7 ) (45I -45) (2,516.83) V. 15 with MARYLAND, ! 2,468 VIRGINIA, 1 resident 12 WEST VIRGINIA,' 1,870.64 61.40 674.8t 2,606.85 (2,958.04 members. (12) & DIST. COLUMBIA.! (2,348.08) (30-72) (579-23)

VI. 165 with ! 6,J57J resident 17 148 SOUTH 334-17 i7 .I l 261.27 612.55 members. (23) (117) ATLANTIC. (298.66) (1.16) (293.63) (584-45) VII. 248 with 3 1 ,3 7 8 resident 153 OHIO. 9,336.48 902.83 7,081.83 3,000.00 20,321.14 members. (148) (100) (9 .7 7 4 -3 8 ) (1.117.51) (7,058.80) (12,445.69) (30,396.44)

1,165 676 489 $83,571.41 $5 ,929-45 $42,257-50 $61,311.71 $193,070.07 (84,970.08) (254,578.82) (M 3 1) (666) (465) (l20,068.62) (5,550.71) (43,989-41) *893-] Home Department. 7

“ Receipts. — It only remains to call attention to the receipts, which are tabu­ lated and appended to this report. We regret to find a general falling off from the previous year. That was a year not only of many special gifts, but also of special appeals to the churches and pastors through a committee of business men. For the most of this year the receipts were all that could be expected; the last months have caused a great decline. The Sunday-schools and En­ deavor Societies have made a good advance. The column of receipts from this source does not include the gifts paid through the Woman’s Board, a consider­ able amount. A large number of churches have been added to our lists from the Southern Atlantic States, which, as yet, give almost nothing to our work. These omitted, there has been a slight increase in the number of churches contributing this year over last. However, we still have the problem of non­ contributing churches. Our great desire is for the coming of the day when all the churches shall bear this world-wide work upon their hearts.”

REPORT FROM THE INTERIOR DISTRICT.

[From Indiana and Michigan to the Rocky Mountains, with office at 151 Washington Street, Chicago.] Rev. Dr. A. N. Hitchcock reports as follows : — “ During the past year about every kind of work that can be thought of as belonging to our department seems to your Secretary to have been undertaken. Churches, general and local conventions, colleges, mission circles, and Christian Endeavor meetings have been visited and addressed in several States of the Interior. It is estimated that at least 50,000 different persons in this District have during the year heard the living voice of missionary or Secretary on the vast and varied subject of foreign missions. In midwinter a series of appoint­ ments was arranged for Rev. C. C. Tracy, of Turkey, extending from Detroit up through Michigan to the Lake Superior region, where he spent a week to the great joy of that northern group of churches. From thence he went on to fill further appointments in Wisconsin and Minnesota. Mr. and Mrs. Karmarkar, of India, have made numerous addresses in various parts of Illinois and Wisconsin. For March and April the District Secretary planned an extended series of missionary conventions or rallies, which, with the intervening Sabbath appointments, reached between thirty and forty leading cities in the Interior, including Chicago, Evanston, Rockford, Kewanee, Geneseo, Moline, Elgin, Janesville, Appleton, Madison, Milwaukee, Whitewater, Aurora, Ottawa, Gales­ burg, Jacksonville, Quincy, Burlington, Rochester, Northfield, St. Paul, Minne­ apolis, Fond du Lac, Grinnell, Davenport, Winona, and other places. In this effort we had the efficient cooperation of Dr. C. C. Creegan and Revs. J. L. Barton, of Turkey, and H. P. Perkins, of China. Delegates from the surround­ ing churches were invited to these meetings, and it is believed that in this way our missionary campaign came into touch with at least 150 churches. In all this field work we have been greatly aided and encouraged by pastors and Corporate Members of the Board. Among others who have made missionary addresses may be mentioned Rev. Josiah Tyler, of South Africa, Rev. G. H. Krikorian, of Turkey, Rev. J. E. Walker, of China, Rev. J. A. Ainslie, of Turkey, Rev. J. D. Eaton, of Mexico, Rev. R. C. Hastings, of Ceylon, Rev. Henry Kingman, 8 Home Department. [Report,

of North China, and Rev. F. N. White, of Japan. Rev. Paul Theodoroff, of Bulgaria, and Rev. T. Murai, of Japan, have also made addresses in several cities and towns. We are pleased to add that Dr. S. J. Humphrey, the former Secretary of this District, has visited quite a number of churches and conventions, always meet­ ing with cordial welcome. “ O f necessity much of the District Secretary’s time is required at the Chicago office. Correspondence with nearly 2,000 churches involves, in addition to calls for literature and missionary service, a great variety of inquiries and requests. Will cases also have to be investigated. In one instance in which the assignee said the societies need not look for anything we were able to secure for them over £4,000. And in another by urging the speedy sale of certain bank stock, which formed part of an estate, some $10,000 was realized from banks which have since collapsed. “ We have found also that the field work can generally best be planned from the office as a centre. And where several tours or campaigns are going on at the same time, as is frequently the case, correspondence allows no delay, some­ times, in fact, requiring the aid of the telegraph. “ An incident of the year’s work has been the securing of special railroad rates for not far from 100 missionaries and others. This feature of the service often signifies a saving of funds to the treasury of the Board. “ Of the letters and literature which have gone out from the Chicago office there is evidence that not all has fallen by the wayside or been devoured by the omnivorous wastebasket. The results appear to some extent, we believe, in larger contributions in several States, and especially in the steady increase in the number of contributing churches. Following out the advice of the Committee on the Home Department Report appointed at the last Annual Meeting, we have made a somewhat special effort among Sunday-schools and Endeavor Societies. Not all has been realized that was hoped for, but the contributions from our young people for the past year directly to the American Board have been largely increased.

No. i. — GENERAL STATEMENT. 1892.

Regular Donations from Churches and Individuals ...... $32,183.70 Special Donations toward the “ $100,000 extra ” ...... 17,837.00 Donations Churches and Individuals for Special O bjects ...... 4,265.39 Donations Sunday-schools and Y. P. S. C. E. through A. B. C. F. M. (not included a b o v e ) ...... 2,043.23 f W om an’s S o c i e t i e s ...... $41,404.26 •or x i t J Woman’s Societies for Kobe C o lleg e ...... 7 .999-55 ) Y. P. S. C. E. and Junior S ocieties ...... 7,542.99 I Sunday-schools and Juvenile S o cie tie s ...... 4,727.02_____ 61,673.82 Total Donations ...... $118,003.14 L egacies ...... 22,369.44 Total Donations and L egacies ...... $140,372.58

GENERAL STATEMENT. 1893.

Regular Donations from Churches and Individuals^ . . . $3 9 >3 4 5 .*6 Donations from Sunday-schools through A. B. C. F. M ...... 1,548.91 Donations from Y. P. S. C. E. through A. B. C. F. M...... 2,762.54 ( W om an’s S o c ie t i e s ...... $60,924.68 W. B. M. I. < Sunday-schools through W. B. M. I. 1,230.66 ( Y. P. S. C, E. through W. B. M. 1...... 2,065.37_____ 64,220.71 Total Donations ...... $107,877.32 L e g a c ie s ...... f>?7°'_75 Total Donations and L egacies ...... $1x2,248.07 1893-1 Home Department. 9

NOTES ON THE TABLES.

“ i. Not reckoning the special gifts of last year toward the ‘ extra $100,000/ an effort which we did not expect repeated this year, there has been in the Interior District a gain of nearly $8,000 in donations. “ 2. The legacies of 1891-92 were far in excess of any former year; so that the marked falling off for the past year, though much regretted, was not unex­ pected. 3. It is encouraging to note that the contributions from Sunday-schools and Christian Endeavor Societies directly to the American Board have been more than doubled during the past year. “ 4. The number of contributing churches in this District has for the first time passed the 1,200 line, reaching 1,224, a gain °f 3 ^- This would seem to show that recent efforts to reach the non-contributing churches are meeting with favor. Five years ago, a convenient starting-point as marking the beginning of your Secretary’s work in the Interior, the number of contributing churches was S58 out of a total of 1,869, or nearty 46 per cent, of the whole; the number is now 1,224 out °f 2,102, or nearly 59 per cent, of the whole. “ Grateful to God for the tokens of his favor, and to the many pastors and Corporate Members who have so cordially cooperated with us, we turn to the opening year with growing hope.”

NO. 2. — ANALYSIS OF DONATIONS. 1893. . 1

STATES. !. !. C. F. M . through through through through 1 W. B. M. I. Individuals. W. B. M. I. W. B. M. Churches and Y. P. S. C. E. Y. P. S. C. K. A. B. C. F. M. A. Donations from 1 donations 1 from Sunday-schools ] ] lonations from Donations from Donations from Sunday-schools Donations from

I n d ia n a ...... $233.08 $8.70 $12.28 $978.38 $87-53 $102.89 M i c h i g a n ...... 9,647.61 170.78 116.13 6,572.54 121.45 236.62 I l l i n o i s ...... 14,227.87 450.73 1,300.20 26,409.69 369-35 767.11 W is c o n s in ...... 4.975-56 147-35 276.36 4,822.51 165.57 166.05 I o w a ...... 3,501.26 235-35 353-39 7,000.06 204.54 169.77 M in n e s o ta ...... 2,274.65 200.99 176.63 5 .7 io -i3 206.87 186.59 M is so u ri...... 1,202.09 84.95 96.98 3.675-3° 2.50 67.30 Kansas ...... 694.92 76.93 I 36-93 1,221.62 20.76 59.72 N e b r a s k a ...... 1,293.69 65.87 I 34-92 2,151.02 16.47 9O.63 North D akota ...... 92.25 3 7 -5° 171.22 7.00 13.06 South D akota ...... 485.09 52.76 83.22 74 4 .7 0 7.S7 39-46 C o l o r a d o ...... 606.59 8.20 30.00 1,358.21 20.75 153-67 W y o m in g ...... 43.00 10.00 2.00 109.30 12.50 U t a h ...... 67.50 36.30 6.00

T o t a l s ...... $39,345-16 $1,548.91 $2,762.54 $60,924.68 $1,230.66 $2,065.37 No. 3.—DETAILED STATEMENT.

REVIEW. -1892. REVIEW. -1893.

7o, w STATES. M*§ O STATER. E C t/ 3 X* i< O S $ Indiana . . 00 $ 1,210.8 5 45 5° 27 Indiana . 2,891 $1,422.86 $1,887.68 Michigan . 21,302 49 5* 35 12,592.61 59 318 141 M ichigan 22,771 16,865.13 69 148 1,000.00 Illinois . 336 31,285 56.737-05 181 297 225 P17,076.56 Illinois 129 230 Wisconsin . 33,556 43,524-95 304 77I *93 15,848 10,300.11 65 216 117 3,344.80 Wisconsin 15.421 10,553.4° 68 229 I2g 360.00 Iow a . . . 32,571 11,622.75 5 * 298 180 1,948.08 Iowa . 23.857 48 300 M innesota 11.464-37 *99 35 * - i4 *2.159 10,580.48 87 202 126 Minnesota 12,712 8,755-86 68 206 118 M issouri 88 Missouri 7.327 5. 574-” 76 5° 7,506 5,129 12 68 85 54 ...... Kansas . . 10,042 2,378.81 23 184 89 Kansas . 10,2 30 2,210.88 21 184 N ebraska . 93 9.079 2,875.34 3 i »74 102 Nebraska 9.564 3,752.60 178 96 North Dakota 39 1,466 397-°8 27 68 23 North Dakota 1,504 321.03 21 64 18 South Dakota 4,384 *.423-53 32 *38 71 South Dakota 4,586 1,4 13 .10 30 138 66 Colorado . . 3.001 2,141.8 7 7 * S3 28 Colorado . . 3,343 2,177.42 65 W yom ing . . 55 33 395 61.80 15 9 2 Wyoming . . 393 176.80 44 11 2 U tah . . . . 492 106.75 21 U tah . . . . 7 5 492 109.80 22 9 3

T o t a l s 142,029 *$118,003.14 2,102 1,18 6 $22,369.44 T o t a l s *83 148,826 $107,877.32 72 2,150 1,224 $ 4,370.75

•Includes $17,837 special toward the “ extra $100,000.’’ i 893-] Home Department,

REPORT OF THE FIELD SECRETARY. Rev. Dr. C. C. Creegan reports as follows : — “ The year which has closed has been one of constant labor, full of peculiar trials, but not wanting in evidences of success and rich personal blessings. Two thirds of my time have been spent in the field bringing missionary informa­ tion before the churches, and one third in meeting the growing duties of the office. Three months of the year were spent in missionary tours among the States of the Interior. In all the work of the year I have received nothing but kindness, and a most cordial welcome from all the beloved pastors and churches, for which I wish to express thanks to my brethren and gratitude to God. “ In the work of this department during the past year, as in previous years, I am under special obligations to Rev. Dr. Hamlin, who has been constantly among the churches; Rev. J. L. Barton, of Turkey; Rev. H. P. Perkins, of China, and Rev. E. S. Hume, of India; also, to Rev. George H. Gutterson, who rendered efficient service up to the time when he entered upon his duties as District Secretary of the A. M. A. I wish also to recognize the efficient aid given at rally meetings and at field day services by Rev. E. B. Webb, d .d ., Rev. Daniel March, d .d ., Rev. E. G. Porter, as well as to several unnamed missionary brethren, who are at home on leave of absence. “ Field day services have been held in Portland, Skowhegan, St. Johnsbury, Montpelier, Barre, Rutland, Brattleboro, Portsmouth, Haverhill, and a number of other places. I have had the pleasure of representing the Board at the State Conferences in Maine, New Hampshire. Rhode Island, Kansas, Missouri, and South Dakota. I have also spoken at some twenty local conferences.”

MISSIONARY CAMPAIGNS.

“ (i ) A campaign in the interest of the Board was conducted among the churches of Maine during last autumn. (2 ) Rev. Americus Fuller, d .d ., of Turkey, and the Field Secretary made a tour in Maine during July of this year among the churches of Penobscot, Piscataquis, and Somerset counties. At each point we were greeted by large and deeply interested audiences. (3) In company with Rev. G. H. Gutterson and Rev. H. P. Perkins, of China, nine­ teen missionary rallies were held in as many cities and towns in Vermont. (4) During the spring Rev. J. L. Barton, of Turkey, Rev. H. P. Perkins, of China, and the Field Secretary, under the direction of District Secretary Hitchcock, visited many of the principal churches in Wisconsin, Illinois, and Iowa. Of these meetings, so full of interest and in general so well attended, a fuller report will be made by Dr. Hitchcock. (5) Following these meetings just referred to Rev. C. C. Tracy, of Turkey, and Mr. Perkins, with the Field Secretary, visited some thirteen of the leading churches in Minnesota. The arrangements for these meetings were made by George H. Rust, Esq., of Minneapolis, and we were ably assisted by Professor Pierson, of Carleton College, and Professor Sevasleon, of Marsovan, Turkey; also, by Misses Gage and King, under appointment for mission work in Turkey. (6) During the month just past seven missionary rally meetings were held in Central and Western Massachusetts. The Field Secretary was assisted in this campaign by Rev. E. B. 12 Home Department. [Report,

Webb, d .d ., Rev. E. S. Hume, of India, and Rev. C. W. Holbrook, of Africa. These meetings were well attended and the interest in the cause most gratifying. " No method of awakening missionary interest has given better results than the system of campaigns and field day services, which has been in successful operation during several years. I am expecting during the coming year to greatly increase the number of these meetings, and we are looking for still greater results. •• During the months of May and June Rev. S. V. Karmarkar and Mrs. Karmarkar, of Bombay, India, spoke almost daily to greatly interested audi­ ences in various parts of New England.”

REV. JOHN G. PATON, D.D.

“ The event of the year, so far as this department is concerned, was the visit to New England of the veteran missionary to the New Hebrides, Rev. John G.

Paton, d . d . It was my pleasant duty to arrange for him to speak in sixty-two places, and thus multitudes of people wrere instructed and thrilled by his story of the triumphs of the gospel, as witnessed by himself during forty years of toil and sacrifice among the cannibals of the South Sea Islands. We do not believe that a dollar less has come into the treasury of the Board because of the seventy-five hundred dollars ($7,500) which were given to aid this grand old man to carry the gospel to the 40,000 heathen, many of them cannibals, who in his estimation have as yet been unreached by the missionaries. No doubt many people, especially among the students in our colleges and schools, will date their first deep interest in foreign missions to the hour when they heard the eloquent and thrilling story by John G. Paton, the hero of the New Hebrides.”

ILLUSTRATED LECTURES.

“ The lantern slides which are now in our possession number several hundred, and cover most of the fields under the care of the Board. They have been in constant use during the year by pastors and others, and if we had been in possession of twice as many sets doubtless there would have been calls for them all. . Some pastors, in addition to giving their own people the benefit of these fine views, have also delivered illustrated lectures in several of the neighboring churches, and thus have rendered a helpful love service to the cause. Lectures, with the aid of views illustrating the scenery and customs, together with mission schools, etc., in the lands where our missionaries labor, are growing in favor and are likely to be of great service in the future in getting the facts of mission­ ary life and work before the people. We shall be happy to aid so far as we are able all who wish to avail themselves of material for illustrated lectures.”

MATERIAL FOR MISSIONARY CONCERTS.

“ To meet the growing demand for helpful material to aid in preparation for meetings of the Y. P. S. C. E. and the missionary concerts we have in course of preparation a number of sketches of the lives of famous missionaries. The list includes the names of such consecrated and successful men as William Carey, William Goodell, Titus Coan, Griffith John, Bishop Crowther, Bishop Patteson, 1893-] Home Department. 13 and others. In writing these sketches we have had in mind young people, who in this busy age do not care to read a book of several hundred pages to learn the story of our great heroes in foreign fields, but who, perhaps, will read with interest and profit a short crisp article which would cover a dozen pages. After these articles have been published in one of our religious papers they will, no doubt, be put in leaflet form for general distribution.”

GROUNDS FOR ENCOURAGEMENT.

“ There are some grounds for encouragement so far as the field work is con­ cerned, which may be properly mentioned in this report, (a) The willingness of pastors to present this cause ably and earnestly, not only to their own people, but also to other congregations, by exchange and missionary rallies. At the Baptist Centennial, which has just been observed, several hundred of their fore­ most pastors gave time and strength to the work of raising funds, and as a result an increase of ninety-one per cent, from living contributors came into their treasury. Probably no foreign mission board has ever made so great a gain in the same length of time. If a like number of our dear brethren, the pastors of our churches, would take the same interest in raising funds for the Board we could double the gifts to our treasury during this coming year, (b) There is a growing desire on the part of many of the churches to revive the missionary concert with some modifications which may make it more popular, especially to the young people. The calls for missionary speakers for these meetings have greatly increased and there is a large demand for suitable litera­ ture, in order that these monthly gatherings may be made popular, instructive, and inspiring, (c) The Y. P. S. C. E. is doing an important work in the way of educating the young people in the principles and facts of missions. I am frequently called upon to address societies of Christian Endeavor, and I regard this as one of the most interesting and hopeful features of my work. Rarely do the young people hold a convention without giving a prominent place on the program to this subject, and always these meetings are occasions of rare spiritual power.”

THE FUTURE.

“ In turning our faces toward the future, and in view of these times of de­ pression in the business world and of our own depleted treasury, is there ground for a reasonable hope that the funds that are absolutely necessary to carry on our work successfully and without retrenchment can be found ? In answering this question I say, without hesitation, the money can be raised if only the Congregational churches in their united strength say it shall be done. (1) Let the nearly 1,500 churches, which made no offering to foreign missions last year, who pray ' Thy kingdom come,’ send their gifts to answer their own prayers. (2) Let the forty per cent, of our membership which it is estimated made no offering last year fall into line and get a blessing upon their own souls as they send their gifts to the treasury of the Board. (3) Let every disciple of Christ in our constituency give at least a cent a day to this cause during the year upon which we enter and we shall have the munificent sum of $1,825,000 as the 14 Home Department. [Report,

result. (4) Then let all the pupils in the Sunday-schools under the care of our churches give one cent each week, and we shall have $300,000 from this source. This will make a total of $2,125,000, not counting the additional gifts of the rich, which should also flow constantly and in larger sums into the treasury. “ May we not hope that the Holy Spirit will lay the loving duty of presenting faithfully the cause of evangelizing the world upon the hearts of all our pastors and of all who have the management of Sunday-schools and societies of young people? Then shall we see men and women turning their faces toward the foreign field to become sowers and reapers, and we shall also see the long- looked-for and much-needed million dollars flowing into the treasury of the Board.”

PUBLICATIONS.

The Missionary Herald and Mission Dayspring, as well as Life and Light and Mission Studies of the Woman’s Boards, have continued their beneficent service, each of them bearing “ twelve manner of fruits ’’ yielding “ its fruit every month,” its leaves not only “ for the healing of the nations,” but for the encour­ agement of those who would send to the nations as speedily as possible the riches of the gospel of Jesus Christ. The Annual Report, the sermon preached at the Annual Meeting, the special papers presented at that meeting, the full report of the meeting, the historical sketches of the missions, and various interest­ ing leaflets have been extensively circulated as usual. The call from pastors, churches, young people’s societies, mission circles, and individuals for missionary literature of every kind increases in a most encouraging manner from year to year, and the fruit thereof begins already to “ shake like Lebanon.” See reports of the meetings of Christian Endeavor Societies.

AID FROM PUBLISHING SOCIETIES.

Rev. E. W. Gilman, d .d ., Corresponding Secretary of the American Bible Society, reports as follows : “ Our accounts show the appropriation and payment of funds during the past year amounting to $2,295.44 to promote the purchase and distribution of the Scriptures in Spain, Austria, and India where the Ameri­ can Bible Society has no agents of its own. Besides these remittances, 4,500 volumes of Scriptures of the value of $3,100 have been sent to your missions in South Africa and the Pacific. To this should be added an item of about $4,000 of expense involved in carrying the Gilbert Islands Scriptures through the press. “ Our large expenditure in countries where the Society has agencies, especially in Mexico, Japan, China, and the Levant, provides for the supply of the Scriptures to schools and churches planted and sustained by the American Board and to the people of many nationalities among whom its missionaries labor.”

Rev. William A. Rice, d .d ., Secretary o f th e American Tract Society, reports as follows : “ The American Tract Society, during the last fiscal year, has granted in cash to missions under the care of the American Board, and to tract societies conducted in part by its missionaries, $2,975. It has also granted publications to the value of $197.39, making a total of $3,172.39. These appropriations were in the main sent to Turkey, Bulgaria, China, Japan, and Mexico.” 1893-] Home Department. 15

THE FINANCIAL HISTORY OF THE YEAR. We were permitted to record in our last Annual Report that the five years then closing from 1887 to 1892 had been characterized by a steady advance in the receipts both from donations and from ordinary bequests, so that the gain during the five years from donations had been over $178,000 ($178,139.09), an annual average of $35,627.82, and from bequests over $151,000 ($151,363.12), an annual average of $30,272.62, a total annual average gain for five years of $65,900.44. This was an advance unprecedented during the entire previous history of the Board and called for special thanksgiving to God. It was stated in the same report that the advance in donations during the year then under review was due to the extent of over $50,000 to the generous gifts of a few individuals who definitely pledged this sum at the preceding Annual Meeting, and that there was no assurance that a similar extra sum could be relied upon for another year. It was also stated that the amount received during the year then under review from bequests, about $250,000, was unprecedented, and that nothing warranted the expectation of receiving during the current year an amount exceeding $150,000. Still further it was stated that the Committee needed reliable assurance in some form before they should make their regular annual appropriations that they would receive from freewill offerings during the year a sum additional to what might be reasonably expected from regular dona­ tions and legacies of not less than $150,000. “ Should the Committee,” it was added, “ be obliged to enter upon the severe task of making out their annual appropriations without this assurance they will be called upon to reduce by that amount the work upon the missionary field; and what this means we dare not allow ourselves as yet to picture.” What the Committee, in presenting their annual report at that time, were un­ willing to picture became a few weeks later the painful reality when they were obliged to face the question of the appropriations for 1893. They did the best they could, and appropriated with a large faith what they thought might be rea­ sonably expected from donations and bequests during the fiscal year, namely, $624,000, a sum less by $150,000 than was urgently requested by the missions. But so severely were the missions curtailed by this reduction that the Committee has felt morally compelled during the year to yield to imperative calls, which have considerably added to the expenditures of the year. Of this additional expenditure over $48,000 was granted with the usual understanding as to such additional grants, that if it is found at the close of the fiscal year that they will cause a deficit in the treasury they will be charged to the appropriations of the succeeding year. When, however, the close of the year came and the deficit also came, the Committee had no heart to enforce the condition and charge to the already overburdened missions any additional burden for another year, cer­ tainly not until after the whole matter had been reported to the Board itself at its Annual Meeting. The entire deficit is presented, therefore, without charge upon the appropriations of another year, as a debt already incurred which could not be avoided without such serious disaster to the missions that the Committee felt that the Board itself would approve the course pursued. This statement will prepare the way for the detailed report of receipts and expenditures for the year under review, 1892-93. 1 6 Home Department. [Report,

RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES.

The receipts from donations during the year were $483,187.78, which were less than those of the preceding year by $61,909.71. Deducting, however, as it is proper to do, two special sums ($50,120 contributed by certain individuals, and $9,722 collected by Dr. Cyrus Hamlin for a church in Constantinople) received last year, which were extraordinary, amounting to $59,842, the decline in regular donations was only $2,067.71. Of the total amount the sum of $205,- 683.35, a Sa^n over ^ preceding year of $8,488.56, was received from the three Woman’s Boards. (From W. B. M., $132,287.06, a gain of $5,277.18; from W. B. M. I., $67,589.03, a gain of $3,121.87 : from W. B. M. P., $5,807.26, a gain of $89.51.) In the total donations is also included the sum of about $14,000 received from Societies of Christian Endeavor.1 The receipts from legacies were $146,759, which was less than those of the preceding year by $103,018.71, and less than the average of the preceding five years by $44,450. The total receipts from donations and legacies were $629,946.78, which was less than those of the preceding year by $164,928.42, and less than the average of the preceding five years by $8,762. In these receipts from donations are included gifts for special objects additional to the regular appropriations, amounting to $65,031.61, which was less than the amount received from similar special donations the preceding year by $13,680.17. Adding the income of the General Permanent Fund, $11,474.43, the total receipts from these sources were $641,421.21. From the Otis bequest there was appropriated for our two new missions in Africa, East Central and West Central, and for our two new missions in China, Shansi and South China, the sum of $30,864.73. From the small remnant of the Swett bequest there was appropriated in equal proportions to the missions in China and in Japan the sum o f $7,000. With the addition of these sums, the receipts of the year were $679,285.94, which with the balance in the treasury at the beginning of the year, $728.99, placed at the disposal of the Committee $680,014.92. The expenditures reached the sum of $768,333.66, leaving a balance against the treasury at the end of the year of $88,318.74. This is the first time since 1877, sixteen years ago, that a large debt has been reported at the end of the year. With only two or three exceptions there has been invariably reported a small balance in the treasury, it having been the custom to restrict the expenditures as nearly as possible to the sum at the disposal of the Committee. As the extinguishment of the last debt sixteen years ago, amounting to about $48,000, made memorable the meeting at Provi­ dence in 1877, why may not the meeting at Worcester be made even more memorable by the extinguishment of the larger debt of $88,000? Attention should be called to the fact that although the financial depression throughout the country has been of unexampled severity the total decline of regular donations during the year was the comparatively small sum of a little over $2,000, and that when compared with the average for the preceding five years there was a gain in regular donations of nearly $36,000. This is encour-

From June 1 , 189a, to June i, 1893, $13,580. Home Department. 1893-] 1 7

aging, since our main instrumental dependence is upon the strong and steady growth of regular donations from individuals and churches. To these therefore must we look for such augmented offerings during the coming year that they will more than compensate for the large decline during the past year from bequests. Can such enlargement of donations be reasonably expected? This is the grave inquiry presented by the Committee to the Board at the present Annual Meeting.

THE IMMEDIATE XEED.

Our twenty growing missions, whose annual reports cheer and animate us, need for the coming year at least $160,000 beyond the amount which, as at present advised, we can reasonably expect during the year from ordinary dona­ tions and legacies. Adding provision for the debt $88,000, the immediate necessity of the hour is a substantial pledge in some form of about $250,000, upon which the Committee can rely in making their appropriations a few weeks hence for 1894. Probably no matter is of greater importance to the Board and to its missions at the present meeting than to secure, by some wise method, this additional pledge, to be met during the present fiscal year, of $250,000. It is a singular coincidence that the number of Corporate Members, according to its present limit, when that number is complete, is 250. Would it be a feasible plan to suggest that this business corporation of 250 men, all of them influential among the churches, some of them our best men of finance, should face this emergency in a business way, and themselves arrange to secure by immediate pledge this much-needed $250,000, an average of only $1,000 to each Corporate Member? Some of course could not personally respond for $1,000 or for one tenth that sum ; but others might be able to pledge five or ten times the average amount, so that perhaps the whole sum could be provided for without any individual being seriously burdened. The Committee ventures to make this suggestion, and to leave its consideration, to be followed, it is hoped, by wise and efficient action, to the Board itself. Could anything be more helpful to the present Annual Meeting, as related to all matters which may come before it, than a united and hearty pledge from the Corporate Membership, as individuals and as a body, which would consecrate themselves and their property before God and man by a substantial freewill offering to the prosecution, more vigorously than ever during the coming year, of their missionary work ? It is an encouraging fact, as related to the increase of donations during recent years, that the average for the past three years, 1890-93, including the year under review, has been $482,729, a gain over that of the preceding three years, 1887-90 ($402,488), of over $80,000; also, that the average for the past five years, 1888-93, including the year under review, has been $467,147, a gain over that of the preceding five years, 1883-88 ($385,091), of over $S2,ooo. The year just closed we may therefore regard, so far as decline in receipts is con­ cerned, as exceptional, and may hope that the encouraging advance in donations which has characterized the past six years may be continued and even increased during the years to come. Let us then plan for the new year with wise fore­ sight and with large expectation. 1 8 Zulu Mission. [Report,

THE MISSIONS.

ZULU MISSION.

A D A M S (Amanzimtote) . — Charles W . Kilbon, Charles X. Ransom, Missionaries ; Burt N. Bridg­ man, M .D., Physician; George B. Cowles, Jr., Teacher; Mrs. Mary B. Kilbon, Mrs. Oriana R. Ireland, Mrs. Susan H. Ransom, Mrs. Esther H. Bridgman, Mrs. Amy B. Cowles, Miss Martha H. Pixley. AMAHLONGWA. — David H. Harris, Missionary ; Mrs. Euphemia S. Harris. UMTWALl'ME.— In charge of Mr. Harris. ESIDUMBINI.— Miss Gertrude R. Hance. GROUTVILLE ( Unrvoti) .— Herbert D. Goodenough, Missionary; Mrs. Caroline L. Goodenougli. LlNDLEY (Inanda). — Stephen C. Pixley, Missionary ; Mrs. Louisa M. Pixley, Mrs. M. K. Edwards, Miss Martha E. Price, Miss Fidelia Phelps. MaPUMULO. — William C. Wilcox, Missionary ; Mrs. Ida C. Wilcox. UMSUNDUZI. — James C. Dorward, Missionary ; Mrs. Florence H. Dorward.

U m z u m b e . — Henry M. Bridgman, Missionary; Mrs. Laura B. Bridgman, Miss Alice F. Stillson, Miss Agnes M. Bigelow. In this country.— Charles W . Holbrook, Missionary ; Mrs. Sarah E. Holbrook. Nine stations; 21 out-stations ; 9 missionaries; 1 physician; 1 teacher; 19 female assistant mission­ aries; 1 native pastor; 18 other native preachers; 48 native teachers; 114 other native helpers; 17 churches: 1,509 members; 211 received this year; 101 preaching-places: average congregations, 6,375; i,7i 8 Sunday-school pupils; 1 theological school: 17 pupils; 1 boys’ high school: 63 pupils; 2 girls' boarding schools: 168 pupils; 37 common schools; 1,918 pupils, 1,072 of these girls; whole number under instruction, 2,195; native contributions, §2,573.

Mr. and Mrs. Wilder and Mr. and Mrs. Bates, and Miss McCornack, now Mrs. Thompson, at their own request have been transferred to the East Central African Mission, to join the force that has gone to Gazaland to establish a new centre of labor. Mr. and Mrs. Cowles have joined the mission and are to take the place in the Normal School at Adams which Mr. and Mrs. Bates have filled. The health of the mission, with few exceptions, has been good, and good progress is reported in every line of effort. Arrangements for the medical work and for the onward movement to Gazaland have occasioned frequent business meetings. The Colony of £Jatal is about to enter upon responsible government under a new Constitution. A trunk line of railway is building northward from Cape Town through the Free State and South African Republic, and Natal is reaching out to connect with it. A line of monthly steamers has been established between New York and Cape Town. The more detailed report is drawn from the general letter of the mission, prepared by Mr. Kilbon. Our work in this land is to establish fully organized, self-sustaining churches and to permeate the community with gospel influences. To this end we have stations as centres, each with its chapel and Christian school, and thence work is carried on among surrounding kraals by means of preaching posts and little schools. The government, some years ago, granted a reserve of land around each station, excepting Umzumbe, in order that the mission might have “ a fixed population to labor among.” The operations of the station extend, in many cases, beyond the limits of the reserve. These outposts and schools should 1893-] Zulu Mission. 1 9 naturally, and do in some cases, develop into stations by themselves. The range of work is broadening in another way. Many of the station natives are buying land and forming colonies more or less remote; others are gathering in groups in the diamond and gold centres; and both look to us for teachers and must be supplied.

THE STATIONS.

Mapumulo (1849).— This station lies at the northernmost limit of the mission and has been occupied this past year by Mr. Wilcox. It has a circuit of ten preaching-places, and four kraal schools, three having been started during the year. The church now numbers 88 ; 22 having been added during the year, the result of two revival seasons that have marked the year. There is also an inquirers’ class of some 30 members. The weekly offerings have been good. Besides the regular Sunday services at the kraals Mr. Wilcox has a novel plan of visitation one day in each week. He goes with a brass band of native per­ formers to some one of these ten preaching-places, and the music gathers a much larger company than would otherwise assemble, and he and the Christian natives with him then briefly address them. An invitation is given to confess Christ, and from five to twenty respond at each service. The attendance at these meetings will average about 100. Altogether about 600 hear the gospel preached at and about Mapumulo every Sunday. The number of scholars enrolled in the schools is 216. In compliance with government requirements in government-aided schools, and in accordance with our own judgment for this people, we give some attention to training schoolchildren in industrial pur­ suits. Mr. Wilcox has had at Mapumulo children using the printing-press, con­ structing a dam, making brick, and putting out fruit trees. Umvoti (1844). — This station was founded and built up by Rev. Aldin Grout, and is now called Groutville for him. It is the most advanced of any of our stations in a worldly point of view, with its sugar mill, its acres of stately cane, its numerous substantially built and neatly furnished dwellings, surpassing in some instances those of the colonial farmers. It has a large chapel, built in Mr. Grout’s time, and there is an organized system of kraal schools. The number of new members admitted to the church this year is about the same as last, and there is now a large class of inquirers at the station and at Memorial Chapel also. The kraal schools have been kept up, but it is difficult to obtain energetic and wise teachers, and great care is imposed on the missionary. In one district the people have put up a school building for themselves. The mis­ sionary has spent five months of the year at Noodsberg, during which time a stone cottage was put up for the accommodation of the missionary, who spends a part of each year there. Esiduinbini (1849). — This station has continued under the efficient manage­ ment of the two ladies, Miss Hance and Miss McCornack. Mr. Goodenough and others have paid more or less frequent visits to render encouragement and help. The communion service has been held but once, ten uniting with the church. There are large numbers in the inquirers’ class. The ladies have had in the resident preacher a stanch and able man, but they have to carry on the kraal work in this large and inviting district under difficulties. They are ham. 20 Zulu Mission. [Report,

pered by the lack of lay helpers in the church. Kraal children come in con­ siderable numbers to the ladies to be taught, often against the will of heathen friends. Miss Hance cannot safely continue to bear even the amount of care and work that she has had the year past, and it is certain that she cannot be left with the responsibilities which she and Miss McCornack have carried together. Umsunduzi (1847). — The native leader in church and Christian work died last year, a sad loss for the station and the resident missionary. The only regular preaching-place is the station chapel, to which the missionary in charge has felt obliged to confine his attention. He greatly feels the need of a reliable native pastor of the church, but says the people are quite unable to support such a person even to the extent of half his salary. The land is so poor that they can hardly get a living out of it, and it is much harder for them when they leave heathenism and adopt a civilized mode of living. Inanda (1847).— This station, called Lindley in memory of Rev. Daniel Lindley, whose home it was after his return from service among the Dutch farm­ ers, is of great extent, with its flourishing seminary and a wide range of opera­ tions among the kraals. Mr. and Mrs. Pixley here are the oldest missionaries in the Zulu Mission, being in their thirty-eighth year of service. Inanda has two out-stations and seven p'reaching-places. Fifty-nine have been received into the church during the year. Steps have been taken at the out- stations to form separate churches ; they have chosen deacons and are preparing to choose pastors. The day-school at the station has an enrolment of 150, and an addition is being made to the building. At the out-stations there are schools numbering about thirty pupils each. At Jwili’s the teacher is paid by the parents of the children. An encouraging feature of the work at the station the past year has been a series of evangelistic sendees, commenced and carried on by some of the more spiritual members of the church of their own accord. The meetings are held twice a month, among the kraals, and some of the hearers have become anxious inquirers after truth and regular attendants upon the Sabbath services. Amanzimtote, or Adams (1837).— This is the oldest station of the Zulu Mis­ sion, having been started at Umlazi by Dr. Adams, whose name it now takes, in 1837, and removed to Amanzimtote in 1847. Here much work centres and by far the largest group of American workers is resident. Besides the large station of Adams itself, there are four out-stations and ten preaching-places. The Theo­ logical School is here, and the Seminary for Boys, with its industrial department; also, the headquarters of the Medical Department. Here is the mission library and the central depository for the Zulu literature. The station, with its group of out-stations and preaching-places, has been under the care of Messrs. Bates and Ransom, the former taking the educational and business management, and the latter the distinctive church and evangelistic work. Besides the three regular Sunday services, each week has had its woman’s meeting, inquirers’ class, numbering sixteen on an average, its general prayer-meeting, and its Sun­ day-school teachers’ meeting for lesson study. The monthly concerts have been prearranged exercises, taking in order the missions of the American Board for subjects, in which the young people of both sexes, especially the Seminary boys, have been enlisted into service. A self-trained choir has added a pleasant 1893-] Zulu Mission. 21

feature to the Sunday preaching service. Much attention has been given to the Sunday-school, and interest has been stimulated. Communion service has been held every three months. A new chapel is much needed at Adams, and a call for subscriptions has been made at two or three meetings held for the purpose, resulting in pledges to the amount of some ^165. There is also a fund in the bank, the accumulations of Sunday-school collections, amounting to ^70. The new medical department, under the care of Dr. B. N. Bridgman, was located by vote of the mission at Adams. The first year has been a flourishing one, though operations have been carried on with no conveniences and in the midst of house-repairing and getting settled generally. The close of the year sees a temporary dispensary, partly furnished, with a local plan of work insti­ tuted. Three hundred and seventy cases have been treated since February, including several surgical operations, some of a serious character. We feel con­ fident of pecuniary support from government when the proper time comes to present a request for assistance. Fees received thus far have more than equaled the expenses apart from salary. Durban is an out-station of great interest. Of our duty to follow up our young men and women who have gone to town, where they flock to get work and where they find themselves beset by new and manifold temptations, there can be no question. A council met in Durban on October 9, 1892, and organ­ ized a church comprising twelve members. Men of the Durban congregation go in three different directions and hold preaching services on Sunday. An evening school is kept up in the chapel by the natives themselves, one of their number, a former pupil of Amanzimtote Seminary, acting as teacher. We regard this town work as very important. It is a strategic position, as all towns are, for natives are continually coming and going, and gospel truth can be scat­ tered widely from them as centres. Amahlongwa (1848).— This station is the centre of a wide field which the resident missionary superintends, including Ifafa, Dumisa’s, Idududu, and Elling- ham. The resident preacher renders good service, and kraal preaching is carried on with good degree of regularity, resulting in some evident interest in spiritual things. The church has received seven new members and the day- school has an attendance of fifty-four children. Progress is reported at Ifafa. The leading young man of this out-station has entered the Theological School to prepare him for the work, in which he shows much interest and aptitude. Two or three men of previous harmful influence have been hopefully converted, and in all some seventeen new members have been received into the church. The day-school comprises sixty children. Bricks are being made at Ifafa for the erection of a mission cottage, a day-school, a teacher’s house, and a stable. At Idududu the blind preacher is doing good and is thoroughly in earnest. Eight persons there belong to the Amahlongwa church. A woman has been secured to teach the day-school and the attendance has been doubled. At Ellingham there is a small chapel, built on land loaned for the purpose by a European resident, in which services continue to be held, the church at Amah­ longwa supplying the preachers from Sunday to Sunday. Umtwalume (1851). — This station was without a missionary while Mr. 2 2 Zulu Mission. [Report,

Wilder was away in Gazaland. During the year a graduate of the Theological School has been called by the Umtwalume church and acts as a stated supply. Fourteen have been added to the church during the year; the school has increased to 150 and the schoolhouse lately put up is now too small. The children have made and delivered the bricks to enlarge the house. Mr. and Mrs. Wilder, in leaving permanently for the work in Gazaland, urge upon the mission the necessity of at once securing some one to take charge of their work at Umtwalume. Umzumbe (1861). — This is the southernmost station, and has been the home of Mr. and Mrs. Bridgman for twenty-four of the thirty-four years of their missionary life. None have been admitted to the church, but twenty-five have applied for admission whom the church has put under class instruction twice a week, observing their attendance and their general conduct. Some proba­ tionary period of this kind seems wise. An evening class of twenty young men was kept up for several months in the chapel. Mrs. Bridgman has taken up a systematic course of mission studies with the Umzumbe people, and has now embodied them in a mission question book which the mission will print. At no one of our stations is special effort in temperance work made so prominent as at Umzumbe, and the church there stands square and stanch on the rock, of total abstinence. Polela was opened years ago by the late Rev. H. A. Wilder and Rev. M. W. Pinkerton, and the latter was once located there but was afterward called away to explore in Umzila’s land. Since his departure only natives have labored there. A year ago Mr. Christie was located at Polela, with the hope of establishing it as a station. The population is numerous, and as yet no society or individual seems to have made any attempt to give this tribe the gospel. In a preaching excursion made by Mr. Christie he found many who said it was the first time they had heard the gospel. The people attend service well at the one preaching- place he has started. In other parts of the location the people show equal willingness to listen, and keep asking Mr. Christie, “ When are you coming to build beside us, that we may always have church and school? ”

EDUCATIONAL WORK.

Our school system comprises the Theological School, three High Schools, station schools, kraal schools, and occasional evening schools. 1. The Theological School is mainly a school for Christian workers or leaders. Few of its graduates as yet have become ordained pastors; many are regular preachers; some are occasional helpers, made the more wise and apt by reason of their Bible training. Rev. C. N. Ransom has been made a permanent asso­ ciate teacher, and has entered upon his duties with enthusiasm and ability, and John Dube, fresh from America, with a purpose to do what he can for the eleva­ tion of his people, has had four exercises a week with the men. The wives at last have had some attention given them by Mrs. Ireland, who is well adapted to the work and takes great interest in it. The instruction given the men is almost wholly from the Bible itself, with occasional short courses on incidental and useful subjects. We have had this year one young woman in the 1893-] Zulu Mission. 23

class whose parents and friends are heathen, and who has been trained by Mrs. Ireland, in whose family she has lived for some six years, and has developed a marked interest in Bible truth. And another young woman of much the same character asks the privilege of coming into the class. Three men who have been connected with the school for an unequal number of years left at the end of this term as graduates. 2. The High Schools are Amanzimtote Seminary, Inanda Seminary, and the Umzumbe Home. The Amanzimtote Seminary has been well attended. Fees paid by the pupils this year have aggregated more than in any previous year. Increased attention has been given to industrial work, under pressure of govern­ ment requirements. The industrial department has just completed a boat, built in sections, for the use of the Gazaland mission on the Buzi River. In a double sense it is a mission craft. The religious tone of the school has been unusually good during the year. The Inanda Seminary reports a prosperous year. The number of pupils the past term has been 124, a much larger number than at any previous session. This increase is occasioned by an unusual number of kraal runaways, who come without the knowledge of their unwilling parents or guardians. Through Miss Dixon’s voluntary efforts, several merchants of Durban have contributed material for the clothing of this large number of kraal girls flocking to the Seminary. All the work of the Seminary is done by the pupils— cooking, cleaning, cutting grass, clearing paths, planting, bringing water, chopping wood. Besides regular classroom instruction the girls are taught plain sewing, and some fancy needlework and European cooking to a small extent, but especially laundry work. These girls, and all native children, owing to antecedents amid the nar­ row and different range of things familiar to them, comprehend vaguely and with great difficulty much that white children understand intuitively. In other respects they are a match for white boys and girls. For instance, three of the kraal girls within a period of two months advanced in reading from the alphabet to John's Gospel, and that under the training of a native assistant teacher, and at the close of the four months’ term thirteen of that class were greatly pleased that they could take a copy of the Gospel home with them. They excel in the art of penmanship. The religious interest is not marked, but there is a ready response to any appeal, and that largely from the kraal girls. In this fact, as well as in the increased number of runaways, we trace the effect of the native teachers and preachers among the kraals. Fourteen of the girls united with the church during the year, increasing the number of church members connected with the school to forty. Umzumbe Home, started more particularly for girls gathered from the kraals, has come to be, as far as location and other circumstances will allow, of much the same character and standing as the Inanda Seminary. The buildings are none too commodious to provide for the forty-seven girls in attendance, and now a larger kitchen is much needed. The two American teachers have in Ntoyi, from Inanda, an assistant whom they highly prize for her good sense generally, and her ability and tact in managing in particular. She is intelligent, wins the girls’ goodwill and respect, and has a strong and wise influence. With the 2 4 Zulu Mission. [Report,

exception of considerable illness in September and October the girls have been fairly well. Sewing is taught, and the girls do the routine work of the Home, indoors and outside. A station school is maintained at each station and out-station. The attend­ ance has been good and the general character of these schools is improving. Government inspection the last few years, and especially the institution by government of teachers’ examinations, are working favorably to this end. Kraal schools are started and kept up under difficulties. We cannot get the . money to build the necessary houses and pay the teachers. The Board cannot supply the needs, and the government of the colony surrounds its offers of school grants with conditions impossible for kraal schools. It seems to us incumbent on this government to provide some scheme that shall offer an elementary education to the whole native population. Evening schools, or rather classes, are common in missionary families for the benefit of work boys and girls. These evening classes are often in charge of the wife of the missionary. If these “ assistant” missionaries, as they are called, are necessarily too much absorbed in household duties to lay out large plans for independent work, their influence is marked and far-reaching in train­ ing the household boys and girls, in Sunday-school teaching in women’s meetings, and in the constantly recurring opportunities for relieving and supplementing the husband in his work.

AGENCIES EMPLOYED.

The Abaisitupa (the six) is a committee consisting of two missionaries, with two of the older and two of the younger native church members, who have charge of the native preachers and of the preaching-places. There is no prop­ erly organized missionary society among the churches, as there ought to be, and the relations of the Abaisitupa to the churches is too loose and its duties and powers too vaguely defined. A plan is now under consideration for systematiz­ ing all that relates to the native agency. Abaisitupa has on its roll sixteen paid men, receiving from jQ 12 to ^36 per annum. Only one receives the latter amount; six receive the former. Over ^230 were contributed into its treasury the last year by the native churches for its work. A preachers’ institute is arranged for annually. This is a part of the plan adopted four years ago, looking toward the establishment of the pastorate in our churches. Every church that is able and willing to support a man will be allowed to do so instead of contributing its funds into the Abaisitupa treasury. This Institute is to help to decide who are the men best fitted to place over the churches. Men approved by the Institute Committee are to have pastors’ licenses given them by the mission, and a church, if it wishes to call a man under the above scheme, will select one who holds an Institute license. The literature issued by the mission is growing in importance. The demand for it is widening. Recently the Wesleyans have begun to use the Zulu Bible in the place of the Isixosa Bible of Cape Colony, and we have now a depository in Pretoria, the capital of the South African Republic, and, have supplied orders from Swaziland and even the Zambesi district. We much need some simple IS93-J Zulu Mission. 25

commentary and other Bible and ecclesiastical helps in Zulu for the use of stu­ dents and preachers. We take the lead of all Zulu missions in the matter of literature. An ad interim edition of the Scriptures has been issued to meet the need while a revised Bible is being prepared. The Zulu grammar by the Rev.

Lewis Grout, d .d ., has been revised by the author, is now through the press, and will before long be in our hands for circulation. Our Hymn Book, with tunes adapted to Zulu rhythm, has been well received and a new edition is needed ; also, a new edition of our Second Reader is re­ quired at once. The Hymn Book and the First Reader sell for more than they cost, the Second Reader for about the cost; the Scriptures, by favor of the American Bible Society, and the Incwadi Yomtwana (or Incwadi E Nemibuzo Ebibelint, as it is now called), by favor of the American Tract Society, are sold under cost.

THE OUTLOOK.

God has some far-reaching purpose to accomplish by means of the Zulu Mission. Shall we be able to discern this purpose as it unfolds, and be willing to put ourselves at his service in its fulfilment? The Zulu Mission surely has not existed these many years merely for the circumscribed territory in which it is located, or for this single branch of the Zulu-speaking race. This fact must press itself upon us more and more forcibly year by year, as the wide-reaching extent of the Zulu-speaking people is discovered and the avenues to reach this vast population are being prepared. The signs of the times beckon us into a large field and demand of us a wide range in our plans. The responsibility laid upon us is a responsibility laid on the churches of America. Their support of this mission these years is like a pledge to all Zulus that the churches of America are their friends and mean to give them the gospel. Why should we have laid up so much treasure here, instituted these churches, prepared these preachers and this Zulu literature, except thereby to be in readiness to benefit kindred people in regions beyond, when the time should come? The time has come. Our first and natural course is to follow the line of immigration from our own midst. Many of our young people are going out from us, settling on lands they have purchased in Natal, or locating for a term of service in the rising inland towns — Johannesberg, Pretoria, Barberton, Kim­ berly, etc. At these places natives gather by the hundreds and thousands. Some of them are from our stations, some of them from the kraals. As they go from Natal thither, so they go also from Zululand, Swaziland, Tongaland, etc. These are strategic points to occupy. Gospel truth from them will be carried to kraals and districts unreached by any other means. They are among unsympathizing white people. They call for preachers and teachers. Much can be done by themselves to support Christian work, but they need leaders. From Johannes­ berg, in the South African Republic, appeal upon appeal has come to us to send them a preacher. We can resist the call no longer. What we should do for Johannesberg we ought also to do for Pretoria and other places. These would not be new missions but outposts of the Zulu Mission. The new mission to Gazaland indicates another form of expansion of the Natal Mission, namely, new missions, sustaining to the Natal Mission the relation 2 6 East Central African Mission. [Report,

of child to parent, offshoots to be independent in themselves. We now enter to possess but little of the great field that was open to us when we first explored it twelve years ago. Shall we likewise lose our fast-opening opportunities further to the north ? With the tide of population pouring from South Africa northward., from the eastward coast and the westward coast inland, with railways, postal and telegraph lines, trading centres, constantly keeping along with these colonizing pioneers, there is no longer a plea for waiting to occupy any part of Africa. With a secure military station of the Congo Free State at Wadelai, England’s sphere of influence taking in Uganda, a railway certain to be soon built from the eastern coast inland, a telegraph projected to extend from Cape Town to Suez, steamers plying on the waters of Tanganyika and Victoria Nyanza, not to say Albert Nyanza also, how long shall we be in seeing that the time set to favor the Wahuma of Ruwenzori has come ? We are called the Zulu Mission. If we are worthy of our name, we shall comprise within our purpose the Zulu-speaking people wherever found, not con­ tent until all from Cape Colony to Ruwenzori are entreated, in the Master’s name, to receive the blessings of his grace. Let this larger view of our range of work be adopted and the Board immediately commission men, who, after a suit­ able period of training in Natal, shall move on to this further conquest for Christ among the Zulus.

EAST CENTRAL AFRICAN MISSION.

Mt. Selinda ( Ga.za.land). — George A. Wilder, Francis W . Bates, Fred B. Bunker, Missionaries ; Wiliiam L. Thompson, M .D., Physician; Mrs. Alice C. Wilder, Mrs. Isabel H. Bunker, Mrs. Mary E. Thompson, Miss Xancv Jones. in this country. — Benjamin F. Ousley, M issionary; Mrs. Henrietta B. Ousley, Mrs. Laura H. Bates. One station; 4 missionaries; 1 physician; 6 female assistant missionaries ; 6 native helpers.

Work on each of the two stations at Inhambane was prosecuted until last June with not a few encouraging results. Good audiences were gathered for the preaching services on Sunday; the Sunday-school at Kambini numbered 80 pupils; three were baptized on confession of faith; the inquirers’ class numbered 12 ; and abiding impressions of the truth of the gospel it is hoped have been left on many more hearts. The day-school had an attendance of 25 pupils, and good progress was made. We may confidently believe that our labors in this field have not been in vain, and that those on whom it shall devolve to follow up these labors will be permitted to build upon foundations that have been surely laid. Early in the year Mr. and Mrs. Bennett sought and obtained permission, on account of ill-health, to withdraw from the service ; and at the end of the year, in accordance with instructions from the Committee, Mr. Ousley disposed of all the property belonging to the Board, and with Mrs. Ousley returned to this country. Miss Jones, with the other members of the mission, joined the party for Gazaland; and the mission at Inhambane was permanently closed. The main interest of the year has been concentrated upon the selection of a new site for the mission in the elevated region of Gazaland, and the preparations for removal thither. The party that visited Gazaland last autumn for the selec­ *893-] West Central African Mission. 2 7

tion of a permanent site were greatly favored in the journey and in all their plans. Within two months they were prepared to report to the missions and to recommend a site. Their recommendation was carefully considered, and authority was given to organize the new mission and go forward to the new field during the summer. The region thus selected is situated on. the northern slope of Mt. Selinda, at an elevation of 4,000 feet above the sea, nearly 200 miles inland from Beira, at the mouth of the Pungwe River, and easily accessible from that point by boat on the lower Buzi, and thence by carriers. The region is well watered and wooded, with a fertile soil and reasonably large population. The Zulu language is readily understood, but it is not the vernacular. The centre of the new mission lies within the jurisdiction of the British South Africa Company, and Hon. Cecil Rhodes, the president of the Company, has granted to the mis­ sion 24,000 acres, at the nominal rent of a pound sterling per thousand acres. Thus the missionaries and their residences will be under British protection, while the larger part of their field, lying between the Indian Ocean and the Mashona highlands, is nominally under Portuguese control. It is expected that much of the work in the lowlands and along the courses of the rivers, where malaria may be expected to abound, will at first be in the hands of native evangelists, several of whom from the churches of the Zulu Mission have volunteered to share in the new work ; and later will be taken up by the native agency trained in the mission schools. This union of Zulu laborers with the foreign missionaries is one of the interesting and important features of the enterprise, and is well calcu­ lated to awaken a deep and abiding missionary interest in the churches of the older mission. The new mission consists of Rev. George A. Wilder, Rev. Francis W. Bates, Rev. Fred R. Bunker, William L. Thompson, m.d., and their wives, and Miss Nancy Jones. Mr. and Mrs. Ousley would gladly have yielded to the desire of all and formed a part of the force ; but considerations of health forbade, and they have been compelled reluctantly to come to this country, expecting soon to withdraw from the sendee of the Board. In this new site, amid healthful and attractive surroundings, favored by the British authorities and welcomed by the natives, and happily combining in itself missionary experience and youthful enthusiasm, the mission sets out upon its career under promising conditions and is commended to the prayers and generous support of all Christian people and to the blessing of Almighty God.

WEST CENTRAL AFRICAN MISSION.

BAII.UNDU.— Wesley M. Stover, Thomas W . Woodside, Frank H. Read, Missionaries ; Mrs. Bertha D. Stover, Mrs. Emma D. Woodside, Mrs. Marion M. Webster, Mrs. Annie W . Read. K am u ndon go .— William H. Sanders, William E. Fay, Missionaries; Mrs. Sarah Bell Sanders- Mrs. Anna M. Fay. CHISAMUA. — Walter T . Currie, Wilberforce Lee, Missionaries; Mrs. Agnes A. Lee, Miss Amy Johnston, Miss Helen J. Melville. Three stations; 2 out-stations ; 7 missionaries; 9 female assistant missionaries; 5 native preachers ; 1 native teacher; 6 other native helpers ; 2 churches : 49 members; 13 added on confession this year; 13 preaching-places: average congregations, 915 ; 310 Sunday-school pupils; 8 common schools : 345 pupils, of whom 116 are girls; native contributions, $39.90; 1 dispensary: 1,836 patients; numbers of volumes printed, 1,583, containing 144,272 pages. 2 8 West Central African Mission. [Report,

The mission has been deeply afflicted and has suffered great loss in the death of Miss Clarke, after less than three years of most devoted and effective service. Mr. Currie and Mr. Sanders, with health greatly benefited by their visit in this country, have returned to the field, and Miss Johnston and Miss Melville, both from Canada, have joined the mission. No medical missionary is now in the field, and the call is very urgent for one physician at once and for a second physician next year. Notwithstanding the smallness of the force and serious illness at Chisamba, the year’s work has been prosperous and highly successful. Bai/undu (i88t). — The unbroken health which has been enjoyed by every member of the mission circle is gratefully recognized and is in marked contrast to the number of deaths among the native brethren. The patience and calm­ ness with which these afflictions have been borne attest the reality and value of the Christian life that has begun in their hearts and promise a deepening of its hold. The Sabbath morning services at the station have had an average attendance of above 100; and the catechism classes of the afternoon, followed by a prayer- meeting attended only by adherents, have been of unusual interest. A Sunday- school was organized more than a year ago, with Mr. Woodside as superin­ tendent, and has had an average attendance of about 100 pupils, in eleven classes, five taught by missionaries and six by native young people, four young men and two young women. The spiritual life of the church, while in no sense discour­ aging, made less positive advancement than is to be desired. Three persons have been admitted to the church by baptism; the contributions have been $8.50 for Home Missions and $16.25 for Foreign Missions, including the shares in the missionary vessel Hiram Bingham. Mr. Woodside has conducted evangelistic services regularly at the king’s village, with audiences ranging from 50 to 150 adults, never twice composed of the same individuals. These serv­ ices are under the auspices of the three men of highest rank in the country, and are attended by them and by representatives from the whole country. A house of worship is now building for the uses of this congregation. Three groups of villages have been quite regularly visited by the young men of the church going out two by two, with audiences ranging from five to fifty; and at one of these villages a day-school has been opened, taught by the junior deacon of the church, and another village requests a teacher. The educational work of the station has been increased, and five schools are reported, with a total enrolment of 166 pupils. Two of these are at the station, one at Chilume, one at the king’s village, and one at Uyembe, a village four miles from the station. The latter is under the care of the church, the teacher receiving all his support from that source. Mr. Stover has had classes of young men in training for evangelists and teachers. The death of the king, Kwikwi, who has ruled ever since the mission was opened, is a marked event, and there is reason to expect that his successor will be more of a help and less of a hindrance to the missionary work. Kamundongo (r 886). — This station also records with thanksgiving unbroken health throughout the year. The smallness of the force has somewhat limited the volume and range of effort; and yet there has been progress in every line. At the regular Sunday services at the station the congregation in the morning has i 893-] West Central African Mission, 29

averaged 150, with 312 on a single occasion, and in the afternoon 70; and a tendency to increasing regularity of attendance is noted. Ten new members have been admitted to the church, of whom five were young women, making the total number eighteen. This is the first year of regular contributions, and $6.29 have been gathered by weekly offerings. Five preaching-places outside the station have been visited as regularly as possible, with audiences ranging from 41 to 69, the missionary ladies bearing their share in the service. During the year native evangelists have begun to visit the neighboring villages and to gather the people for Christian instruction. The Sunday-school has held fifty-one sessions, with an average attendance of 140 pupils. Mr. Fay has had a Bible class attended by men; Miss Bell, now Mrs. Sanders, has taught the girls’ class; Mrs. Fay has had charge of the infant class, assisted by a native lad; and five other native boys have taught classes in the school. The Boys’ School at the station, under Miss Bell’s care, has been in session thirty-two weeks, with a total enrolment of 59 pupils and a daily average attendance of 40 pupils, representing seven different villages. The subjects of instruction were reading, writing, spelling, and arithmetic, and memorizing portions of Scripture. Eight boys have begun to study English, four of whom are making fair progress. The Girls’ School, during most of the year under Mrs. Fay’s care, has had a total enrolment of 60 pupils, but only 35 in regular attendance. The mission press is located at Kamundongo, and has been under Miss Bell’s care for the year. Three native lads are now in training in the pressroom and are doing very well. The product of the press for the year is 1,583 copies of seven different works, all in Umbundu, with a total number of 144,272 pages. Of these volumes three were the quarterly issues of the Sunday-school lessons for the year, of which 139 copies were used at Bailundu, 58 at Chisamba, and 108 at Kamundongo ; one was a small primer for the schools, 75 copies of which were used at Bailundu, and 24 at Chisamba; one the first fifty Psalms, 100 copies for Bailundu, 25 each for Kamundongo and Chisamba; one the Acts of the Apostles, and another an analysis of the Sunday-school Lessons. Mr. Fay and Mr. Lee, at the request of the mission, made a wide and careful journey to the various points deemed desirable for a new station, and recom­ mended to the mission that a new station be opened as soon as practicable at Vonyoka, two days’ journey from Kamundongo. Chisamba (1S88). — The severe illness and death of Miss Clarke have thrown a heavy cloud upon the history of the station for the year and have sadly broken in upon its work. The health conditions at Chisamba are not so favorable as those at the other stations, and to Miss Clarke they were peculiarly trying. Brief as was her term of service, it was long enough to win for her the devoted love of all missionary associates, of her pupils, and of the neighboring villages; and her influence will live on for long years, with blessing in many hearts. Mr. and Mrs. Read joined the station in October and were joyfully welcomed by all. Unfortunately they too prove to be especially susceptible to the unfav­ orable conditions at Chisamba, and by advice of the mission are to reside for the present at Bailundu. 30 European Turkey Mission. [Report,

The congregation at the regular Sunday services has increased in number and improved in decorum and attention. An average attendance of 150 is reported. The Sunday-school numbers 50 pupils, and good progress has been made in the study of the Bible and catechism. Mr. Lee reports twelve of the fifty lads on the station as genuine Christians and thoroughly eligible to church member­ ship, as soon as a church is organized, and sixteen more are probationers with reference to future membership. A regular Sunday service has been held at the chief’s village, under the direction of a native preacher, assisted by some of the Christian lads. A large population, easily accessible, and kindly disposed toward the missionaries and their message, makes the opportunities of this station unusually great and promising. Mr. Lee’s permanent house has been completed, enlargements made upon Mr. Currie’s temporary house, and a new schoolhouse (22x45) erected. Much work in draining has also been done to increase the healthfulness of the site. The educational work has been maintained throughout the year, and there is reported an average attendance of 40 pupils in the Boys’ School and 21 in the Girls’ School. The prospects at this station are most encouraging, and with Mr. Currie’s return and a new teacher on the ground great results may be anticipated at an early day. Taking all things into account, its stations wisely located, the several lines of work — evangelistic, educational, literary, and industrial — happily adjusted to each other and in fruitful operation, the two mission churches self-supporting and trained in aggressive and benevolent work, the Scriptures already speaking to the people in their own tongue, and the borders of the field expanding steadily toward the great interior, this mission is in a most satisfactory condition and holds out a most cheering promise for the future of God’s kingdom in Western Africa.

EUROPEAN TURKEY MISSION.

CONSTANTINOPLE.— Elias Riggs, D.D., l l .i>., Robert Thomson, Missionaries; Mrs. Agnes Cathe­ rine Thomson.

M o n a s t ir . — John W , Baird, Edwin B. Haskell, Missionaries; Mrs. Ellen R. Baird, Mrs. Martha H. Haskell, Miss Harriet L. Cole. Five out-stations.

P hilippopolis . — George D. Marsh, Missionary; Mrs. Ursula C. Marsh, Miss Ellen M. Stone. Fourteen out-stations.

S a m o k o v . — James F Clarke, Frederick L. Kingsbury, m .d ., Henry C. Haskell, D.D., William P. Clarke, Missionaries ; Mrs. Isabella G. Clarke, Mrs. Luella L. Kingsbury, Mrs. Margaret B. Haskell, Miss Esther T . Maltbie, Miss Mary M. Haskell. Ten out-stations. In this country. — J. Henry House, D.D., Lewis Bond, Missionaries; Mrs. Abbie S. House, Mrs. Fannie G. Bond, Miss Mary L. Matthews. Four stations; 29 out-stations; 11 missionaries, 1 a physician ; 14 female assistants; 7 pastors; 13 preachers; 50 teachers and helpers; 13 churches: 990 church members, 67 on confession of faith during the year; 1 theological seminary, 8 students; Collegiate Institute, 77 pupils; 2 girls’ high schools: 84 pupils; 17 common schools: 485 pupils; whole number under instruction, 768; pages printed, 1,239,512, Pecuniaiy contributions, $6,864.

The following changes are reported for the past year in the missionary staff: Mr. and Mrs. Bond have returned to the United States for a visit, and Mr. and Mrs. E. B. Haskell have removed from Samokov to Monastir to take the place thus left vacant. Miss Matthews has also returned home on a furlough, 1893-] European Turkey Mission. 31 leaving Miss Cole in sole charge of the High School for Girls at Monastir; Miss Maltbie, after a period of rest in this country, has returned to her post at the head of the Girls’ School at Samokov. This will enable Miss Stone, who has had the care of that school during the past year, to resume her own special work for women. Mr. and Mrs. Locke, after twenty-five years of service abroad, have been released from their connection with the Board. For several years past Mr. Locke has suffered from ill-health. They retire from the field leaving a record of faithful service and hearty consecration to the cause of Christ. The Rev. Dr. Riggs, though now so advanced in years, is still able to render most valuable service in the creation of a Christian literature for the Bulgarian people. During the absence of Mr. Locke, the entire care of the large field embraced in the Philippopolis station has devolved upon Mr. Marsh. In addition to his medical work, Dr. Kingsbury has had the supervision of the Industrial Department in the Collegiate and Theological Institute at Samo­ kov, aided by Mr. W. P. Clarke. A valuable work on physiology has been printed by the students, who thus secure a part of their support while prosecut­ ing their studies. Other smaller books have been printed, and Young’s Astron­ omy is now in press. The three children of the mission recently added to its staff have so far mastered the language as to be already at wTork. Mr. Baird, besides his proper work in the Monastir station, is improving every opportunity to introduce the gospel among the Albanians, a people hitherto unreached. An interesting beginning has been made through Albanian students educated at our schools. The general work of the mission in its various departments has been prose­ cuted on the same lines as in former years. Besides preaching as they have opportunity, the most valuable work of the missionaries is found in visiting the churches and preaching-places, to encourage and sustain native pastors and evan­ gelists by their sympathy and counsel. Their attitude toward these Bulgarian workers is more and more that of fellow-laborers and helpers. The great work must rapidly devolve upon men and women educated on the ground. The thirteen churches, with nearly 1,000 members, are illustrating against great odds the simplicity and power of the gospel. They have to contend not only with the opposition of the old church but with infidelity and skepticism that have come in through the higher educational institutions established by the government. The advance in popular education stands in the way of our schools, especially through the higher prices offered to competent teachers who are thus drawn away from our service. It was never so important as now to maintain a high standard of excellence in our institutions if they are to attract the young men and women to whom we look for an efficient force of preachers and teachers in the years to come. The great want is men well trained for evangelistic work, who in a true spirit of self-denial will be willing to work with the people and for the people, on such support as the people can give them, aided for a time, if need be, by missionary funds. One happy illustration of this spirit has been furnished during the past year by a young man who after being educated in this country has accepted a call to the pastorate of the church in Sophia. 3 2 European Turkey Missio7i. [Report,

The Bulgarian Evangelical Society is gaining more and more influence and becoming a power for good. Its relations to the mission have ever been har­ monious and helpful. The work of the Bible-women has been superintended by Miss Stone as far as her school work would allow. Some of them give her great encouragement by their faithfulness and the success which crowns their labors.

EDUCATIONAL WORK.

The number of students at the Institute at Samokov has been sixty-one, some­ what less than usual. The course of study has been extended one year, for the sake of better preparation of its graduates for their future work. Could the Industrial Department have been so enlarged as to furnish some employment to deserving young men, many more would have availed themselves of the advan­ tages of this institution and would have brought to their studies a higher spirit of manliness and independence. The High Schools for Girls at Samokov and Monastir have had an attendance of eighty-four pupils. The graduates find ready employment as preachers, and thus carry far and wide the culture they have acquired. Some also are doing good work as Bible-women, and some in homes of their own are recommending the evangelical faith. Their helpfulness in literary lines should also be men­ tioned. Quite a number of them contribute to papers or magazines, and some have translated useful tracts and books from the English. Another important educational force is found in the circulation of Christian literature, especially of a weekly and a monthly newspaper published at Con­ stantinople under the charge of Mr. Thomson. These papers are less popular than they would be but for the rigid censorship of the press, which greatly embarrasses the editor and prevents his publishing many items of intelligence which would be of interest to his readers. These papers also labor under the disadvantage, which did not formerly exist, of competition from many other publications in the Bulgarian language. ,, This mission has felt very keenly its inability, for want of means, to develop the work begun with so much promise in various lines. The special needs of the hour are, first, funds to aid in church building at Philippopolis and at Mon­ astir. In the smaller places the people have provided suitable church edifices for themselves with but little help from abroad, and sometimes with none; but in the larger cities this is quite impossible, and the cause suffers great discredit and loss for want of proper accommodations for public worship. The second need is means for the adequate support of efficient evangelists, until as the result of their labors churches shall have been gathered able to support them. Such is a brief outline of the work begun and carried forward with increasing promise, despite all embarrassments, for this most interesting branch of the great Slavonic race. 1893-] Western Turkey Mission. 33

WESTERN TURKEY MISSION.

LITERARY DEPARTMENT FOR THE THREE MISSIONS IX ASIATIC TURKEY.

CONSTANTINOPLE. — Henry O. Dwight, Henry S. Barnum, Missionaries; Mrs. Isabella P. Dwight, Mrs. Helen P. Barnum.

GENERAL MISSIONARY WORK.

R r o u s a . — Theodore A. Baldwin, Lyndon S. Crawford, Missionaries; Mrs. Matilda J. Baldwin, Mrs. Olive T. Crawford, Miss Phebe L. Cull, Miss Florence E. Griswold. CESAREA.— Wilson A. Farnsworth, D.D., James L. Fowie, William S. Dodd, M.D., Missionaries; Mrs. Caroline E. Farnsworth, Mrs. Caroline P. Fowle, Mrs. Mary L. Dodd, Miss Sarah A. Closson, Miss Fannie E. Burrage.

C onstantinople . — Joseph K. Greene, D.D., Missionary; William W. Peet, Treasurer and Business Agent; Mrs. Isabella H. Bliss, Mrs. Catherine J. Parsons, Mrs. Elizabeth A. Greene, Mrs. Martha H. Peet, Mrs. F. M. Newell, Miss Anna B. Jones, Miss Martha J. Gleason, Miss Johanna Zimmer. Residing at Bardczag, — Robert Chambers, Missionary; Mrs. Elizabeth L. Chambers, Miss Harriet G. Powers. Residing at A dab azar.— Miss Laura Farnham, Miss Marion E. Sheldon, Miss Susan C. Hyde. Teachers in the American College for Girls. — Miss Mary M . Patrick, Miss Flora A. Fensham, Miss Isabella F. Dodd, Miss Susan H. Olmstead, Miss Arma A. Smith. MARSOVAN. — John F. Smith, George F. Herrick, D.D., Charles C. Tracy, Edward Riggs, George E. White, Missionaries; Mrs. Sarah E. Smith, Mrs. Helen M. Herrick, Mrs. Myra P. Tracy, Mrs. Sarah H. Riggs, Mrs. Esther D. White, Miss Ann Eliza Fritcher, Miss Susan D. Riggs, Miss Frances C. Gage, Miss Martha A. King. SlVAS. — Albert W . Hubbard, Henry T. Perry, Missionaries; Mrs. Mary E. Perry, Miss Mary E. Brewer. S m y r n a .— Lyman Bartlett, James P. McNaughton, Alexander McLachlan, Missionaries; Mrs. Rebecca G. McNaughton, Mrs. Rosa B. McLachlan, Miss Clarissa D. Lawrence, Miss Nellie L. Bartlett, Miss Emily S. McCallum. TREBIZOND. — Moses P. Parmelee, M.D., Missionary ; Mrs. Julia F. Parmelee. On the way out. — Henry K. Wingate, Missionary ; Mrs. Jane C. Wingate, Miss Sarah H. Harlow. In this country.— I. Fayette Pettibone, D.D., Miss Laura B. Chamberlin, Miss Helen E. Melvin, Miss Ida W . Prime, Mrs. Emma R' Hubbard.

Seven stations; 115 out-stations; 22 missionaries, 2 of them physicians; 1 treasurer; 52 female assistant missionaries; 33 native pastors; 44 other native preachers; 209 native teachers; 23 other native helpers; 129 places for stated preaching; 34 churches: 3,751 members; 328 received on con­ fession this year; 8,744 Sunday-school pupils; 1 theological seminary : 6 pupils ; 1 college for young men : 120 pupils ; 1 college for young women : 150 pupils; 8 boys’ high schools : 400 pupils; 7 girls' boarding schools: 446 pupils; 126 common schools: 5,0x5 pupils, 2,079 these girls; 522 others under instruction ; whole number of pupils, 6,659; 1 dispensary: 5>2I4 patients ; issues of the press, 27,040 volumes, 75,900 tracts; in all, 7,862,350 pages; native contributions, $32,576.64; population within limits of stations, 5,295,664.

The changes in the mission force are comparatively few. Mr. and Mrs. Tracy, Mrs. Herrick, and Miss Sheldon have returned to the field after needed rest at home; Miss Gage, Miss King, and Miss Harlow have joined the mission during the year. Miss Lord, in duty to her family, has felt obliged to return home and to withdraw from the service of the Board, greatly to the regret of all; Miss Jane C. Smith, now Mrs. Wingate, has taken a furlough preparatory to resuming work at another point in the mission, and Dr. Pettibone returns to this country with health much impaired. The death of Dr. Bliss and of Miss 34 Western Turkey Mission. [Report,

Bertha Smith takes from the mission a wise and trusted veteran after a service of almost fifty years, and one of the most devoted of its younger members, scarcely three years in the field.

THE STATIONS.

Brousa (1848). — A good year’s work on the part of the six foreign and twenty-four native laborers, including the thorough touring of the field and superintendence of the varied schools, with freedom from political interference, is reported. This station includes eleven out-stations, all but one Armenian, and the missionaries find more open doors than they can enter. Among the encouraging facts of the year’s history are the successful repairs of the church in East Brousa, at a cost.of ;£iooT. provided by the people; the closing of many drinking saloons by order of the government; the opening of work in new places and the renewal of work at certain points; the building of a new chapel in Arslanbey, and the successful initiation of new methods for gathering contributions; the peace and harmony that prevail in most of the out-stations, and the happy opening of a day-school for Armenian girls in Brousa East. Discouraging facts also appear, such as the difficulty of finding satisfactory preachers for all the churches; the want of hearty cooperation with their preachers in some of the churches; the opposition of ecclesiastics of the old churches to the mission schools, and the apparent cessation of growth in the evangelical movement. The village schools are centres of interesting life and are generally in good hands. The schools of Brousa, and especially the Girls’ Boarding School, have to enter into competition with good schools under the Armenians and Roman Catholics, and draw fewer pupils than would come if the tuition were lower and the deep national feeling did not work against them. The attendance in the Girls’ Boarding School in West Brousa has been thirty, in the Boys’ High School in East Brousa twenty-six, and in the Girls’ School twenty-six. The great need is for a deeper and more controlling spiritual life, giving a relish for the truths of the gospel and a zest for Christian service and self-denial. Cesarea (1854).— Anxieties and alarms mingle with success and rejoicings in the year’s record, with a decided predominance of the cheering and hopeful facts. More than the usual illness has prevailed in the mission circle, and Mr. Fowle’s health has required a furlough and sea voyage. From the out-stations, with here and there an exception, a good report is brought, the diminution in aid from the Board calling out larger gifts from the people themselves. A com­ parison between 1880 and 1892 shows that while the grants of the Board decreased $484 in the interval, the congregations are now raising more than double what they did then. With larger resources at command a like happy progress might be realized in seventy-five instead of thirty-eight out-stations. Konia (the ancient Iconium) has been reoccupied by a teacher sent thither and sustained by Mr. Jenanyan with the approval of the station. Special mention is made in the year’s record at Talas of the growth and happy influence of the Ten Para Bible Society, which enrolls Greeks and Armenians as well as Protest­ ants, has gathered $96.80 during the year, and has members in points as remote as Adana and Sivas. Western Turkey Mission. 35

The schools in Cesarea and Talas have been full and prosperous. Miss Burrage’s kindergarten has had ninety pupils and has made excellent progress. The new building is much needed and will be highly prized. The Boys’ High School, under Mr. Fowle’s instruction, has had an increased attendance, and in unsuitable quarters is doing a most important and successful work. The Girls' Boarding School, under Miss Closson’s care, reports ninety pupils, excellent native assistants, and a good year’s work. The medical work has received a great impulse from the completion of the Dispensary, and adds much to the breadth and success of missionary effort. The political disturbances of the present year have been deeply felt at Cesarea and at several other points within the station limits; touring has been practically suspended and much disturbance felt in other ways. Happily no serious outbreak has occurred ; the missionaries and their homes have been undisturbed, and with the settlement of the more serious troubles at Marsovan it is hoped that peace and quiet will be reestablished here. Constantinople (1831).— The withdrawal of Mr. and Mrs. Brooks from the Greek work at the capital, the death of Dr. Bliss, the veteran of the station and the mission, the death also of Mrs. Van Millingen and of Mr. Seelye, formerly connected with the station, and of the two eminent native brethren, Pastor Marderos of the Langa church and Pastor Alexander of the Adabazar church, have brought a heavy loss upon the station. The force of foreign laborers the past year has consisted of six ordained missionaries engaged in literary and evan­ gelistic labors, and one missionary unordained, charged with the care of the treasury and the book trade, and of twenty-one ladies, six of them wives of missionaries, five connected with the Girls’ College, six in direct missionary work in Gedik Pasha, Hasskeuy, and Scutari, three in the Girls’ School at Adabazar, and one in the Boys’ High School at Bardezag. Mr. Peet performs the duties of treasurer and business agent for the four missions in the Turkish empire, of banker for the Presbyterian mission in Persia, and of superintendent of the book trade. The net cash transactions in 1892 amounted to $256,596. Mr. Dwight, in addition to his literary labors, has been much occupied in pre­ senting to the United States Legation cases of illegal interference with the missionaries and their work. The mission recognizes heartily the prompt and efficient aid afforded by our government in maintaining their rights and pro­ tecting their property. The Avedaper, under Mr. Barnum’s editorial care, is a paper of growing interest and of helpful influence. Dr. Greene, the only missionary resident in Constantinople devoted to direct missionary work, has kept his hand on many lines of activity in all parts of the city and has made extended visits to the out-stations. Dr. Pettibone’s health has become so infirm that he is compelled to seek rest and health in this country for a time. Much of the evangelistic work of the station is in the hands of the ladies, who are conducting day-schools, Sunday-schools, and house-to-house visitation at three different points. At Gedik Pasha the Sunday-school has averaged 290 pupils, has attracted pupils from all nationalities, and has stimulated the Arme­ nian and Greek ecclesiastics to more evangelical instruction; the day-school has enrolled 185 pupils and has enjoyed a successful year; 2,000 visitors have called on the ladies at the mission house; three Bible-women have been con- 36 Western Turkey Mission. [Report,

stantly employed, with good results ; and the “ Rest ” at Room Kapoo has proved a centre of blessing and religious power to many who resort there. Miss Gleason, aided by Mrs. Parsons and by a native pastor with his family, has begun a similar work at Hasskeuy, already with a gratifying success; and Miss Zimmer, in Scutari, has made a good beginning in gathering in the boys and girls in separate schools and training them in industrial arts while she draws them toward the truth and life of the gospel. The Greek work, ministering to 250,000 souls in the capital, is in great need of a missionary superintendent, additional native laborers, and some suitable centre in church and school. The College for Girls at Scutari reports an attendance of 147 pupils, enthusiasm in studies, and a happy growth in character and Christian life. Of its.85 graduates 50 have engaged in teaching and 30 have married, and others are in positions of influence. The branches of the Church of Constantinople in Pera and Stamboul maintain their regular worship, with good congregations, and have able preachers; but the long-desired houses of worship, the means for erecting which are substantially in hand, still wait for the imperial permission, while the hearts of the people grow faint with hope deferred. The congregation in Scutari has increased and already feels the benefit of the city missionary work conducted by Miss Zimmer. The work in the out-stations at Adrianople, Rodosto, and the Dardanelles remains without marked change and is not in a very satisfactory condition. The Nicomedia field, which continues to be treated as a part of the Con­ stantinople station, and is under the special care of Mr. Chambers, consists of three churches, seven preaching-places, and four villages occasionally visited by an evangelist. The report of this field tells a pathetic story of many small villages with a few Protestants in each, whose poverty makes foreign aid necessary for all aggressive work, and no adequate provision for increasing the interest or even maintaining things as they are. The want of any considerable number of young men looking to the work of the ministry is not the least embarrassment in the case. The general conditions in this field favor and call for aggressive work at many points, especially in the capital of the province and in the growing towns along the extending line of the railway. The death of Rev. Alexander Djedjezian, for thirty years the able and beloved pastor of the church at Adabazar, has brought deep grief and a heavy loss upon his people, the community, the station, and the whole mission. The Girls’ School, under the special patronage of this vigorous church, has enjoyed a year of growth and prosperity and graduates a class of six pupils. The church at Bardezag has made substantial progress, receiving twenty-seven new members and meeting all financial obligations. The High School has had an unusually satisfactory year, with four graduates out of a total enrolment of 106. Were the school fur­ nished with adequate buildings, twice as many pupils might easily be received and the helpful influence correspondingly widened. A summer school for Christian workers has been opened here this year and promises good results. Marsovan (1852). — The year for this station has been one of disappointment and loss, of hopes unfulfilled and unexpected calamities, tempered with bless­ ings not a few. The continued absence of Dr. Herrick’s family, the feebleness of Miss Fritcher, the lamented death of Miss Bertha Smith, the resignation of *893-] Western Turkey Mission. 37

Miss Jane C. Smith to enter upon other work, have both weakened the force and saddened the hearts of the mission circle. Happily Miss Riggs joined the station early in the year, and Miss Gage and Miss King are now on their way thither. The political commotion in January, caused by the posting by unknown hands of placards hostile to the Turkish government, accompanied by the arrest and imprisonment of two of the native teachers in Anatolia College and soon followed by the incendiary burning of the new Girls’ School building, the work apparently of Turkish officials inspired by the purpose of breaking up all missionary work at Marsovan, has absorbed the time and thoughts of all and seriously interfered with touring and the usual Christian work. The steadiness and prudence of the missionaries in the midst of great perplexities and perils, the efficient services of the American consul at Sivas, and the energetic efforts of the United States government, averted the immediate peril and prevailed upon the Turkish government to order the removal of the guilty officials, the repayment of the loss incurred by the burning of the school building, the issuing o f a firvian authorizing the rebuilding of the school, and to promise a fii-man for Anatolia College. Happily also the native teachers who, on forged testimony, were found guilty of sedition and sentenced to death have been pardoned and released on condition of withdrawing from the empire. Order is not yet restored in Marsovan and the adjacent region, and the work of the College and all Christian effort must for some time experience serious difficulties. A good report is given of the five churches and the nineteen out-stations connected with Marsovan, notwithstanding the serious perils that have sur­ rounded some of them and the general disturbance that had been felt in all. The native pastors and preachers have made a good record and their people have in the main proved faithful in their Christian service. One notable instance of large and consecrated benevolence is recorded at Alacham where a Christian brother has crowned years of quiet and generous giving by a single gift to the American Board of S3 20, saying that heretofore he had served the Lord with his left hand and himself with the right, but that hereafter he will serve the Lord with his right hand and himself with his left. The Girls’ School at Marsovan has numbered eighty-seven pupils and has enjoyed nearly the usual prosperity. Under the new teachers and in its new home a new era of success and usefulness is hoped for. Anatolia College, in spite of the loss of valuable teachers and the serious distractions of the year, has enrolled 124 pupils, 45 in the four College classes, and graduated seven last June, four Armenians and three Greeks. More than half the yearly income of the College comes from the people. Ihe Theological Seminary reports a class of six pupils, four of them Greeks and two Armenians, who represent six out of the seven stations of the mission. This class will graduate next spring, and a new class will be received this fall. The numbers in the Seminary might be doubled, or even quadrupled, without overtaxing the teachers and without exceeding the demands of the mission. May a new spirit of devotion to the glorious work of the gospel ministry come upon the young men of promise in all the mission churches ! Sivas (1855). — Mr. and Mrs. Perry joined the station early in the year, and have been most cordially welcomed by missionary associates and native brethren. 38 Western- Turkey Mission. [Report,

The coming of Dr. Jewett, United States consul, has been a real reinforcement to the station and a great benefit to all the province. The evangelistic labors of Mr. Jenanyan, continued through seventeen days, called out widespread interest among the old Armenians as well as the evangelicals, and crowded the chapel to its utmost capacity. Although but few have openly joined the mission church, the influence of those meetings has continued through the year and the regular congregations have been much enlarged. A temperance movement, beginning with the Christian reform of a man in the middle ranks of society, has spread until 150 habitual drinkers have signed the pledge of total abstinence and with but four or five exceptions have kept it; and a great demand for temperance literature has been created. The political excitement which centred at Marso- van swept over this field also, and an unsuccessful attempt was made to fire the Sivas chapel. The Girls’ School at Sivas has had a prosperous year, under the care of Miss Brewer assisted by two efficient native teachers. A class of three graduated this year from the Normal School for Boys, each of whom enters immediately into service as a teacher in a mission school. The common schools have main­ tained about the usual numbers. The death of Pastor Marderos, for twenty-two years in charge of the church at Gurun, removes the oldest and most experi­ enced native helper from the field and leaves as his memorial a church intelli­ gent, united, and efficient in the work of the Lord. Smyrna (1820). — Miss Lord has felt compelled to withdraw permanently from the service of the Board on account of imperative duties at home, and Miss Smith, the term of service for which she was engaged having expired, has returned to this country. The health of missionaries and native laborers has been uniformly good. Mr. and Mrs. McNaughton have spent the year at Manisa, to the great advantage of the work; Mr. Bartlett and his daughter spent four months at Bourdour and Afion Kara Hissar. The church in Smyrna is in need of an able pastor and offers an opportunity for wide and important service scarcely second to any in the empire. The congregations are fairly sustained, and the devotional meetings and various societies are well attended. The mothers’ meeting is the largest and draws in many Gregorian mothers; a fact due in no small degree to the wise and devoted labors of an excellent Bible-woman. Manisa presents a more encouraging condition than for many years. Preach­ ing services are conducted in three distinct quarters, and though none of the congregations are large a genuine spiritual work seems to be in progress, the brethren assuming greater responsibility for the conduct of public worship and giving more freely for its support. Here too a Bible reader, with her daily visits and classes and her thriving Sunday-school, is a most efficient helper. An improved state of things is also reported in nearly all of the out-stations, due in great degree to the more frequent and protracted visits of the mission­ aries and better facilities for work. In one place is a thriving temperance society, organized and maintained by the young men. In another an earnest preacher is rallying the evangelical forces and is permitted to see not a few turning heartily to the Lord. The situation at Bourdour is hopeful, in spite of the malicious burning of the mission building last summer just as it was l»93-j Western Turkey Mission. 39 enclosed. The extension of railways through the field occupied by this station makes it easier to traverse than heretofore, and adds to the importance of pre­ occupying all principal points with Christian institutions. The Girls’ School at Smyrna has enrolled 93 pupils, of whom 23 are boarders. This school is well equipped for successful work, and is already exerting a wide and happy influence. The Boys’ High School is rapidly gaining in num­ bers and public confidence. One hundred pupils were enrolled last year and a higher average in age and ability is recorded. It is hoped that in a few years the income from the pupils will cover the salaries of the teachers. The kinder­ garten has had 64 pupils, and retains all its vitality and hold upon the people. The pupils are encouraged to remain longer in the school by giving certificates to those who have completed the course. The Sunday-school in connection with the kindergarten has had an average attendance of about sixty pupils. A formal permit from the government has recently been obtained for all the schools in Smyrna and one is soon expected for those in Manisa and Ak Hissar. The Greek Evangelical Alliance still has its centre at Smyrna and the chief field of its labors is within the limits of this station. The points where work is carried on under its auspices are Smyrna, Manisa, and Baindir. In Smyrna is a church now in a flourishing condition, a day-school of 80 pupils, and the Sailors’ Rest; at Manisa is a church embracing many heads of families, and showing steady growth, and a day-school of 35 pupils; and at Baindir is a church, now in need of a pastor. The Greek work at Ordoo is connected with the Alliance but is included in the report of Trebizond station. Mr. Riggs, at the request of the mission, spent several weeks in visiting the various centres of Greek work and made full report of his observations and recommendations. The mission at its annual meeting discussed this report and took action, calling for a missionary to superintend the Greek work at Constantinople, and looking toward the extension of the work of the Alliance to all the centres of Greek work in the mission, and the more effectual prosecution of that work. Trebizond (1835).— The work of touring has been seriously interrupted by the presence of cholera and the resulting quarantine. A compensation in part has been found in the unusual opportunities for benevolent work thus offered, especially in the city of Trebizond. At the beginning of the year, under the .labors of the native pastor, there seemed to be some promise of the healing of the old division and the begin­ ning of better days, but the hope was raised only to be disappointed, and a longer time seems required before this burden is removed. The Greek con­ gregation at Ordoo has been unable to use the new house of worship which with great self-denial they had completed nearly a year since, through the opposition of the government stirred up by the jealousy of the old church. The pastor spent six months in Constantinople to secure favorable action by the govern­ ment, but in vain. There is some hope that through the intervention of the foreign embassies at the capital the desired permission may presently be granted. The Armenian church and schools in Ordoo have prospered, the work of the Bible reader being greatly blessed; and the Armenian pastor has been able to do much to cheer and comfort the Greek brethren in their great trouble. 4 0 Central Turkey Mission. [Report,

While the growth of the work in this station has not been as marked as in former years, it is yet sufficient to call out our grateful recognition. The deep and widespread and still unquieted political disturbance that affected the fields of Cesarea and Sivas and Marsovan, but centred at Marsovan, is the characteristic feature of this year’s history, and must give occasion to careful thought and no little anxiety for the future of evangelical work in the Turkish empire. While acknowledging with sincere gratitude the many advan­ tages afforded to our work by the regulations of the empire ; and while dis­ tinctly comprehending the embarrassments of the Turkish government in view of the irresistible growth of our churches and schools and the larger life to which they minister; we cannot for a moment hesitate as to our duty, or cease with all our powers to press forward this great and growing work to an early and complete success, assured as we are that in so doing we are both obeying the call of God and subserving the best interests of all the people of the Turkish empire.

CENTRAL TURKEY MISSION.

A INTAB. — Americus Fuller, D.D., Charles S. Sanders, Missionaries ; Charles W . Riggs, Teacher. Mrs. M. A. Trowbridge (residing at Constantinople), Mrs. Amelia D. Fuller, Mrs. Electa C. Riggs, Miss Ellen M. Pierce, Miss Elizabeth M. Trowbridge. Residing at Kessab. — Lucien H. Adams, Missionary. Residing at Oor/a.— Miss Corinna Shattuck, Miss Ida Mellinger. MARASH. — Lucius O. Lee, Missionary ; Mrs. Clara A. Lee, Miss Ellen M. Blakely, Miss Harriet A. Lovell. Residing at Tarsus. — Thomas D. Christie, Missionary ; Mrs. Carmelite B. Christie. Residing at Adana.— Mrs. Emily R. Montgomery, Miss Lizzie S. Webb, Miss Mary G. Webb. Residing at Hadjin. — Mrs. Josephine L. Coffing, Miss Eula G. Bates. Jn this country. — Rev. W . W . Mead, Missionary ; Mrs. Harriet N. Mead. On the way. — Mrs. Etta D. Marden, Miss Meda Hess. Two stations; 44 out-stations; 6 missionaries; 1 teacher; 18 female assistant missionaries; 19 native pastors; 27 other native preachers; 123 native teachers; 7 other native helpers; 53 places for stated preaching: average congregations, 9,962; 9,123 Sunday-school pupils; 34 churches: 5,098 members; 123 received on confession this year; 1 theological seminary: 10 pupils; x college: 83 pupils; 6 boys’ high schools: 278 pupils; 5 girls’ boarding schools: 247 pupils; 106 common schools: 4,693 pupils, of whom 2,084 were girls; whole number under instruction, 5,161; native contributions, g 10,166.97.

Dr. Fuller spent the greater part of the year in this country in the interests of Central Turkey College ; Mr. Mead’s health made it necessary for him and Mrs. Mead to return home early in the summer; and Mr. D. N. Blakely, who has ren­ dered valuable service in the college and station at Aintab, without appointment, has returned to this country. Early in the year, Mr. and Mrs. Christie accepted the invitation to take charge of St. Paul’s Institute at Tarsus, and withdrew from his post at Marash. Mrs. Marden expects soon to return to Marash, accom­ panied by Miss Hess, both to assist in the work of the Girls’ College. Aintab. — Although the absence of Dr. Fuller in America most of the year, and of Mr. Sanders in Marash a part of the year, has left the station weak­ handed, a cheering report is given in almost all departments of missionary work. The destructive earthquake of March 3, 1893, at Adiaman, is the most striking 18930 Central Turkey Mission. event of the year, and the generous sympathy with which the people responded to appeals for help has been very gratifying. There has been a happy immunity from cholera, locusts, and political interference. The death of the able pastor of the Third Church in Aintab, and of the wealthy business man who erected the Young Men’s Christian Association building in that city, and the return of Mr. Papasian from America to assist both in the College and in the Second Church, are the specially notable events of the year. Better care of the church build­ ings, better attendance at public worship and prayer-meetings, and in Sunday- schools,— that of the Second Church rising above 1,500, — steady interest in Koordistan missionary work, are cheering proofs of a healthy Christian life in the churches, and are due in greater part to the efforts and influence of the teachers in the College. An improved state of affairs is reported in the church and in the High School at Killis ; in Aleppo good congregations, greatly increased by the visit of Mr. Ford, of the Syrian Mission, and satisfactory results in the schools and in Dr. Altoonian’s clinics; in Eybez the steady maintenance of the usual interest under a simple-hearted, faithful preacher; in Hassan Beily, a cheering spiritual activity and growth, with a more than usually numerous and interesting body of edu­ cated girls and young women; a happy change for the better at Behesne under the new pastor, the congregation increasing from 100 last year to 400 this year; at Adiaman inactivity in church and school work, with an awakening after the destructive visitation by earthquake ; at Severek a great stride forward, large congregations under the labors of a pastor formerly with them and greatly beloved ; a year of trial at Germich, due mainly to the proselytizing labors of a native Baptist preacher ; at Oorfa divisions caused by pecuniary questions, with little growth ; at Biredjik a good year under a young but faithful pastor just out of the Seminary; and at Nezjib the work reviving; at Antioch no material change, a graduate of the College, supported by an Armenian in America, serv­ ing both as preacher and teacher; at Beylan an improved spiritual condition, with urgent need of a preacher ; a fine and growing opportunity at Alexandretta; the brethren at Bitias united at length, and several new members received to the church; the work prospering at Yorghonolook under an energetic preacher; a highly unsatisfactory condition of affairs in Kessab, due to the presence of ungodly members in the church, approaching a crisis, — such in brief is the story of the out-stations connected with Aintab. M arash. — The withdrawal of Mr. Christie, to enter upon the work at Tarsus, left this station with but one missionary family. Of necessity the work of tour­ ing has been almost wholly neglected, and supervision has been maintained chiefly by means of correspondence. Favorable testimony is borne to the spirit and efficiency of the native brethren, in conference with the missionary in charge, and of the manner in which the native laborers adjust themselves to the limited appropriations which the station received. The three churches of Marash continue to be without settled pastors, and, while on the whole maintaining their ground, are not prepared for such aggres­ sive work as would naturally be expected. Among the out-stations under super­ vision from Marash the work presents encouraging features in the dwindling influence of the proselytizing “ Disciple ” preachers, increased membership in the 4 2 Central Turkey Mission. [Report,

churches, with some discouraging aspects. Woman’s work in Marash has been successfully prosecuted through the agency of the Young Women’s Christian Associations, with special aid and counsel from Mrs. Christie and Mrs. Lee. A mothers’ meeting has been regularly maintained, many women have been visited in their homes, absentees from public worship have been looked up and invited back, prayer-meetings have been conducted for girls and young married women, contributions have been gathered, a day-school in a neglected part of the city has been maintained, a kindergarten opened in the centre of the city, and a Bible-woman employed throughout the year. Rev. J. C. Martin, at the invitation of the mission, has resided at Hadjin during the year, and has visited all the out-stations in the adjacent region, and gives an interesting and valuable report of the population and the religious condition of these several communities. There is need of native preachers of more thor­ ough training and stronger character, and need of more constant supervision by the foreign missionary; and with these conditions realized, the promise of growth is very hopeful. The time and strength of the ladies have been so much absorbed in the management of the Home that they have been able to attempt but little work in behalf of women. A weekly meeting of great profit has been held for the women of the Second Church; and a Bible-woman has rendered good and effective service. The kindergarten has had thirty-six pupils, the pri­ mary schools of the city were well attended, and the Sunday-schools have more than kept up to their record last year. While Mr. Mead’s health has been such as seriously to interfere with the superintendence of the work in the Adana field, there have been less loss and injury than was to be expected. Mrs. Montgomery’s return has given new im­ pulse to the work for women in Adana and throughout the field, and fresh cour­ age to all the members of the station.

EDUCATION.

The College has enjoyed a year of prosperity, with an attendance of ninety students, twenty of whom are members of evangelical churches. The new building gives great satisfaction, and when fully completed and furnished it will admirably serve the needs of the College for many years. It is greatly to be desired that the few thousands of dollars required to meet these last expenses in repairing the disaster of three years since will soon be provided. The Theological Seminary reports a class of ten students, all but two of them college graduates, the greatest number ever entered in one year. Three Gregorians were admitted on the same terms as other students, a step now taken for the first time. The absence of Mr. Christie has thrown additional labors on the other teachers, and Mr. Sanders aided in the instruction for three months. The course of instruction is thorough and full, well adjusted to the times and the progress in theological investigation. A new teacher, to supply Mr. Christie’s place, ought to be on the ground at once. Central Turkey Girls’ College, at Marash, reports an attendance of thirty pupils, twenty-three of whom are in the regular course, representing nine differ­ ent localities. A class of seven, the largest number in the history of the college, 1893.] Central Turkey Mission. 43 graduated in June. The College has been formally recognized by the govern­ ment, and the teachers receive government diplomas after passing examination. A good state of religious life and feeling has existed among the pupils throughout the year. The arrival of Miss Lovell was a marked event, and the aid which Mrs. Lee has given has contributed greatly to the prosperity of the year. The Aintab Girls’ Seminary, with an attendance of eighty pupils, thirty of them being boarders, has enjoyed a year of steady and successful work. Though Miss Pierce has been without an American associate, she has been well supported by the force of native teachers. Special mention is made of the good deportment of the pupils, no case of serious discipline occurring throughout the year. Ten of the pupils have been received to the church. Fourteen girls were graduated in June, all giving satisfactory evidence of Christian character, and all but three of them church members. The need of an American associate, mentioned last year, has become increasingly urgent, and should be supplied at once. The Hadjin Home received forty pupils, and in the absence of any other provision admitted also a class of fifteen boys. In spite of the crowded quar­ ters and the want of a sufficient force of teachers, the Home has enjoyed a year of earnest and successful work. A sewing class and instruction in music are the new features of the year, both much valued by the pupils. A class of four girls, all of them Christians, was graduated. The ladies of the Home have been greatly cheered and aided by the presence and labors of Mr. and Mrs. Martin. An additional American teacher, with musical qualifications, is needed as soon as she can be found. The Girls’ School at Oorfa has enrolled thirty-five pupils, and the Boys’ High School forty-five, and real progress has been made in classifying pupils and in holding them to steady and systematic work. An intermediate school designed to prepare boys and girls for the higher departments has been opened, with hopeful results. The missionary ladies who are in charge of all the work at this centre extend their care to the primary schools of the city, and to not a little evangelistic work. The Seminary for Girls at Adana reports forty-nine pupils, and a successful year’s work. Mrs. Montgomery’s presence and aid have been of the greatest advantage to the school. Measures are in contemplation for the mate­ rial enlargement of the premises connected with the school, in order to provide for increasing numbers and to make room for the thriving kindergarten and other forms of work under the care of the ladies who are in charge of the Seminary. The Marash Academy for Boys reports n o pupils, a successful year of study, and a growing interest in its work. The mission is impressed with its value as a feeder of the College at Aintab and as a means of giving a higher education to many who cannot take a college course. The story of the year in the mission as a whole is more cheering and hopeful than for several years past. If needed reinforcements and resources can be pro­ vided, there is every reason to anticipate for the coming year a happy enlarge­ ment of the work and a marked increase in results attained. 44 Eastern Turkey Mission. [Report,

EASTERN TURKEY MISSION.

B lT L IS . — George C. Knapp, Royal M. Cole, George P . Knapp, Missionaries ; Mrs. Alzina L. Knapp, Mrs. Lizzie Cole, Mrs. Anna H. Knapp, Miss Charlotte E. Ely, Miss Mary A. C. Ely. ER ZR O O M . — William N. Chambers, David A. Richardson, Frederick W . Macallum, Missionaries ; Mrs. Cornelia B. Chambers, Mrs. Myra W . Richardson, Mrs. Henrietta M. Macallum. H A R P O O T . — Orson P. Allen, Crosby H. Wheeler, D .P ., Herman X. Barnum, B.D., John K. Browne, Missionaries; Mrs. Caroline R. Allen, Mrs. Susan A. Wheeler, Mrs. Mary E. Barnum, Mrs. Leila Browne, Miss Harriet Seymour, Miss Emilv C. Wheeler, Miss Emma M. Barnum. M A R D IN . — Alpheus N. Andrus, Willis C. Dewev, Caleb F. Gates, Missionaries; D. M. B. Thom, M .D ., Physician ; Mrs. Olive N. Andrus, Mrs. Seraphina T . Dewey, Mrs. Mary Ellen Gates, Mrs. Helen L . Thom, Miss Clarissa H. Pratt. V a n . — Frederick D. Greene, Herbert M. Allen, Missionaries ; Mrs. Susan F- Greene, Mrs. Ellen R. Allen. Miss Grace N. Kimball, M .D., Miss Kate B. Fraser. On the way.— Miss Caroline E. Bush, Miss Grace M. Knapp. In this country. — James L. Barton, George C. Raynolds, ’¡AS)., Missionaries ; Mrs. Flora E. Barton, Mrs. Martha W . Raynolds, Miss L. E. Johnson, Miss Maria G. Nutting, Miss Mary L. Daniels. Five stations; 132 out-stations; 17 missionaries, 1 a physician ; 1 a missionary physician ; 31 female assistant missionaries, 1 a physician; 28 native pastors; 44 other native preachers; 200 native teachers; 43 other native helpers; 45 churches: 2,835 members, of whom 1,344 are women; 133 places for stated preaching; average congregations 14484; 8,153 Sunday-school pupils; 2 theological seminaries: 11 pupils; 13 high schools for boys : 369 pupils; 7 boarding schools for girls: 202 pupils ; 153 common schools: 6,370 pupils; total number under instruction, 7,375 ; total native contributions, Sl4,58i.

The mission force has been somewhat depleted, and reinforcements, especially for girls’ schools and work among women, are greatly needed at once. Dr. Raynolds, accompanied by Miss Daniels and Miss Nutting, has come home for rest and recuperation. Miss Bush is on her way back to the mission, intending by special arrangement to spend a year at Marsovan before going on to Harpoot; Mr. and Mrs. Allen (Miss Ladd) have returned to permanent work at Van; and Miss Knapp is about to join the mission, laboring at Bitlis, the place of her birth. Notwithstanding diminished force and resources the year presents a good record on every station and in every line of effort, and governmental interference has been far less than in some previous years.

THE STATIONS. B itlis (1858). — The members of the station have enjoyed good health, and have done the usual amount of touring in spite of the unusually deep snow that has lain upon the mountain paths. The church at Bitlis, while holding its own, is not yet ready to settle a pastor or to complete and dedicate its church building. The schools report increased attendance, and good results in study. The work in the out-stations has been carefully followed up, and in Moosh and the adjacent region the opportunities are especially commanding and attractive. With sufficient means to enter the openings here the work might quickly be trebled in amount and great results be secured. An interesting paper from the native Evangelical Union, bearing on this very point, was presented to the annual meeting of the mission. The Mount Holyoke School for Girls, under the efficient care of the Misses Ely, reports forty boarding pupils and fifty day scholars, with a graduating class of four. There is an increase in the number of self-supporting pupils, and the I893-J Eastern Turkey Mission. 45 benefits of the school are better appreciated by pupils and patrons than ever before. The Boys’ School has enrolled 102 pupils, 29 of whom were in the higher department, and 22 of whom were boarding pupils. There have been four regular teachers, besides instruction in special departments. The main sub­ jects are the Armenian, Turkish, and English languages, mathematics, science, and the Bible. By means of written examinations the effort has been made to raise the standard of scholarship. A class of three graduated in July. The usual amount of work has been done by the Bible-women ; and the mothers’ meetings and the Woman’s Missionary Society continue to be the sources of great blessing to all who attend. With the coming of Miss Knapp the work for women, one of the most useful and hopeful departments of all, can be better systematized and more thoroughly prosecuted. Erzroom (1839). — The welcome return of Mr. and Mrs. Chambers, and the absence of all annoyance from governmental interference, are the marked events of the year. The prevalence of cholera and the unwonted scarcity of food have been heavy burdens on the people, but they have also turned their hearts to God to an unusual degree. In this field there are above thirty-five places in which Protestants are found: fourteen in Turkey, the rest in Russia, and in twenty-two of these missionary work in some form is regularly maintained. The territory included in the station stretches from the Caspian Sea on the east to the limits of the Western Turkey Mission near Sivas on the west, and includes a population estimated at 2,000,000. The native agency last year included four native pastors, six other preachers, twenty-five teachers, and four other helpers. There are seven churches, with a membership of 358, of whom 153 are women. The people contributed a sum nearly three fourths of the amount appropriated by the Board to this station for the same work. A favorable account is given of the condition of the missionary work, and several new places seem to be ready for occupancy. That part of the field which lies in Russia presents a record of even greater prosperity than the Turkish part of the station; and in view of the differences in the two sections and the need of closer supervision it is a question whether some missionary might not well be assigned exclusively to this field. The church in Erzroom rejoices in a new pastor, overflowing congregations, and internal unity. The schools have been continued as heretofore, with an enrol­ ment of 150 pupils, three fourths of them from Gregorian families. The Girls School has had ten boarding pupils and has been under the care of the married ladies of the station. The points denoting progress are the securing of a preacher, increased subscriptions, Gregorian children in schools, and friendly relations with the government. The work in the out-stations has shared the favorable conditions named above and shows good results. Particularly encour­ aging is the story from Erzingan. Harmony in the church, additions to its numbers, good congregations, and steadily increasing contributions mark the year’s record. The most urgent call for advance is along the line of woman s work ; three or four good Bible-women could be put at once into very promising and very needy fields. 4 6 Eastern Turkey Mission. [Report,

Harpoot ( 1855).— The return to this country of Mr. and Mrs. Barton and Miss Daniels, the continued absence of Miss Bush, and the increasing infirmities of some of the veterans have thrown an undue burden of labor and care upon the remaining members of the station and have crippled the work seriously at certain points. Happily the native agency retains its full numbers and force, and one young man, after four years at Andover Seminary, has returned to the field to render excellent service. The native helpers include 17 pastors, 22 preachers, 105 teachers, and 22 Bible-women. Notwithstanding the fact that several important places have long been unsup­ plied with preachers, the average attendance at church, 7,565, and at Sunday- school, 6,080, is unexpectedly large. In not a few places Sabbath services are faithfully maintained from year to year without preachers or teachers, and in some cases Gregorians are added to their numbers. Diminished foreign resources, if the result is to call out a larger measure of service and devotion in the native communities, will not be without their compensations. The additions to the churches of the station were but ninety-two, the smallest number in fifteen years; a result due in part to greater infrequency in the visits of the touring missionary and in part to the inadequacy of helpers. The graduation of the theological class this fall will in a measure meet the need. For the first time the station reports a decrease in the attendance, the income, and the number of schools, due to many causes. This fact holds in regard to the college, the high schools, and the common schools. The statistics are as follows: College proper, both departments, 70; in 7 high schools, 194; in 77 common schools, 3,716. There is one happy exception to this order of things in the number of pupils under the instruction of the Bible-women; 679 pupils are taught by 22 women, and a large proportion of them are in Gregorian homes. The payments by the people, notwithstanding partial failure of crops and the increased cost of living, show an advance even upon the very large amount of last year; a noble proof of the hold the gospel has gained in their hearts and of the faithful training the missionaries have given. The offerings this year exceed l7,ooo, or with their payments to the college over $10,000, a sum representing the value of twenty-five days’ labor for every man, woman, and child enumerated as Protestants in the station. M ardin (1856). — The return of Mr. and Mrs. Gates with restored health brought great joy and new courage to the station, and the fresh impulse thus given has been felt in every part of the field. Mr. and Mrs. Andrus continued to reside at Midyat until Miss Nutting’s failing strength made it necessary that Mrs. Andrus assume the care of the Girls’ School at Mardin. Dr. Thom’s services have been in demand at other stations, and he has rendered the service needed with his customary self-forgetful kindness. Miss Pratt still labors without an associate in the work for women and gives a cheering report. The women show an increasing readiness to help in church work in connection with the missionary in charge. The women of Mardin provide one third of the support of the Bible reader, and she reports her work to them. A Christian Endeavor Society has been formed among the girls of Mardin, and they are thm learning to lead meetings, call on the sick, and read the Bible in homes. An effort has been made to secure the observance by preachers’ wives, teachers, and *8930 Marathi Mission. 4 7

Bible-women throughout the field of a carefully prepared course of Bible reading. Jacobite women are becoming more accessible, even the priests’ houses at times inviting a call. Miss Pratt needs an associate at once, and the work would be more than doubled thereby. Van (1872).— The return of Miss Kimball, after four years’ absence, equipped with a thorough medical education, and the coming of Miss Fraser for the Girls’ School awakened no little joy in the station. Although the departure of Miss Bush early in the year and of Dr. Raynolds later brought a serious loss upon the working force of the station, all felt that the furloughs had been well earned. Cholera visited the station late in the autumn and called for all the medical skill and kindly counsel the members of the station could give. Gratitude for such Christian deeds brought many into closer relations to the missionaries and gave a readier hearing to their message. A building permit for the new Girls’ School has not yet been granted, though the materials are all on hand and the need is urgent. The unwarranted refusal to recognize the school at Agants is a proof of the unfriendly feeling of the government, which expresses itself also in numerous other vexatious ways. The violence of the Koords is also increasing. The spiritual side of the work shows definite progress. Eight persons have united with the churches this year on confession. The young and progressive element is coming into a larger share of responsibility in the church, to their own gain and the benefit of the church. The work for women has suffered much by Miss Bush’s absence, but Mrs. Greene has given it such attention as she could spare from other duties, taking charge of the mothers’ meeting during part of the year. The faithful Bible- woman Nazloo has continued her work as usual without opposition, and finds more than she can do. The schools have been much interrupted by an epidemic of smallpox first, and afterward by the cholera and accompanying quarantine. Notwithstanding this and government threats and the growing rivalry of Gregorian schools, the mission schools have held their own in point of numbers and quality of work done. Ninety boys are in the school in the Gardens, and fifteen in that within the city. Great care is exercised in the selection of teachers, and the missionary in charge stimulates the teachers to self-improvement and aids them in it. The Girls’ School has been under the care of Miss Kimball, assisted by Miss Fraser, and repons a year of faithful and successful work.

MARATHI MISSION.

B o m b a y . — Miss Anstice Abbott, Miss Anna L. Millard; Editor, Anandrao M. Sangale. Native agents, 29; out-stations, 2. AUMEDNAGAR. — James Smith, Edward Fairbank, Henry G. Bissell, Harvey M. Lawson, Mission­ aries; Mrs. Maud Smith, Mrs. Mary A. Fairbank, Mrs. Alice T . Bissell, Mrs. Dedie S. Lawson, Mrs. Mary E. Bissell, Miss Emily Bissell, Miss Belle Nugent, Miss Annie Stockbridge. Native agents, 59; out-stations, 7. K o l g a w D is t r ic t . — In charge of Mrs. M. E. Bissell. Native agents, 2 1 ; out-stations, 10.

PARNER D is t r ic t . — In charge of H. G. Bissell. Native agents, 17; out-stations, 10.

Ja m b g a w D is t r ic t . — In charge of H. G. Bissell. Native agents, 15; out-stations, ro.

W a d a LE. — S. B. Fairbank, D.I)., Missionary. Native agents, 40; out-stations, 18. 4 8 Marathi Mission. [Report,

R a HURI.— William O. Ballantine, m.d., Missionary ; Mrs. Josephine L. Ballantine. Native agents, 47; out-stations, 23. SlRUR.— Richard Winsor, Missionary; Mrs. M. C. Winsor. Native agents, 29; out-stations, 10.

S a t a r a . — Henry J. Bruce, Missionary. Mrs. Hepzibeth P. Bruce, Miss Hattie L. Bruce. Native agents, 23; out-stations, 6. W a i.— Mrs. Minnie C. Sibley, Miss Jeannette P. Gordon. Native agents, 7; out-stations, 1.

S h o l a p u r . — Lorin S. Gates, Charles Harding, Missionaries; Mrs. Frances Anna Gates, Mrs. Elizabeth D . Harding. Native agents, 42; out-stations, 13. In this country. — E. S. Hume, Robert A. Hume, Henry Fairbank, Missionaries ; Mrs. Charlotte E. Hume, Mrs. Katie F. Hume, Mrs. Ruby E. Fairbank, Miss E. M. Lyman. On the way. — Justin E. Abbott, Missionary. Eight stations; 119 out-stations; 14 missionaries, 1 of them a physician; 22 assistant female missionaries ; 17 native pastors; 29 preachers; 1 editor; 49 Bible readers; 4 medical catechists ; 51 Bible-women; 192 teachers; 343 native helpers; 38 churches: 2,520 members; received on confes­ sion of faith, 194. Contributions, $1,644.83 (rupee reckoned at 32 cents).

The following report is abridged from a more complete and detailed report from the pen of Mr. Bruce. We are reminded that eighty years have passed since our mission was begun in Bombay. It is difficult for us to comprehend the strides that have been made since that day in civilization, in education, and in religious thought. Scarcely a begin­ ning had been made in vernacular education and female education was unknown. Moreover there was not a Christian book or tract in any vernacular of Western India. One of the early missionaries said : “ Everything was to be done. The wilderness was before them, and not a tree in this forest had yet been felled.” A long series of reports from the various missions of Western India would present a striking contrast with the state of things which existed in 1813. No candid observer could look upon that picture and upon this without acknowledging that marvelous results have accrued to missionary labor in these eighty years. The past year has been, in every way, one of at least average encouragement. Several missionary workers have come out, either for the first time or returning to their fields of labor. The native churches have maintained a vigorous Christian life, steadily tending in the direction of self-support, and the 194 con­ versions afford a gratifying proof of the unimpaired progress of the cause. New churches have been organized, new schools have been established, our Theological Seminary has added a new class for advanced English study, and a class has been formed in Ahmednagar for the special training of our Bible- women. But the feature of the year has been perhaps the opening of a mission station at Wai. This is the first new station that has been established by our mission for many years. And we especially rejoice in it because of the pre­ eminence this city enjoys among the sacred centres of Hinduism. This station can, however, hardly be considered as fully equipped for work until a missionary family shall be there to cooperate with the ladies now in charge.

ACCESSIONS.

We have much pleasure in announcing the following accessions to our mission force during the year. Mrs. Winsor, with three children, arrived in Bombay April 18, to join her husband, who had returned the previous year. They are I893-] Marathi Mission. 49

occupying their former station at Sirur. Miss Annie Stockbridge joined our mission, arriving in Ahmednagar July 16. She was formerly connected with the Canadian mission in Central India, but has now transferred her connection to our Marathi Mission, and is stationed for the present at Ahmednagar. On November 13 we were glad to welcome Rev. and Mrs. Charles Harding on their return from furlough after an absence of a year and a half. Two new mission­ aries, Rev. and Mrs. Harry G. Bissell, came with them. Mr. Bissell is the son of Dr. Bissell, who had so long labored at Ahmednagar and whose death was an­ nounced in our last report. He therefore adds one more to the long list of missionary children who have returned to take up the work of their parents. On the twenty-ninth of July last, Mr. Harvey M. Lawson and wife and Mr. Edward Fairbank and wife sailed from New York to join this mission. Mr. Fairbank is the twenty-fourth on the list of missionary children.

THE GAINS OF THE YEAR.

An examination of the tables will show that there has been encouraging gain in nearly every department. The number of persons received to the churches on profession of faith is 194. Thirty-seven adults have been baptized who, on account of distance from any local church or for some other reason, have not been received to communion. This makes 231 added to our adult Christian community, which is a considerably larger number than we have ever received before in one year. The net gain of communicants is 167, making the total number at the end of the year 2,520. On the whole we feel thankful for so much evidence of prosperity and blessing, and it is with sad hearts that we are obliged to look forward to another year of reductions. It is sad to see so much that might be done, and ought to be done, left un­ done because of the want of funds. Our hearts respond to the expressions of one of the ladies of the mission, who in her report writes as follows : “ Work that had been dropped in 1891 on account of the reductions in our appropria­ tions has here and there been reopened, and we were hoping and planning to go a little farther and respond to some of the urgent calls that come to us that they may be taught the way of life. But just here comes the word once more to reduce ! The heart grows sick and faint at the thought. We must not, we can not, nay, we dare not reduce.

' Shall we to men benighted the lamp of life deny? *

Who will come to the rescue and save us from this dreadful necessity? Surely God will put it into the heart of some faithful stewards to do this.” Of the three new churches, one seems to deserve special mention. Mr. Hume writes: “ The most important event in the life of the large church in Ahmednagar was the sending off of a colony in January to form a new organi­ zation in the western part of the city. Some feared this might weaken the old church. I believe that in the best sense the mother church has been strength­ ened. Greater unity of feeling has been secured and somewhat more sense of responsibility has been developed in some persons. The colonizing did not cause a decrease in the income of the church. The large church edifice is full 50 Maratki Mission. [Report,

at Sunday services and all the departments of church work are carried on. ” This new church in Ahmednagar, which calls itself the “ Church of the Lamb has sent through its secretary a report, from which we quote as follows: “ The Church of the Lamb differs from some other churches in one or two particulars. First, it has resolved not to depend on the mission for pecuniary help. The place of worship which it uses belongs to the mission, but it has requested the mission to accept a monthly rent for it. The rent has been paid regularly so far, and the church hopes to pay it until they can have a chapel of their own. No member is paid for any service he renders to the church, except the boy who sweeps the building, etc. The principle of self-support is cherished with much zeal, as it is believed by the church to be one of the sources of its strength. Then this church has no pastor, nor can it pay for a suitable one for some time to come, so three of its members have been placed in charge of the pulpit. The church expects each member to use his or her talents for the good of the church and practises the economy of using all available forces. Men, women, and children are given some suitable service to do.” Of the churches in the Wadale district Mr. Fairbank says: “ The pastors and preachers have toured more and been more enthusiastic in their work this year than last. The results of such work are at once apparent and in our own touring we have seen the fruits of the aggressive work done. The great lack has been a lack of pastors who could have continuous charge of the church work in the churches which are at present pastorless. Four of the seven churches are without pastors. Such a state of things is not productive of the best results.” At Rahuri the church building has been much enlarged and otherwise im­ proved in the past two years. The congregations had increased so much that when any unusual visitors were present they could not be comfortably seated. All have helped in meeting the expenses of improving the building. Not only the members of the church themselves, but the boys and girls earned money to give to it. The Hindu workmen sent in their donation, and many friends among the townspeople also contributed. All this was very pleasing, as it shows that Christians and their place of worship have a certain recognized and respectable position in the community. There are features of interest in the report from each church which must be omitted for want of space. We must, however, notice the little church at Lalitpur, sad and depressed because not only were they disappointed in the coming of the missionary whom they so joyously expected, but for a year no missionary had visited them. In October the Bombay church sent their senior deacon to spend two months in visiting the villages about Lalitpur, and set him apart to baptize children and to administer the communion to the church mem­ bers. He reports that during the year eight adults asked for baptism, but there was no one there to look after them, and when persecution arose they were scattered. Pastor Tukaramji, of Bombay, writes: “ It has been of great benefit to our church that it has on its hands, as it were, foreign missionary work. The church there is slowly growing, and though we are not carrying on the work as well as we might, still we feel God’s blessing on our endeavors.” 1*93-] Matatki Mission. 51

THE CLASSES AND COURSES OF STUDY.

In 1892 the term of the Ahmednagar Theological Seminary was, as usual, from the beginning of June to the end of October. It was one of the best which the institution ever had. If we were asked the special features of the Seminary, the following might be mentioned : Students are rarely received until they have engaged in some kind of religious work, and have shown themselves worthy of more privileges, and who are likely to become leaders after further training. For four years they study five months, and engage in work for the rest of each year. In order to give the training which comes from practical work, the city is divided into sections, and one section is assigned to each student, in which he is expected to try to do three kinds of Christian work weekly; namely, to conduct at least one preaching service for non-Christians, one Sunday-school for the young, and, if any Christians live in that part of the city, to do something for them, such as visiting their homes or conducting a prayer-meeting. The wives of married students receive regular instruction according to the time and strength which they can give to it. In October the senior class of thirteen men graduated after a four years’ course, and all received diplomas. They were also examined and received the position of licensed preachers. The mission High School at Ahmednagar has completed its tenth year of work. During this time there have been admitted to its classes more than 1,000 pupils. Many of them have only remained a year or two. Only fifty have completed the full course of seven years. The institution of the University School Final Examination has given a new turn to the studies, resulting in much more attention to scientific subjects and drawing than formerly. Besides giving special attention to the above subjects, a Manual Training School has been opened, in which the principles of carpentry have been taught. Another new feature of the year is the opening of a Vernacular or Primary department with four classes. The number on the rolls of this department at the end of the year is ninety-one. This is practically a “ ragged school,” most of the boys being gathered from the streets. Of the Boarding and Station School at Bombay Miss Abbott writes: “ Our school is primarily for native Christian children, although we welcome a few Hindus, Mohammedans, and Beni-Israelites. It has been our aim to carry out the idea of its founders, which was that the native Christians should have as good educational privileges as those of any other class. We believe that India must be saved through the means of its own people, therefore the Christian young men and women must be prepared to be leaders and examples of Christian com­ munities. Christians must be a power not only through the force of bettered, purer lives, but by the power of an intelligent, educated manhood and womanhood.” The Girls’ Boarding School at Ahmednagar has been in charge of Miss Bissell and Miss Bruce through the greater part of the year. In October Miss Bissell assumed the entire charge, and the following report was prepared by her. She says: “ If an enlargement of the dimension of one’s work be a matter for rejoicing, then, indeed, have we abundant cause for gratitude, for from 150 on 52 Marathi Mission. [Report,

the rolls on January i we have grown in numbers until December 31 counts 200. We have lost one of our best men this year simply because we could not assure him of permanent service. We had a new Government Inspector again this year, who examined the scholars, teachers, premises, and arrangements for registering attendance and ages more rigorously than had previously fallen to our lot. He was kind enough to commend the school, and to remark on the unusual proficiency of the pupils in Marathi prose, poetry, and grammar ; also, to say that when he should return to Ahmednagar he would like to bring some native ladies with him to see the school. “ Two of our pupils competed for the Middle School scholarship, and were successful. Their success over several boys from other schools, also competing, created quite a sensation in the city, and helped on the belief that girls too have brains. ‘‘ Eight or ten girls have been received into the church during the year, and have proved themselves to have been sincere inquirers. “ We have this year a number of little wives among our boarders, whose husbands are students in the boys’ schools here, or in Wadale. In several cases the husband had already been studying a few years, and came and begged that his little wife be allowed to attend the girls’ school. We are glad the boys are coming to appreciate the desirability of educated wives. “ The loss of another principal to the school must be put on record. Miss Bruce has been transferred to Satara, and the school mourns her absence.” The Industrial School at Sirur wins favor from all who see its workings. The aloe plantations are progressing well, and we hope soon to have full and lively operations in that department. This industrial department of our school receives much attention from our kind neighbors. All the officers in Sirur express much interest in it. When His Excellency, Lord Harris, visited Sirur, Adjutant-General Currie accompanied him to our Industrial School. His Ex­ cellency seemed much pleased, and wrote: “ My visit to Mr. Winsor’s school gave me the greatest pleasure. I have already, in a public manner, thanked him and others who, like him, are working for the good of the poorest classes in this country, for the assistance they are giving to government. Mr. Winsor appears to me to be doing so in the most appropriate way, for he is teaching his pupils that there are openings in life other than those of agriculture and clerk­ ship. I wish him all success.” Dr. Fairbank writes: “ My experience here led me to highly appreciate the value of industrial work for Indian scholars. I have found that boys will make better progress in their studies if they work or engage in bodily exercise for two or three hours a day than they will if they try to give their whole time to study. And the exercise will help them to retain the health which a course of study often injures. Employment in manual labor also teaches them its dignity, and enables them to avoid the mistake too often made by the educated youth of India, Christian as well as other, of looking down on artisans and farmers and of regarding manual labor as degrading. In many places, too, the results of their work will bring important pecuniary returns. The old Jewish rule that every boy should learn a trade is still found to be a wise rule.” Of station schools Mr. Fairbank writes: “ Our station schools are both our 1893.] Marathi Mission. 53

greatest joy and our greatest problem. They are a feature of our work which has grown from year to year most naturally, and are that part of our work which most quickly and satisfactorily repays all expenditure of money and strength. Every year we demand larger fees, but still the number grows. And we rejoice that the number grows. These boys and girls are the bond between the mis­ sionary and the mission teacher and the houses and villages from which they ■come. They are a most powerful instrument in bringing their friends and rela­ tives to a better understanding of the gospel. What to do with all these boys is a great problem. Some will be needed to be trained as mission agents; but all cannot be thus trained. Can the others be fitted to do something? Or after picking out those who promise to make good agents, shall the others be sent back at once to the villages from whence they came, to do the same old village work which their fathers did ? In December, when all our helpers came together to receive their pay, I broached the subject to them and asked what could be done. I was much interested in what they had to say. They all agreed that the least that could be done was to give a vernacular education up to the VI Standard. That is the lowest standard for which there is a government public civil service examination, and that means a possibility of government service. The second proposal was that those boys not fitted for further study should be taught a trade. I was surprised to see how unanimous they were in the desire for industrial training. Third, they wanted to know if more boys could not be taught English. The first proposition I agreed to heartily, and have since started a VI Vernacular Standard. As to industrial education, that, though very desirable, is very hard for any missionary to undertake, unless he is specially fitted for it. The third point, that a larger number of boys should be given a good English education, is something worth thinking about. I was surprised then, and have been equally surprised since, to find that there was a very strong feeling among the helpers that this longing to know English has been too much repressed. Want of space forbids more detailed accounts of our various schools of dif­ ferent grades, or of the Sunday-school work which is everywhere going on most prosperously and is of great value to old and young. The foregoing statements are sufficient to show the exceeding interest and the encouraging nature of our educational work in this field. Especially is industrial education, though at present limited, proving itself of value in the development of individual char­ acter and in its prospective influence upon the social conditions of the country. On January 1, 1885, the Chapin Home was opened. It was a home into which Hindu women who wished to become Christians, but who had no shelter if they became Christians, or, in special cases, into which Christian women might come and receive Christian instruction and also training in some kind of work by which to earn as much as possible of their support The money for the build­ ing and for carrying on the institution for some years was secured by Miss S. J. Hume. The institution has been called the “ Chapin Home” because Mr. E. S. Chapin, of Springfield, Mass., gave the money for it as a memorial for a deceased daughter. From January, 1885, to September, 1887, the Home was conducted by Miss Hume. From that time to December, 1892, it was con­ ducted by Mrs. E. S. Hume, who has also secured funds. From the first 54 Marathi Mission. [Report,

no money for the Home has been given by the mission. From January, 1885, to December, 1892, twenty-four women and fourteen children had care and train­ ing for a considerable time, and a dozen more women for short periods of time. Three were Brahman women. All who could not read when they came were taught, and all who stayed for any length of time learned to read well, except one elderly woman who could not succeed. All who could not sew were taught sewing, and some became good needlewomen. Most of the women earned a part of their support. All were taught a good deal of Christian truth. Many received impulses to more spiritual living. Several joined the church on pro­ fession of faith. The Home is temporarily interrupted during the absence of Mrs. Hume in America, but she hopes to reopen it on her return, and in the meantime the building is to be used in some way for the new School for Bible- women. WORK AMONG WOMEN. At some of our stations the Bible-women are employed in giving regular instruction to particular women, and at other places they are engaged in house- to-house visiting. Sometimes they go singly and sometimes two or three go together. Hence it is very difficult to make out statistical tables which fairly represent their work. It is, however, impossible to read the accounts of this work sent in from the different stations without feeling that it is a most important and fruitful form of labor. These reports are full of interest and encourage­ ment. The great opportunity which is opening more and more for this kind of effort and the welcome the women almost everywhere receive have led to the opening of a school in which they may be instructed more fully and trained for active service. Such a school was begun at Ahmednagar in November, of which Mrs. Smith reports a good beginning. Touring is, as heretofore, a most important evangelistic agency. Efforts have also been made in some places to push the sale of Christian literature. The distribution of Christian leaflets and Scripture cards from Mr. Bruce’s Columbian Press has also been vigorously carried on. Of efforts for the educated but as yet unchristianized people of India one of our missionaries, now in this country on furlough, writes: “ I wish to put on record the conviction that our mission should try to do more direct evangelistic work for the non-Christian educated classes. At present the hands of missionaries are so full with general super­ intendence and other work that we do not utilize the splendid and urgent oppor­ tunities for reaching educated non-Christians, old and young, who could easily be reached. After eighteen years of missionary experience I testify that the educated classes are now more ready than ever before to consider a wise presen­ tation of Christian truth. If I am able to return from furlough, 1 shall be glad to give most of my time to three things: (1) To training Christian leaders, as at present; (2) to planning for the Christian community, as at present; and (3) to do far more personal work for the educated classes.”

MEDICAL WORK. The work in this department has been an encouraging one this year, and as suggested in the last Annual Report might be increased tenfold with great advan­ tage to the general work. 1893-] Madura Mission. 55

THE PUBLICATION DEPARTMENT.

The publications of the year are the same as in former years — a weekly Anglo-Marathi paper, of eight royal quarto pages, now entering on its fifty-first year; an illustrated monthly magazine of sixteen pages, designed for young people. The Columbian Press has been very busy, and has published a large number of leaflets for gratuitous distribution. These are being widely scattered in increasing numbers all over the Marathi-speaking country. Our thanks are due to the Religious Tract Society of London for valuable contributions of paper for the press.

MADURA MISSION.

M a d u r a . — John E. Chandler, John S. Chandler, Frank Van Allen, M.D., Missionaries; Mrs. Henrietta S. Chandler, Mrs. Harriet D. Van Allen, Miss Pauline Root, M.D., Miss Mary M. Root, Mrs. Martha J. Noyes, Miss Bessie B. Noyes, Miss Mary T . Noyes, Miss Eva M. Swift. Native Pastors, J. Rowland, S. Simon. D in d ig u l. — Edward Chester, M.D., Missionary ; Mrs. Sophia Chester. Native Pastors, J. Colton, A. Clark, A. Savarimuttu. 1'a L A M ,— Willis P. Elwood, Missionary; Mrs. Agnes A. Elwood. M a n a m a d u ra .— Hervey C. Hazen, Missionary; Mrs. Hattie A. Hazen. PASUMALAI. — George T . Washburn, D.P., John P. Jones, Missionaries; H. H. Stutson, Teacher. Mrs. Eliza E. Washburn, Mrs. Sarah A. Jones. ARRUPUKOTTAI. — James C. Perkins, Missionary ; Mrs. Charlotte J. Perkins, Miss Mary R. Perkins. PER1AKULAM.— James E. Tracy, Missionary; Mrs. Fannie S. Tracy.

B a TTALAGUNDU. — Frank E. Jeffery, Missionary; Mrs. M. Capitola Jeffery. Native Pastors, A. Picheimuttu, I. Savarimuttu, S. Jacob. MELUR. — Edward P. Holton, Missionary.

K o d i-K a n a L.— TiRUMANGALAM.— George W . Wright, Missionary'. TlRUPUVANAM. — In charge of Mr. Hazen. In this country. — Miss Dency T. M. Root. On the way. — Rev. C. S. Vaughan, Missionary; Mrs. M. Ella Vaughan, Miss Ella Samson, and Miss Gertrude Barker. Twelve stations; 14 missionaries, of whom 2 are physicians; 21 assistant female missionaries, 1 a physician; 1 teacher; 21 o r d a in e d native agents; 37 churches: 3,832 members; received on profes­ sion of faith, 302; adherents, 13,929; 56 Bible-women; 161 common schools : 5,937 pupils ; 7 station boarding schools : 307 pupils; Pasumalai Collegiate and Theological Institute: 444 pupils ; normal, high, and middle schools: 587 pupils; 19 Hindu girls' schools: 1,035 pupils; whole number of pupils in all schools, 7,278. Fees from all schools, 10,455 rupees, or $3>345'6° I native contributions for Christian work, 8,585 rupees, or $2,747.20 — a total of $6,092.80 (the rupee reckoned at 32 cents).

The year past has been one of trial to this mission because of inadequate means to develop the work opening on every hand with hope and promise. It may fairly be said of every man and woman in the field that they have all done that they could. If little progress can be reported, it is something to have “ held the fort” in the hope of ampler returns at no distant day. The only changes to be noted are the release of Rev. and Mrs. G. H. Gutterson from their connection with the Board, the circumstances of their family forbidding resuming work abroad. Mr. Gutterson has rendered valuable service to the cause at home, but his inspiring addresses will now be given to another branch of the great missionary work in connection with the American Missionaiy Association. The 56 Madura Mission. [Report*

mission will welcome the coming of Mr. and Mrs. C. S. Vaughan to the educational work in the city of Madura. The report which follows is abridged from an able and elaborate report by Rev. J. E. Tracy, and gives abundant evidence of wise methods adopted and of admirable preparation for the happiest results that seem to wait on enlarged and vigorous efforts. The limits of this paper forbid anything beyond an outline of the methods pursued, without the illustrations with which the original abounds. The year under review has not greatly differed from preceding years in any opposition, public or private, to our evangelistic or educational work. Opposi­ tion there is and will be as long as truth makes bold to show a better way, whether of life or doctrine ; but open persecution is less frequent than secret opposition, and might not be altogether unwelcome as a test of sincerity and stability on the part of those whose greatest danger lies along the line of temptation to make their new religion, like their old, a matter of outward form rather than of spiritual power. In missionary work as in individual life it is the insidious influence of evil that is more to be feared than outward opposition. Secret persecution without outward violence does much to discourage many who would otherwise go on step by step toward a confirmed and noble Christian life. So, whether opposed or welcomed, we have gone on in our endeavor to bring the truth and the larger life to all, whether high or low. Two methods are followed in the work of the itineracy, the main difference in those methods lying in the number of men employed at one and the same time. In some stations a smaller number of men go by turns, the leader alone being the same in each case. This work, done by men who move from village to village with a tent, stopping in one place only long enough to reach all the vil­ lages within accessible distance from the place of encampment, is full of interest^ and during the season of the year best suited for such work is carried on with much advantage and with evident pleasure and zeal on the part of the men. The missionaries, so far as other duties will permit, join with the pastors, cate- chists, and evangelists in this form of work, and all esteem it as one of the most valued of our agencies. Through its means congregations are formed, schools opened in response to requests from people before uninterested, books and Scripture portions sold and given away, scattered Christians discovered and provision made for their instruction, inquirers’ questions answered, friendly acquaintances made, and Christian congregations aroused to new life and enthusiasm. Of the itineracy in general we would say that we consider it one of the most apostolic, effectual, and satisfactory ways of bringing the gospel to the people. In Melur a new departure has been made in that two itineracies conducted by women are reported. The women engaged in the work were the Bible-women, assisted by the wives of catechists and some who were not in the employ of the mission. Their enjoyment and enthusiasm in the work were most manifest. Street preaching is another of the methods which experience has proved valuable. It forms a part of every catechist’s work and is used systematically and effectively in the streets of all large places. If interruptions are occasional and the noise and confusion distract attention from the theme of the speaker, still the seed is sown and many hear. Madura Mission. i893-J 57

In Madura there is a well-furnished reading-room that receives regular fees from Hindus as well as Christians, and is constantly used and much appreciated by them. Away from the educational communities the reading public is not large. Yet there are many thoughtful men whose minds are turned in the direc­ tion of inquiry as to the vital force of Christianity, who come to the missionary for conversation and to gain information on religious matters. Such instances might be enumerated at considerable length. Organized work carried on by the Young Men’s Christian Associations is reported from nearly all the stations of the mission. Mr. Jeffery reports three Young Men’s Christian Associations in Battalagundu station, organized during the year. Thus far the large part of their object has been to carry on street preaching in an organized way. One evening in a week they meet for prayer and Bible study and one evening for street preaching. The Week of Prayer for Young Men was observed by daily prayer-meetings and a special street preaching service. A conference of the three associations was held in December, at which various subjects relating to evangelistic work were discussed. The Young People’s Society of Christian Endeavor also finds a place and its members a useful work among the agencies of our mission. Such societies are reported from Madura, Dindigul, Manamadura, and other stations. Quite apart from the Sunday-schools in which children of our Christian con­ gregation are gathered and regularly instructed, Sunday-schools are conducted in all the station centres for Hindu and Mohammedan boys and girls. In Peri- akulam two schools are conducted, one for boys and one for girls. The attendance has averaged 100, and many a chance listener has shown quite as much interest as the boys and girls themselves. There seems to be no limit to the extent to which this work might be carried, except the want of efficient leaders. Last, but by no means least, we mention, among the evangelistic agencies of our work, the sale and distribution of books and tracts. We do not employ colporters who give their whole time to this work, but we expect all our agents to interest themselves in it as they have opportunity.

b i b l e - w o m e n ’s w o r k .

0 / the evangelistic work among women, Miss Swift says: — “ Our methods of work are very simple. These Bible-women will go into any house where they are permitted an entrance and ask to be allowed to read a little from the book they have brought with them. They seat themselves and open their Bibles, while the women of the house gather around with curiosity rather than interest. As the Bible-woman reads some passage from the life of Christ and explains who this person is of whom they are reading, curiosity often changes to eager interest, and when she rises to go she will have secured one or more pupils from among her audience. The new pupils’ names are entered upon our lists, and the Bible-woman or her assistant goes every day, or as frequently as the number of her pupils permits, to teach them to read. Bible-women are at work in all the stations of the mission and their work is superintended by the ladies.” 58 Madura Mission. [Report,

CHRISTIAN NURTURE.

In the work of building up our Christian community into self-supporting, self-propagating churches — a work broader, and in many respects more difficult than that of merely proclaiming the gospel message — we depend very largely upon the agency and cooperation of our native assistants. These we endeavor to train for their work before they enter upon it, and to follow up with constant superintendence in every form of work to which they are appointed. We do our utmost to give them all the intellectual and spiritual stimulus that we can : we gather them in annual, semi-annual, and monthly meetings for reports of their work and for study and conference. So far as possible we inspect their work personally in the villages and by correspondence with them, and our constant endeavor is to keep in the closest possible touch with them, and through them with the needs and growth of those to whom they minister. We look to them to be, and to become more and more, the guides and leaders, intellectually and spiritually, of their communities. We have reason to rejoice in such a body of men and women through whom to reach the conscience and win the confidence of the people. Pastors.— Of ordained men nineteen are in charge of churches and two are engaged in educational and literary work. Those who are engaged in pastoral work have also a limited authority in the superintendence of other agents whose work is situated in the villages where church members reside. The work of spiritual care for their local congregations is their first concern ; besides this they engage also in itinerary work and in visiting the smaller congregations within their respective pastoral charges. They are generally men of superior quality and larger experience than our other men, and have justified the confidence we place in them. They are supported — without any grants from the Board — by the contributions of the people and by grants-in-aid from the Native Evangelical Society. Catechists.— Of this class of native agents there are 140 who are engaged partly in evangelistic work and partly in the religious instruction of Christian communities scattered all over the district in more than 400 villages. In the larger congregations their work is sometimes supplemented by the assistance of a teacher, and in many of the stations individual catechists have charge of sev­ eral small congregations, to each of which they devote a part of their time. Some of these men are not inferior in attainments, experience, or influence to the native pastors, and it is from such that vacancies in the pastorate, caused by death or the infirmities of age, are occasionally filled. Their zeal and intel­ ligence and faithfulness make them a most valued class of agents. They need constant superintendence, and in proportion as this is given their work rises in value. Some of them are deficient in energy, others in spiritual apprehension, but of all it may be said that they aim to do, and in large measure really accom­ plish, good spiritual work. Teachers.— Of masters and mistresses engaged in schools of all grades there are 302 in employ. They range from University graduates to men and women of only fhe lowest grade of normal training, and constitute the working force engaged in teaching the 7,275 pupils in the 193 schools of the mission. That 18930 Madura Mission. 59

their work is efficient and faithful and valuable in spiritual as well as educational results we have abundant evidence. Evangelists.— This class of native agents came' into existence as the out­ growth of a missionary spirit on the part of our native agency as a whole. They are supported by funds raised for the purpose by their brethren in the work, and often their support is the direct fruit of most self-sacrificing and consecrated giving. Their work may be regarded as an expression of the organized, self- denying effort of our native community for those about them. These men number more than a dozen, all the stations but two having one each, and four stations supporting also a second. Their work is entirely among non- Christians, and is watched with interest by those who contribute to their support. Medical Men. — The number and work of these men is not tabulated in the statistics, but they are none the less a valued agency. Their work is mainly in Madura and Dindigul in connection with the hospitals and dispensaries there, but there are also representatives in charge of the branch dispensaries at several of the out-stations where the large number of children, in boarding and other schools, need frequent and intelligent medical care. Bible-women.— This form of agency, whose wTork is conducted among the women and girls of the Hindu and Mohammedan community, was first reported in the statistics of the year 18S0, when their number was given as seventeen, and the number of persons under their instruction as between 300 and 400. The number of Bible-women has increased more than threefold in the interven­ ing years, while the number of persons under instruction has increased very nearly sevenfold.

CONGREGATIONS.

The policy of our mission from the very first has been to receive under instruction all who apply for Christian teaching, whether they have come from one motive or another, hoping to confirm in them a desire for, and secure in them the beginnings of, a religious life which may go on to baptism and church mem­ bership, when they have been prepared to receive these high privileges by proper instruction and intelligent choice. Persons so received are classed as adherents, because they regard themselves, and are regarded by the Hindu community, as having chosen Christianity and turned their backs on Hinduism. Such persons come actuated by various motives and representing various degrees of social status as well as of intelligence. It would probably be conceded by every one who has had experience in such work that it is easier to interest people to become adherents than it is to induce in the same people, later on, any aspirations after the life and joy and power which are the spiritual results of Christianity. The spiritual sluggishness and stagnation, the atrophy of spiritual faculties which are the result of centuries of disuse of those faculties, is one of the most painful facts with which we contend. We are constantly striking from our congregation lists the names of those who, though nominally Christian, show no desire for progress in the Christian life, no conscience in Sabbath-keeping, no appreciation of the joy and dignity of a life distinctly Christian. If such revision of our lists keeps us, as it certainly does, from making larger nominal gains, it at least 6o Madura Mission. [Report,

expresses our desire for quality rather than quantity, and emphasizes our endeavor to secure such a pure and spiritual life as alone can make itself felt in the regeneration of this people. Self-support. — Probably taking the Christian community as a whole, one rupee, or a little over, per individual per month represents the average income. It is out of such poverty that our people have given in the aggregate 8,585 rupees, this being but a small advance on the amount reported last year. Here and there are rich men in the congregation, but in this country, as in more favored ones, it is the poor who are rich in faith and not those rich in lands or gold, who give. The problem of self-support — the question as to how we can conduct our work and receive such generous contributions from the people as shall enable us grad­ ually to withdraw aid from the larger and older congregations and devote more and more of our funds to new and enlarged work — is one which is receiving our constant attention. The duty of giving and the blessing that comes from consecrated self-denial are increasingly felt and urged. Instruction. — The religious instruction given to the members of our village congregations is intended to be systematic, and adapted as far as possible to the needs of each one. The teaching of the Bible narratives; of the facts and out­ lines of the life and teachings of our Lord ; of the outlines of Christian belief as formulated in the Catechism and in the Apostles’ Creed; the Ten Command­ ments and the Lord’s Prayer, — these form the substance of the instruction given, and together with the learning of Bible verses and Christian lyrics are the subjects reviewed by the missionary or superintendent when he visits the con­ gregation. Methods, in the matter of instruction, differ with the ability and faithfulness of the catechists. Attendance on Sabbath Worship and Sabbath-keeping. — Perhaps no Christian duty so clearly and immediately marks the difference between the Christian community and their Hindu neighbors as that of Sabbath-keeping and regular attendance at worship. This may be in large measure fortnal, but where poverty almost compels to a choice between Sabbath-breaking and going hungry it cer­ tainly is a severe test. Many have made a brave stand and have suffered hunger rather than violate the Sabbath. Public and Private Prayer. — The people have often a beautiful and simple faith in accepting the doctrine that an Unseen Friend hears and answers prayers, and they appropriate this high privilege to themselves, sometimes with a min­ gling of superstition, but oftener with the simplicity and directness of childlike faith. The Week of Prayer which is held during the opening days of the year is very generally observed in the churches and village congregations, and the mid­ week prayer service is regularly held throughout the year. An important part of every prayer service, as of every other occasion of public worship, is singing. The people like to sing and a good deal of progress has been made in this direction. All who can sing and many whose share in the service consists only in “ making a loud and a joyful noise unto the Lord ” engage in it most heartily. Sunday-schools. — At the various station centres the children from the board­ ing and day schools are gathered into regular classes, and the Sunday-schools are conducted much as they are in America. 1893.] Madura Mission. 6 1

MEDICAL.

Many pages could be filled with the details of our medical work, and scores of instances given, full of interest to the professional man and the philanthropist, but we doubt whether these would be entertaining to the general reader. Dr. Chester says : “ Of this I am fully satisfied, that our mission dispensaries, all over the country, are bringing the people more in touch with the great truths taught to mankind everywhere, in the life and deeds of Jesus the Christ, the law of kindness and of love.”

EDUCATIONAL.

This year the Pasumalai Institution has become two bands under two leaders. For twenty-eight years theological and biblical instruction was given, along with that on secular subjects, in the longer or shorter courses of the old seminary. For the following twenty-two years the theological students formed a department by themselves, but still under the supervision and instruction of the principal of the college. At length, at the beginning of this year, fifty years from the found­ ing of the institution, the time long looked forward to has been reached when a missionary could be detailed from the general work to make the training of our spiritual agents and pastors for their distinctive service his chief business. The records of Pasumalai present a good example of missionary development. First, a Christian school for general and religious education; next a specializa­ tion for the sake of larger preparations to meet the needs of growing churches and evangelistic work ; then the separation off of another department for the better training of teachers for the schools in our Christian community and among the Hindus; and finally a separate theological school and fifty years’ growth of a new Christian community behind it, and fifty years of patience, faith, and generosity of the American churches sustaining it. Fifty years ago thirty-four boys were gathered into three classes at the opening of the Seminary at Tiru- mangalam. This year 425 have been in attendance on the Training Institution and its practising department and the College with its High School. This number is somewhat larger than usual, for exceptional reasons. It is, however, a matter still to be regretted that, owing to the undermanning of our district stations and the discontinuance of their station schools, a large percentage of the best part of our Christian people have not been benefited by the costly provision made for their improvement in the most advanced institution of the mission. Hence a waste, so far as the community is concerned, and a loss of missionary power and influence. The last year’s results of the College and High School examinations were both very satisfactory. A number of the examinees entered the College and Theologi­ cal School. Those who left us have found their way into a variety of useful occupations. Comparatively few of those who pass the University entrance examinations actually enter on the college life. Multitudes of them are quite too poor to do it. How poor Indian students as a class are, no one can know who has not resided in the East. Our fees are insignificant compared with those of American colleges, yet they are too high for many would-be students, and it is not so uncommon to find lads reading their English text out of manuscript 62 Madura Mission. [Report,

copies of books, which they have made for themselves, because they were too poor to purchase a costly book. I can think of nothing in the West like this rush of poor students to schools and colleges, unless it be those eager crowds which swarmed Oxford and Cambridge on the revival of learning in the sixteenth century, or those armies of poor wandering German students with which the life o f Luther makes us familiar. The phase of life and work which will most interest the supporters of this Institution will be the religious phase. In working by themselves, the students have their class, station, and weekly prayer-meetings and their Young Men’s Christian Association, with its junior addition. Taking both together they include a large percentage of the students. The year has been one in which the Asso­ ciation has been learning, as well as trying to do good. It has also been helping to maintain a catechist in a neighboring village and has kept up an interest in street preaching on Sunday afternoons. The usual Bible study has gone on in all the divisions of the school, and special classes have been kept up for Hindus. Seventeen from the Institution have united with the College church, of whom six came directly from the Hindus and Romanists. In view of the success of this Institution, it was well to celebrate its Jubilee on the fifteenth of September, 1892. The occasion called out a remarkable degree of interest from all classes. A concourse of 700 or 800 gathered in and about the College hall to participate in the opening ceremonies and listen to the addresses of missionaries, educational gentlemen, and friends of the Institution, both Hindus and Christians. The assembly was a striking testimony to the change that had been brought about; and none could doubt that the school whose Jubilee they had come to celebrate had been one of the most powerful agencies in bringing about the change. It is safe to say much more than 1,000 have gone forth to profess and teach Christianity in this and other districts of the Presidency, thus practically illus­ trating how true the Institution has been to its origin. Theological Seminary. — At the beginning of the year Mr. Jones took charge of the Seminary, and writes as follows : — “ During the year we have had altogether twenty-five students on the rolls. I have been much encouraged by the faithful, hard work of all the students, as well as by the evidences of their growing piety. Under my own and Mr. Buck­ ingham's direction they have had considerable experience during the year in evangelistic work. Divided into four parties they have spent half of each Sab­ bath in visiting neighboring villages and preaching where audiences could be gathered, otherwise in house-to-house visitation. They have also worked during the principal festivals at Madura and Tiruparangundram, and for two weeks were associated with the Tirumangalam station agents in an itineracy in that region. For the last half of the year they have gone with me every Wednesday evening to one of the neighboring villages to sing and preach on the Life of our Lord, in connection with a magic-lantern exhibition. These occasions have given them excellent training in the methods of presenting truth and skill in moving audiences." Madura Training School for Girls. — Miss B. B. Noyes reports as follows: ^‘The Madura Girls’ Normal School is the highest educational institution for girls in the Madura district, and the only school training women as teachers. To I893-J Madura Mission. 63 this school selected candidates are sent from the boarding schools, in the various mission stations, and after several years of study in the middle and high school classes they are trained as teachers and sent out to teach in our mission schools. The importance and responsibility of training these girls, who themselves are to train others, cannot be overestimated. Every girl sent out should herself become a missionary, a light shining in a dark place, to bring comfort and hope to her uneducated Hindu sisters. She must teach them how to live clean, pure lives and how to make their homes abodes of joy and love, and she must lead others to Christ by living herself a devoted Christian life. To fit these girls for such Christian work in life is the purpose of this school. The school has been more than usually crowded this year. The average number on the rolls has been 178, not including the kindergarten class of about fifteen little children. Seven of the schoolgirls have united with the church this year and others are, I hope, soon to be received. One of those received this year was formerly one of the most troublesome girls in the school, but shows an entirely changed life. Besides the Bible readings held with the girls, they hold many meetings by themselves which are well attended. Every noon the older girls gather to pray for the Holy Spirit, and the church members pray daily for all who are not yet professing Christians. Training Schoolfor Biblc-womcn. — In view of the need of a larger number and a better trained class of Bible-women, a school for the training of this class of native agents has been opened during the year, under the charge of Miss E. M. Swift. The course of study planned is intended to cover two years. The Bible is intended to be the principal textbook, but such instruction in Chris­ tian Evidence and Church History as shall be useful for intelligent study and for confirmation of faith is to be combined with Bible study. Instruction and prac­ tice in singing are also regarded as important, and will be included in the course of study. Practical work is to be carried on with this course. A part of each day is to be spent in some form of work, either in house visitation or in the conduct of neighborhood prayer-meetings and children’s meetings. Boarding Schools. — The object for which the boarding schools exist was primarily the increase of intelligence among the members of our village congre­ gations and, in connection with this, the instruction of those boys and girls from our village congregations from whom may be selected such as shall show fitness for still further education at Pasumalai or in Madura, with a view to their becom­ ing suitably trained to take up work as native agents of the mission. Incident­ ally many others receive the benefit of these schools as well, in some of the stations day-scholars joining the classes. It is wonderful to see the change that has lately taken place in the Hindu community in regard to the education of their daughters. Village Schools. — This class of schools now numbers 161, and these schools contain 4,902 pupils, giving an average attendance of about thirty to each school. They are opened and sustained in villages where we have no Christian community, as a means, often the only means, of securing a hearing for Chris­ tianity. Fees are required in all but a few of the schools. Our aim, as we have tried to set forth, has been to reach as nearly as possible every class in the community and to present the gospel, in its generous fulness, Ceylon Mission. [Report,

with an appeal to every need. The obstacles met, as well as the history, social customs, and religious thought of the people, have been our study. The problems presented by a community similar to ours are many and complex, but experience and a single purpose are weighty in their solution. Grateful for the measure of success achieved, we go forward in hope and earnest expectation. The battle is net always to the strong, nor is the work of missions entirely a human device left to human wisdom to conduct.

CEYLON MISSION.

B a TTICOTTA. — Samuel \V. Howland, D.D., Missionary; Mrs. Mary E. K. Howland, Mrs. Hattie A . Hitchcock. Native Pastors, R. H. Rice, S. John, A. Bryant. \V. E. Hitchcock, instructor in JaSna College.

C havagacherry . — Vacant. MaNEPY. — Rev. Thomas B. Scott, M.I>., Missionary ; Mrs. Mary E. Scott, M.D. Native Pastors, F. Asbury, W . P. Nathaniel. OODOOVILLE.— Miss Susan R. Howland, Miss Katie Meyers. Native Pastors, H. L. Hoisington, Isaac Paul.

P a NDITERIPO. — Native Pastor, S. Elyatambv. Station in charge of Thomas S. Smith, Missionary.

T i l u p a l l y . — Thomas S. Smith, Missionary ; Mrs. Emily F. Smith. Native Pastors, J. S. Christ­ mas, William Joseph. UDUI’ITTY. — Rev. Richard C. Hastings, Missionary ; Mrs. Minnie B. Hastings. Native Pastor, D. Stickney. Seven stations; 27 out-stations; 16 churches: 1,542 members; 60 added during the year; 4 ordained missionaries; 6 female assistant missionaries; 16 native pastors ; 24 preachers; 130 village .schools: 8,510 pupils; 92 college students; 1 training and industrial school: 49 pupils; 2 boarding schools for girls: 144 pupils. Whole number under instruction, 9,251. Contributions from native sources, 15,500 rupees, or $4,960.

The changes to be reported in this mission during the past year are the withdrawal of Mr. and Mrs. E. A. Bell, after a few months’ service, to join the foreign mission work of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel. Mr. Bell had given promise of most valuable service, and his withdrawal was a great disappointment to the mission. On the sixth of April last Dr. Thomas B. Scott and wife and Miss Meyers sailed from New York to join this mission. Dr. and Mrs. Scott are expecting to occupy Manepy, with special reference to developing medical work there, taking up work which was begun and carried forward with so much success by Dr. Samuel F. Green. It is hoped also that he will be able to engage to some extent in evangelistic work, thus reinforcing that department of the mission. In the absence of Mr. Richard C. Hastings during the year under review, double duty devolved on Rev. Thomas S. Smith and also on Dr. Howland, whose time and attention were largely given to his duties as president of Jaffna College. Miss Howland continues in charge of the Oodooville Girls’ School, though in great need of an associate. Mr. and Mrs. Hastings returned to Ceylon in August last. In general it may be said that the work of this mission has been prosecuted •on the same lines as for years past. The evangelistic work is largely in the care of the native pastors and preachers, with such supervision and encouragement and counsel as the resident missionaries are able to give them. >893.] Ceylon Mission. 65

The special interest of the missionary work in Ceylon centres in the educational enterprises. The Seminary for young women at Oodooville has been vigorously maintained, with about the usual attendance, though the burden has been altogether too much for Miss Howland alone. The work that can be accom­ plished in such an institution must depend largely on an adequate number of missionary ladies who will bring not only their time and strength but their Christian influence to bear on its success. The experience of missions gener­ ally is that the number of conversions in these schools is largely dependent on the faithful labors of the foreign teachers. They then present the most favorable ■opportunities for Christian work. The school at Udupitty has been kept up through the efforts of Mrs. Smith. It meets the wants of a class not provided for in the village schools and hardly prepared to be students at Oodooville. One of the most interesting enterprises and fruitful in returns is the training and industrial school at Tillipally. Mr. Smith has carried this on with marked vigor and success during the past year. It is much that the young men trained here should honor labor and be able through their own efforts, and in con­ nection with their studies, to earn some portion of their support. Such an institution furnishes the best men for the college when properly prepared. Important changes have been made in Jaffna College in its relation to the University at Calcutta. It is now affiliated to what is known as the F. A. grade •of the University, corresponding very nearly to the first half of the ordinary ■college course in this country. Arrangements have also been made for further study and an examination in Ceylon for the B. A. degree. Hitherto it has been necessary for students from Ceylon in taking the First Arts examination to go to Madras or Calcutta to secure the degree of B. A. By the new arrangement this examination may now be had in Ceylon, and all studies may be pursued at local institutions preparatory to this degree. This will save great expense on the part of young men in Ceylon, and wall save them from exposure to influences of a foreign residence away from home and friends. The change is regarded as •one of great importance to the institution. In entering upon this new arrangement the standard has been raised one year. The whole number of students is now 135 ; larger than ever before, and everything indicates continued prosperity. The time for the beginning of the year has been changed from June to April, and under this new arrangement the new year opened on the twenty-eighth of April. The last year closed with public •exercises quite in the style of institutions here in this country, with annual prize speaking and prize giving for proficiency during the year. “ The religious interest of the college has been well kept up. We naturally feel the influence of the larger number of students and a smaller proportion of Christians; but the •Christians have been earnest, and several have taken a stand as Christians •during the year, while five have joined the church.” It may not be out of place to notice an interesting work for the medical •education of women which is being inaugurated at Chavagacherry through the English Society specially devoted to this work. This is largely at the instance •of the Misses Leitch, who have felt profound interest in the medical education ■of women in Ceylon, and have given much time and effort to securing funds for 66 Foochow Mission. [Report,

the promotion of this object, as well as for Jaffna College that it might be prepared to do more effective work for higher Christian education. The record of the institution in this respect is of the best, and many of the Christian young men connected with the college are engaged in evangelistic work during vacations, and a large proportion of the young men who go out from this institution go out as members of the Christian Church to labor in its behalf.

FOOCHOW MISSION.

FOOCHOW. — Caleb C. Baldwin, D.D., Charles Hartwell, Lyman P. Peet, Missionaries; Mrs. Harriet F. Baldwin, Mrs. Harriet L. Hartwell, Mrs. Caroline K. Peet, Miss Hannah C. Woodhull, Miss Kate C. Woodhull, M.D., Physician, Miss Frances E. Nieberg, M.D., Physician. F o o c h o w S u b u r b s. — Simeon F. Woodin, Missionary; Hardman N. Kinnear, M.D., Physician , Mrs. Sarah L. Woodin, Mrs. Ellen J. Kinnear, Miss Ella J. Newton, Miss Elsie M. Garretson, Miss Caroline E. Chittenden. P a g o d a A n c h o r a g e .— Henry T. Whitney, M.D., Physician; Mrs. Lura A . Whitney, SHAO-WU. — James E. Walker, George M. Gardner, Missionaries ; Edward L. Bliss, M.D., Physician ; Mrs. Adelaide C. Walker, Mrs. Mary J. Gardner. In this country. — George H. Hubbard, Missionary ; Mrs. Nellie F. Hubbard. Four stations; 23 out-stations; 7 missionaries; 3 physicians; 16 female assistant missionaries, 2 of them physicians ; 2 native pastors ; 19 native preachers ; 33 native teachers ; 10 other native helpers ; 17 churches : 671 members, 216 of them women ; 118 received on confession this year; 2 theological schools: 8 pupils; 2 boys’ boarding schools: 65 pupils; x girls’ boarding school: 65 pupils; 1 woman’s boarding school: 16 pupils ; 26 common schools : 516 pupils, 77 of them girls ; 515 Sunday- school pupils; 21,117 patients treated in hospitals and dispensary ; native contributions, $1,014.81.

Dr. Bliss joined the mission November 3, 1892, Miss Chittenden January 4, 1893, and Mrs. Kinnear July 15, 1893. ^ r- an^ ^ rs- Walker rejoined the mission after a furlough in America, and Mr. and Mrs. Hubbard have returned to this country for a season of rest. Aside from these changes the mission force remains the same as at the time of the last report; and while increasing years are gradually diminishing the power of service in the case of some, the health of the mission has been unusually good. Two ordained missionaries and four single women are urgently needed to relieve those who are overburdened and adequately to maintain existing work. The detailed report of the stations, schools, and medical work which follows is drawn from the mission letter, written this year by Dr Baldwin. Foochow City Station (1862). — The Water Gate Chapel, about one mile distant, is connected with this station. Regular Sabbath services have been held at the church and the chapel by Dr. Baldwin and the native pastor, with an average attendance of from 200 to 300. Evening services during the week have also been held by the pastor, deacons, theological students, and others, with a varying attendance. In the evening services at the church the audiences have been composed in large part of opium-smokers, seeking cure of the habit. It appears, from reports furnished by the pastor, that the attendance from this class has fluctuated, according to the season of the year, from 20 to a 00. By fixed rule their names were enrolled, and they were taught to pray. The prayers were by companies on successive evenings, each person uttering a few sentences only. Those who persevered two weeks were allowed to go to the woman’s hospital, where their names were duly recorded and medicine furnished to help tide them 1893.] Foochow Mission. 67

over the time required to break up the habit. The number of names recorded for the year is over 900. Many came from villages outside the city by scaling the wall at night. There have been from ten to twenty women among the number. The pastor seems confident that a large number are permanently cured. In one instance the smokers left their favorite opium den in a body and applied for healing. Then the keeper of the dive (himself a smoker), finding his custom gone, was led himself to seek a cure. Thus far, however, only a few of the former opium-smokers have been received to the church. The converts are gathered mostly from the ordinary classes of the people and from our schools. Some of the younger members have never bowed to idols ■ and we feel assured that the next generation of missionaries will welcome to our communion a very large number who will be wholly free from idolatry. We rejoice at the encour­ aging outlook. The pastor, deacons, and others seem earnest and hopeful, and we may look for larger results in the immediate future. In literary work Dr. Baldwin completed an Abridged Translation of Sheffield’s Universal History into the Foochow Dialect. Foochow Suburbs Station (1848). — The first church, called Church of the Saviour, is on Main Street, a short distance from the mission compound. It has been under charge of Mr. Hartwell, who has alternated with the native preacher in the Sabbath services. The evangelistic services have been under the care of this preacher during most of the weekday evenings, assisted by Mr. Hartwell and theological students. There has also been 2n afternoon service two days of the week during a part of the year, at which the native preacher was assisted by the students. In connection with this station a new preaching-place has been opened in a large suburb near the Min, among a numerous population coming originally from Amoy and the region north of that place. The two men designated to man this important centre are from the south and speak the x\moy, one of them being a graduate from the theological class ; the other, who serves as colporter, and his wife, are zealous members of our first church. The work at the Ha-pwo Church of this station has been in charge of Mr. Woodin. The regular Sunday services have been sustained by Mr. Woodin and the native preacher; the daily evening meetings, in part, by some of the theo­ logical students. This church, about a mile from the mission dwellings, occupies an important centre in a large population. It is a colony from the first church and the work there is full of promise. Connected with the Suburbs Station are the Girls’ Boarding School, the Theological Class, and the Men’s Hospital. Shao-wu Station (1874). — Mr. Gardner returned to Shao-wu in November and assumed the care of the station till Mr. Walker’s arrival, when they divided the work between them. Mr. Gardner reports progress in evangelistic work at the station and in surrounding villages, and has charge of a small theological class and a boys’ training school. Five new members have been received to the East Gate Church. The Saturday evening prayer-meeting with helpers is a valuable preparation for Sabbath work, and Mrs. Gardner’s prayer-meeting with women and the starting of an industrial department in the Girls’ School give promise of good results. During the short time he has been in the field Mr. Gardner has entertained 200 guests, among whom were several officials, and he is sure that the results justified the serious inroads on his time. 68 Foochoiv Mission. [Report,

Mr. and Mrs. Walker have been in the field but a short time and have but little to report. They have visited the remoter out-stations, and find a considerable number of inquirers and nine ready to be received to the church. Evidences of progress appear in all that region. A Christian named Lu-ngao, living over thirty miles to the south of the station, is mentioned as continuing earnest and faithful, and through his labors there is prospect of “ the beginning of a new centre of gospel light.” With the mission force so full and the spirit of inquiry so widespread the immediate prospects of this station are exceedingly bright. The Pagoda Anchorage Station (1891). — This has been under Mr. Hubbard’s charge during the year. He has had the aid of one of the ablest preachers in opening the work in the village of Yang-seng, near his residence, where he has built a new chapel and preacher’s residence. The complications arising from native superstition and cupidity have been met by long patience and persistent effort: The medical work has been a help in the matter. This work was begun by Dr. Bliss and continued by Dr. Kinnear and his assistants after Dr. Bliss left for Shao-wu. The village is the natural centre of the work on the Lower Min and will naturally grow in importance to our work there. The brief review thus given of evangelistic work is at best a meagre one. It covers many weary days and months of work by missionaries and helpers, thoroughly done despite all drawbacks and disappointments. Though great visible results have not been attained, we remember that “ the Lord seeth not as man seeth.”

THEOLOGICAL CLASSES.

The class at Foochow Suburbs has been superintended and taught by Mr. Woodin during the year. Mr. Hartwell has shared in the work of instruction two days in the week for a part of the year, teaching the class in Old Testament history and prophecy. To this he gave much of his best time and strength. The preacher at the first church, besides many other duties, has also taught the class one hour daily five days in the week. Four of the six students have graduated and are now engaged in evangelistic work in various places. A new class of five has just been formed. The students have shown interest in their studies, and decided growth in the country work is anticipated through the labors of the graduates. The theological class at Shao-wu has been under the instruction of Mr. Gardner. It numbers two pupils and forms the nucleus of the native agency which is greatly needed to supplement the evangelistic labors of the missionaries and to extend the reach of such labors.

bo ys’ boarding sch oo l.

This institution is under the superintendence of Mr. Peet. Miss Chittenden, with the approval of the mission, March 8, has assisted in the instruction in English. A gradual advance in the amount of money received from the students is noted. Tn 1890 it was about $82 ; in 1891, $221 ; while in the financial year ending December, 1892, it was $471.23. There is a growing interest among the gentry and higher class of the people in the school. The boys in general have shown interest in study and made good progress. *893-] Foochow Mission. 69

There is nothing like a revival of religion to report, but Mr. Peet feels sure that the Holy Spirit has been working in the hearts of the students; eight have united with the church, while nearly all are enrolled as active or associate members of the Christian Endeavor Society. Lately twelve members of the school have formed themselves into a band of “ Exhorters,” and go out every Sunday, two by two, to do some missionary work. Each Sunday night their reports show evidence that good work has been done. The report of such a school will hardly be complete without a careful state­ ment of its needs. First and foremost is the need of a foreign assistant, regularly appointed to the position, who can teach and visit the homes of the boys, especially of the higher class, who can be reached through the English. Second, S 1,000 are needed to purchase adjoining premises, so as to relieve the already overcrowded condition of the school. Third, the need of an industrial department becomes yearly more prominent. It is not enough to Christianize our boys; we should also aim to fit them in some way to gain an honest liveli­ hood. Five boys are employed during vacation on the Romanized press, besides the regular printer, and 271,139 pages have been printed against 79,816 last year.

• g ir l s ’ b o a r d in g s c h o o l .

The ladies in charge of this institution are Misses Newton and Garretson. The entire number of pupils under instruction during the year was sixty-five, a gain of thirteen over the previous year. In spite of the overcrowded state of the building the general health has been remarkably good, and the girls have made good progress in study. The three pupil-teachers in their duties as assistants are developing wonderfully under the training, and are a source of comfort and strength to the principals of the school. The Christian girls have usually been earnest in working for others, and the Junior Society of Christian Endeavor has had a good influence in this direction. A monthly missionary concert has been sustained and a collection taken for foreign missions.

w o m a n ’s s c h o o l .

This school is under the care of Miss H. C. Woodhull, who reports in substance that the reading and study were limited to the Scriptures in the Romanized form. The aim is to cultivate a love for reading. Much ground was gone over, dwelling on prominent passages rather than aiming to master only one or two books. After reading the whole New Testament, they read the Psalms and Proverbs. The evenings were spent on the Bible Picture Book, on which they were questioned the next morning. At their examination they could read Genesis correctly, though they had not previously seen it. Besides their read­ ing they copied in very legible hand, in blankbooks, short sketches of the lives of the apostles Peter, John, and Paul as dictated to them. Seven who went out from this school in January have the testimony of their friends and neighbors that they read their Bittles and tell others what they have learned. Five of the women have united with the church during the year, and the prospects of the school are very encouraging. 70 Foochow Mission. [Report,

WORK AMONG WOMEN.

Two Bible-women in the suburbs have been under the care of Mrs. Woodin and Miss Garretson. Many visits have been made in families for evangelistic work, and Mrs. Woodin has sustained a weekly prayer-meeting with women and inquirers. In the city Miss Woodhull and Mrs. Baldwin have sustained a regular weekly meeting at the church for women and have visited in families. Much work has also been done in Sunday-schools by the ladies of the mission.

DAY-SCHOOLS.

There have been twenty-three of these schools during the year, located in different parts of the mission field, and under the careful supervision of Mrs. Baldwin, Mrs. Woodin, Mrs. Hubbard, and Miss Newton. Seven of the pupils have united with the church and six have entered the Boys’ Boarding School. Various obstacles have been met in establishing and sustaining these schools, as, the difficulty of getting good Christian teachers, the native jealousy of religious teaching, and the constant pressure to have more native books and fewer Christian books taught; but, on the whole, progress is being macTe, and these schools have, we trust, considerable influence as little centres of evangelism in the midst of heathen communities. Instances like that of recent occurrence in a family near the city station greatly encourage us. The leaven of Christian­ ity had been working for some years, through the intelligent piety of one of the women. Her nephew, a day-school scholar, wished to unite with the church, and when she asked him what he would like to have as his baptismal name he said “ Joseph,” and gave as his reason that, like Joseph, he wished to save the family, which is still mostly heathen. %

MEDICAL WORK.

Dr. Kinnear furnishes the twenty-first annual report of the Ponasang Mission­ ary Hospital. The tables give evidence of a busy year's work. But the daily care of twenty to forty in-patients finds no place in the tables, though it requires the best strength of the physician and his assistants, and is that from which the best results, medically and spiritually, are attained. In our medical practice it is now noticeable that a large number of cases have applied before they were beyond relief, indicating a greater confidence in foreign treatment. The dis­ pensary has been open daily, except Sundays and a few days at Chinese New Year. As Dr. Kinnear’s health was so good that he spent the summer at Foochow, the attendance during the hot months was exceptionally large. With the assistance of Dr. Bliss a dispensary was opened in December at Yang-seng village, near Pagoda Anchorage, and visited once a week. There have been over 300 patients, enough to justify a continuance of the work if possible. With the opening of the Chinese New Year two young men, formerly teachers of day- schools, have been received as medical students. Both are promising candidates and seem to have good material for the making of Christian physicians. At the 1893-] North China Mission. 71 last annual meeting of the mission, in September, the native preacher at Sharp Peak was appointed Hospital Evangelist and moved with his family to a home near the hospital. Such an arrangement has been long desired and is found very satisfactory. He is present at morning prayers and talks with dispensary patients as they come, also selling books and tracts. In the afternoons he gives his time to the in-patients, reading and explaining the Bible and teaching them to read it. Only eternity can reveal the fruitage of much of the seed that seems to fall on “ unreceptive soil.” Two of the patients have been received to the church here and two have united with other churches, while there are others who give evidence of conversion in their Christian life.

HOSPITAL FOR WOMEN AND CHILDREN.

Miss Woodhull reports that the hospital has been closed since Dr. Woodhull’s return to the United States in March, 1892. But the dispensary has been open four days in the week under care of Mrs. Loi, one of the graduates. Mrs. Loi has done good work, so that the patients have not fallen off, as was feared would be the case in the absence of the foreign physician. The evangelistic work has been continued so far as practicable. Miss Woodhull states that she aims to be present a part of the time on every clinic morning, and that “ when patients became thoroughly convinced that she could not doctor their bodies they generally would listen while she told them of the Saviour who loves them and gave his life to heal their sin-sick souls.” Mrs. Loi presents the gospel very simply and clearly, and has sown much good seed in this way while performing her professional duties.

NORTH CHINA MISSION.

T i e n t s i n . — Charles A. Stanley, Edward E. Aiken, Missionaries; Henrv J. Bostwick, Treasurer and Business Agent; Mrs. Ursula J. Stanley, Mrs. Amelia L. Bostwick, Mrs. Maud L. Aiken, Miss Mary E. Stank-y. PEKING.— Henry Blodget, William S. Ament, Missionaries; Mrs. Sarah F. R. Blodget, Mrs. Marv A. Ament, Miss Jane E. Chapin, Miss Ada Haven, Miss Nellie X. Russell, and Miss Virginia C. Murdock, M.D., Physician.

K a l g a N.— James H. Roberts, William P. Sprague, Missionaries; Mrs. Grace L. Roberts, Mrs. Viette I. Sprague. TL’NG-CHO. — Chauncey Goodrich, D.D., Devello Z. Sheffield, D.D., Elwood G. Tewksbury, Mission­ aries ; Mrs. Sarah B. Goodrich, Mrs. Grace H. Tewksbury, Miss Mary E. Andrews, Miss Luella Miner. Pao-TING-FU.— Henry H. Perkins, Missionary ; Willis C. Noble, M.D., Physician; Mrs. Estella A. Perkins, M.D., Mrs. Willa J. Noble, Miss Mary S. Morrill. PANG-CHUANG. — Henry D. Porter, M.D., I >.!>., M issionary: Albert P. Peck, M.D., Physician ; Mrs. Elizabeth C. Porter, Mrs. Celia F. Peck, Miss Gertrude Wvckoff, Miss Grace Wyckoff. Lin CHING. — Franklin M. Chapin, Missionary; Edward R. Wagner, M.D., Physician; Mrs. Flora M. Chapin, Mrs. Myrtie H. Wagner. On the way out. — Mark Williams, G. Henry Ewing, Missionaries; Mrs. Eleanor W . Sheffield, Mrs. Sarah H. Ewing, Miss Anna A . Gould, Miss Henrietta B. Williams, Miss Gertrude R. Stanley, Miss Abbie G. Chapin. /« this country1. — Arthur H. Smith, Henry Kingman, Missionaries; James H. Ingram, Charles P. W . Merritt, Physicians; Mrs. Emma J. Smith, Mrs. Annie L. Kingman, Mrs. Isabella R. Williams, Mrs. Anna C. Merritt, Miss Jane G. Evans. 72 North China Mission. [Report,

Seven stations; 27 out-stations; 16 missionaries, 1 a physician; 5 physicians; 1 treasurer and business agent; 36 female assistant missionaries, 1 a physician; 3 native pastors; 33 other native preachers; 24 native teachers ; 14 other native helpers; 9 churches : 1,357 members; 185 received on confession this year; 39 places for stated preaching; average congregations, 1,357! 849 Sunday- school pupils; 1 theological seminary: 13 pupils; 1 college: 60 pupils; 2 boys’ high schools: 49 pupils; 4 girls' boarding schools: 94 pupils; 19 common schools: 415 pupils, 192 of them girls; 257 others under instruction; native contributions, $43142; 6 hospitals and dispensaries; total number of treatments, 50330; total number of pages printed, 1,673,720.

The mission force has been slightly increased, though but one of the five ordained missionaries called for last year has joined the mission. Dr. Ingram, Dr. and Mrs. Merritt, Mr. and Mrs. Smith, Mr. and Mrs. Kingman, and Miss Evans have come to this country for health or change; Mr. Williams, Mr. and Mrs. Perkins, and Mrs. Sheffield are on their way to rejoin the mission, accom­ panied by Mr. and Mrs. Ewing, Miss Stanley, Miss Chapin, Miss Gould, Miss Williams, and Miss Browne (Mrs. Sprague), wrho go out for the first time. This mission, including a population of at least 20,000,000 souls within the limits of its stations, and having its varied work well in hand, enjoys perhaps the greatest missionary opportunity presented to the Board anywhere on the foreign field. Tientsin (i860).— The sendees of the brethren located at Tientsin have been much in demand at Pao-ting-fu, so that the work of the station has been some­ what interrupted. Mr. Aiken has now taken the place vacated by Mr. King­ man’s return to America, and is permanently located here. In addition to the regular Sunday service in the city and in the foreign settlement, daily chapel preaching has been maintained, generally with a good attendance, and an even­ ing service once a week has not been without hopeful results. The administra­ tion of famine relief two years since has been the means of opening special opportunities in villages not hitherto accessible, and not a few have thus been drawrn to hear the gospel message and to inquire after the way of life. Besides visits to the nearer villages, two more extended tours were made to a district about 100 miles distant, where a station class was formed for three weeks’ instruction, several were admitted to the church by baptism, and a school was opened under a native teacher with unusually favorable conditions. The Girls’ School, under Miss Stanley, reports twenty-five pupils and satisfac­ tory progress during the year. A boys’ boarding school is needed and would easily gather large classes. Day-schools were started at two villages and might be opened at many more points if suitable teachers could be found. The station class at Tientsin numbered sixteen pupils, and was held for two months. Upon the whole the year shows an advance in the work, and openings of unusual promise appear among the 2,000,000 souls who must look to this station for the knowledge of the gospel. Peking (1864). — Miss Haven returned to her work early last year, and Dr. Murdock has been called to Kalgan to supply the medical needs of that station. The part taken by native preachers in the daily services of the South Chapel and in the regular worship of the Lord’s day is steadily growing in amount and in effectiveness, and it is said that one of these native brethren has probably addressed more persons in regard to the great salvation than any other man in Peking. Dr. Blodget conducts a daily morning Bible class for these native helpers, in which the work in the city and country comes under review and 1893-] North China Mission. 73

special exigencies receive special care. The attendance on the Sunday services has gradually increased, many women having been brought in by the labors of

Miss Russell and Miss Murdock, m .d . The church has two deacons, who are helpful in Christian work, supports, with some aid from missionaries, a native pastor in the country, and assists in other benevolent work. A Sunday-school of three departments is maintained, numbering above 150 pupils. The country work, including the care of 115 Christians, is under Dr. Blodget’s supervision, but is largely done by the native pastor, Hung, who administers baptism and with native brethren conducts cases of discipline. The way seems to be fully prepared for the outpouring of the Holy Spirit and a widespread revival. The whole number of pupils in the Bridgman School for Girls has been fifty- two, all with unbound feet. These girls are trained with the greatest care and fidelity; nothing is left undone to render them intelligent, efficient Christian women, able to teach others and to help in all Christian work. The school is carefully graded for an eight years’ course of study, and compulsory physical exercise has been introduced this year with excellent results. Nine of the girls were received into the church on Christmas day, and the religious life in the school is encouraging. A good report is given of the six day-schools connected with the station. Work for women has received a great impulse and enlargement from the labors of Miss Russell and Dr. Murdock, the dispensary opened by the latter being thronged. A warm welcome and open doors were met by these ladies in an extended tour of forty-five days. The work at the North Chapel, under Mr. Ament’s care, has made steady but not rapid progress through the year. Daily preaching, with good attendance, has been kept up and the prayer-meetings have been well sustained. Seven tours have been made by Mr. Ament, and the condition of the church and school work in the villages visited is, upon the whole, very encouraging. Twenty men were under instruction at different times in the station class. A plot of ground and a suitable chapel are urgently needed to provide for the work in connection with this church, which promises to be second in importance to none in the city ; and the mission authorizes a special call for $4,000 to meet this need. Mr. Ament has added to other duties the editorial charge of The North China News, a monthly newspaper with a circulation of 550, mostly among Christians. Dr. Blodget has also prosecuted the important work laid on him by the Shanghai Conference of 1890, upon the version of the Bible in the Mandarin and in the version in the simplest form of the general language. Kalgan (1865). — The absence of Mr. and Mrs. Williams, the lamented death of Miss Diament, and the assistance given by Mr. and Mrs. Beynon are the salient features of the personnel of the station. The two street chapels have been opened daily and there have usually been interested listeners; and native helpers, five in number, have rendered good service. Touring has been energetically carried on by all the gentlemen of the station, and with most encouraging results. There has never been a time in the history of the station when so many were ready for personal conversation on the truths and claims of the gospel; or where so many were desirous of bap­ tism and admission to the church. Forty-one new members were added to the 74 North China Mission. [Report,

church during four months. The drouth of last year caused great suffering and opened many hearts to the message of the gospel. Mr. Roberts has devoted some time to the study of the Mongol language and to work in behalf of the Mongols. The Boys’ Boarding School numbers twenty-five, S.nd is prospering in the new building. Twenty men and boys were in the station class for three months, with good results, seven of them beginning the Christian life during the Week of Prayer. Miss Diament’s labors in the Girls’ School continued, faithful and efficient as usual, up to the close of the year, when a malignant form of typhoid fever fell upon her, and after a brief struggle she passed on to her eternal rest and reward. Dr. Murdock has supplied the want of a resident physician, and has contributed effectively to the work of the station in other lines than the medical. The station earnestly request that Yii-cho be reoccupied as a station and ask that the services of Mr. and Mrs. Beynon, who have labored happily with them during the past year, be continued in order to accomplish this result. Tung-cho (1867). — The most striking event of the year at Tung-cho is the definite organization of the North China College and the erection of the first buildings on the new grounds of the college. This new step is the logical sequence of a long and interesting development of the educational work of the mission and is taken under very favorable conditions. The return of Miss Andrews was joyfully welcomed by missionaries and natives alike, and her sendees have been of the greatest value. Messrs. Goodrich and Sheffield have devoted one half of their time to Bible translation, committed to them by the Shanghai Conference of 1890; Dr. Sheffield has completed the revision of a wrork on theology, which is now in press; Dr. Goodrich has prepared the Sunday-school lessons, translated hymns, and given attention to the hymn-and-tune book now going through the press. The church has enjoyed three marked occasions closely connected with its internal growth : the first, the ordination of their own native pastor, who has added the care of two station classes to his pastoral duties; the second, the baptism, on one occasion, of seventeen children by this pastor, the first experi­ ence of this kind in the mission; and the third, the Christmas gifts to the poor by the native Christians, a happy proof that the gospel is revealing an unsus­ pected generosity and largeness of sympathy in the Chinese heart. The country work is in the immediate care of trusted native helpers and is in an unusually hopeful state. The Gordon Theological Seminary has had a class of thirteen pupils, seven of whom have had previous training in the High School, and the year has been one of great progress. The High School has enrolled fifty pupils, five of whom are in the College Department. The great body of the students are professing Christians, and many of the older pupils exert a strong and positive Christian influence. The instruction is positively Christian, from first to last, and the impression is studiously cultivated that the end of study is to fit men for impor­ tant places in Christian work. The Young Men’s Christian Association has been well organized and actively engaged in appropriate forms of Christian work in the city and among the nearer villages. *893-] North China Mission. 75

Woman’s work has felt a new impulse with the return of Miss Andrews, and good results have been realized in the city and also in the villages. Seventeen women and girls have been received to the church on probation and nine to full membership. Miss Evans has looked after the women in the Hospital and Dispensary; Miss Miner has had charge of the five station classes for women, which were attended by 55 women, 19 of them representing ten villages from two to sixteen miles distant; and 11 of these have been received on probation and 5 to full membership; and Miss Andrews has had charge of the day- schools and Sunday-schools and the women’s prayer-meetings. Pao-ting-fo (1873). — Dr. Merritt and Miss Morrill have been the only per­ manent occupants of this field ; but efficient aid has been rendered at different times by Messrs. Stanley, Kingman, and Aiken; and Dr. Noble reached the station a little while before Dr. Merritt left for America. Dr. Merritt’s responsi­ bility has been greirt for three years past, and all agree in testifying to his fidelity and success. The native pastor, Meng, has had for some time full charge of the evangelistic work on the whole field and has done exceedingly well. A younger brother of this pastor is also one of the efficient native preachers and has labored with good results in one of the important out-stations. The com­ pletion of Miss Morrill’s house and the dedication of the new7 chapel in the south suburb, the largest chapel now in the mission, are noteworthy events of the year. A station class of twenty was instructed by Mr. Kingman, five of whom received baptism at the close of their studies. The Boys’ School has thriven well, five of their number being ready to go to the Academy at Tung-cho this summer. Miss Morrill makes cheering report of woman’s wrork, which far out­ runs her ability to overtake it, but which yields happy and abundant returns for all her care. The Girls’ School enrolled nineteen pupils, nine of whom have unbound feet, and two of whom are now ready to go to the Bridgman School at Peking. Twenty-two women have been under instruction in the station classes taught by Miss Morrill and the native Bible-woman. Though pressed out of measure by her many cares in the city, Miss Morrill has toured through the whole field and has found much to encourage and reward her labors. Pang-chuang (1880). — The return of Dr. Peck and family was a joyful event to the whole station. The dispensary continues to be the best means of reach­ ing a large number of people, while preaching at fairs is continued, and the sale of books, though not on so large a scale as in former years. The out-stations are fourteen in number, the nearest six miles distant, the farthest sixty-six miles distant. These places are regularly visited, some of them by the ladies of the station as well as by the missionaries in charge, and good progress is reported in nearly every case. The aid rendered by native preachers or other helpers is in most instances satisfactory and in some cases is of marked value and power. Four village schools have been maintained, each pupil paying a fixed tuition, and the teacher receiving an equal amount in addition from the station treasury. This new plan is working well and it is believed that there will be no lack of pupils anywhere on account of this rule. A station class of thirteen persons was held for thirteen weeks, taught by Dr. Porter and one of the helpers. Forty-one 76 North China Mission. [Report,

persons have been received to the church by baptism and eighty-four have been received on probation. A careful estimate of the population now within the well-defined limits of this station gives the number as 3,037,500 souls; and the call of the station, endorsed by the mission, for another ordained missionary and a single lady seems abundantly justified by the vast opportunity for successful missionary work that is here presented. L in Ching (1S86).— The special missionary opportunity for this station occurs at the time of the great fair annually held in May. Within a few days then the missionaries meet four fifths of all who hear any preaching during the year, and two thirds of all the tracts that can be distributed are disposed of then ; and the members of the station plan their work so as especially to concentrate their efforts at this point. Last year several inquirers came forward, through one of whom work has been opened in two villages. The dispensary proves a centre of effective religious effort and is increasingly useful. The regular Sunday services are constantly attended by twelve families, and representatives of more than thirty families are included. Two new out- stations have been opened this year and there is good promise of still wider expansion. At one of these points a series of meetings was held for nine days and a deep interest in the message was awakened, thirty men coming forward as probationers. The year’s work is thus summed up : 2 out-stations gained, 3 members added to the church, 70 received on probation, a school with 11 pupils opened, a Sunday-school with 20 pupils, and an increased attendance on the Sabbath, especially of women.

THE MEDICAL WORK.

This arm of the sendee rather grows in importance and efficiency from year to year, and still proves itself invaluable as a means of opening the heart to the personal influence of the missionary and the mind to the divine message he has to bring. When it is remembered that every person treated in the mission hospitals and dispensaries receives personal instruction in Christian truth, it can easily be seen how important a part of all the evangelistic labor of the mission is carried on in connection with this vast medical work. The following table gives the numbers receiving medical treatment and suggests the value of this agency : —

Stations. No. of Dispensaries. No. of Treatments. K a l g a n ...... I 1,980 Lin C h i n g ...... 1 I,99* Pang-chuang...... 1 ...... 15,847 P e k i n g ...... 1 2,400 Pao-ting-fu...... 1 18,448 T u n g - c h o ...... 1 9,664

Total ...... 5°.33° I893-J South China Mission. 7 7

SOUTH CHINA MISSION.

C a n t o n . — John R. Taylor, Charles A. Nelson, Missionaries; Mrs. Lillian B. Taylor, Mrs. Jennie M. Nelson. In this country. — Charles R. Hager, Missionary. One station ; 5 out-stations : 3 missionaries; 2 assistant missionaries ; 5 native preachers ; 9 native teachers; 2 churches: 53 members, 7 received on confession this year; 9 common schools: 312 pupils.

Mr. and Mrs. Nelson joined the mission early in the year, and have devoted themselves with great patience and success to the study of the language, while sharing as far as possible the cares and labors of their associates. Mr. Hager has found it needful, on account of his health, to remain in this country, devoting most of the time to the study of medicine, in preparation for further service in China. The record of the year which follows is given mainly in the words of Mr. Taylor, who writes in behalf of the mission. Seven have been baptized during the year, of whom three are from a village where not many years ago Mr. Hager was stoned for preaching the gospel. This makes five from this same village since our coming. The native helper who accom­ panied Mr. Hager on that occasion, and who suffered with him, has experienced the reward of living down opposition by patient and faithful preaching of the Word and by presenting in his own earnest life the best evidence of its truth. On the whole we have reason to be encouraged with the results of the past year. The day of small things seems to be passing away and the enlargement which has been planned and hoped for so long is gradually becoming a fact. Premises have been rented in Canton, one part of which has been turned into a chapel, where, with the exception of Saturday, regular daily preaching is carried on. It is planned to open a girls’ day-school in the other part. At the same time we hope to find room for some of our Christians who desire to send their girls in from the country. Happily the preacher’s wife is an educated Christian who has received an excellent training in one of the mission schools. This arrangement will enable us to begin at once the building up of a training institute for women, under the charge of Mrs. Taylor. Our work in Hong Kong has been carried on as usual. Six schools have been in operation, two for girls and four for boys. Of 259 who were presented for examination, 176 passed successfully. These schools in Hong Kong are all aided by government; secular books principally are taught, and the teacher’s salary depends on the number of scholars passing the government examination. The missionary simply stands between the teacher and the government as a sort of manager. He may receive all the earnings of the teachers and pay them a reg­ ular salary, or he may allow them to keep all they can earn. In our case we adopt the latter method, allowing them to keep all they can earn on condition that they teach such ieligious books as we prescribe. The schools being entirely under our management, we may impart whatever religious instruction we please. Something ought to be done toward a closer supervision of these schools. Visits twice a week, not counting Sunday, would not be too much, and some effort should be made to gather the scholars for a special service on Sunday. As the 78 South China Mission. [Report,

society, however, cannot have a missionary there regularly, and as visits from Canton must be few and far between, some other way will need to be provided. We propose to meet this need by the employment of a well-educated Chinese Christian who could act as manager, and whose influence and position would com­ mand the respect not only of the scholars but of the teachers as well. Such a man could at the same time supply another long-felt want. We ought to have a chapel in Hong Kong for preaching the gospel to the heathen during the week, and where the scholars and native Christians could gather on Sundays. It would serve as a stopping-place for Chinese Christians passing through from America to other countries, and thus to enable us to carry out, in part, the original purpose of the mission. Regular visits have been made to the country schools and chapels during the past year. In the continued absence of Mr. Hager little has been attempted beyond keeping things together. Some advance, however, has been made during the past year. A new chapel has been opened in Cheung Sha Tong, near Hoi Ping city. The people are very friendly, and already there are signs that the preaching of the gospel has been effectual. Several visits have been made and a most cordial welcome has greeted every visit. The last time the mission­ aries were there a number of heathen came in during the celebration of the Lord’s Supper, and seemed much impressed by the proceedings. The work goes on as usual at San Ming city. The main feature of this work has been the itinerations of the medical party in adjoining villages. At Cheung Sha Tong they stayed for nearly two weeks, healing the sick and preaching the gospel. Many people came long distances and much good was done. It was an admirable opportunity for acquainting the people in the vicinity with the fact that a new chapel had been opened. A similar visit was made to Kam Tsiin, where we have a boys’ school. As a result of this work, no less than six are said to have expressed a desire to become Christians. In Kwong-hoi matters are much the same, except that a new chapel has been founded within the city. It is planned to open a girl’s school here at the begin­ ning of the Chinese New Year (1893). At Hoi In no perceptible gain can be reported. Regular preaching has been carried on, and visits made to neighbor­ ing villages. In one of these villages three have been baptized during the year, and are now witnessing for Christ. One sister has gone to the home above, giving evidence to the last of being a good Christian. Three schools were carried 011 in the country, the same as last year : one at Tsim Shek with eleven scholars, one at Kam Tsiin with fifteen, and one at Min Pin with twenty-seven. Christian books together with Chinese classics have been studied, and on the whole good work has been done. The teacher at Kam Tsiin is quite a literary character, much respected in his village. His conversion >yas very interesting. A move­ ment was started some time ago by the missionaries, having for its object more independent and individual study of Christianity by the heathen. Prizes were offered for the best essays on Christian topics. Literature on the subject was given this man by one of our colporters, and after studying the same he wrote an essay which secured a prize. The study he gave to the matter became the means of his conversion, and after a suitable probation he was baptized. He had formerly smoked opium, but he at once gave it up. He is a most diligent 18930 Shansi Mission. 7 9

reader of the Bible, and indeed of every kind of literature that comes in his way. He promises to be one of our most efficient teachers. The work of the mission embraces six self-supporting schools at Hong Kong, with a few professing Christians residing there; a chapel with preacher con­ ducting regular services in Canton; a girls’ school under a native teacher, and the missionary family residing there; and four chapels and three schools in the country districts. The more urgent needs of the mission are two missionary families, including a physician and two single women; the opening of one or two stations in the country districts; a mission site in Canton, with a building for the Girls’ School; and a chapel in Hong Kong. We urge that these needs be met at once. Ten years have passed since the work began. A good beginning has been made, and should be promptly followed up. The work is full of promise, and, if properly supported, will abundantly repay all the labor and expense bestowed upon it.

SHANSI MISSION.

TAI-KU. — Dwight H. Clapp, George L. Williams, Edward R. Atwater, Missionaries; Mrs. Mary J. Clapp, Mrs. Mary Alice Williams, Mrs. Jennie P. Atwater, Miss Rowena Bird.

F e n -CIIOW-f i'. — Irenaeus J. Atwood, M.D., Francis W . Davis, Charles W . Price, Missionaries; Mrs. Annette W . Atwood, Mrs. Lydia C. Davis, Mrs. Eva J. Price.

J e n T s ’u n . — James B. Thompson, Missionary ; Mrs. T . D ’Etta Thompson. On the way. — Miss Mary L. Partridge. In this country. — Mrs. Mary G. Goldsb.ury. Three stations; 2 out-stations; 7 missionaries, 1 a physician; 10 assistant missionaries; 2 native preachers ; 2 native teachers; 1 other helper; 6 places for stated preaching; 2 churches : 16 mem­ bers ; 40 Sunday-school pupils; 1 boarding school for boys: 24 pupils; 3 common schools: 30 pupils ; 128 others under instruction; 2 dispensaries; 2,216 treatments ; native contributions, §15143.

The mission force has been increased by the arrival in the field of Mr. and Mrs. Williams and of Mr. and Mrs. Atwater, and Miss Partridge is now on her way to assist in the schools of the mission. A great affliction and loss has been sustained by the death from typhus fever of Dr. Goldsbury, the beloved physi­ cian, and Mrs. Goldsbury has returned to this country. Otherwise the health of the mission has been good, and the work has been prosecuted with increasing energy and success. Tai-ku (1883). — This station reports the steady prosecution of work along the three main lines followed hitherto — evangelistic, medical, and educational — and notes cheering signs of progress. At the Chinese New Year a special reli­ gious interest manifested itself, especially among the boys in the Boarding School and the servants in the missionary families, and seventeen were examined and publicly entered into a covenant to lead a Christian life. Public sendees have been regularly held throughout the year in the domestic chapel on the Sabbath, and a Sunday-school of forty members maintained. For the first time in its history the mission has employed native preachers; and in this way nearly ninety different villages have been visited, some of them several times, and effective aid has been rendered to the missionaries in their evangelistic labors. A new out-station at Che Wang has been opened, a day- 8 o Shansi Mission. [Report,

school for boys under a native teacher, presenting a natural centre for Christian work, and at a later date work among women was begun under the care of the ladies from Tai-ku ; and the results thus far have been encouraging. The Boarding School for Boys under Mrs. Clapp’s care has gone into better quarters, has gathered as large an attendance as could be provided for, and is proving itself one of the best evangelistic agencies. The pupils have paid nearly one fourth of the entire amount expended for the school, and the cost per pupil to the Board has been 815.56. The course of study is that of the North China Academy at Tung-cho, the foreign studies of the year being arith­ metic, geography, reading, the catechism, important words of Scripture, the Gos­ pels of John and Mark, and the Epistle to the Romans. The Bible is the leading textbook. The school is gaining public favor, as appears from the large number who apply for admission, from the increasing ease with which school fees are collected, and from the permanency of the pupils. The severe illness of Dr. Goldsbury in the autumn and his necessary7 absences in duty elsewhere have made the number of treatments less than last year ; but the interest in this work is unfailing, and the benefit of the medical arm of the mission to all its other work was never more manifest. A successor •of like gifts and spirit to this devoted and able man is desired at the earliest day. Fen-chow-fu (1887). — The work on this station is gaining in amount and breadth in a most happy way. Regular Sunday services have been held in the waiting-room of the Dispensary, in want of a better place, and the room has been filled. Preaching services, well attended, have been maintained at two other points, and several villages have been occasionally visited. In three villages the missionary ladies have gathered classes of women and girls for the study of the Scriptures and the catechism, and tracts have been distributed. A school was opened in Fen-chow-fu a year since with six pupils, and the number has increased to twenty-four, as many as the room will accommodate. The pupils have paid about one fourth of the entire expense, and have made good progress in their studies. Three of the pupils have expressed a wish to be admitted to the church. Dr. Atwood adds medical work to his other duties, and reports two clinics a week throughout the year, and about 600 treatments in the Dispensary. The •special feature of the medical work this year has been the careful following up of those who have visited the Dispensary so as to deepen the hold of the gospel on their minds; and the results show7 in a promising way the value of this form of the service, when closely connected with instruction in Christian truth and personal influence. Jen Ts'un (1891). — Regular Sabbath services have been maintained by the resident missionary, with good attendance and interest. Twenty-five visits have been made to neighboring villages, with distribution of portions of Scripture and tracts. During the year several have applied for admission to the church. A day-school was opened with an enrolment of twelve pupils between seven and fifteen years of age, and an average attendance of nine. The prospect for the future is encouraging. The evidence accumulates in every department of its work that this mission is now firmly planted and has fairly won a place for itself among the forces that i 893-J Japan Mission. 8 1 are conspiring to turn the life and thoughts of China toward her greater future in the kingdom of God. The laborers work together efficiently; the con­ fidence of the people has been gained; schools are gathered; a church is organized; an important medical work is inaugurated; a native agency is beginning to share the work of evangelization with the missionaries; and above all the blessing of God is evidently upon the work.

JAPAN MISSION.

K y o t o . — Terome D. Davis, D.D., M. Lafayette Gordon, D.D., Arthur W . Stanford, George E. Albrecht, Otis Cary, Missionaries ; John C. Berry, M.U., Physician; Mrs. Frances Hooper Davis, Mrs. Jane H. Stanford, Mrs. Leonora B. Albrecht, Mrs. Ellen Maria Car}', Mrs. Maria E. Berry, Miss Mary F. Denton, Miss Eliza Talcott, Miss Mary E. Wainwright, Miss Helen E. Fraser.

K o b e . — John L. Atkinson, Missionary; Arthur T . Hill, Business Agent; Mrs. Carrie E. Atkinson, Mrs. Louise E. Hill, Miss Mary A. Holbrook, M.D., Miss Annie L. Howe, Miss Abbie W . Kent, Miss Cora A. Stone, Miss Martha J. Barrows, Miss Susan A. Searle, Miss Gertrude Cozad. Residing at Matsuyama. — Miss Efhe B. Gunnison, Miss Cornelia Judson. KUMAMOTO. — Cyrus A. Clark {residing at Miyazaki), Sidney L . Gulick, Missionaries; Mrs. Hattie M . Clark (residing at Miyazaki), Mrs. Cara M. Gulick, Miss Julia A. E. Gulick, Miss Fannie E. Gris­ wold, Miss Alice E. Harwood. OKAYAM A. — James H. Pettee, Schuyler S. White, Missionaries ; Mrs. Isabella W . Pettee, Mrs. Ida A. White, Miss Caroline M. Telford, Miss Alice P. Adams, Miss Nina C. Stewart.

O s a k a . — John T . Gulick, PH.D., Wallace M. Taylor, M.D., George Allchin, Missionaries; Mrs. Frances A. Gulick, Mrs. Nellie M. Allchin, Miss Mary B. Daniels, Miss Elizabeth Torrey, Miss Abbie M. Colby, Miss Lucy E. Case. T o t t o r i. — George M. Rowland, Missionary ; Mrs. Helen A. Rowland, Miss Adelaide Doughaday. TSU.— Claude M. Severance, Missio?iary; Mrs. Almona Severance, Miss Fannie A. Gardner.

N i i g a t a . — Horatio B. Newell, Hilton Pedley, William L. Curtis, Missionaries ; Mrs. Jane Cozad Newell, Miss Clara L. Brown, Mrs. Martha J. Pedley, Mrs. Gertrude B. Curtis. SENDAI. — William W . Curtis, John H. DeForest, D.D., Missionaries; Mrs. Lydia V . Curtis, Mrs. Sarah E. DeForest, Miss Annie H. Bradshaw. Residing at Tokyo. — Daniel C. Greene, D.D., Missionary; Mrs. Mary J. Greene, Miss H. Frances Parmelee (residing at Maebasfn). On the way.— Mrs. Agnes A. Gordon. On furlough.— Orramel H. Gulick, Missionary ; Mrs. Anna E. Gulick. In this country. — Dwight W . Learned, PH.D., Frank N. White, Missionaries; Mrs. Florence H . X.earned, Mrs. Jennie A. White, Mrs. Mary F. Taylor, Miss Mathilde H. Meyer, Miss Emily M. Brown, Miss Julia E. Dudley. Ten stations; 195 out-stations; 24 missionaries, of whom 1 is a physician; 1 business agent; 1 other physician ; 57 female assistant missionaries, including 1 physician; 74 evangelists; 85 theologi­ cal students ; 96 churches, 65 of which are self-supporting and independent, known as Kumi-ai, having xi,n o members: members in all 12,081, of whom added during the year, 1,047; 5 high schools for boys and young men, with 617 pupils; 13 high schools for girls, with 752 pupils; 1 evangelistic school for women, with 32 pupils; 1 training school for nurses, with 20 pupils. Contributions, yen, 21,667 (the yen nearly equals the silver dollar).

The principal changes to be noted in the missionary force employed in this field the past year are the following : the retirement of Mr. and Mrs. Cady and o f Mr. and Mrs. Buckley; the return to this country for a time of Mr. and Mrs. Frank N. White because of duties to family friends; and of Miss Brown and Miss Dudley for a period of needed rest and recreation, Miss Brown to employ a part of her time in special studies. One new missionary only has been added to the working force the past year— Miss Lucy E. Case, who is stationed at Osaka. 8 2 Japan Mission. [Report,

Mr. Cady had been connected with the Doshisha, in charge of the English Department, where his labors were highly esteemed. Mr. White was entering upon a most important work at Osaka, where his fine command of the language and power as a preacher made his services of the greatest value. The mission has met with a great loss in the death of Lieutenant George C. Foulk. A graduate of high rank in the Annapolis Naval Academy, he served for a time in the navy of the United States, but resigned his position that he might enter upon more active Christian work, and was soon engaged by the Trustees of the Doshisha as professor of mathematics. He threw himself into the work of the mission with great enthusiasm, and for a period of four years was greatly honored and behoved as a successful teacher and as a warm-hearted, earnest Christian man. The general work of this mission has been prosecuted in its various depart­ ments much as in former years, the missionaries acting as helpers of the Kumi-ai, that is, associated churches. These churches have gradually assumed more and more of responsibility for the general work of evangelization till they have become practically independent; hence the work of the missionaries is becom­ ing limited to teaching in the various educational institutions, especially in the Doshisha, to the production of a Christian literature, and to evangelistic work outside of the immediate field of these churches. The Kumi-ai churches now number 65, including only such as have become self-supporting. Self-support, or independence of pecuniary aid from the mission, is a condition of mem­ bership in the Kumi-ai body. The number of church members reported the past year is 11,110, of whom 956 were added on confession. These Kumi-ai churches are well organized for undertaking the work of the evangelization of Japan, and they look forward to it with eager hope and confidence. While grateful to American Christians for the aid they have rendered them in past years, they now feel that they can dispense largely with such aid, and are prepared to undertake the work which Providence seems to have committed to them. This rapid development of responsibility and confidence is due in part to the rise of an intense national spirit which seeks entire independence of all foreign influ­ ences in ever}' direction — especially entire freedom from anything that looks like ecclesiastical control. The mission also has from the first endeavored to induce a spirit of independence and of self-government in these churches, which has had no small part in preparing them for the position they now take. It may be that within no long period the missionary work of the Board, as hitherto carried on, will be closed in Japan, save in some subordinate lines, as in educational, medical, and literary work. For the present, missionaries will act in cooperation with representatives of Kumi-ai churches in organizing new churches as new fields are opened, and in developing those not yet prepared for self-support and independence. This part of the service will be continued, of course, very much as in the earlier history of the different Kumi-ai churches; and the missionaries and the Board may well rejoice in the hope of the early completion of the distinctively missionary work in this great empire, happy to have raised up a body of efficient, self-reliant churches to take up and carry for­ ward the enterprise begun less than twenty-five years ago. The work the past year has not been without its difficulties. These have come 1893.] Japan Mission. 83 in part from the political situation and the excitement attending the discussion of various political questions. The Japanese Christians have naturally taken a very lively interest in all matters relating to the political and social life of their countrymen; and the place they have held in the Japanese parliament and in public official stations has been conclusive evidence of the influence of those who bear the Christian name — as yet only one to one thousand of the popu­ lation, yet representing largely the vital forces that are working for the social and moral elevation of the empire. Theological and ethical discussions, too, have not been wanting, in which the Japanese Christians have taken an active part, as shown by a remarkable list of fifty volumes published in 1892, nearly half by members of Kumi-ai churches, on such subjects as the Grounds of Faith, Politics and Christianity, and the Extraordinary Character of Christ, of which only about one fourth are transla­ tions and the rest original treatises by Japanese authors. There are also about twenty periodicals connected with the diiferent Christian denominations, of which Dr. DeForest says : — “ During the unceasing attacks of the past year upon Christianity they all, with united front, have opposed the narrow patriotism that would ostracize Christian­ ity, and have boldly advanced with the challenge that Christian principles alone furnish the basis for the noblest spirit of loyalty and patriotism. All, while freely admitting the benefits that Buddhism and Confucianism have in the past con­ ferred upon Japan, as freely claim that these two systems are out of joint with the progress of New Japan and of the nineteenth century, and that the moral and religious ideals of reform must come from the religion of progress, the uni­ versal religion of Christ. All these papers are introducing the new idea of the personal God, and all, without exception, hold up Christ as the divine Teacher, who alone knows the priceless nature of man and how to lift up the whole race from the degradation of sin.” There is enough of real culture and earnest Christian purpose on the part of the leading men of the churches, whether pastors or teachers, to enter on the discussion of such questions, and if through lack of experience some of the opinions cherished for a time may not fully meet our approbation, yet the result has been helpful to sound views and to broader conceptions of religious truth. Perhaps the most remarkable result of these discussions in the churches and through the press has been the adoption of a common creed 1 which, though meagre and imperfect, embraces directly and by implication the essential truth of the gospel without those forms of expression which betoken the peculiar philo­ sophical conceptions of Western thought. There has been a revival also of Buddh­ ism, in a modified form, to meet the peculiar characteristics of the Japanese mind. This has been accomplished by thoroughly educated Japanese scholars,

1 This creed reads as follows: — We believe in one God, infinite and perfect, who is revealed in the Bible as Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. We believe in Jesus Christ, who, being God, became man, suffered, died, and rose again for the redemption of the world. We believe in the Holy Spirit, which gives new life. We believe in the Bible, which was given by inspiration and makes us wise unto salvation. We believe in the Holy Church, baptism by water, the Holy Supper, the Lord’s Day, immortality of the soul, resurrection of the dead, and a righteous judgment. 84 Japan Mission. [Report,

who by stripping Buddhism of its more offensive features and developing its ethical elements have thus sought to retain their hold upon the popular mind. It is not strange that there should be some misconception and some misunder­ standing on the part of Japanese leaders as to the limits of missionary work, and some demands made on the missionaries that cannot well be met in this new adjustment of religious life and Christian institutions; but there has been shown on the part of the great majority a just regard for the value of the work accom­ plished by missionaries. While differing in some plans, there has been neverthe­ less a warm personal regard manifested which has tended to relieve what might otherwise have been disappointment and painful trial. There has been too much of earnest Christian life, too much of prayer and consecration on the part of Japanese Christians, as well as of missionaries and of the friends of Japan in this country, that this great work should be seriously hindered by local opposi­ tion or temporary reverses. The outlook in some respects was, perhaps, never more favorable than at present. The reaction that prevailed most strongly a few years ago seems to have spent much of its force, and the recurrence of sounder views and methods, with larger accessions to the churches, marks the past year and leads us to generous anticipations for the work in the years to come, whether it shall be under direct Japanese control or whether missionaries shall have an opportunity to share with them in the great work of evangelization which still remains to be carried forward. During the year under review the mission has been favored by a visit from Professor Ladd, of Yale University, who gave valuable courses of lectures before the Doshisha, the Imperial University, and a summer school, showing the re­ lations of philosophy to religion. Later the mission was favored by a visit from Dr. and Mrs. F. E. Clark. Dr. Clark’s visit w'as an occasion of profit and delight to all who had the privilege of hearing him. Both native Christians and mis­ sionaries have gained new inspiration to work among the young. A number of Christian Endeavor Societies have sprung up here and there, and this visit of Dr. Clark and his wife will long be remembered with gratitude for the new impulse it has given to the work and to the workers.

COOPERATIVE WORK.

The report here rendered, relating more especially to the work of missionaries in connection with Japanese churches, is based largely on an admirable survey of Christian work in Japan from the pen of Dr. DeForest. There are five forms of cooperative work — evangelistic, educational, medical, publication, and eleemosynary. In all these branches, excepting possibly a part of the medical work, were it not for the hearty cooperation of our Japanese brethren, the labors of the missionaries would amount to but a fraction of what is now accomplished. These five branches all overlap and run into each other so inextricably that the division is often more theoretical than practical.

EVANGELISTIC WORK.

The zeal shown by Japanese pastors and preachers in the evangelistic work is very creditable and is a source of special errouragement to the missionaries 1893-] Japan Mission. 85 laboring with them. The mission churches, so called — that is, those under the care of the Japanese Home Missionary Society — number 20, as nearly as can be ascertained, with a membership of 971, of whom 91 were added during the year. Not content with old fields, the evangelistic movement extends to the Hokkaido — a field opening with very great promise, and also to the Hawaiian Islands in behalf o f the more than 20,000 Japanese who have emigrated thither.

EDUCATIONAL WORK.

The educational work embraces eighteen different institutions, of which five, those at Kyoto and Kobe, receive regular financial aid from the Board, in view of their importance as evangelistic agencies. The Doshisha has had a quiet and prosperous year under the care of its new President, Mr. Kozaki. The number of students reported is 450, of whom 170 entered at the opening of the year. At the last commencement the graduates of the collegiate department numbered 38 ; those of the theological 28. The religious life of the institution is indi­ cated by the fact that 263 of the 450 students are church members, of whom 48 were baptized during the past year. President Kozaki reports: “ Peaceful progress has characterized the past school year. Four notable events have marked its history ; namely, the short visit of Professor Ladd, of Yale University ; the opening of the department of Pharmacy in the Harris Science School; the building of the Theological Hall, known as the Byron Stone-Clarke H all; and the death of Mr. Yamamoto, our oldest trustee, who was associated with the late President, Dr. Neesima, from the very beginning of the school.” In reporting changes in the teaching force of the institution, he says of Professor Buckley: “ No one will lightly value his six years’ service to the school in giving sound philosophy to our students and the country at large. His unaffected, simple manners, his love of learning, his profound sympathy with the students will long be remembered here.” It is expected that the instruction hitherto given by Mrs. Buckley in philosophy will hereafter be given by Japanese teachers educated in this country. In the Doshisha Girls’ School important changes have been made in the course ■of study, as it was deemed too long except for those intending to teach. For the benefit of these, post-graduate courses of two years each have been estab­ lished, while for other pupils the course is shortened. The work of the school has been greatly aided by instruction in some departments from the professors in the Doshisha. Although there have been but eight baptisms during the year, all but eight girls in the regular course are baptized Christians, and six of these are seriously considering the question of baptism. Among the twenty pupils in the preparatory department there are six Christians, and five others are ready for baptism. All the Christian girls in the higher classes are actively engaged in evangelistic work, teaching in the Sunday-schools of the city, and conducting one of their own for the poor children in the neighborhood. Two of the graduates have entered the Training School for Nurses— a fact which is reported with special interest because of the hope it inspires that other educated women may be led to do the same. In the Kobe Girls’ School the growth in intellectual and spiritual life has been 86 Japan Mission. [Report,

gratifying. Teachers and students have worked together harmoniously. The new college course of three years has graduated its first class of two members. The class graduated from the academic department numbered twenty-one, of whom several have returned for the college course. During the year twenty-one from the school have united with the church. The Christian students here, as in Kyoto, have opened a mission Sunday-school which has been kept up even during the summer vacation. The prospect of new buildings, one of which is already under way, is a source of great satisfaction and of new hope and courage to all interested in the welfare of this school. “ If the friends who are helping so royally could watch the intellectual and spiritual development of the girls for whom they are praying and giving, they would surely be satisfied that they are doing much to hasten the coming of the Kingdom in Japan.” From the Woman’s Evangelistic School: “ The graduating class numbers ten, the largest that has ever gone out, but not enough to supply all the applications that have come from the churches. We have continual proof of the need of these workers, and our hearts are gladdened at the knowledge that these women are carrying the gospel message into many homes where otherwise it would not be heard.” From our third institution in Kobe — the kindergarten training class— also comes a report full of gratitude and of hopefulness for the influence of so much Christian training of children, many of whom come from non-Christian homes ; and especially of joy in the increasing efficiency of the kindergartens under the care of the graduates from this training class. These schools in Kobe and Kyoto stand virtually .unharmed, except for some loss of pupils by the reaction against Christian schools. Other schools have suffered from the reactionary movement, and it is with regret that we report the closing of the two schools at Niigata. A similar fate would have befallen the School for Girls at Osaka — one of the largest in Japan— but for timely aid received from the Woman’s Board. Of the Doshisha Hospital and Training School for Nurses Dr. Berry writes : “ It is with profound gratitude to God that we report that, in spite of the loss of one of our number, there has been no year since the founding of the institution in which greater advance has been made. Never before have our nurses been so widely appreciated as at present; never have we sent out a more efficient class of graduates than those of last June ; never was the Hospital more prosper­ ous, with an increase of nearly 1,500 new patients over those of the previous year; never was the religious work more successful; and never wras our organ­ ization more complete, or our means of usefulness more varied than now. The changes to be recorded for the year are as follows : the loss from our numbei of Dr. Buckley after six years of labor; the completion of our new lecture room and dormitories; the completion and occupation of our new building for the care and treatment of foreign patients; the addition to dtir corps of teachers of Dr. Kodama, a medical graduate of Ann Arbor and now professor of biology and of physiology in Doshisha University; the opening of a branch dispensary in the city, as a part of the new mission work under the immediate care of Dr. Gordon and Mr. Takenouchi; the issuing of a paper— The Doshisha Hospital I893-J Japan Mission. 8 7

Messenger; and the addition to our curriculum of a practical course of training in district work.” In connection with a branch dispensary an opportunity for this district work among the poor has come up, and this work has been given to the senior class. They have entered upon it with enthusiasm and have found almost everywhere grateful appreciation of their services. The graduating class of the present year was ten in number. The whole number of graduates has been thirty-six, and encouraging reports of their work come from every direction. “ In witnessed results, in promise for future usefulness, and in present public opinion, therefore^ the Christian Training School for Nurses has become a recognized agency in foreign mission service.”

MEDICAL WORK.

There are two centres of medical work : Osaka and Kyoto. Dr. Taylor, who has acquired a high reputation throughout Japan for his eminent professional skill, continues his labors in Osaka and in Kobe. As Osaka is the greatest centre in the empire of self-supporting Christian work of all kinds, medical work there is connected largely with native medical work, and the missionary physician’s skill, aside from his own proper work in the hospital and dispensaries, is largely at the disposal of organized companies of Christian physicians. Kyoto medical work is closely linked with the Doshisha, and becomes in part educational. The religious tone of the hospital is very marked. Dr. Berry’s work in connection with this institution and with the Training School, already reported, is equally far-reaching and influential.

PUBLICATION WORK.

The preparation of a Christian literature has had a large place in the plans and thought of the mission. As an illustration of the valuable work accom­ plished in this direction we give the following list of books published during the y e a r: —

PAGES Shito Paul no Kaishin (Conversion of Apostle Paul), G. E. Albrecht, translated by T. Murata 95 Seishin teki Kowa (Seventeen Addresses to Tokwa Students), J. H. DeForest, translated by A. M iy a k e ...... 143 Reikon Sonzai Setsu (Immortality of the Soul), J. D. Davis, translated by H. Tamura . . . 29 Kirisuto Sho Sentetsu (Christ and Other Masters), J. D. Davis, translated by H. Tamura . . 31 Kirisuto no Dai Yakusoku (Christ's Great Promise), J. D. Davis, translated by H. Tamura . 47 Kyokai Rekishi (Church History), D. W . L e a r n e d ...... — Shihen Chushaku, vol. i (Commentary on Psalms), J. L. Atkinson, translated by S. Murakami 279 Commentary on Romans, D. W . Learned, translated by I. Kususe ...... 647 Commentary on Mark, D. W. Learned, translated by I. K u su se ...... 528 Commentary on Ephesians and Galatians, D. W . Learned, translated by I. K u su se...... 496 Yohaneden Shokoron (The Genuineness of Gospel of John), D. \Y. Learned, translated by J. T. Y o k o i ...... 44 Yochien Shoka (Kindergarten Songs), Miss Howe, translated by Messrs. Matsuyama and O w a d a ...... 160 Kirisuto Den Mondai, vol. i (Inductive Lessons 011 Life of Christ), Harper and Blakesley, Miss S h e d ...... — San Fukuin Shoron (The Three Gospels), G. E. Albrecht, translated by T. Murata .... 79 Shito Paul no Tsutaeshi Fukuin (The Gospel Paul Preached), M. L. Gordon, translated by T. M u ra ta...... 37 8 8 Microtiesian Mission. [Report,

ELEEMOSYNARY WORK.

Under this fifth division of cooperative work mention should be made of several orphan asylums with which our missionaries feel a lively sympathy, and which they gladly encourage and assist as they have opportunity, though no pecuniary aid is rendered these institutions by the Board. They are wholly conducted by Japanese Christians and are doing a noble work for children who would be likely to drift into homes of vice and degradation. The largest of these asylums is in Okayama, where the number of children cared for had reached 265. “ The spiritual condition of the Orphanage is most excellent; during the year it has been brought into closer connection with the church life of the city, in a way which has long seemed very desirable, twelve of the children having united with the church, four boys and eight girls. It is worthy of the most generous support from all who are interested in Christian work for children.” Of the one at Maebashi Dr. Greene says: “ Its reputation even outside of Christian circles is such that the managers of a recent Buddhist fair of their own motion offered to give a part of the proceeds in aid of the institution.”

CONCLUSION.

We may well close this report with the concluding words of Dr. DeForest : “ We see plainly that the future is bright with promise and dark with threatening dangers. . . . There are at last in this land a few score of strong, independent churches led by men who know by personal experience the condition of Chris­ tendom, who understand the moral forces hitherto at work in the East, who have tasted persecution for Christ’s sake, who have the spirit of prophets rather than of priests, and who believe with a stronger faith than ever before that Christianity is the only redeeming force that can meet the wants and the perils of New Japan. . . . In spite of all these things, in spite of minor mistakes and defects on the part of the Christians, the prominent thing that must impress every impartial observer of all the facts is that their moral courage, their earnest yet courteous replies to their enemies, their tact in methods of aggressive work, their scholarly ability, their publications so full of life and hope, their self-sacrifices, their unwavering faith in and loyalty to the divine Son of God, are qualities that have compelled a wide respect and that constitute the beginnings of a wider victory.”

MICRONESIAN MISSION.

R e sid in g a t H o n o l u l u . — Hiram Bingham, D.D., Missionary; Mrs. Minerva C. Bingham.

G il b e r t Is l a n d s . — Alfred C. Walkup, touring among the islands, Irving M. Channon, residing at Kusaie, Missionaries; Mrs. Mary G. Channon, Miss Jessie R. Hoppin, Miss Louise E. Wilson. Eight churches; 9 Hawaiian missionaries; 9 native pastors; 16 native teachers; 2 other native helpers,

MARSHALL Is l a n d s . — Edmund M. Pease, M.D., residing at Kusaie, Missionary; Mrs. Harriet A. Pease, Mrs. Rachel C. Forbes, Miss Annette A . Palmer. Twelve churches; 8 native pastors; 5 other native preachers ; 2 native teachers. C a r o l in e Is l a n d s .— 1. Ponape District. — Frank E. Rand, Missionary; Mrs. Carrie T . Rand, Miss Ida Foss. At last report, 18 churches; 5 native pastors; 14 other native preachers and teachers. 2. Ruk and Mortlock District. — Alfred Snelling, Missionary; Mrs. Elizabeth M. Snelling, Mrs. Mary E. Logan, Miss Rose M. Kinney, Miss Annie E. Abell. Fifteen churches; 1 native pastor; 6 other native preachers; 14 native teachers; 1 x other native helpers. 1893.] Micronesian Mission. 89

In this country. — Miss J. Estella Fletcher, Miss Alice C. Little. Three stations; 44 out-stations; 6 missionaries, 1 a physician; 15 female assistant missionaries; 9 Hawaiian missionaries; 21 native pastors ; 23 other native preachers; 33 native teachers; 14 other native helpers; 44 churches : 3,559 members; 369 received this year; 4 training schools : 81 pupils ; 3 boarding schools for girls: 63 pupils; 60 common schools: 1,785 pupils; native contributions, $1,820.52.

Light and shade are closely intermingled in the missionary situation in Micro­ nesia ; the occasions of anxiety have rarely been more numerous or of more serious character, while the causes for thanksgiving and hope are many and very marked. Hindrances to the work from the foreign Powers in control con­ tinue and are even increased; the missionary force is seriously reduced in number and is likely to be still further diminished, while as yet the search for the three ordained missionaries so urgently needed yields no result. On the other hand, there is an unusually favorable report from the training and boarding schqols, and from the churches and common schools in most of the islands, and new islands are calling for teachers and preachers in greater numbers than the training schools can furnish. This contrast between the brightening aspects of the work itself and the external obstacles which repress and disturb it is the characteristic feature of the times and awakens an unusual anxiety for the immediate and ultimate future of this mission.

THE MISSIONARY SHIPS.

The Morning Star made a voyage of about ten months, sailing from Honolulu June iS, 1892, and returning to that port March 27, 1893, having accomplished the full service expected of her in the several groups of islands and mission sta­ tions. The presence of Mrs. Garland on the Star has been of great advantage to the missionary service, especially in touring among the islands where so many of her former pupils reside. The Star set out on her voyage for the current year June 7, expecting to be gone at least ten months. The Robert IV. Logan has rendered another year of invaluable service in effect­ ing easy and frequent communications between the missionary force at Anapauo and the churches and schools among the Mortlocks and in the Ruk lagoon. To the great disappointment of all it has proved necessary to dismiss Mr. Worth from the command of the Logan and from all further connection with the mission ; and a new captain, an experienced navigator and a member of the Lutheran Church, is now on his way from San Francisco to take command of the schooner. The Hiratn Bingham, the new vessel for use in the Gilbert Islands, sailed from San Francisco October 31, 1892, under command of Air. Walkup, and reached Butaritari the nineteenth of the following December, and immediately entered upon what we trust will prove a long and efficient service. She proves a good sailer and her auxiliary vapor engine works successfully.

THE MISSION FORCE.

Miss Fletcher’s health became seriously impaired and it was thought necessary for her to return to this country for a protracted rest. Miss Little has also returned home after five years of arduous service for needed change and rest. 90 Micronesian Mission. [Report,

Miss Wilson has joined the mission and will share the labors of the Girls’ School at Kusaie with Miss Hoppin and Miss Palmer. Otherwise the mission force remains unchanged. The need of laborers in this mission is of long continuance and has become acute. Three ordained missionaries, one of them a physician, are urgently needed to man the stations and to relieve overburdened laborers. Dr. and Mrs. Pease must return to this country next spring, and a new mission­ ary family should be found at once to take up their work. Mr. Snelling’s health is very infirm, and it is a question how long he can remain in the field. A new missionary family at Ruk, even were Mr. Snelling's health firm, is imperatively demanded at once. Two missionary families for Ruk are almost as much needed as one. The field is so wide and the amount of labor so great that it is an undue burden to rest upon any one man. Should the way open for the resumption of missionary work on Ponape within the coming year, as we have great reason to expect will be the case, it would be of the greatest importance that a new mis­ sionary family should be prepared to enter that field.

THE STATIONS.

i. R u k .— The work in the central part of the Caroline Islands, carried on from the missionary centre at Anapauo in the Ruk lagoon, presents on the whole quite as favorable aspects this year as at the last report. The Loga?i has again and even more strikingly proved its value as a missionary agency, making possible frequent communication with the most distant island, and bringing the supervis­ ion and influence of the missionary to bear upon the native teachers and preach­ ers far more constantly. The good results of this are apparent throughout all the islands. Mr. Snelling, although in poor health, has yet been able to visit the field sufficiently to see a steady gain in the work of the native laborers and a general improvement among the schools. Fighting has occurred on the island where the missionary residences are located and at other points, and has at times seriously interfered with the progress of the work and the comfort of the laborers. The last reports, however, indicated the cessation of the war and the appearance of better conditions. Mr. Snelling has been very much occupied with the work of the school in his care; a very important work, since the character of the native teachers and preachers trained under the missionary goes far to determine the efficiency and stability of the work entrusted to them upon the islands. The Girls’ School, under the care of Mrs. Logan, assisted by Miss Kinney and Miss Abell, reports large numbers, good progress in studies, and marked gain in character on the part of not a few of the pupils. The importance of this school in the training of those who are to take places of influence as the wives of native preachers and teachers is demonstrated in missionary experiences year by year. Miss Abell has taken her place naturally and heartily, cooperating with her associates and enabling them to extend their labors. A very considerable work has been done upon the press, which friends have furnished for Mrs. Logan’s use, and in this work Miss Abell has been of special service. While the year has brought peculiar anxieties to our laborers at this station, the general conditions of the work seem upon the whole rather more favorable IS93-J Micronesicin Mission. 91

than a year ago, and nothing apparently is required but the proper manning of the station to secure immediate and large results. The missionary opportunity open to us in Micronesia is by far larger at this point than at any other, and ought to be vigorously improved. 2. Ponape. — No change in the situation on Ponape can be reported. The exclusion of our missionaries still is maintained, no authority from the govern­ ment at Madrid having yet reached the governor at Ponape authorizing their return. There is reason to hope, however, that such authority will soon be received, and the way be opened for the prompt and effective resumption of missionary residence and work on this interesting island. Mr. and Mrs. Rand and Miss Foss and Miss Fletcher have resided at Mokil, and in this limited sphere have wrought with cheerful patience and with good results. 3. K usaie.— This island, at the eastern extremity of the Caroline group, continues to be the missionary residence and place of labor for these mission­ aries who have in charge the work among the Gilbert Islands on the one hand, and among the Marshall Islands, on the other. We follow the usual order in reporting the work in these fields. (1) Marshall Islands. — The voyage of the Star last year was so planned as to give to Dr. Pease a favorable season and ample time for a visit to all the islands where work has been established. Notwithstanding the omission of this customary visit from the missionary in charge the previous year, Dr. Pease found to his great satisfaction that the work was in a promising condition and that the native preachers and teachers were administering their trusts with most commendable diligence and fidelity. The oppressive and restrictive meas­ ures of the German government established at Jaluij are bearing heavily upon the native churches, and are interfering even with the proper liberty of move­ ment on the part of the native preachers; and a just fear is entertained lest these measures, which seem to grow more arbitrary and injurious from year to year, may end in the overthrow of the Christian institutions which have been growing up so steadily and hopefully under the labors of the missionaries of the Board. Dr. Pease is obliged to report somewhat frequent instances of such interference with the internal regulations of the native churches, and such oppressive requirements upon preachers and teachers as show a spirit of hostil­ ity to all this missionary work and awaken great anxiety for the future. In every respect Dr. Pease seems to have borne himself with great discretion and propri­ ety, and to have given no ground for offence to the German authorities. Among the pleasant features of this tour may be mentioned the call for teach­ ers and preachers from islands not hitherto occupied. In two cases Dr. Pease was able to meet the request and to station some of his own pupils in charge of these new fields. In other instances these calls were declined simply because Dr. Pease had not enough well-trained men to meet the need. Upon the whole the work in the Marshall Islands seems to be in a most encouraging condition. The native pastors as a rule are proving themselves trustworthy and devoted men, and the churches are thriving under their care. The opportunity for wider work was never more promising, and but for the ominous and persistent interference of the German government with this happy work it would seem that the high water mark of our evangelizing work in the Marshall Islands had now been 9 2 Micronesian Mission. [Report,

reached. Whether any representations, personal or official, to the imperial gov­ ernment at Berlin will avail to secure relief from the injurious restrictions now imposed by German authorities at Jaluij upon this beneficent work in the Mar­ shall Islands remains to be seen. (2) Gilbert Islands. — Mr. Channon, accompanied by Miss Hoppin, was able this year to make his first tour through the Gilbert Islands to return pupils in the Training School to their homes for a time, and to gather new pupils both for that school and for the Girls’ School at Kusaie. The tour was accomplished promptly and successfully. The Training School at Kusaie, under Mr. Channon’s care, has been well maintained through the year, and those who have there been pre­ pared for Christian work are promptly in demand among their own people. Mrs. Garland, who accompanied the Star on its tour through the Gilbert Islands, was enabled to meet not a few of those who had been under her care in the Girls’ School at Kusaie, now in their Christian homes, and exerting, with their husbands, a noble Christian influence. The touring in the Gilbert Islands is more definitely under the care of Mr. Walkup. Furnished with the new vessel, the Hiram Bingham , built for this specific work, Air. Walkup has already entered upon the systematic and pro­ tracted visitation of all the islands occupied by our work; and the latest advice received from him expressed the confident expectation that he will now at length be able to remain long enough on each island to set the Christian work definitely in order and to give effective counsel and encouragement to pastors and teach­ ers and people. The British jurisdiction now established throughout this group is proving itself helpful thus far to our Christian work, and in no way a hindrance. Wars are repressed, the free sale of firearms and intoxicants to the natives is forbidden, and upon the whole our missionaries are disposed to feel that in this jurisdiction all their work has a real and valuable ally. Amid the points of discourage­ ment that mark our work in these islands it is a pleasure to note this relieving feature. (3) The Girls’ School at Kusaie has been under the care of Miss Little and Miss Hoppin and Miss Palmer, and has had an unusually large attendance. The work of the year has gone forward in the usual lines, and with satisfactory results both in studies and in the department of the Christian work among the pupils. Already the graduates of this school who have married and are keeping Chris­ tian homes at several points in the Marshall Islands and in the Gilbert Islands are proving practically the great benefits that are to result to the general work from the training given here. Miss Wilson, who joins the mission this year, will take the place which has been filled hitherto by Miss Little, and so the com­ plement of teachers is full. On the whole the work presents great needs, serious dangers, happy advance in many places, bright prospects, and a widening opportunity. It is not the time for withdrawal, but rather for devising larger things and pressing on to the com­ pletion of the work so signally blessed of God through all the past. I893-] Special Work in the Hawaiian Islands. 95

SPECIAL WORK IN THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

HONOLULU.— Rev. C. M. Hyde, D.D., Missionary; Mrs. Mary K. Hyde.

The Board continues, as heretofore, to support in part the training and theo­ logical school under the presidency of Dr. Hyde, and the missionary work in behalf of the Chinese in the Islands, under the direction of Mr. Damon. We give the report of each substantially in the words of the brethren respectively who are in charge of the work.

I . THE NORTH PACIFIC MISSIONARY INSTITUTE.

The three students, of whom mention was made in last year’s report as having been chosen and sent to the Gilbert Islands on foreign missionary service, did not take all the missionary spirit with them. Though none have so far completed the assigned course of studies as to graduate this year, all are looking forward to some definite work for the Master, during the coming vacation, in some needy parish in the home field. To the five students who have continued their studies on from last year have been added five others. These have not, in educational fitness, proved equal to former classes received. But the growing consciousness of personal consecration to the service of Christ and closer communion with him have been as marked features of the daily life in the Institute as in former classes. The special topics of the year have been, Analytical and Synoptical Study of the Books of the Old Testament, with Critical, Explanatory, and Practical Study of Daniel, Haggai, Zechariah, and Malachi; Biblical Geography; the Historical Connection of the Old and New Testaments, with the usual Rhetorical Exercises, Debates, Homilies, and Practical Talks. Rev. H. H. Parker has given instruc­ tion in Pastoral Theology two hours each week. The time seems close at hand, if it has not now actually come, when, in the new era of social development, with the accomplished change in the character of the national government, the attempt can hopefully be made to reorganize the work of the Institute and make instruc­ tion through the medium of the English textbooks and reference books a prom­ inent feature of the work of the Institute. For the first time there is promise of a new entering class so far skilled in the knowledge and use of the English language as to make possible the use of English books for study and recitation. But this will also necessitate a reorganization of the system of self-support on the basis of which the Institute has been hitherto managed. Not only will the difficulties of securing a livelihood by daily manual labor be immeasurably in­ creased in the new era, but the additional requirements for time to be devoted exclusively to study will render such methods of self-support no longer practi­ cable. To guarantee a suitable support for the devoted student, not to assure the indolent of a time of easy living, some scheme must be devised for securing such support. Sickness and death have twice come to the Institute the past year, taking away the infant child of one student and the wife of another, in both cases through 94 Special Woi'k in the Hatuaiian Isla?tds. [Report,

some obscure brain trouble. Lung troubles have been more protracted and serious than usual in one or two cases; but generally the students have enjoyed good health and increased in physical vigor under the regular work and diet of school life. What the new era has in store for Hawaiians will depend largely upon the choices which they themselves must make. No one else, not even God himself, can act for them in these choices of their own making. This is a duty not trans­ ferable, an inalienable privilege of each individual. To choose rightly, an enlight­ ened conscience, a sound judgment, a pure heart, are all essential. No one can do so much for the Hawaiian people in the new era opening before them as can their religious guides and leaders. God grant that every Hawaiian pastor and everyone preparing for that sacred office may prove to be a man full of the Holy Ghost and of faith, like Moses seeing clearly with anointed vision the true divine ideal and persistently holding himself and others up to the divine standard of character through clear perception of the truth revealed only in the person, words, and work of the Lord Jesus.

I I . THE MISSION TO THE CHINESE.

After a lengthened absence in the States, Mr. and Mrs. Damon returned last year to their field of labor with new strength and hope. The past year in mis­ sion work has been on the whole an encouraging and stimulating one. It is cause for much gratitude that, notwithstanding the many critical and stirring events which have transpired, the progress of the mission work has not been interfered with. It is especially among the youth and children of the Chinese who come under the elevating influence of Christian education that signs of hope and cheer are found. This class is increasing and may yet become a power for good both here and in the land from which their parents came. There are now ro6 persons connected with the church in Honolulu, 63 men and 43 women. Three persons have been received during the year on profession of their faith in Christ and one by letter. Eleven children have been baptized. Three members have died ; one has been suspended ; five have returned to China, and eight have come back from China. There are nearly 100 baptized children of Christian parents. The church members have con­ tributed toward the running expenses of the church and the larger part of the salary of the preacher. The large addition to the church, — the building of a fine schoolroom for our kindergarten, — the purchase of the organ, etc., have entailed many heavy expenses, and in this trying time of business depression it is worthy of mention that the Christians and other Chinese have liberally con­ tributed to these important improvements. The last report of the Building Committee states that expenditures have been $3,655.82. Of this sum $1,262.80 have been contributed by the Chinese and $344.77 by our foreign friends. NTever has the Mission Day School been in a more hopeful condition than at the present time. One of the most hopeful signs in the life of one Chinese colony is the slow but sure development of the family. Children are growing up on all sides who will have the opportunity from early childhood of Christian instruction and training along the lines of Anglo-Saxon civilization. This is a IS93-J Special Work in the Hawaiian Islands. 95

hopeful sign and should encourage to renewed and enthusiastic effort in this important field. There have been connected with the school, including the kindergarten department, since last September, the beginning of the school year, for a longer or shorter time, 382 pupils, boys and girls, of varying age and size, from the “ wee tots ” to the tall young men of twenty years or more, including the boys of the Boarding School. Some of these have come in for a very short time, others have been but a few weeks, while others are of course per­ manent. The school register has now the names of 210 pupils, with an average attendance of 175. Of these 148 are boys and 62 are girls. No agency now at work in the mission is calculated to do more good than the Kindergarten with its fifty-four pupils from homes where the name of Jesus is almost unknown. The Kindergarten has come to stay as an important factor in the Islands mission work. The Mills School, a boarding school for Chinese boys, named in honor of Samuel J. Mills, one of the founders of the American Board, the uncle of Mr. Damon’s mother, has been opened during the year in the Damon home and has gathered fifteen young men of high character and promise. May it prove a training-place of many a preacher and teacher for the Chinese of the Islands and of the motherland ! For some months past Mrs. S. M. Emery, of Lake City, Minn., has been laboring earnestly among the Chinese women of the city in their homes. She has revealed, as it has never been done before, the large field which here offers itself to earnest workers. Though suffering much from ill-health she worked with zeal and enthusiasm, and found her way to many hearts and homes during her brief stay here, and the good seed which she here sowed has not been in vain. She says : “ It is impossible in so changing a population to give their numbers*with any degree of accuracy, but from 450 to 900 Chinese women are accredited to Honolulu. I have visited several hundreds in their homes and am still daily finding new faces among them. I do not think that they differ so very greatly from other people except in their universal kindness and unvarying politeness. They are warmhearted, kindly, and affectionate. At the present time their doors are thrown open very wide to the white stranger who will enter in and be their friend.” It is just ten years this summer since the Chinese church in Kohala was organ­ ized and the present church edifice was erected. During this time 186 persons, men and women, have been connected with the church and 62 children have been baptized. Most of these are now widely scattered, some have died, some have removed to other parts of the Islands, others still have returned to China, others have changed their church connection. The band of church members now numbers about forty, with between fifty and sixty or more children. In Wailuku, Mrs. Simpson is exerting her good influence in the school, in general missionary work among the women in their homes, and with all the Chinese, as she can reach them. Her faithful labors of the past six years in this centre have borne good fruit. That to-day there is the good beginning of a flourishing boarding school in Honolulu is due in no small degree to what she has done in Wailuku. Several of our most promising pupils have been under her guidance and instruction in Wailuku. 9 6 Mcxico Mission. [Report,

The “ Chinese Question ” is one of the great questions of the closing century; it will not grow less in the century now dawning. Planted here in midocean between China, the hoary guardian of a distant past, and the grand young life struggling for expression on the continent of America, we have a share in its solu­ tion. Let us be faithful to this important trust, cheered by the thought that we labor not alone, that the beginning of a better day has come for China and her sons and daughters on our shores. As has been eloquently said by a recent writer on “ New China and Old,” Christianity has come, though at present scarcely perceptible when compared with idolatry and unbelief. Yet the true light shines like stars amidst the gloom. And it will most surely grow and -expand till

“ Out of the shadow of night, The world rolls into light, And it is daybreak everywhere.”

MEXICO MISSION.

GUADALAJARA. — John Howland, Missionary ; Mrs. Sarah D . Howland, Miss Belle M. Haskins, Miss Florence White. Four out-stations. CHIHUAHUA. — James D. Eaton, Missionary ; Mrs. Gertrude C . Eaton, Miss Mary Dunning, Miss Mary D. Holcomb. Three out-stations.

H e r m o s il l o . — Matthew A. Crawford, Missionary; Mrs. Harriet J. Crawford, Miss Augusta Burrows. One out-station. PARRAL.— Alden B. Case, Missionary; Mrs. Myra G. Case, Miss Ellen O. Prescott. Three out-stations.

ClUDAD J u a r e z . — Alfred C . Wright, Missionary ; Mrs. Annie C. Wright. E l FUERTE. — Henry M. Bissell, Missionary ; Mrs. Ella N. Bissell. COSIHUIRIACHIC.— Otis C . Olds, Missionary ; Mrs. Helen S. Olds. Three out-stations. Seven stations; 14 out-stations; 7 missionaries; seven female missionaries; 6 other female assist­ ants ; 1 ordained native preacher; 6 other preachers; 9 native teachers; 8 other helpers; places for -stated preaching, 21; average congregation, 596; adherents, 1,361; 13 churches: 578 members; received on confession during the year, 103; x theological training school: 14 students; 3 girls’ boarding schools: 52 pupils; 10 common schools: 339 pupils; total number under instruction, 406. Contribu­ tions by the people, $2,940.34. The number of Bibles and portions distributed was 3,642; the receipts for the same, $1,268.85. More than 837,000 pages of tracts were distributed gratuitously. The sales -of other books and tracts, including subscriptions to religious periodicals, amounted to $ 1,795.13, making the total receipts from all books and papers sold, $3,063.98.

This last year has been one of decided progress in every department of the work, and in some respects notable advance has been made. The missionary force has been increased by the arrival of two ladies — Miss Holcomb, who is connected with the Girls’ Boarding School in Chihuahua, and Miss White, formerly of the Japan Mission, and now associated with Miss Haskins in Guadalajara. The total number of American missionaries and assistants is now nineteen. The roll of native helpers and teachers numbers twenty-three, being an increase •of three over last year. Two new churches have been organized, one at Fuerte and the other at Cosi- huiriachic, making the present number of churches thirteen. One hundred and three new members have been received on confession of their faith, the total mem­ Mexico Mission. 1893-] 9 7 bership of the churches now being 578, a net increase of 90 for the year. Two commodious and attractive church buildings have been completed and dedicated, ■one at Chihuahua, the capital of the State of the same name and the principal city of Northern Mexico ; the other at Guadalajara, the famous capital of Jalisco. The erection of these buildings, in addition to the ordinary advantages resulting, has attracted much attention to Protestantism in their different regions, and has gained for it an increased respect. A third church edifice, also completed this year, at the out-station Minas Prietas. while not comparing with the two before mentioned in costliness and appearance, is worthy of special note for having been erected entirely by the natives and by help received on the ground. The cost is placed at not less than $1,500.

NATIVE CONTRIBUTIONS.

In spite of famine distress in many parts of the field there has been an advance in the offerings by the people, 82,940.34 being the sum total for the year. The larger part of this has gone into church buildings.

SALES OF SCRIPTURE.

Thirty-six hundred and forty-two Bibles and portions have been distributed, almost entirely by sale, the total receipts for the same being $1,268.85. The sales of religious books, subscriptions to religious periodicals, together with sales of educational works and other useful literature, amounted to $ 1 , 7 9 5 . 1 3 . The total receipts from the book department of the work thus amounted to $3,063.98. In addition to this, hundreds of thousands of tracts have been gra­ tuitously distributed among the people. The Training School has had fourteen students in attendance through the entire year. Three of these young men, although not having completed the full course ■of study designed for future classes, will go out to permanent work at the close •of the school year. Two are to be located in the State of Chihuahua and the other in Sonora. On the whole very satisfactory progress has been made in the school since its beginning. Miss Stahl, appointed by the New West Commis­ sion, and whose services have been highly appreciated, has now retired from the teaching force, and the need of a well-equipped man to take her place and assume •other duties seems imperative. The director, Mr. Wright, deserves commenda­ tion for the wisdom displayed in the management of the institution and the •degree o f success which it has attained. The Girls’ Boarding Schools in Guadalajara and Chihuahua have enjoyed a year of steady progress. More promising girls are applying for admission than the present appropriations will admit. For lack of suitable teaching force the boarding department of the Hermosillo school has been abandoned. Some twenty-one day-scholars are, however, in attendance. Two additional common schools have been established in the mission, bringing the number up to ten. The total number now under instruction in all depart­ ments is 406, an increase of twenty-six over the past year. Our mission periodical E l Testigo has decidedly improved, especially in .appearance, and its circulation has increased. While the greater part of the work 98 Mexico Mission. [Report,

connected with it has been carried on by the editor, Mr. Howland, he has been aided by the other missionaries, some of whom have regularly furnished material for each issue, and others have sent frequent contributions. We believe that no more attractive and useful paper is published in the Republic.

NEW PROPERTY.

Since the last report the Board has bought property in two stations, Parral and Cosihuiriachic, thus providing permanent and comfortable residences for the missionary families, and also furnishing good temporary accommodations for schools and services.

BRIEF ITEMS IN DETAIL FROM THE STATIONS.

Chihuahua. — The most important work of the year has been the erection of the new church edifice, which was dedicated November 12. The spiritual life of the church is good, especially considering that so much energy was given to building. Ciudad Juarez. — The church here was under Mr. Olds’ care for a portion of the year, and since has been served by one of the students of the Training School. Fourteen were received on confession. Cosihuiriachic, as a town, has lost greatly by a fire and consequent abandon­ ment of an important mine, but a church of twenty-five members was organized September 24. Sixteen of these had been considered as members of the Chihuahua church and thus united by letter. Mr. and Mrs. Olds have been very active in visiting the surrounding places. Fuerte. — Mr. and Mrs. Bissell are with reason very happy in view of the successful results of their efforts. On December 31 their church was formed with nine members, and more have since been received. The whole field of which Fuerte is the centre appears remarkably open to the gospel. Guadalajara. — The progress of our work in this city, if slow, is continuous. The notable event of the year was the completion and dedication of the church building. The annual meeting of the mission was held this year in Guadalajara, in conjunction with the formal opening and consecration of the edifice. The out-stations pertaining to Guadalajara have experienced varying success. The Protestants of Jalisco are subjected to much seveie persecution. Faithful work is being done, and the number of believers is slowly increasing. Hermosillo. — Notwithstanding serious trials on account of immorality in the native helpers, there has been encouraging advance in this field. Discipline seems to have had a wholesome effect, not only upon those directly concerned, but also upon the whole community. In the mining camp at Prietas our coadjutor, Mr. Guzman, has built a church and home for the mission, worth at least $2,500, raising the amount in the camp; which means the getting of what he could and doing the rest himself. Extreme suffering caused by failure of crops has been experienced in this field. Mr. Case, with assistance of friends in the States, has been able to supply corn at compara­ tively low prices, thus relieving in a small degree the misery. Friends have thus been gained. Severe trial has been experienced through the falling away of two i 893-] Mission to Spain. 99

prominent members of the church. The congregation as a whole has gained in numbers and, it is hoped, in spirituality. The day-school in P arral has prospered well since the return of Miss Prescott. More than sixty, have been on the roll, some coining from the out-stations. More would be glad to come could we assist even partially in the matter of expense. Room for growth in nearly every direction seems practically unlimited. The hands and the hearts of the missionaries are full. Calls for us to undertake more are many. We are, however, becoming more and more of the opinion that con­ centration of effort is preferable to extension, until our force is increased.

MISSION TO SPAIN.

S a n SEBASTIAN. — William H. Gulick, Missionary ; Mrs. Alice Gordon Gulick, Miss Catherine H. Barbour, Miss Anna F. Webb, Miss Mary L. Page, Miss Alice H. Bushee. One Spanish pastor; i church: 66 communicants; i boarding school for girls: 5 teachers; 37 scholars ; 1 common school : 2 teachers ; 96 scholars ; 1 colporter.

OUT-STATJONS. Santander.— 1 pastor; 1 church: 38 communicants; 2 common schools: 3 teachers ; 276 scholars ; 1 colporter. Bilbao. — 1 pastor ; 1 church : 31 communicants ; 1 colporter ; 2 common schools : 193 scholars ; 1 teacher. Two other centres o f Christian work : Orconera, La Balestrerà. Pamplona. — 7 communicants. Roa.— 16 communicants. Logroño. — I pastor ; 1 church : 15 communicants; 2 common schools: 1 teacher; 75 scholars. Pradejón. — 1 evangelist teacher; I church: 47 communicants; 2 common schools: 1 teacher; 45 scholars. Tauste.— x evangelist teacher; 1 church : 12 communicants; 1 school: 5 scholars. Zaragoza.— 1 pastor; 1 church: 126 communicants; 2 common schools : 2 teachers; 83 scholars; 1 colporter; 1 Bible-woman. Utebo.— 17 communicants. Brea. — 4 communicants. Pedrola. — 5 communicants. Cervera. — 1 communi­ cant. Sarinena. — 8 communicants. Alfocea. — 6 communicants. Almudcvar. — 3 communicants. Summary.— 1 station; 15 out-stations; 1 missionary; 5 female assistant missionaries; 5 Spanish pastors ; 15 churches : 402 communicants ; received on confession during the year, 34 ; 1 boarding school for girls, with 5 teachers and 37 scholars; 12 common schools, with 10 teachers and 820 scholars ; 1 Bible-woman ; 3 colporters.

The work in this mission has been carried on during the past year with little change in the methods pursued ; the evangelistic through the agency of the native pastors and preachers under the supervision of Mr. Gulick ; and the edu­ cational, culminating in the International Institute for Girls at San Sebastian, under the care of Mrs. Gulick and the American ladies associated with her. Notwithstanding the limited number of missionary workers and the scanty means at their disposal, “ there is cause for gratitude to God and for rejoicing that under the circumstances so much has been accomplished ” in little more than twenty years. It is much that fifteen churches have been gathered ; that the gospel is regularly preached in more than thirty different cities and villages ; that thousands of Bibles and Testaments have been circulated among the people, and that an institution for the Christian education of women has been established and has earned a high reputation throughout the country. Opposition to the spread of evangelical views has not been lacking. “ During the twelve months just closed,” writes Mr. Gulick, “ more cases of governmental interference in high quarters with Protestant work have occurred than perhaps during any other one period of equal length for the last twenty years, but in most instances ending in the triumph of the Protestant cause. . . . But un­ doubtedly side by side with this there is also a growing spirit of toleration and of liberality toward evangelical Christianity.” IOO Mission to Spain. [Report,

In regard to the changes in public opinion wrought during these years no one is better fitted to speak than Mrs. Gulick, whose unwearied labors have had so much to do with bringing them about. She writes : “ As we enter upon the third decade of life in Spain it is interesting to look back and compare the past with the present condition of the work. “ During these years there has been a steady though slow change in public opinion in regard to evangelical work. “ Many of those who in 1872 were outspoken enemies of evangelical Chris­ tianity under the name of Protestantism may be counted to-day as sympathizers, if not openly avowed friends. “ This is particularly the case among the educated men connected with the higher institutions of learning.”

EVANGELISTIC WORK.

In Santander, after discouraging opposition and consequent delay, a “ com­ fortable building for chapel and pastor’s house is now completed,” and will have been dedicated before this report is in print. In Bilbao the church and the day-school are growing “ in knowledge and in grace, under the careful teaching of the pastor, who also continues to cultivate with success one of the most important evangelistic fields in Spain, that of the iron mines that lie between Bilbao and the sea,” where he finds ever-ready listeners who appreciate his true and hearty and self-sacrificing interest in their welfare. In Zaragoza not only are the regular congregations larger than for a long time before, but there are occasional listeners, men of education and intelligence, who come to learn for themselves “ more exactly what the teachings of the gospel are,” and whose presence is a proof of the fact, “ more and more apparent each passing year, that . . . in many communities in Spain thinking people are ready to accord an honorable place to evangelical religion as a helpful factor toward the elevation and salvation of men.” Of the work among women Mrs. Gulick writes that they are banded together in maternal associations and in temperance societies, forming “ groups of praying women in all the churches,” and that many mothers of the day-school children, though not Protestants, “ have shown much interest in the fact that their children are remembered in prayer " in these meetings. Some of these women of our churches “ have emigrated with their husbands to South America, and with their Bibles and their babies serve as object-lessons in many cases for those who do not know family Christian life.” The reports from Spain of the regular Bible-women’s work, as from other mission fields, are most interesting and encouraging. These women visit markets, shops, and private residences, finding a welcome and exerting an influence in many parts of the cities where they labor.

EDUCATIONAL WORK. Of day-schools and Sunday-schools “ only good reports have been received. Who shall calculate the influence of this religious instruction on the minds of I893-J Mission to Spain. IOI more than 600 children? Who shall dare to underestimate it? Hundreds of families are being brought in contact with the gospel who otherwise would not hear it.” Of the International Institute for Girls in Spain, the following is quoted from Mrs. Gulick’s report: — “ During 1892 a corporation was formed in Boston to cooperate with the American Board in the interests of this school. This corporation has for its object the raising of funds for a permanent building. This is much needed. The building at present occupied is inadequate to the needs of the institution unless it should be remodeled. As it is hired from year to year, there is danger that we may some day, or any day, find that the lease will not be renewed. It seems, therefore, that it is only just to this work which means so much sacrifice and labor in the past, and which has so much promise' for the future, that it should be secured against any possibility of destruction. “ The past year has been one of solid, earnest work. Teachers and pupils alike, persistent and faithful in daily duty and discipline, have shown in the final examinations the brilliant results that were to be expected. The school stands first in the list of those sending pupils to the Institute of the city for examinations.” ITEMS. All of the older scholars are now church members. A Junior Christian Endeavor Society of forty-five members has been organ­ ized, including some of the children of the day-school. An exhibit of “ daily work ” was prepared and sent to the World’s Fair in Chicago, in April. We hope that someone may become interested in the bright Spanish girls whose work proves that better days are in store for Spain. The Young People’s Society of Christian Endeavor has prospered during the year. There have been meetings under the care of the missionary and temperance committees of great interest and profit. The girls themselves are so convinced of the value of the Young People’s Society of Christian Endeavor that several who have gone to their homes plan to organize similar societies during the summer. A little society of King’s Daughters have prepared and given away many articles of clothing for the poor. A visit from Dr. F. E. Clark and Mrs. Clark has been a wonderful stimulus to the school, and Christian Endeavor has received a strong impulse. Thanks are due to friends who have helped to make advanced work possible in the different classes. A desirable department, which, with slight additional expense, could be added to this Boarding School, is that of a training class for Bible-women. Such trained workers are especially needed in Spain, as a large proportion of the women of the lower classes cannot read. A summer school or an additional course of study for special training would be a great help to the graduates and other teachers. We have conquered the situation and unlimited possibilities are ours. Twenty years ago we did not dream of such open doors. God has opened them. Shall we follow his leading? 102 Mission to Austria. [Report,

MISSION TO AUSTRIA.

PRAGUE.— Albert W . Clark, D.D., John S. Porter, Missionaries; Mrs. Ruth Pirie Clark, Mrs. Lizzie L. Porter. One station; 40 out-stations, including Prague suburbs; 2 missionaries; 2 assistant missionaries; 10 churches (Free Reformed) : 572 members; added during the year, 165; ordained preachers, 4; evangelists, 8; colporters sustained by American Bible Society, 3; Bible-women, 2; pupils in train­ ing, 7; Young Men's Christian Association Rooms in Prague and Pilsen open every evening; Rescue and Reform Home for the Fallen; average congregations (Prague and suburbs), 575; other places, 904; total, 1,479; adherents, 2,210. Contributions, £1,600. Krabschitz High School for Girls, 30 pupils. Literature circulated: Bibles, 963; New Testaments,. 3,855; portions, 3,943; other books, 2,517; tracts, hymns, papers, etc., 85,202.

Never before in the history of this mission was there so much to report as at the close of the year ending May 1, 1893. It is only a report of eleven months, as in future we wish to have our mission year begin with the first of May. Our annual conference, which has become a marked institution in our work, is held now each year during the middle of May. Last year we counted our churches on one hand (five churches); this year, both hands are needed, as it is our privilege now to speak of ten churches. This doubling of our churches is not due to any doubling of membership, although in respect to numbers this mission year is the best on record ; but it is due in part to better organization, and to the fact that the little Methodist Church in Khadno has joined us, and that the old Balcar church in the mountains has become fully ours. It has been partially ours for a long time. Prague. — The mother church, organized in my house in 1880, must ever have a warm place in my affections. I am still its senior pastor, but the multiplicity of work and care in our mission is such that the main burden and all the pastoral work rests upon the junior pastor, Rev. A. Adlof. With untiring faith­ fulness he has cared for this church and its branches, aided, of course, by the missionaries and other helpers. In suburb work, in Young Men’s Christian Association work, and in efforts to circulate the Scriptures among the educated classes Mr. Adlof has had an important part. The willingness of this church, composed almost exclusively of the poor, to aid in testimony and with purse is most gratifying. An immense burden rests upon this church. Our house, modest enough and yet well situated in a large city, must be paid for. Two thousand florins yearly for some years to come must be met. The church promised to pay one half, that is, one thousand a year, and the mission the second thousand. As soon as the debt is half paid, the Prague church can be self-supporting. Every Sunday, and on weekdays as well, this church maintains cheering, promising work in the large suburbs of Belvedere and Lieben. Pilsen (50,000 inhabitants) has a remarkable work under the care of Mr. Zelinka. As it is still a branch of the mother church (Prague) we mention it here. The Pilsen work is worthy of special mention. In less than six years God has helped us to rescue several score of souls in that city and in towns adjoining, to establish in connection with the Pilsen work a Young Men’s Chris­ tian Association and two out-stations — Rokyzan and Pilsenec. In these places there has been much opposition, but of late this has very much decreased. 18930 Mission to Austria. 103

Weinberg church, under Pastor Valis, has been much assisted by Mr. Porter. This church on the borders of Prague is a part of the original mother church, and has a part of the old city of Prague as its special territory, besides work in Smichov and, of course, in Weinberg itself. This church has a healthful growth in numbers and in contributions. Of its 126 members, 24 are young ladies. Gifts in the past year were fl. 153.00 more than in the previous year. Pastor Valis does much in our “ rescue and reform work.” In passing, it is a pleasure to state that this form of labor has been much blessed. This rescue work of ours has roused the Roman Catholics to start a similar work. As one of our rescued girls last year brought light to her native village, rousing many to secure the Scriptures, so we hope that another girl, who after a year in our Rescue Home has just gone with her Bible to her native town, may prove a similar messenger of gospel truth. Stupitz, with its out-stations, has had a prosperous year. This church has suffered much more than any other of our churches by emigration to America, but God has mercifully made good these losses by leading others into light. Tabor. — During the past year we have made out of the one church in South Bohemia two churches. Mr. Motl removed to the Jewish city, a division of old Prague, to labor there ; and Mr. Pazdral, who had long been in Kladno (as Meth­ odist), removed to Tabor. There have been several additions during the year, and several more are asking for admission. Worthy of special mention is the exchange of our house there for a larger one and one by far better located for the labors in Tabor. Pisek-Budweis. — Mr. Bejsovec, who had labored for some time in Budweis, was transferred last summer to Pisek, and Mr. Novak, of Pisek, took the work in Budweis. This change has been of advantage in both places. These two cities are perhaps the most difficult ones for our mission work, but we dare not retreat. In the face of grave difficulties God has blessed both places. Eastern Bohemia, with its four churches well manned, gives us much joy. Last August a happy union was secured in Bystre, where for a year there had been two congregations and churches on the same ground. Mr. Kostomlatskv, the pastor, has been much blessed in Bystre. He still has chief care of our monthly Betanie. For some years we have published as supplement to Betanie the Old Testament notes that were prepared by the Bohemian brethren in the sixteenth century. This year we conclude such work on the Old Testament. These notes give us two large and important commentaries. Training class work has demanded time and strength that we could not well give, and yet in spite of ever-increasing cares we must continue to train helpers. Pastor Schwarz’s school at Feldkirchen, with over eighty orphans, is still the grand, noble work we have so often commended. We wish it were possible to aid him much more. Krabschitz School has done good work as usual, but, as we said last year, for the higher education of those women who are to carry our helpers we must look to Herrnhut, Saxony. We need as much money as ever for the education of women. For smaller girls we still endorse heartily the Krabschitz School. 104 Mission to Austria. [Report,

Our Bible-women have done grand work. We repeat all that was said of them in the report of 1892. Sunday-school Work, with Home Department. — The wish expressed in last year’s report that we might be able to do more for the children of our churches and for adults as well to secure increased study of the Bible has happily been realized. Through the kind assistance of Dr. Duncan and the Congregational Sunday-School Publishing Society, Boston, we are publishing the best helps for Bible study that have ever appeared in Bohemian dress — 3,000 copies monthly. It is safe to say that the study of the Scriptures among our people has been greatly increased by our Pomucka. Young Men’s Christian Association work has received a new impulse. State churches, which did not see their importance in 1886, are starting Young Men’s Christian Associations. Our Young Men’s Christian Association, as the oldest and strongest, will start in July a monthly paper, The Young Christian. Such a paper is very much needed. Our monthly Betanie will be published as usual the first of the month and our second paper at the middle of the month. In many ways our two papers will supplement each other. This brief report gives but an imperfect picture of the different departments of work connected with the mission to Austria. Our estimates, excepting for the two missionary families, are at almost starva­ tion rates. We cannot make our estimates less. The people here are, consider­ ing their poverty, doing remarkably well. Do not cut us down and thus crush us with increased burdens. This report is condensed from a more detailed statement sent by the Rev. A. W. Clark, senior missionary in Prague, and is in his own language, a record which must be eminently satisfactory to the friends of the Board. Appended is this estimate by a native Bohemian preacher of the value of the work of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions in Bohemia : — 1. It has aroused a new and mighty religious movement which never will stop. 2. It has placed great stress on the tremendous importance of conversion. Its churches are founded on the basis of conversion. 3. It has taught how to evangelize the nation; how to work, how to feel responsibility for others. 4. Its influence on other churches has been- mighty and blissful. Other churches have learned much from ours. 5. It has created a new and awakening literature (our tracts, books, our paper Pomucka, and especially the monthly B etan ie). It has been of immense help in circulating the Scriptures. 6. It founded the first Young Men’s Christian Association and taught how to work for young men. The results are far reaching (twelve other Young Men’s Christian Associations have been founded). 7. It was of special help in planting Sunday-schools. 8. It has taught how to seek lost, fallen women, founding The Rescue Home (the only one in all Bohemia and Austria). 9. It has helped to educate many girls, now influencing many family circles (Krabschitz-Brunn). Mission to Austria. 1893-] 1 0 5

10. It has shown how to educate workers in and for the vineyard of God, having won and for the most part practically trained the various helpers. This Bohemian preacher adds with much feeling: I myself, a fruit of the labors of the American Board, thank God daily that he sent his servants to my beloved nation to seek souls for Christ. I have been found through the instrumentality of the work of the American Board, and not only found for Christ but I am also his servant and' minister of his Word, trained by the mission­ aries of the American Board. God be praised for our dearly beloved American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions and its missionaries here ! TABULAR VIEW ()I< THE MISSIONS OF THE A. B. C. F. M. FOR THE YEAR 1892-93.

AMERICAN NATIVE LABORERS. LA1ÌORERS. PREACHING. CHURCHES. EDUCATION.

C o u .p.g k , H ig h , a n d Ho ar d in g C o m m o n MISSION'S S c h o o l s . S c h o o l s . \ v t> 3 bi> i i l ' l •Q ¡2 ; > •a a : o "H Ü -•= 5 6 « 'O « o ,s 5 ------j_ O

East Central Africa . iS8^ I 4 1 ¿ n il] ...... 1S35 '3 ! 71 75 9 20 9 2 1 1 ; 47 3 3 15 West Central Africa 1S80 ” 4 101 6,375 1,718 6,731 1,509 21 r 25 3 2 , 7 6 28 63 168 1,918 2,134 2,106 European T u rkey . 185S 11 13 915 310 365 49 >3 4 2U 96 36 345 345 40 W estern T u rkey . . 1S10 71 2,075 1,597 2,240 99 ° 67 7 i ° 5 ? 3 209 385 129 12,190 77 84 485 768 6,864 Central T u rkey . ‘ 1S47 3 °9 8,741 14,414 3.751 328 520 2 44 6 123| 2 0 L 596 5 5 6,659 176 53 9,962 9,i?i 123 ,oi 35,834 Eastern Turkey . .1836 5 *3 3 17 200: 15» -1 r 9 5 .0 ' 361 247 4,693 5,161 10,167 3 *5 3'-93 515 i ,662 671 118 431 1882 3 2 65 81 5 *6 670 1,014 5 6 175 40 i8 S 16 6 7 24 27 51 104 Jspsn * * • i 1869 IO 202 24 3 »; 84 160 202 6,183 M lcronesia3 1*852 6 39 94 6,373 30.000 9 6 ' 12,081 1,047 617 3 44 21 23 4 91 105 2,500 752 *,43° 21,667 M exico . . '1 8 7 2 5,495 21.000 44 3 .559 369 7 M 7 21 53 75 1.785 2 ,10 1 1,801 >; 6 24 596 715 i ,761 578 : 1872 i 15 i S' 2 26 *3 I 0 3 52 339 406 2,940 A ustria . . iC 522 525 1,398 402 i 1872 i 4° 2 *5 34 37 783 820 , oo 4 ! 8 ‘ ,479 2,110 676 165 3 4 Sandwich Islands ¡1872 i 1 130 137 1,600 10

T o t a l s . . . 96 n a g 1831 6 185 171*1 SS7 2 J 5 543i 1,476; 4 9 7 j 2 ,7 4 * ,323 72,230 52,878 1371831 ! 444 4 *.5 2 2 3,461 63 3,59i 40,863 50,533 ” 5,245

1 O f whom ten are also physicians. ! O f whom six are also physicians. " 1 ,le (romm?l1 Schools of Jaffna arc connected with the mission, although under a Board of Edu­ ’ The statistics from a portion of Micronesia are based on those of the preceding year cation. 1 heir teachers are not enumerated here. “ u * Including Hawaiian missionaries. 7 i"i\ty-fivc of which arc self supporting and independent, known as Kumi-ai churches havine 8 Including some not reported in schools. 11 ,110 members. 7 5 i 893-] Pecuniary Accounts. 107

PECUNIARY ACCOUNTS.

EXPENDITURES OF THE BOARD DURING THE YEAR ENDING A U G U S T 31, 1893.

COST OF THE MISSIONS.

Mission to West Central Africa.

Remittances, drafts, and p u r ch a ses...... $13,100.54 Expenses of missionaries in this co u n try...... 1,154.17 Outfits and traveling expenses of missionaries to A f r i c a ...... 2,625.00 Procuring and forwarding s u p p lie s...... 400.00 $17,279.71

Mission to East Central Africa. Remittances and purchases ...... $11,104.98 Expenses of missionary in this c o u n t r y ...... 350.00 Procuring and forwarding su p p lie s ...... 400.00 $11,854.98

Zulu Mission. Remittances, drafts, and p u rch ases...... $20,74549 Expenses of missionaries and their families in this c o u n t r y ...... 3,360.00 Outfits and traveling expenses to A f r i c a ...... 1.316.39 Grants for missionaries’ children in this c o u n t r y ...... 745-°o Procuring and forwarding s u p p lie s ...... 450.00 $26,616.88

European Turkey Mission. Remittances, purchases, and d r a f ts ...... $29,833.83 Expenses of missionaries and their families in this c o u n t r y ...... 3,230.00 Refit and traveling expenses to B u lg a r ia ...... 393.00 Grants for missionaries’ children in this c o u n t r y ...... 975*°° Procuring and forwarding s u p p lie s ...... 350.00 $34,781.83

Western Turkey Mission. Remittances, purchases, and d r a f t s ...... 587,474.09 Expenses of missionaries and their families in this co u n t r y ...... 5,020.26 Outfits and traveling expenses of missionaries to Tu r k e y ...... 6,258.29 Grants for missionaries’ children in this c o u n t r y ...... 865.00 Procuring and forwarding s u p p lie s ...... 1,000.00 $100,617.64

Central Turkey Mission. Remittances, drafts, and p u r ch a ses...... $28,574.51 Expenses of missionaries and their families in this c o u n t r y ...... 699.10 Grants for missionaries’ children in this c o u n t r y ...... 518.32 Procuring and forwarding s u p p lie s...... 350.00 $30,141.93

Eastern Turkey Mission. Remittances, purchases, and d r a fts ...... $47,23541 Expenses of missionaries and their families in this country ...... 2,481.27 Outfits and traveling expenses of missionaries to T u r k e y ...... *>739-55 Grants for missionaries’ children in this c o u n t r y ...... 1,252.88 Procuring and forvyarding s u p p lie s ...... 500.00 $53,209.11

Marathi Mission. Remittances, drafts, and p u rch ases...... $47>463-9x Expenses of missionaries and their families in this co u n t r y ...... 3>593-2S Outfits and traveling expenses of missionaries toIndia ...... 2,520.00 Grants for missionaries’ children in this c o u n t r y ...... 1,194.38 Procuring and forwarding s u p p lie s ...... 500.00 $55,271.57 io8 Pecuniary Accounts. [Report,

Madura Mission. Remittances, purchases, and d r a fts ...... $48,187.53 Expenses of missionaries and their families in this c o u n t r y ...... 1,888.02 Outfits and traveling expenses of missionaries to India ...... 1,550.00 ' Grants for missionaries’ children in this c o u n t r y ...... 750.00 Procuring and forwarding s u p p lie s ...... 650.00 $53,025.55

Ceylon Mission. Remittances, drafts, and p u rch ases...... $9,040.59 Expenses of missionaries and their families in this c o u n tr y ...... 1453.50 Outfits and traveling expenses of missionaries to C e y l o n ...... 3,537.85 Grant for missionaries’ children in this country ...... 150.00 Procuring and forwarding s u p p lie s ...... 300.00 $14481.94

South China Mission. Remittances and purchases ...... $5,259.79 Expenses of missionary in this c o u n t r y ...... 600.00 Procuring and forwarding s u p p lie s ...... 50.00 #5,909.79

Foochow Mission. Remittances, purchases, and d r a f ts ...... $16,005.88 Expenses of missionaries and their families in this c o u n t r y ...... 1,955.00 Outfits and traveling expenses to C h i n a ...... 3,199.23 Grants for missionaries' children in this c o u n tr y ...... 225.00 Procuring and forwarding s u p p lie s ...... 400.00 $21,785.11

North China Mission. Remittances, drafts, and p u rch ases...... $59,745-35 Expenses of missionaries and their families in this c o u n t r y ...... 4,008.33 Outfits and traveling expenses of missionaries to C h i n a ...... 4475.00 Grants for missionaries’ children in this c o u n t r y ...... 240.00 Procuring and forwarding s u p p lie s ...... 1,200.00 $69,668.68

Shansi Mission. Remittances, drafts, and p u r ch a ses...... $8,18049 Expenses of missionaries in this co u n try ...... 300.00 Outfit and traveling expenses to China ...... 675.00 Procuring and forwarding s u p p lie s ...... 400.00 $9,55549

Japan Mission. Remittances, purchases, and d r a f ts ...... $98,555.95 Expenses of missionaries and their families in this c o u n t r y ...... 7,199-33 Outfits and traveling expenses of missionaries to J a p a n ...... 1,731.20 Grants for missionaries’ children in this c o u n t r y ...... 900.00 Procuring and forwarding s u p p lie s ...... 1,300.00 $109,68648

Grants-inlaid to Sandwich Islands. Drafts and purchases...... $6,012.50 Procuring and forwarding supplies...... 73-42 $6,085.92

Micronesian Mission. Drafts and purchases...... $14,134.66 Running expenses of the Morning S ta r ...... 11,859.88 Repairs of do. ($2,021.54). and insurance of do. ($3,002)...... 5,023.54 Expenses of the schooner, Robert W. L a ga n ...... x,000.00 Insurance of do...... 487-50 Expenses of the schooner, Hiram Bingham ...... 500.00 Insurance of do...... 400.00 Expenses of missionaries in this country...... 1451.50 Outfits and traveling expenses of missionaries to H on olu lu ...... 350.00 Grants for missionaries’ children in this co u n try ...... 912.67 Procuring and forwarding supplies...... 400.00 $36,519.75

Mission to M exico,

Remittances, purchases, and forwarding supplies...... $24,190.73 Outfits and traveling expenses to M exico...... 876.81 Grants for missionaries' children in this c o u n tr y ...... 300.00 $25,367.54 1893.J Pecuniary Accounts. 109

Mission to Spain. Remittances, purchases, and forwarding su p p lies...... $14,274.77 Outfits and traveling expenses of missionaries to S p a i n ...... 2,784.37 Grants for missionaries' children in this c o u n t r y ...... 240.00 $17,299.14

Mission to Austria. Remittances ...... $10,351.71

COST OF COMMUNICATING INFORMATION. i. Agencies. Salary of Rev. C. H. Daniels, D.D...... $3,500.00 Traveling e x p e n s e s ...... 444-53 Salary of Rev. A. N. Hitchcock, PH .D ., and g r a n t ...... 3,500.00 Traveling e x p e n s e s ...... 254.85 Salary of Rev. C. C. Creegan, D.D., and g r a n t ...... 3,800.00 Traveling expenses ...... 758-29 Grant to Rev. S. J. Humphrey, D.D., for s e r v ic e s ...... 812.50 Traveling e x p e n s e s ...... 95.71 Circulars, tracts, postage, clerk hire, rent, and sta tio n ery...... 2,921.19 Traveling expenses of returned missionaries and others while on agencies . 4,080.69 Services of Dr. Strong in this d e p a r tm e n t...... 604-00 $20,771.76

2. Publications. Cost of Missionary Herald (including salaries of editor and gen­ eral agent, and copies sent gratuitously according to the rule of the Board to pastors, honorary members, donors, etc.) . . . $13,690.28 Deduct amount received from subscribers .... $5,534.68 for advertising ...... 631.50 6,166.18 $7,524.10 Annual Report, 1,650 c o p ie s ...... 49743 Dr. March’s sermon, 1,500 c o p ie s ...... 54-3° Almanacs, $739.83 less $500.72 received from s a l e s ...... 239.11 “ Mission Dayspring” ...... 251.90 Clerk h i r e ...... 347-oo Expenses of distribution of miscellaneous publications...... 50.00 Missionaries’ letters, tracts, and miscellaneous p r in tin g ...... $988.34 Less amounts received for “ Mission Stories” ($101.90) and Com­ memorative Volume ($ 3 -4 1)...... ^S-S1 883.03 $9,846.87

COST OF ADMINISTRATION. I. Department o f Correspondence. Salary of Dr. Clark, $3,500 less $941.64 received from Fund for Officers . $2,558.36 Salary of Dr. Alden, $3,500 less $941.64 received from Fund for Officers . 2,558.36 Salary of Dr. Smith, $3,500 and allowance, $1,500 ($5,000) less $941.64 received from Fund for Officers ...... 4,058.36 Clerk h i r e ...... 3.558.01 $12,733.09 2. Treasurer's Departmetit. Salary of Treasurer, $3,500 less $941.64 received from Fund for Officers . $2,558.36 Clerk h i r e ...... 4,662.01 $7,220.37

j>. New York City. Office r e n t ...... $700.00 Clerk h i r e ...... 640*58 Furniture, stationery, postage, and incidental e x p e n s e s ...... 358-47 $1,699.05

4. Miscellaneous Charges. Rent of the Missionary Rooms, in p a r t ...... $851.60 Care of do., and incidental expenses...... 601.21 Heating of do...... 300.00 Gas in do...... 100.00 Furniture and r e p a i r s ...... 682.70 Postage s t a m p s ...... I.356-99 Stationery, printing, and b i n d i n g ...... 425-27 Copying letters and documents ...... 1,118.03 Certificates of honorary m e m b e r s h ip ...... 43-7° Expenses of Annual M eetin g ...... 74I-I4 Books and periodicals for the library ...... 10043 Rent of boxes in safe deposit v a u lt s ...... 50.00 Bill of Examiner of a c c o u n t s ...... 75-°° Traveling expenses of members of the Prudential C o m m it t e e ...... 41.00 Expenses of Secretaries attending Missionary Conference in New York . . 64.70 $6,551.77

$768333.66 n o Pecuniary Accounts. [Report,

RECEIPTS OF THE BOARD DURING THE YEAR ENDING AUGUST 31, 1893.

Donations as acknowledged in the Missionary H erald ...... $483,187.78 Legacies „ „ „ „ 146,759.00 Interest on the General Permanent Fund, including $250 from the Caroline Phelps Stokes Legacy for the free distribution of missionary publications of the Board among ministers, missionaries, and o th e r s ...... 11,474.43 From the Legacy of Asa O t is ...... 30,864.73 From the Legacy of Samuel W . S w e t t ...... 7,000.00 $679,285.94 Balance on hand September 1, 1 8 9 2 ...... 728.99 Balance for which the Board was in debt August 31, 1 8 9 3 ...... 88,318.73

$768,333.66 LEGACY OF ASA OTIS, NEW LONDON, CONN.

In accordance with the action of the Board at its Annual Meeting in 1879 (see Annual Report, p. xi), the remainder of this legacy is set apart for new missions. Balance of securities remaining in the Treasurer's hands September 1, 1892, at par ...... $56>737-43 Appraised value of s a m e ...... $85,642.50 Received for Premiums and for sale of R ig h t s ...... 5,587.50 Received for Dividends and In te re st ...... 5,668.14 $67,993.07 Expended for new missions as follows: — West Central Africa M is s io n ...... $11,718.10 East Central Africa M i s s i o n ...... 5,810.33 South China Mission...... 5.*37-52 Shansi M is s io n ...... 8,198.78 $30,864.73

Balance August 31,18 93 ...... $37,128.34 Appraised value of securities now h e l d ...... $61,442.50

LEGACY OF SAMUEL W. SWETT, BOSTON.

In accordance with the action of the Board at its Annual Meeting in 1884 (see Annual Report, p. ix), this legacy is “ set apart to meet special calls for a brief period of years, in the evangelistic and educational departments of our missionary work abroad, emphasis being placed upon the present emergency in Japan and upon the great opportunity in China.” Balance of the Legacy, September 1, 1892 $10,913.99 Expended during the year ending August 31, 1893, and included in the fore­ going statement of “ Cost of the M issions " as follows: — For the North China M ission ...... $3,500.00 For the Japan M is s io n ...... 3,500.00 $7,000.00

Balance August 31, 1 8 9 3 ...... $3>9I3-99

PERMANENT FUNDS OF THE BOARD. ^

GENERAL PERMANENT FUND.

The amount of this Fund September 1, 1892, w a s ...... $224,90446 added during the y e a r ...... 200.00

$225,10446 PERMANENT FUND FOR OFFICERS.

The Permanent Fund for Officers amounts as last year t o ...... $59,608.00 The Income of this Fund, applied to salaries, w a s ...... 3.766-56

WILLIAM WHITE SMITH FUND.

This Fund amounts as last year t o ...... $35,000.00

HARRIS SCHOOL OF SCIENCE FUND.

This Fund amounts as last year t o ...... $25,000.00

ANATOLIA COLLEGE ENDOWMENT FUND.

This Fund was, September 1 ,1 8 9 2 ...... $21,112.87 Added during the y e a r ...... 964.75

$22,077.63 1893-] Pecuniary Accounts. i l l

HOLLIS MOORE MEMORIAL TRUST.

This Fund amounts as last year t o ...... $5,000.00

MISSION SCHOLARSHIPS.

This Fund September i, 1892, w a s ...... $6,397.41 Added during the y e a r ...... 310.00

$6,70741 C. MERRIAM FEMALE SCHOLARSHIP.

This Fund amounts as last year t o ...... $3,000.00

EUPHRATES COLLEGE FEMALE TEACHERS FUND.

This Fund amounts as last year t o ...... $2,500.00

BENJAMIN SCHNEIDER MEMORIAL FUND.

This Fund amounts as last year t o ...... $2,000.00

MARASH THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY ENDOWMENT.

This Fund, contributed by native brethren at Marash, is n o w ...... $1,800.00

GORDON THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, TUNG-CHO, CHINA.

This Fund, contributed by Hon. Nathaniel Gordon, Exeter, N. H., is n o w ...... $10,000.00

JAFFNA MEDICAL MISSION ENDOWMENT.

This Fund now amounts t o ...... $6,794.65

B o s t o n , October 2 ,1893. W e have examined the books and accounts of Langdon S. Ward, Treasurer of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, for the year ending August 31, 1893, and find them correct, showing a balance at the debit of the Board of Eighty-eight Thousand Three Hundred Eighteen and 73-100 Dollars. W e refer to the Report of the Expert Examiner employed by us to examine the books and verify the trial balance August 31, 1893. ^Ve have also examined the certificates of Stocks, Bonds, and other securities held by the Treasurer, representing the Investments of the several Funds of the Board, and find them to correspond with the Balance Sheet of August 31, 1893, and with the detailed statements of the books of the Board in which these Funds are entered. The Treasurer’s Bond, duly approved, was exhibited by the Chair­ man of the Prudential Committee.

S a m u e l J o h n so n , R ic h a r d H. St e a r n s , E d w in H. Ba k e r , Auditors. 112 Donations. [Report,

SUMMARY OF DONATIONS RECEIVED DURING THE YEAR.

MAINE. NEW JERSEY. D o n a tio n s ...... 6,192.11 D o n a tio n s...... 4 .5 3 7-9 * L egacies ...... 9,654.17 Donations for School F u n d ...... 78.90 Donations for School Fund . . . . • • • 438.72 Donations for Morning Star Mission . . . 49.88 Donations for Morning Star Mission . . 33.00 Donations for Young Missionaries’ Fund . 62.50 Donations for Mission Work for Women* 4,503.16 Donations for Mission Work for Women (of which 500 are legacies) ...... 2,859.40 $20,821.16 $7,588.60 NEW HAMPSHIRE. PENNSYLVANIA. D o n a tio n s ...... 6,956.13 D o n a tio n s ...... 2,341.60 L e g a c i e s ...... 7,667.21 L e g a c i e s ...... 6,937.49 Donations for School F u n d ...... 2 7 4 . 3 1 Donations for School Fund ...... 32.13 Donations for Morning Star Mission . . 12.50 Donations for Morning Star Mission . 10.50 Donations for Mission Work for Women Donations for Mission Work for Women 342.40 (of which $3,765.86 are legacies) . . 8,583.39 $9,664.12 $ , 2 3 493-54 DELAWARE. VERMONT. D o n a tio n s ...... D o n a tio n s ...... 8,655.78 L e g a c i e s ...... 9,036.61 Donations for School Fund . • • • • • - 221.16 MARYLAND. Donations for Morning Star Mission . . 12.99 D o n a tio n s ...... , 1,168.66 Advanced Contributions ...... 32.00 Donations for School F u n d ...... 15.00 Donations for Mission Work for Women Donations for Mission Work for Women . 125.28 (of which $2,467.22 are legacies) . . 9,440.7° $1,308.94 $27,399.24 VIRGINIA. MASSACHUSETTS. D o n a tio n s ...... 44-54 Donations lor Mission Work for Women , 50.50 D o n a tio n s...... 86,421.84 L e g a c i e s ...... s6,°95-36 $95.04 Donations for School F u n d ... 1,397.90 Donations for Morning Star Mission . . 190.78 WEST VIRGINIA. D onations for Y oun g M issionaries’ Fund 50.00 D o n a tio n s ...... 19.30 Advanced Contributions ...... i,335-oo Donations for Morning Star Mission . , 5.70 Donations for Mission Workfor Women (of which $20,462.90 are legacies) . . 68,709.34 $25.00

$214,200.22 DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA. D o n a tio n s ...... 634.14 RHODE ISLAND. Donations for School F u n d ...... 10.00 D o n a tio n s ...... 2,962.10 Donations for Mission Work for Women . 509.03 L egacies ...... 220.00 Donations for School F u n d ...... 81.12 $ 1 ,153-17 Donations for Mission Work for Women , 4,299.80 NORTH CAROLINA. $7,563.02 D o n a tio n s ...... 101.21 Donations for Mission Work for Women . CONNECTICUT. 36.51 Donations ...... 31,769.63 $ 137-72 L e g a c i e s ...... 17,680.00 Donations for School Fund ...... 724.26 SOUTH CAROLINA. Donation for Morning Star Mission . . 230.85 D o n a tio n s ...... 10.00 121.56 Donations for Young Missionaries’ Fund Donations for Mission Work for Women . 2.00 Advanced Contributions ...... 1,000.00 Donations for Mission Work for Women $ 1 9 . 0 0 (of which $2,815.39 are legacies) . . 26,310.88 GEORGIA. $77,837.18 D o n a tio n s ...... , 25.80 Donations for Mission Work for Women N E W Y O R K . 133-96 Donations ...... 38,555.01 $159.76 L e g a c i e s ...... 30,378.83 Donations for School F u n d ...... 612.15 FLORIDA. Donations for Morning Star Mission . . 474-74 D o n a tio n s ...... 183.67 Donations for Young Missionaries’ Fund 81.00 Donations for School F u n d ...... 2.51 Advanced Contributions ...... 10.00 Donations for Morning Star Mission . . 4.50 Donations for Mission Work for Women 7,989.00 Donations for Mission Work for Women . 89.80

$78,100.73 $280.48

* The donations for Mission Work for Women (excepting those from the Woman’s Board for the Pacific, and the Canada Board) are taken from Life and Light, and differ somewhat from amounts in the Herald. 18930 Donations. 113

ALABAMA. MICHIGAN. D o n a tio n s ...... 179.08 D o n a t i o n s ...... 9,53i.67 Donations for School F u n d ...... 8.89 L e g a c ie s ...... 1,000.00 Donations for Mission Work for Women 36.00 Donations for School F u n d ...... 79.81 Donations for Morning Star Mission . . 1.30 $223.97 Donation for Young Missionaries’ Fund 62.50 Donations for Mission Work for Women . 7,010.61 MISSISSIPPI. $17,685.89 D o n a tio n s...... Donations for Mission Work for Women . WISCONSIN. D o n a t i o n s ...... 4,738.56 $14.15 Legacies ...... 310.00 Donations for School Fund 215.95 LOUISIANA. Donations for Morning Star Mission . 4-55 D o n a tio n s ...... 9.00 Donations for Young Missionaries’ Fund 155-39 Donations for Mission Work for Women Donations for School F u n d ...... I.OO 5,019.44 Donations for Mission Work for Women 17-63 $10,443.89 $27.63 IOWA. D o n a tio n s ...... TENNESSEE. 3,526.86 L e g a c i e s ...... 351-14 D o n a tio n s ...... , 223.21 Donations for School Fund ...... 255-18 Donations for School F u n d ...... 17.78 Donations for Morning Star Mission . . 8.59 Donations for Mission Work for Women 9 ° 5 Donations for Young Missionaries’ Fund 180.64 Donations for Mission Work for Women 7,374-37 $250.04 $11,696.78 ARKANSAS. MINNESOTA. D o n a tio n s ...... 6.00 D o n a tio n s ...... Donations for Mission Work for Women 6.60 *,314.90 Donations for School Fund ...... 146.18 Donations for Young Missionaries' Fund . $12.60 71.20 Donations for Mission Work for Women . 5 ,952-52 TEXAS. [>8,484.80 D o n a tio n s ...... 293.50 Donations for School F u n d ...... 80 KANSAS. Donations for Mission Work for Women 169.25 D o n a tio n s ...... 750.92 Donations for School Fund ...... 50.96 $463.55 Donations for Morning Star Mission . 2.10 Donations for Young Missionaries' Fund 73-30 INDIANA. Donations for Mission Work for Women 1,262.83

D o n a tio n s ...... 233.08 ^2,I40.ll L e g a c i e s ...... 1,887.68 Donations for School Fund ...... i o -53 NEBRASKA. Donations for Young Missionaries’ Fund . 6.25 D o n a tio n s ...... 1,293.69 Donations for Mission Work for Women . 1,169.80 Donations for School Fund . . . . . 65-54 Donations for Young Missionaries’ Fund . 120.00 $ 3, 307-34 Donations for Mission Work for Women . 2,221.26 KENTUCKY. $ 3 ,7°O-40 Donations 12.56 CALIFORNIA. D o n a tio n s ...... 6,805.35 Legacies ...... I.OSO.OO MISSOURI. Donations for School F u n d ...... 23.85 Donations for Morning Star Mission . 18.25 D o n a tio n s ...... 1,243.09 Donations for Young Missionaries’ Fund 15.10 Donations for School F u n d ...... 100.83 Advanced Contributions ...... 15.00 Donations for Morning Star Mission 4.50 Donations for Mission Work for Women Donations for Young Missionaries’ Fund 26.6O 5,868.56 Donations for Mission Work for Women 3 702.90 , $ 13,796.11 $5,077.92 OREGON. D o n a tio n s...... 253.58 OHIO. Donations for School Fund ...... 6.00 Donations for Mission Work for Women D o n a tio n s ...... 9 ,576-45 L e g a c i e s ...... 3,000.00 1 )onalions for School F u n d ...... 378.01 $260.58 Donations for Morning Star Mission 42.87 COLORADO. Donations for Young Missionaries’ Fund 64.44 Donations for Mission Work for Women 7,396.69 D o n a tio n s ...... 606.59 Donations for School Fund ...... 10.00 $20,458.46 Donations for Young Missionaries’ Fund . 20.00 Donations for Mission Work for Women . 1,594-21 ILLINOIS. $2,230.80 D o n a tio n s ...... 14,308.87 WASHINGTON. L e g a c i e s ...... 77I -93 Donations for School F u n d ...... 698.78 D o n a tio n s ...... 312-73 Donations for Morning Star Mission 50-42 Donations for School Fund ...... 14-50 Donations for Young Missionaries’ Fund 822.16 Donations for Morning Star Mission . . 2.50 Donations for Mission Work for Women 27,906.15 Donations for Mission Work for Women 6.00

$44, 558.31 $ 335-73 114 Donations. [Report,

NORTH DAKOTA. FOREIGN LANDS AND MISSIONARY D o n a tio n s ...... 9a.*5 STATIONS. D onations for Y o u n g M issionaries’ Fund 37-50 Donations for Mission Work for Women 191.28 D o n a tio n s ...... 2,414.90 L e g a c i e s ...... 628.58 $321.03 D onations for Morning Star Mission . . *0.45 SOUTH DAKOTA. Donations for Mission Work for Women . 468.11 D o n a tio n s ...... 520.09 $3,522.04 Donations for School Fund . 28.70 Donations for Young Missionaries’ Fund 56-03 Donations for M ission W ork for W om en 863.83 FROM JAFFNA MEDICAL MISSION $1,468.65 FUND. MONTANA. D o n a tio n s ...... 29-37 For outfit and traveling expenses of Dr. Donations for School Fund...... 6.60 and Mrs. T. B. Scott...... 1,668.70 Donations for M ission W ork for W om en 100.88

$136-85 WILLIAM WHITE SMITH FUND. IDAHO. D o n a tio n s ...... 16.00 Income for education of native preachers and teachers in Africa ...... 1,666.88 WYOMING. D o n a tio n s ...... 43.00 Donations for School Fund ...... 2.00 COLLECTIONS FOR THE SCHOONER D onations for Y oun g M issionaries’ Fund 10.00 “HIRAM BINGHAM."

$55.00 Acknowledged in detail elsewhere .... 5,152.48 TERRITORY OF UTAH. D o n a tio n s ...... 7 3 -5° Donations for School F u n d ...... 22.30 BENJAMIN SCHNEIDER FUND.

$95.80 Income for training preachers in Central ARIZONA TERRITORY. T u rk e y , care of R ev. A . Fuller . . . 60.00 D o n a tio n s ...... 12.00 Donations for Mission Work for Women 16.35 FROM INCOME MISSION SCHOLAR­ $28.35 SHIPS. INDIAN TERRITORY. D o n a tio n s ...... 12.00 As acknowledged in October Mission­ Donations for Mission Work for Women 6.14 ary H e ra ld ...... 304.28

$18.14 OKLAHOMA. INCOME ENDOWMENT ANATOLIA Donations ...... 15.81 COLLEGE. Donations for School Fund ...... 2.74 Income, in part, for use at Marsovan . . 440.00 $18.55

TERRITORY OF NEW MEXICO. TOTAL. Donations for School F u n d ...... 3.70 Donations for Mission Work for Women 16.35 Donations ...... s5a.907.58 L e g a c i e s ...... 146,759.00 Donations for School Fund ...... 6,038.79 $2 0 .0 ^ CANADA. Donations for Morning Star Mission . . 1,177.27 Donations for Young Missionaries' Fund 2,036.17 Province of Ontario. Donations — advanced contributions . . 2,392.00 D o n a t io n s ...... 4&7-34 Donations for Mission Work for Women Donations for Morning Star as above, $213,890.71 (of which $30,- M i s s i o n ...... 1.00 468.34 011.37 are from legacies) the difference Province of Quebec. being explained by note on page 112 209,343.63 D o n a t io n s ...... 2,381.19 Donations for schooner Hiram Bingham 5,1^2.48 L egacies ...... 90.00 From Jaffna Medical Mission Fund . . . 1,668.70 Donations for Morning Star Income of William White Smith Fund . 1,666.88 M i s s i o n ...... 5.30 2,476.49 Income of Benjamin Schneider Fund . . 60.00 Donations from Canada for Mission Work Income of Mission Scholarships .... 304.28 for W o m e n ...... 1,513.60 Income of Endowment Anatolia College . 440.00

$4 ,458-43 $629,946.78 1893-J Receipts. — Places of Meeting.

RECEIPTS OF THE BOARD.

The following table exhibits the income of the Board from all sources since its organization : —

For the yearending For the year ending S e p te m b e r, 1811 , . . . J u ly 31, 1851 . A u g u s t 31, 1812 . . . . 1852 . 301,732.20 II 1813 . . . . . 11,361.18 1853 • gi4,922.88 » 1814 . . . . 1854 . 1815 . . . . • • • 9493-89 1855 . 310,427.77 1816 . . . . 1S56 . 1817 . . . . • • - 29.948-63 1857 . 1818 . . . . 1858 . 334,01848 1819 . . . . - • . 37.520.63 1859 • 1820 . . . . • • • 39,949-45 i 860 . 1821 . . . . • - • 46.354-95 A u g u s t 31, 1861 . 1822 . . . . 1862 » 1823 . . . . - • . 55.758-94 1863 . }» 1824 . . . . 1864 . 531,985.67 1825 ...... 55,7i 6. i 8 1865 . 1826 . . . . 1866 . 1827 ...... 88,341.89 1867 . 1828 . . . . 1868 . 535,838.64 1829 . . . . 1869 . 525,214.95 1S30 ...... 83,019.37 1870 . 1831 ...... 100,934.09 1871 . 1832 . . . . • • • I3° ,57412 1872 . 1833 . . . . • • • 145.84 7-77 .. *873 • 1834 ...... 152,386.10 1874 . 478,256.51 J u ly 31, 1835 ...... 163,340.19 1875 . 1836 ...... 176,232.15 1876 . 1837 ...... 252,076.55 1877 . 44I .39M 5 1838 . . . . 1878 . 482,204.73 1S39 . . . . 1879 . 518,386.06 „ 1840 . . . . 1880 . 613,539-51 » 1841 . . . . . 235,189.30 1881 . 691,245.16 It 1842 ...... 318,396.53 ,, 1882 . 651,976.84 II * 1843 . . . . • - - 244,25443 1883 . 590,995.67 tl 1844 . . . . • • • 236,394.37 1884 . 588,353.51 1845 . . . . • • • 255,112.96 1885 . 625,832.54 1846 ...... 262,073.55 1886 . Ó5S,754-42 1847 . . . . 1887 . 679,573-79 „ 1848 . . . . 1888 . 665,712.21 1849 . . . - • • 291,705-27 1889 . 685,111.33 „ 1850 . . . . 1890 . 762,585.63 A u g u s t 31, 1891 ...... $824,325. A u g u s t 31, 1892 . . A u g u s t 31,1893 ...... 679,285.

PLACES OF MEETING AND PREACHERS.

Year. Place o f M eeting Preacher. Text. 1810. Farmington. No Sermon. 1811. W o rc e ste r . N o S e rm o n . 1812. Hartford. No Sermon. 1813. B oston . ♦Timothy Dwight, D.D. John x, 16. 1814. New Haven. •James Richards, D.D. Ephesians iii, 8. 1815. S a lem . ♦Calvin Chapin, D.D. Psalm xcvi, 10. 1816. Hartford. ♦Henry Davis, D.D. Psalm cxix, 96. . 1817. Northampton. ♦Jesse Appleton, D.D. 1 Corinthians i, 21. 1818. N e w H a v e n . ♦Samuel Spring, D.D. Acts viii, 30, 31. 1819. B o sto n . ♦Joseph Lyman, D.D. Isaiah lviii, 12. 1820. H a rtfo rd . ♦Eliphalet Nott, D.D. M a r k x v i, 15. 1 1 6 Places o f Meeting and Preachers. [Report,

Ÿear. Place o f Meeting. Preacher. Text. 1821. Springfield. •Jedidiah Morse, D.D. Psalm ii, 8. 1822. New Haven. •Alexander Proudfit, D.D. Malachi i, 11. 1823. Boston. ♦Jeremiah Day, D.D. Nehemiah vi, 3. 1824. Hartford. ♦Samuel Austin, D.D. Galatians i, 15, 16. 1825. N orthampton. •Joshua Bates, D.D. John viii, 32. 1826. Middletown. •Edward D. Griffin, d .d . Matthew xxviii, 18, 20. 1S27. New York. •Lyman Beecher, D.D. Luke xi, 21; Rev. etc. 1828. Philadelphia. •John H. Rice, D.D. 2 Corinthians x, 4. 1829. Albany. •Archibald Alexander, D.D. Acts xi, 18. 1830. Boston. •Thomas De Witt, D.D. Matthew ix, 37, 38. 1831. New Haven. •Leonard Woods, D.D. Isaiah Ixii, 1, 2. 1832. New York. •William Allen, D.D. John viii, 36. 1833. Philadelphia. •William Murray, D .n . 2 Corinthians x, 4. 1834. Utica, •Gardner Spring, D.D. Matthew x, 6. 1835. Baltimore. •Samuel Miller, D.D. Numbers xiv, 21. 1836. Hartford. •John Codman, D.D. Matthew x, 8. 1837. Newark. •John McDowell, D .n. Acts iv, 12. 1838. Portland. •Heman Humphrey, D.D. Psalm cii, 13-16. 1839. Troy. •Thomas McAuley, D.D. Isaiah xi, 9. 1840. Providence. •Nathan S. S. Beman, D.D. Psalm lxxii, 17. 1841. Philadelphia. •Justin Edwards, D.D. Zachariah iv, 9. 1842. Norwich. •William R. De Witt, D.D. 2 Corinthians v, 14, 1843. Rochester. •Thomas H. Skinner, D.D. Philippians iii, 13. 1844. Worcester. •Rev. Albert Bames. Luke xiv, 28-32. 1845. Brooklyn. •Mark Hopkins, D.D. Psalm lv, 22. 1846. New Haven. •Joel Hawes, D.D. 1 Samuel vii, 12. 1S47. Buffalo. •David Magie, D.D. Isaiah xxxii, 15. 1S4S. Boston. •Isaac Ferris, D.D. Matthew vi, 10. 1849. Pittsfield. •Samuel H. Cox, D.D. Daniel vii, 27. 1850. Oswego. •Richard S. Storrs, D.D. 1 Corinthians xv, 58. 1851. Portland. •David H. Riddle, D.D. Isaiah xli, 14, 15. 1852. Troy. •Leonard Bacon, D.D. 2 Corinthians v, 7. 1853. Cincinnati. •William Adams, D D. Matthew xiii, 38. 1854. Hartford. ^ •Charles While, D.I). Matthew vi, 10. 1 8 5 5 . Utica, ■” •Nehemiah Adams, D.D. Galatians ii, 20. 1856. Newark. •George W . Bethune, D.D. 1 Timothy i, i£. 1857. Providence. * \ I . La Rue P. Thompson, D.D. Matthew xxviii, 20. 1858.' Detroit. •George Shepard, D.n. Luke xi, 41. 1859- Philadelphia. Robert W . Patterson, D.D. Matthew xiii, 33. i860. Boston. •Samuel W . Fisher, D.D. Isa. xiv, 1-6; xliii, 21. 1861. Cleveland. Richard S. Storrs, Jr., D.D. 1 Corinthians i, 28. 1862. Springfield. •Henry Smith, D.D. John xvii, 20, 2i. 1863. Rochester. •Elisha L. Cleveland, D.D. 1 ,uke xxiv, 45-47. 1864. Worcester. •Jonathan B. Condit, D.D. Philippians ii, 15, 16. 1865. Chicago. •Edward N. Kirk, D.D. 2 Corinthians v, 7. i 860. Pittsfield. •Laurens 1‘. Hickok, D.D. Philippians ii, 10, 11. 1867. Buffalo. •Joseph P. Thompson, D .n. John i, 4. 1868. Norwich. Henry A. Nelson, D.D. *|ohn xii, 32. 1869. Pittsburgh. •John Todd, d .d . Malachi i, 11. 1870. Brooklyn. •Jonathan F. Steams, D.D. Matthew xxviii, 18-20. 187L Salem. •Truman M. Post, D.D. Mark x, 45. 1872. New Haven. Samuel C. Bartlett, D.D. x Corinthians ii, 1-5. 1873. Minneapolis. Julius H. Seelye, D.D. Romans iv, 25. 1874. Rutland. Henry M. Scudder, D.D. Romans x, 14, 15. 1875. Chicago. •Israel W . Andrews, D.D. Romans i, 14. 1876. Hartford. William M. Taylor, D.D. Ezekiel xlvii, 9. 1877. Providence. Tames H. Fairchild, D.D. 1 John iv, 20. 1878. Milwaukee. Henry H. Jessup, D.D. Address. 1879. Syracuse. George F. Magoun, D.D. Matthew xxviii, 18,19, 1880. Lowell. •Jacob M. Manning, D.D. Rev. xxi, 1. 1881. St. Louis. A. J. F. Behrends, D.D. Luke xiv, 28, 30. 1882. Portland. Edward P. Goodwin, D.D. Acts xiii, 2. 1883. Detroit. William M. Barbour, D.D. Mark xii, 31. 1884. Columbus. •Aaron L. Chapin, d .d . Acts xx, 24. 1885. Boston. Geo. Leon Walker, D.D. Hebrews xi, 13,39,40. 1886. Des Moines. John L. Withrow, D.D. Acts xxvi, 17, 18. 1887. Springfield. Frederick A. Noble, d .d . Luke xi, 2. [23. 1888. Cleveland. Henry Hopkins, D.D. John xiv, 6; Eph. i, 1889. New York. Lewellyn Pratt, D.D. John xx, 21-23. 1890. Minneapolis. Arthur Little, D.D. John xii, 24. 1891. Pittsfield. Edwin B. Webb, D.D. 1 Corinthians iii, 9. 1892. Chicago. Daniel March, D.D. Matt, xxi, 5. 1893. Worcester. Albert J. Lyman, D.D. 1 Cor. ix, 19-23. 1893.] Missionaries of the Board. 1 1 7

MISSIONARIES OF THE BOARD.

The following list presents the names of Missionaries now in connection with the Board, in the field, or expecting to return, giving the year in which they went out, the Missions and Stations with which they are connected, but not in all cases their Post Office addresses. These Post Office addresses are given in the American Board Almanac.

MISSIONARIES. W E N T OUT MISSIONARIES. WENT OUT

ZULU MISSION. M rs. A nnie M . F a y , 1886 R ev . W esley M . Stover, Bailundu, 1882 Rev. Stephen C. Pixley, Inanda, 185S M rs. Bertha D . Stover, 1882 Mrs. Louisa Pixley, 185s Rev. Henry M. Bridgman, Umzumbe, i860 Rev. Walter T. Currie, Chisamba, 1886 Mrs. Laura B. Bridgman, i860 M rs. M arion M . W ebster, Bailundu, 1887 Mrs. Oriana R. Ireland, Amanzimtote, 1865 Rev. Thomas W. Woodside, Ondulu, 1888 Mrs. Mary K. Edwards, Inanda, 1868 M rs. Em m a D . W oodside, 1888 Miss Gertrude R. Hance, Esidumbini, 1870 R ev . W ilberforce L ee, Ondulu, 1889 M rs. A gn es A . L ee, 1891 Rev. Charles W. Kilbon, Amanzimtote, 1873 Mrs. Mary B. Kilbon, 1873 Rev. Frank W. Read, Bailundu, 1892 Miss Martha E. Price, Inanda, 1877 M rs. A nnie W . R ead, 1892 Rev. Hebert D. Goodenough, Umvoti, 1881 M iss A m y Johnston, Chisamba, 1893 Mrs. Caroline L. Goodenough, 1881 M iss H elen J. M elville, Chisam ba, 1893 Rev. William C. Wilcox, Mapumulo, 1881 Mrs. Ida B. Wilcox, 1 881 R ev. Charles W . H olbrook, M apumulo, 1883 EUROPEAN TURKEY MISSION. Mrs. Sarah E. Holbrook, 1883 Rev. Elias Riggs, d . d . , l l . d . , Constantinople, 1832 Miss Fidelia Phelps, Inanda, 1884 Rev. James F. Clarke, Samokov, 1859 Rev. David H. Harris, Amahlongwa, 1887 M rs. Isabella G . C larke, 1859 Mrs. Euphemia S. Harris, 1888 Rev. Henry C. Haskell, d . d . , Sam okov, 1862 Miss Martha H. Pixley, Amanzimtote, 1889 M rs. M argaret B. H askell, 1862 R ev. Jam es C . Dorward, U m sunduzi, 1890 Rev. Lewis Bond, Jr., Monastir, 1868 M rs. Florence A . Dorward, 1890 M rs. Fannie G . Bond, 1868 R ev. Charles N . Ransom , Am anzim tote, 1890 Miss Esther T. Maltbie, Samokov, 1870 Mrs. Susan H. C. Ransom, 1890 Rev. George D. Marsh, Philippopolis, 1872 Miss Agnes M. Bigelow, Umzumbe, 1891 M rs. U rsula C. M arsh, 1875 Miss Alice F. Stillson, Umzumbe, 1891 Rev. John W. Baird, Monastir, 1872 Burt N. Bridgman, m . d . , Amanzimtote, 1892 M rs. Ellen R . Baird, 1870 Mrs. Esther H. Bridgman, 1892 Rev. J. Henry House, d . d ., Samokov. 1872 G eorge B. Cowles, J r., Am anzim tote, 1893 M rs. Addie B. H ouse, 1872 Mrs. Amy Hridgman Cowles, i 8 93 Miss Ellen M. Stone, Philippopolis, 1878 Miss Laura C. Smith, Amanzimtote, 1893 Rev. Frederick L. Kingsbury, M .D ., Sam okov, 1881 M rs. Luella L. K ingsb ury, 1881 EAST CENTRAL AFRICAN MISSION. Rev. Robert Thomson, Constantinople, 1881 Until explorations are completed the station of the M rs. A gnes C. Thom son, 1881 mission will be near Mt. Selinda, Gazaland. M iss H arriet L . Cole, M onastir, 1883 M iss M ary L . M atthew s, M onastir, 1888 Rev. George A. Wilder, 1880 M iss M ary M . H askell, Sam okov, 1890 Mrs. Alice C. Wilder, 1880 R ev. W illiam P. C larke, Sam okov, 1891 Rev. Francis W. Bates, 1888 R ev. Edward B. H askell, M onastir, 1891 Mrs. Laura H. Bates, 1888 M rs. M artha H . H askell, 1891 Miss Nancy Jones, 1888 Rev. Fred R. Bunker, 1891 Mrs. Isabel H. Bunker, 1891 William L. Thompson, m . d ., 1891 WESTERN TURKEY MISSION. Mrs. Mary E. Thompson, 1888 Mrs. Isabella H. Bliss, Constantinople, 1843 Mrs. Catherine Parsons, Constantinople, 1850 WEST CENTRAL AFRICAN MISSION Rev. Wilson A. Farnsworth, d . d . , C esarea, 1852 Rev. William H. Sanders, Kamundongo, 1880 Mrs. Caroline E. Farnsworth, 1852

Mrs. Sarah Bell Sanders, Kamundongo, 1888 Rev. I. Fayette Pettibone, d . d . , Constantinople, 1855

Rev. William E. l'ay, Kamundongo, 1882 Rev. Joseph K. Greene, d . d ., Constantinople, 1859 118 Missionaries of the Board. [Report,

Mrs. Elisabeth A. Greene, 1859 CENTRAL TURKEY MISSION. Rev. George F. Herrick, d . d . , M arsovan, 1859 Mrs. Josephine L. Coffing, Hadjin, 1857 Mrs. Helen M. Herrick, 1859 Mrs. Margaret R. Trowbridge, Constantinople, 1861 Rev. John F. Smith, Marsovan, 1863 Mrs. Emily R. Montgomery, Adana, 1863 Mrs. Sarah E. Smith, 1874 Rev. Lucien H. Adams, Kessab, 1865 Miss Eliza Fritcher, Marsovan, 1863 Miss Corinna Shattuck, Oorfa, 1873 Rev. Moses P. Parmelee, m . d . , Trebizond, 1863 M iss Ellen M . Pierce, Aintab, 1874 Mrs. Julia F. Parmelee, 1871 Rev. Americus Fuller, d .d ., A intab, 1874 Rev. Henry T. Perry, Sivas, 1866 M rs. A m elia D . Fuller, 1874 Mrs. Mary H. Perry, 1892 Rev. Thomas D. Christie, Tarsus, 1877 Rev. Theodore A. Baldwin, Brousa, 1867 Mrs. Carmelite B. Christie, 1877 Mrs. Matilda J. Baldwin, 1867 R ev. Charles S. Sanders, A intab, 1879 Rev. Charles C. Tracy, Marsovan, 1867 Mr. Charles W. Riggs, Aintab, 1880 Mrs. Myra P. Tracy, 1867 Mrs. Electa C. Riggs, 1873 Rev. Lyman Bartlett, Smyrna, 1867 Rev. Lucius O. Lee, Marash, 1880 Miss Sarah A. Closson, Cesarea, 1867 M rs. C lara H . Lee, 1879 Rev. Henry S. Barnum, Constantinople, 1867 Mrs. Etta C. Marden, Marash, 1881 Mrs. Helen P. Barnum, 1869 Miss Ellen M. Blakely, Marash, 1885 Rev. Henry O. Dwight, Constantinople, 1867 Rev. Willis W. Mead, Adana, 1886 Mrs. Isabella S. Dwight, 1887 Mrs. Harriet N. Mead, 1880 Rev. Edward Riggs, Marsovan, 1869 Miss Lizzie S. Webb, Adana, 1886 Mrs. Sarah H. Riggs, 1869 Miss Eula G. Bates, Hadjin, 1889 Miss Laura Farnham, Adabazar, 1871 Miss Ida Mellinger, Oorfa, 1890 Miss Mary M. Patrick, Constantinople, 1871 Miss Mary G. Webb, Adana, 1890 Miss Phebe L. Cull, Brousa, 1871 Miss Elizabeth M. Trowbridge, Aintab, 1891 Rev. Albert W. Hubbard, Sivas, 1873 Miss Harriet A. Lovell, Marash, 1892 Mrs. Emma R. Hubbard, 1873 M iss M eda H ess, M arash, 1893 Miss Hattie G. Powers, Bardezag, 1875 Rev. James L. Fowle, Cesarea, 1878 Mrs. Caroline P. Fowle, 1878 EASTERN TURKEY MISSION. Rev. Robert Chambers, Bardezag, 1879 Rev. George C. Knapp, Bitlis, 1855 M rs. Elizabeth L. Chambers, 1879 Mrs. Alzina M. Knapp, 1855 Rev. Lyndon S. Crawford, Brousa, 1879 Rev. Orson P. Allen, Harpoot, 1855 Mrs. Olive X. Crawford, 1881 M rs. Caroline R . A llen, 1855 Miss Martha J. Gleason, Constantinople, 1880 Rev. Crosby H. Wheeler, d . d ., H arpoot, 1857 Mbs Clarissa D. Lawrence, Smyrna, 1880 Mrs. Susan A. Wheeler, 1857 Miss Fannie E. Burrage, Cesarea, 1880 Rev. Herman N. Barnum, d . d ., H arpoot, 1858 Mr. William W. Peet, Constantinople, 18B1 Mrs. Mary E. Barnum, 1859 Mrs. Martha H. Peet, 1881 Miss Hattie Seymour, Harpoot, 1867 Mrs. Fannie M. Newell, Constantinople, 1882 Rev. Alpheus N. Andrus, Mardin, 1868 Miss Isabella F. Dodd, Constantinople, 1882 Mrs. Olive L. Andrus, 1868 Miss Emily McCallum, Smyrna, 1883 Miss Charlotte E. Ely, Bitlis, 1868 Miss Flora A. Fensham, Constantinople, 1883 Miss M. A. C. Ely, Bitlis, 1868 Miss Helen E. Melvin, Constantinople, 1883 Rev. Royal M. Cole, Bitlis, 1868 Miss Ida W. Prime, Constantinople, 1884 Mrs. Lizzie Cole, 1868 Rev. William S. Dodd, m . d . , Cesarea, 1886 Rev. George C. Raynolds, m . d ., Van, 1869 Mrs. Mary L. Dodd, 1886 Mrs. Martha W. Raynolds, 1869 Miss Marion E. Sheldon, Adabazar, 1886 Miss Caroline E. Bush, Marsovan, 1870 Rev. James P. McNaughton, Smyrna, 1887 Daniel M. B. Thom, m . d . , M ardin, 1874 Mrs. Rebecca G. McNaughton, 1885 Mrs. Helen L. Thom, 1886 Miss Mary E. Brewer, Sivas, 1888 Miss Clarissa H. Pratt, Mardin, 1875 Miss Susan H. Olmstead, Constantinople, 1889 Rev. John K. Browne, Harpoot, 1875 Rev. George E. White, Marsovan, 1890 Mrs. Leila Browne, 1876 Mrs. Esther B. White, 1890 Rev. Willis C. Dewey, Mardin, 1877 Miss Cornelia S. Bartlett, Smyrna, 1890 Mrs. Seraphina S. Dewey, 1877 Miss Anna B. Jones, Constantinople, 1890 Rev. William N. Chambers, Erzroom, 1879 Miss Johanna Zimmer, Constantinople, 1890 Mrs. Cornelia P. Chambers, 1879 Rev. Alexander Me Lachlan, Smyrna, 1890 Miss Emily C. Wheeler, Harpoot, 1880 Mrs. Rose H. McLachlan, 1891 Rev. C. Frank Gates, Mardin, 1881 Miss Susan C. Hyde, Adabazar, 1891 Mrs. Mary E. Gates, 1883 Miss Florence E. Griswold, Brousa, 1891 Miss Lauraette E. Johnson, Van, 1882 Miss Susan D. Riggs, Marsovan, 1892 Miss Grace N. Kimball, m . d ., V an , 1882 Rev. Henry K. Wingate, Cesarea, 1893 Rev. James L. Barton, Harpoot, 1885 Mrs. Jane C. Wingate, 1887 Mrs. Flora E. Barton, 1885 Miss Frances C. Gage, Marsovan, ï®93 Miss Mary L. Daniels, Harpoot, 1885 Miss Martha A. King, Marsovan, 1893 Miss Maria G. Nutting, Mardin, 1886 Miss Sarah H. Harlow, Smyrna, «893 Rev. David A. Richardson, Erzroom, 1888 1893-] Missionaries of the Board. 1 1 9

Mrs. Myra E. Richardson, 1888 Rev. Hervey C. Hazen, Manamadura, 1867 Miss Emma M. Barnum, Harpoot, 1889 Mrs. Hattie A. Hazen, 1884 Rev. Frederic D. Greene, Van, 1890 Mrs. Martha J. Noyes, Madura, 1881 M rs. Sarah A . Greene, 1890 Miss Eva M. Swift, Madura, 1884 CO CO Rev. George P. Knapp, Bitlis, 1890 Rev. James C. Perkins, Arrupukottai, ui Mrs. Anna J. Knapp, 1890 Mrs. Charlotte J. Perkins, 1885 R ev . Frederic \V. M acallum , Erzroom , 1890 Miss Pauline Root, m .d ., M adura, 1885 00 00 Mrs. Henrietta M. Macallum, 1890 Miss Dency T. M. Root, Madura, t-» M iss K atherine B. Frazer, V an, 1892 Miss Mary M. Root, Madura, 1887 R ev . H erbert M . A llen, Van, 1893 Rev. Frank Van Allen, m .d ., M adura, 1888 M rs. Ellen R . A llen, 1889 Mrs. Harriet D. Van Allen, 1888 Miss Grace H. Knapp, Bitlis, 1893 Rev. Franklin E. Jeffery, Battalagundu, 1890 Miss Effie M. Chambers, Erzroom, 1893 Mrs. CapitolaM. Jeffery, 1890 Miss Bessie B. Noyes, Madura, 1890 Rev. Edward P. Holton, Melur, 1891 MARATHI MISSION. Rev. Willis P. Elwood, Palani, 1891 Rev. Samuel B. Fairbank, D.D., Wadale, 1846 Mrs. Agnes A. Elwood, 1891 Mrs. Mary E. Bissell, Ahmednagar, 1851 Rev. George W. Wright, Tirupuvanam, 1891 Rev. Charles Harding, Sholapur, 1856 Miss Mary T. Noyes, Madura, 1892 Mrs. Elizabeth D. Harding, i860 Rev. Charles S. Vaughan, Madura, 1893 R ev . H enry J. Bruce, Satara, 1862 Mrs. M. Ella Vaughan, 1893 Mrs. H epsibeth P. Bruce, 1862 Miss Ella Samson, Madura, 1893

R ev. Richard W insor, Sirur, 1870 Miss Gertrude Barker, Arrupukottai, 00 iS Mrs. M ary C. W insor, 1870 R ev. Robert A . H um e, Ahm ednagar, 1874 Mrs. Katie F. Hume, 1882 CEYLON MISSION. Rev. William O. Ballantine, m .d ., Rahuri, 1875 Rev. Thomas S. Smith, Tillipally, 1871 Mrs. Josephine L. Ballantine, 1885 Mrs. Emily M. Smith, 1871 Rev. Edward S. Hume, Bombay, 1875 Rev. Samuel W. Howland, D.D., Batticotta, 1873 M rs. Charlotte E. H um e, 1875 Mrs. Mary E. K. Howland, 1873 R ev. Lorin S. G ates, Sholapur, 1875

Miss Susan R. Howland, Oodooville, 00 M rs. Frances A . G ates, 1875 **■* Rev. Richard C. Hastings, Udupitty, 1879 Rev. James Smith, Ahmednagar, 1879 M rs. M innie B. H astings, 1882 M rs. M aud Smith, 1879 Rev. Thomas B. Scott, m .d ., M anepy, 1893 Rev. Justin E. Abbott, Bombay, 1881 Mrs. Mary E. Scott, m . d ., R ev. H enry Fairbank, W adale, 1886 1893 Miss Kate L. Myers, Oodooville, 1893 Mrs. Ruby E. Fairbank, 1882 M rs. M innie C. Sibley, W ai, 1886 M iss Em ily R. Bissell, Ahm ednagar, 1886 SOUTH CHINA MISSION. Miss Elizabeth M. Lyman, Bombay, 1887 Miss Anna L . M illard, Bom bay, 1887 Rev. Charles R. Hager, Canton, 1883 Miss Anstice Abbott, Ijiombay, 1888 Rev. John R. Taylor, Canton, 1890 Miss Harriet L. Bruce, Satara, 1889 Mrs. Lillian L. Taylor, 1890 M iss Jean 1’ . Gordon, W ai, 1890 Rev. Charles A. Nelson, Canton 1892 Miss Belle N ugent, Ahm ednagar, 1890 Mrs. Jennie M. Nelson, 1892 R ev . H enry G . Bissell, Ahm ednagar, 1892 M rs. Alice T . Bissell, 1892 FOOCHOW MISSION. M iss A nnie Htockbiidge, Ahm ednagar, 1892

R ev. Edward Fairbank, Ahm ednagar, 1893 Rev. C. C. Baldwin, d . d . , Foochow, 1847 Mrs. M ary A . Fairbank, 1893 Mrs. Harriet F. Baldwin, *847 R ev. H arv ey M . Law son, Ahm ednagar, 1893 Rev. Charles Hartwell, Foochow, 1852 M rs. Dedie S. Law son, 1893 Mrs. Hannah L. Hartwell, 1858 M iss Esther B. Fow ler, Sholapur, 1893 Rev. Simeon F. Woodin, Ponasang, 1859 Mrs. Sarah L. Woodin, 1859 Rev. Joseph E. Walker, Shao-wu, 1872 MADURA MISSION. Mrs. Adelaide C. Walker, 1872 Rev. John E. Chandler, Madura, 1846 Henry T. Whitney, m . d ., Pagoda Anchorage, 1877 Rev. Edward Chester, m .d ., D indigul, 1858 Mrs. Lurie Ann Whitney, 1877 Mrs. Sophia Chester, 1858 Miss Ella J. Newton, Ponasang, 1878 Rev. George T. Washburn, d . d., Pasum alai, i860 Miss Elsie M. Garretson, Ponasang, 1880 M rs. E liza E . W ashburn, i860 Rev. George H. Hubbard, Pagoda Anchorage, 1884 CO CO R ev. John S. Chandler, M adura, 1873 Mrs. Nellie L. Hubbsrd, ■

M rs. M ary J . Gardner, 1889 •SHANSI MISSION. Hardman N. Kinnear, m .d ., Foochow, 1889 M rs. Ellen J. Kinnear, 1893 Rev. Ireneus J. Atwood, m . d . , Fen-chow-fu, 1882 Edward L. Bliss, m . d ., Shao-wu, 1892 Mrs. Annette W. Atwood, 1882 Miss Caroline E. Chittenden, Ponasang, 1892 Rev. Dwight H. Clapp, Tai-ku, 1884 Miss Frances E. Nieberg, m .d ., Foochow, 1893 Mrs. Mary J. Clapp, Rev. James B. Thompson, Jen T'sun, Mrs. Tinnie D. Thompson, 890 MISSION TO NORTH CHINA. Rev. Francis W. Pavis, Fen-chow-fu, Mrs. Lydia C. Davis, Rev. Henry Blodget, d . d ., P ekin g, 1854 Mrs. Mary G. Goldsbury, Mrs. Sarah F. R. Blodget, 1854 Rev. Charles A. Stanley, Tientsin, 1862 Rev. Charles W. Price, Fen-chow-fu, Mrs. Eva J. Price, M rs. U rsula Stanley, 1862 Miss Rowena Bird, Tai-ku, Rev. Chauncey Goodrich, d . d ., T ung-cho, 1865 M rs. Sarah B . Goodrich, 1879 Rev. George L. Williams, Tai-ku, Rev. Mark Williams, Kalgan, 1866 Mrs. Mary Alice Williams, Mrs. Isabella B. Williams, 1866 Rev. Ernest R. Atwater, Tai-ku, 892 Miss Mary E. Andrews, Tung-cho, 1868 Mrs. Jennie P. Atwater, 892 Miss Mary L. Partridge, Tai-ku, Rev. Devello Z. Sheffield, D .D ., Tung-cho, 1869 893 Mrs. Eleanor W. Sheffield, 1869 Miss Jane E. Chapin, Peking, 1871 JAPAN MISSION. Rev. Henry D. Porter, m . d ., d . d ., P ang-Chuang, 1872 Mrs. Elizabeth C. Porter, 1879 Rev. Daniel C. Greene, d . d . , T okyo , Rev. Arthur H. Smith, Pang-Chuang, 1872 Mrs. Mary J. Greene, Mrs. Emma J. Smith, 1872 Rev. Orramel H. Gulick, Kumamoto, 1870 Miss Jane G. Evans, Tung-cho, 1872 Mrs. Ann E. Gulick, 1870 Rev. William P. Sprague, Kalgan, 1874 Rev. Jerome D. Davis, d . d ., K yoto, 1871 Mrs. Viette J. Sprague, 1893 Mrs. Frances H. Davis, 1883 Rev. William S. Ament, Peking, 1877 John C. Berry, m . d ., K yoto, 1872 Mrs. Mary A. Ament, 1877 Mrs. Maria E. Berry, 1872 Rev. James H. Roberts, Kalgan, 1877 Rev. M. L. Gordon, m . d . , d . d ., K yoto, 1872 Mrs. Grace L. Roberts, 1877 Mrs. Agnes H. Gordon, 1872 Willis C. Noble, m .d . , K algan, Rev. John L. Atkinson, Kobe, 1873 Mrs. Willa J. Noble, Mrs. Carrie E. Atkinson, 1873 Miss Ada Haven, Peking, 1879 Miss Eliza Talcott, Kyoto, 1S73 Rev. Franklin M. Chapin, Lin-Ching, 1880 Miss Julia E. Dudley, Kobe, 1873 Mrs. Flora M. Chapin, 1880 Rev. Wallace Taylor, m . d . , O saka, 1873 Albert P. Peck, m . d . , Pang-Chuang, 1880 Mrs. Mary F. Taylor, 1873 Mrs. Celia F. Peck, 1880 Miss Julia A. E. Gulick, Kumamoto, 1874 Miss Virginia C. Murdock, m . d ., P ekin g, 1881 Rev. John H. DeForest, d . d ., Sendai, 1874 Rev. Henry P. Perkins, Pao-ting-fu, 1882 Mrs. Sarah E. DeForest, 1374 Mrs. Estella Perkins, m . d ., 1886 Rev. Dwight W. Learned, p h . d ., K yoto, 1875 Rev. Edwin E. Aiken, Tientsin, 1885 Mrs. Florence H. Learned, 1875 Mrs. Maud L. Aiken, 1892 Miss Martha J. Barrows, Kobe, 1876 Rev. Charles P. W. Merritt, m . d . , Pao-ting-fu, 1885 Miss H. Frances Parmelee, Maebashi, 1877 Mrs. Anna C. Merritt, Rev. William W. Curtis, Sendai, 1877 Mr. Henry J. Bostwick, Tientsin, Mrs. Lydia V. Curtis, 1886 Mrs. Amelia L. Bostwick, Kev. John T, Gulick, Osaka, 1878 James H. Ingram, m . d . , Tung-cho, 188 Mrs. Frances A. Gulick, 1875 Miss Luella Miner, Tung-cho, 188 Rev. Otis Cary, Kyoto, 1878 Miss H. Grace WyckofT, Pang-Chuang, 188 Mrs. Ellen M. Cary, 1878 Miss E. Gertrude WyckofT, Pang-Chuang, 188 Rev. James H. Pettee, Okayama, 1878 Rev. Henry Kingman, Tung-cho, 1888 Mrs. Isabella W. Pettee, 1878 Mrs. Annie L. Kingman, 1890 Miss Fannie A. Gardner, Tsu, 1878 Miss Mary S. Morrill, Pao-ting-fu, 1889 Miss Abbie M. Colby, Osaka, 1879 Miss Mary E. Stanley, Tientsin, 1889 Rev. George Allchin, Osaka, 1882 Edward R. Wagner, m . d ., L in-C hing, 1889 Mrs. Nellie M. Allchin, 1882 Mrs. Myrtie C. Wagner, 1889 Miss Emily M. Brown, Kobe, 1882 Rev. Elwood G. Tewksbury, Tung-cho, 1890 Miss Adelaide Doughaday, Tottori, 1883 M rs. Grace H. Tewksbury, 1890 Miss Susan A. Scarle, Kobe, 1883 Miss Nellie N. Russell, Peking, 1890 Miss Effie B. Gunnison, Matsuyama, 1885 Rev. Cjforge H. Ewing, Pao-ting-fu, 1893 Rev. George M. Rowland, Tottori, 1886 Mrs. Sarah H. Ewing, 1893 Mrs. Helen A. Rowland, 1886 Miss Abbie G. Chapin, Tung-cho, i893 Rev. Arthur W. Stanford, Kyoto, 1886 Miss Gertrude W. Stanley, Tientsin, 1893 Mrs. Jane H. Stanford, 1886 Miss Annie A . Gould, Pao-ting-fu, 1893 Rev. Frank N. White, Osaka, : 886 Miss Henrietta B. Williams, Kalgan, 1893 Mrs. Jennie A. White, 1886 1893.J Missionaries of the Board. 121

Miss Cornelia Judson, Matsuyama, 1886 Rev. Alfred Snelling, Ruk, 1888 Samuel C. Bartlett, Jr., Kyoto, 1887 Mrs. Elizabeth M. Snelling, 1889 Rev. Cyrus A. Clark, Miyazaki, 1887 Miss Alice C. Little, Kusaie, 1888 Mrs. Harriet M. Clark, 1887 Mrs. Rachel C. Forbes, Kusaie, 1889 Rev. Sidney L. Gulick, Kumamoto, 1887 Rev. Irving M. Channon, Kusaie, 1890 Mrs. Cara M. Gulick, 1887 Mrs. Mary L. Channon, 1890 Miss Mary E. Wainwright, Kyoto, 1887 Miss Ida C. Foss, Mokil, 1890 Rev. George E. Albrecht, Kyoto, 1887 Miss Jessie R. Hoppin, Kusaie, 1890 Mrs. Leonora B. Albrecht, 1887 Miss Rose M . Kinney, Ruk, 1890 Miss Annie L. Howe, Kobe, 1887 Miss Annie E. Abell, Ruk, 1892 MissMathilde H. Meyer, Kyoto, 1887 Miss Louise E. Wilson, Ruk, 1893 Rev. Horatio B. Newell, Niigata, 1887 Mrs. Jane C. Newell, 1888 HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. Miss Mary F. Denton, Kyoto, 1888 Miss Gertrude Cozad, K 5be, 1888 Rev. Charles M. Hyde, d .d ., H onolulu, i 8 77 Miss Annie H. Bradshaw, Sendai, 1889 Mrs. Mary Knight Hyde, 1877 Rev. Hilton Pedlev, Niigata, 1889 Mrs. Martha J. Pedley, 1887 MISSION TO MEXICO. Miss Mary B. Daniels, Osaka, 1889 Miss Fannie E. Griswold, Kumamoto, 1889 Rev. John Howland, Guadalajara, 1882 Miss Mary A. Holbrook, m .d ., K obe, 1889 Mrs. Sarah B. Howland, 1882 Miss Cora A. Stone, Kobe, 1889 Miss Belle M. Haskins, Guadalajara, 1882 Rev. Claude M. Severance, Tsu, 1890 Rev. James D. Eaton, Chihuahua, 1882 Mrs. AlmonaG. Severance, 1887 Mrs. Gertrude C. Eaton, 1882 Rev. Schuyler S. White, Okayama, 1890 Rev. Matthew A. Crawford, Hermosillo, Sonora, 1882 Mrs. Ida A. White, 1887 Mrs. Harriet J. Crawford, 1882 Mr. Arthur T. Hill, Kobe, 1890 Rev. Henry M. Bissell, El Fuerte, Sinaloa, 1882 Mrs. Louise E. Hill, 1890 Mrs. Ella N. Bissell, 1882 Miss Caroline M. Telford, Okayama, 1890 Rev. Alden B. Case, Parral, 1884 Rev. William L. Curtis, Kobe, 1890 Mrs. Myra G. Case, 1884 Mrs. Gertrude A. Curtis, 1890 Rev. Alfred C. Wright, El Paso, 1886 Miss Clara L. Brown, Niigata, 1890 Mrs. Annie C. Wright, 1886 Miss Elizabeth Torrey, Osaka, 1890 Miss Ellen 0 . Prescott, Parral, 1888 Miss Alice P. Adams, Okayama, 1891 Miss Mary Dunning, Chihuahua, 1889 Miss Abbie W. Kent, Kobe, 1891 Rev. Otis C. Olds, Parral, 1890 Miss Helen E. Fraser, Kyoto, 1891 M rs. H elen S. O lds, 1892 Miss Alice E. Harwood, Kumamoto, 1891 Miss Florence White, Guadalajara, 1892 M iss Nina C . Stewart, O kayam a, 1891 Miss Mary T. Holcomb, Chihuahua, 1892 Miss Lucy E. Case, Osaka, 1892 Rev. William H. Noyes, Maebashi, 1893 MISSION TO SPAIN.

Rev. William H. Gulick, San Sebastian, 1871 MICRONESIAN MISSION. Mrs. Alice Gordon Gulick, 1871 Rev. Hiram Bingham, d .d ., at Honolulu, 1856 Miss Catherine H. Barbour, San Sebastian, 1887 Mrs. C lara B . Bingham , 1856 M iss A lice H . Bushee, San Sebastian, 1892 Mrs. Mary E. Logan, Ruk, *874 M iss M ary L. Page, San Sebastian, 1892 Rev. Frank E. Rand, Mokil, 1874 Miss Anna F. Webb, San Sebastian, 1892 Mrs. Carrie T. Rand, 1874 Rev. Edmund M. Pease, m . d ., K usaie, 1877 MISSION TO AUSTRIA. Mrs. Harriet A. Pease, 1877 Rev. Alfred C. Walkup, Kusaie, 1880 R ev . A lbert W . C lark, Prague, 1872 Miss J. Estella Fletcher, Mokil, 1882 Mrs. Ruth E. Clark, 1884 Miss Annette A. Palmer, Kusaie, 1884 Rev. John S. Porter, Prague, 1891 Mrs. Sarah L. Garland, Kusaie, 1886 Mrs. Lizzie L. Porter, 1893 122 Corporate Members o f the Board. [Report,

CORPORATE MEMBERS OF THE BOARD.

(The names under each State are arranged according to date of election.)

Maine. 1877. William H. Willcox, d .d , M alden. 1870. Joseph S. Wheelwright, Esq., Bangor. 1877. Sewall G. Mack, Esq., Lowell. z8So. Hon. James W. Bradbury, Augusta. 1877. Thomas J. Borden, Esq., Fall River. 1883. W illiam H . Fenn, d .d ., Portland. 1879. C yrus H am lin, d .d ., l l .d ., Lexington. 1884. R ev . W illiam P. Fisher, Brunsw ick. 1879. Elnathan E. Strong, d .d ., Auburndale. 1887. Jonathan L. Jenkins, d .d ., Portland. 1881. William O. Grover, Esq., Boston. 1890. G alen C . M oses, E sq ., Bath. 1881. Albert H. Plumb, d .d ., Boston Highlands. 1892. G eorge H . Eaton, E sq ., Calais. 1882. Judson Sm ith, d .d ., Boston. 1882. Hon. Robert R. Bishop, Newton Centre. New Hampshire. 1882. Franklin C arter, l l .d ., Williamstown. i860. Samuel C. Bartlett, D.D., LL.i)., Hanover. 1882. H on. Jam es W hite, W illiam stown. 1864. H on. John W . N oyes, Chester. 1883. Samuel B . Capen, Esq., Boston. 1867. Alonzo H. Quint, d .d ., D over. 1883. H on. W illiam P . Ellison, Newton. 1881. Franklin D. Ayer, d .d ., Concord. 1884. Hon. William H. Haile, Springfield. 1890. E . P . Kim ball, E sq ., Portsmouth. 1885. Michael Burnham, d .d ., Springfield. 1893. W illiam J. T u cker, d .d ., H anover. 1885. John Lincoln B arry, E sq ., Dorchester. Vermont. 1886. R ev. Charles A . D ickinson, Boston. 1886. G . H en ry W hitcom b, E sq ., W orcester. 1869. Charles F. Thompson, Esq., Brattleborough. 1887. George F. Pentecost, d .d ., Northfield. 1870. Edw ard H aw es, d .d ., Burlington. 1887. Edward A . Studley, E.sq., Boston. 1877. Matthew H. Buckham, d .d ., Burlington. 1887. A rthur Little, D.D., Dorchester. 1877. R e v . H . Fairbanks, PH.D., St. Johnsbury. 1887. R ev. G eorge A . Tew ksbu ry, Concord. 1880. W illiam S. Sm art, d .d ., Brandon. 1887. Alexander McKenzie, D.D., Cambridge. 1886. G eorge W . Phillips, d .d ., R utland. 1888. Francis E . C lark., d .d ., Auburndale. 1889. Hon. Franklin Fairbanks, St. Johnsbury. 1888. R ev. Payson W . Lym an, Fall River. 1890. Charles W. Osgood, Esq., Bellows Falls. 1889. Albert E . D unning, d .d ., Jamaica Plain. Massachusetts • 1889. Daniel M arch, d . d ., W oburn. 1889. Lyman S. R ow land, D.D., Lee. 1849. Augustus C. Thompson, d .d ., Boston. 1889. R ev. D avid N . Beach, Cam bridge. 1863. Edwards A . P ark, d .d ., Andover. 1889. A. G. Cumnock, Esq., Lowell. 1865. Nathaniel George Clark, d .d ., Boston. 1865. Langdon S. Ward, Esq., Boston. 1889. Hon. J. M. W. Hall, Cambridge. 1890. H enry D . H yde, E sq ., Boston. 1867. Daniel T. Fiske, d .d ., Newburyport. 1890. R ev. John R . Thurston, W hitinsville. 1867. Joshua W. Wellman, d .d ., M alden. 1890. John D . K in gsb ury, d .d ., Bradford. 1869. Edmund K. Alden, d .d ., Boston. 1890. Edwin H . Baker, E sq ., W are. 1871. Samuel G. Buckingham, d .d ., Springfield. 1890. Thom as W eston, E sq ., Newton. 1871. Edwin B. Webb, d. d ., Wellesley. 1871. Ebenezer Cutler, D.D., Worcester. 1890. E zra A . Stevens, E sq ., Malden. 1890. R ev. W . W . Jordan, Clinton. 1871. Hon. Charles T. Russell, Cambridge. 1891. Merrill E. Gates, LL.D., Amherst. 1871. John N. Denison, Esq., Boston. 1891. Samuel E. Herrick, D.D., Boston. 1871. George R. Chapman, Esq., Boston. 1891. Charles H. Daniels, d. d ., Boston. 1871. Theron H. Hawkes, d . d ., Springfield. 1891. Smith Baker, d .d., East Boston. 1871. Henry M. Scudder, d .d., Winchester. 1873. Thomas P. Field, D.D., Amherst. 1892. Henry M. Moore, Esq., Somerville. 1892. J. E . T uttle, d .d ., Am herst. 1874. A . E . P . Perkins, d .d ., Worcester. 1892. Wm. F. Day, Esq., Boston. 1874. Daniel L. Furber, d .d ., Newton Centre. 1874. Richard H. Stearns, Esq., Boston. 1893. Elijah H orr, d . d ., Worcester. 1874. Samuel Johnson, Esq., Boston. 1875. Egbert C. Smyth, D.D., Andover. Rhode Island. 1875. Rev. John W. Harding, Ixjngmeadow. 1867. Hon. Amos C. Barstow, Providence. 1875. Samuel D. Smith, Esq., West Roxbury. 1870. T hatcher T h a yer, d .d ., N ew port. 1875. A. Lyman Will is ton, Esq., Northampton. 1871. Rowland Hazard, Esq., Peacedale. 1875. M. McG. Dana, d .d ., Lowell. 1875. Thomas Laurie, d . d ., Providcncc. 1876. Julius H . Seelye, d .d ., l l .d ., Am herst. 1877. James G. Vosc, d .d ., Providence. 1876. Charles C. Burr, Esq., Auburndale. 1885. Royal C. Taft, Esq., Providence. 1876. Elbridge Torrey, Esq., Boston. 1888. Francis W . C arpenter, E sq ., Providence. 18930 Corporate Members of the Board. 123

Connecticut. J District of Columbia.

1870. H on. Joseph S. Ropes, Norwich. j 1877. E. Whittlesey, d . d . , Washington.

1871. Hon. Benjamin Douglas, Middletown. } 1890. J. E . R ankin, d .d ., Washington. 1871. Charles R. Palmer, d . d ., Bridgeport. Alabam a, 1876. Burdett H art, d .d ., N ew H aven. 1877. Hon. Nathaniel Shipman, Hartford. j 1877. Henry S. DeForest, d . d ., Talladega. 1877. Rev. Joseph W. Backus, Plainville. r®7 7- Jonathan N. Harris, Esq., New London. Mississippi. 1877. Robbins Battell, Esq., Norfolk. ■ 1876. Henry E. Sawyer, Esq., Tougaloo.

1877. George L. Walker, d . d ., H artford. 1880. H on. Robert Coit, N ew London. 1 Louisiana. 1881. Lewis A. Hyde, Esq., Norwich. 1883. H enry L . H ubbell, d . d ., Lake Charles.

1882. A zel W . H azen, d . d ., Middletown.

1884. James W . Cooper, d .d ., New Britain. j Ohio.

1885. G eorge P. Fisher, d .d ., New H aven. 1853. Douglas Putnam, Esq.. H arm ar. 1886. Rev. Edward M. Williams, Groton. 1870. James H. Fairchild, d . d ., Oberlin. 1887. Row land Swift, E sq., Hartford. 1870. H iram C . H aydn, d . d ., l l . d ., Cleveland. 1889. Lew ellyn Pratt, D .D ., N orw ich. 1877. Calvin B. Hulbert, d . d ., Adams Mills.

1889. Chester D . H artranft, d . d ., H artford. 1884. James Brand, d .d ., Oberlin. 1889. W illiam A . Slater, E sq ., Norwich. 1884. Charles F. T hw ing, d . d ., Cleveland. 1889. Charles A. Jew ell, E sq ., H artford. 1887. G eorge R . Leavitt, d . d ., Cleveland. 1890. S. L e R o y B lake, d . d ., New London. r888. W ashington Gladden, d . d . , Columbus. 1890. H on. N . D . S perry, N ew H aven. 1889. Rev. William H. Warren, Cincinnati.

1890. S. H . H owe, d . d . , N orwich. 1890. W alter A . M ahoney, E sq., Columbus. 1891. Rev. Joseph H. Twichell, Hartford. i8gi. William G. Ballantine, d . d . , Oberlin. 1892. H on. Charles E. M itchell, N ew Britain. 1891. David O. Mears, d . d ., Cleveland. 1892. Waterman R. Burnham, Esq., Norwich. Indiana. 1892. Justin E . T w itch ell, d . d . , New H aven. 1893. John H. Perry, Esq., Southport. 1874. Nathaniel A . H yde, d . d ., Indianapolis. Illinois. New York. 1869. G eorge N . Boardm an, d .d ., Chicago.

1846. Hon. Calvin T. Hulburd, Brasher Falls. 1871. Edward P. Goodwin, d . d . , Chicago. 1863. R ichard S. Storrs, d . d . , l l . d ., Brooklyn. 1871. E. W. Blatchford, Esq., Chicago. 1863. Zebuion S. Ely, Esq., New York City. 1871. Ralph Emerson, Esq., Rockford.

1864. Louis Chapin, Esq., Rochester. 1871. Simon J. Humphrey, d . d ., Chicago 1871. D. Willis James, Esq., New York City. 1875. Charles H. Bull, Esq., Quincy. 1871. Gen. O. O. Howard, New York City. 1876. Jam es W . Scovill, Esq., Oak Park, d . d . , 1872. L. Henry Cobb, New York City. 1876. Frederick A . N oble, d . d ., Chicago 1873. William M. Taylor, D .D ., New York City. 1876. Rev. Moses Smith, Glencoe. 1874. George B. Safford, d .d ., Brooklyn. 1877. Charles H. Case, Esq., Chicago. d . d . , 1876. Edward N. Packard, Syracuse. 1877. M. K. Whittlesey, d . d ., Ottawa. 1876. Henry A. Stimson, d . d ., New York City. 1877. James G. Johnson, d . d ., Chicago 1882. A . J. F. Behrends, d . d . , Brooklyn. 1878. Franklin W . Fisk, d .d ., Chicago. 1882. Frank R ussell, d . d ., New York City. 1878. J. K . Scarborough, E sq., Payson. 1882. E lbert B. M onroe, E sq ., T arry town. 1880. John L . W ithrow , d . d ., Chicago.

1884. Jam es P . W allace, E sq ., Brooklyn. 1881. Samuel W. Eaton, d . d ., Roscoe. 1885. M . E . Strieby, d . d ., New York City. 1883. William H. Rice, Esq., Chicago. 1887. Thomas B. McLeod, d . d . , Brooklyn. 1884. W illiam E. H ale, E sq ., Chicago. 1887. John F. Anderson, Jr., Esq., Brooklyn. 1888. G . S. F . S avage, D .D ., Chicago.

1887. John H. Washburn, Esq., New York City. 1889. E . F. W illiam s, d . d . , Chicago. 1887. William E. Park, d . d ., Gloversville. 1889. R ev. W illiam A . W aterm an, G enesee 1888. H on. Chester H olcom be, New Y ork C ity. 1890. T . D . Robertson, E sq ., Rockford. 1888. Frank P . W oodbury, d . d ., New York City. 1890. R ev. H . D . W iard, Chicago. 1888. W illiam H . Thom son, M .D ., New York City. 1891. J. M. Sturtevant, d .d ., Galesburg. 1889. John D . Cutter, E sq ., Brooklyn. 1891. E. H. Pitkin, Esq., Ridgeland. d . d . , 1889. Charles C. C reegan, New York City. 1892. R ev. A . N . H itchcock, p h . d ., Chicago. 1890. W . A . Robinson, d . d . , Middletown. 1893. Rev. Frederick S. Hayden, Jacksonville. 1890. S. H . V irgin, d . d ., New York City. 1893. Charles H . H ulburd, Chicago. 1891. Joseph E. Brown, Esq., Brooklyn. Michigan. New Jersey. 1871. Hon. Philo Parsons, Detroit.

1867. Henry M. Storrs, d . d . , Orange. 1882. Jam es B. A n gell, l l .d ., Ann A rbor. 1870. Samuel H olm es, E sq ., M otitclair. 1883. H oratio Q . Butterfield, D .D ., O livet.

1891. Amory H. Bradford, d .d . , M ontclair. 1886. Hon. Byron M . C utcheon, Grand Rapids.

1892. W . H . D avis, d . d . , Detroit. Pennsylvania. 1892. G eorge Parsons, E sq ., W atervliet. 1873. George L. Weed, Esq., Philadelphia. 1893. Frank D . T ay lo r, E sq ., Detroit. 1 2 4 Corporate Members o f the Board. [Report,

W isconsin. North Dakota.

1876. Edward H. Merrill, d . d . , Ripon. 1890. R ev. George B. Barnes, Fargo. 1887. E lijah Swift, E sq ., Eau Claire. 1889. Edward D . E aton, d . d . , Beloit. South Dakota. 1890. G eorge H . Ide, d . d . , M ilw aukee. 1892. E. D . Sm ith, E sq ., M enas’na. 1892. E . W , W ilcox, E sq., Y ankton.

M innesota. Colorado.

1871. James W. Strong, D .D ., Northfield. 1873. Howard Z. Culver, Esq., Denver. 1889. D avid C. B ell, E sq ., M inneapolis. 1890. R e v . H erbert W . Lathe, Silverton. 1S90. G eorge H . R u st, E sq ., M inneapolis. 1890. Albert H . H eath, d . d . , St. Paul. Oregon. 1S90. H on. Aaron K im ball, A ustin. 1890. R ev. T . Eaton C lapp, Portland. Iowa. California. 1867. Alden B. Robbins, d . d ., M uscatine. 1867. Hon. John G. Foote, Burlington. 1851. John C. Holbrook, d . d ., Stockton.

1870. G eorge F. M agoun, d . d . , G rinnell. 1870. Jesse W . H ough, d . d . , Santa Barbara. 1871. Hon. Samuel Merrill, Des Moines. 1871. John K. McLean, d . d ., Oakland. 1882. R ev . G eorge H . W hite, G rinnell. 1873. John E. Todd, d . d ., R iverside. 1891. Nathan P. Dodge, Esq., Council Bluffs. 1876. Edward P. Flint, Esq., Oakland. 1878. Robert G . H utchins, d . d . , Los Angeles, Missouri. 1882. G eorge M ooar, d . d . , O akland. i860. John B. Johnson, m . d ., St Louis.

1888. H en ry H opkins, d . d . , Kansas City. Canada. 1892. Augustus W. Benedict, Esq., St. Louis. 1880. W illiam M . Barbour, d . d ., M ontreal.

Kansas. Hawaiian Islands.

1874. Richard Cordley, d . d . , Lawrence. 1883. Edward G . B eckw ith, d . d ., H onolulu.

N ebraska. England.

1889. A lexand er R . T h ain , d . d . , Omaha. 1887. G eorge F. Pentecost, d . d ., London. 1892.1 Members Deceased or Resigned.

CORPORATE MEMBERS DECEASED OR RESIGNED.

FROM THE BEGINNING UNTIL JANUARY *, 1890.

[The names under cach State are arranged according to date of decease or resignation.]

Death or Death, or Election. Resignation. Election. Resignation. Maine. Massachusetts.

1813. Jesse Appleton, d . d . 1820 1810. Samuel H . W alley, r. 1811

1826. Edward Payson, d . d . 1828 1810. Samuel Spring, d . d . 1819 1842. D avid D unlap, 1843 1810. Samuel Worcester, d . d . 1821 1813. Gen. Henry Sewall, 1845 1818. Zephaniah Swift Moore, d . d . 1823 1842. William Richardson, 1847 1811. Jedidiah Morse, d . d . 1826

1842. Eliphalet Gillett, d .d . 1849 1812. Hon. William Phillips, 1827 1836. L evi Cutter, 1856 1810. Joseph Lym an, d . d . 1828 1845. Asa Cummings, d .d . 1856 1823. Edward A. Newton, r. 1828 CO 00 John W. Ellingwood, d . d . i860 1812. Hon. John Hooker, 1829 1838. Benjamin Tappan, d . d . 1864 1812. Jeremiah Evarts, 1831 1842. W illiam T . D w ight, D.D. 1866 1822. Samuel A ustin, d . d . 1831 1851. George F. Patten, Esq. 1869 1831. Elias Cornelius, d .d . 1832 1871. William Warren, D.D. 1879 1828. Benjamin B . W isner, d . d . 1835 1832. Enoch Pond, d . d . , r. 1879 1818. Hon. William Reed, 1837 1870. John O. Fiske, d . d ., r. 1884 1831. W arren F ay, d . d . , r. 1839 1864. John J. Carruthers, d . d ., r. 1885 1810. W illiam Bartlett, 1841 CO CO 0 1842. R ev. Daniel Crosby, 1856. W illiam W . Thom as, r. \ *843 1821. Samuel Hubbard, l l .d . 1848 New Hampshire. 1826. John Codman, d . d . 1848

1812. John Langdon, l l .d . 1820 1832. Hon. Samuel T . Arm strong, 1850 1812. Seth Payson, d .d . 1820 1826. H on. Lew is Strong, r. 1852 1820. H on. Thom as W . Thom pson, 1822 i8 3 5 - D aniel Noyes, 1852 1830. H on. George Sullivan, 1838 1839. Bela B. Edwards, d . d . 1852 1820. John Hubbard Church, d . d . 1840 184?. H on. Alfred D . Foster, 1852 1842. Hon. Mills Olcott, 1845 1826. Justin Edwards, d .d . 1853 1842. R ev. Archibald Burgess, 1850 1819. Leonard W oods, d . d . 1854 1840. H011. Edmund Parker, 1856 1821. Joshua Bates, d .d . 1854 1838. Samuel Fletcher, *859 1840. H on. David M ack, 1854 1842. R ev. John W oods, 1861 1851. Hon. Daniel Safford, 1856 1832. Nathan Lord, d . d . 1870 1840. Daniel D ana, d . d . 1859 1862. Edward Spaulding, m . d ., r. 1870 1823. Heman H um phrey, d .d . 1861 1840. Zedekiah S. Barstow, d . d . 1873 1838. Thomas Snell, d . d . 1862 1862. Alvan Tobey, d . d . 1874 1845- Hon. William J. Hubbard, 1865 1842. John K . Y ou n g, D.D. 1875 1832. R ev. D avid Greene, 1866 1842. Benjamin Labaree, d . d . , r . 1876 1840. Alfred E ly , d .d . 1866 1859. Hon. William Haile, 1876 1840. H oratio Bardwell, d . d . 1866 1858. Asa D. Smith, d . d . 1877 1847. Samuel M . W orcester, d .d . 1866 1857. Nathaniel Bouton, d . d . 1878 1834. Rev. Sylvester Holmes, 1867 1871. Joseph B. Walker, Esq., r. 1881 1840. W illiam Jenks, d . d . 1867 1848. H on. Samuel H . W alley, r. 1867 Vermont. 1850. Hon. John Aiken, 1867 1818. Hon. Charles Marsh, 1849 1812. William Allen, d . d . 1868

1840. William Page, 1850 1843. Swan L. Pomroy, d . d . *869 1838. John Wheeler, d . d . 1862 1852. William Ropes, Esq. 1869 1842. Hon. Erastus Fairbanks, 1865 1855- Amos Blanchard, d . d . 1869 CO 00 1859. Lewis H. Delano, 1867 N Henry Hill, Esq., r. 1870 1839. Silas Aiken, D.D. 1869 1845. H on. Linus C hild, 1870 CO H 0 1838. Charles Walker, d . d . , r. s 1827. John Tappan, Esq. 1871 1842. Rev. Joseph Steele, 1872 1842. Ebenezer B urgess, d . d . 1871 1867. Thaddeus Fairbanks, Esq., r. 1877 1842. John Nelson, d . d . 1872 **n - William H. Lord, d . d . 1877 1871. John P. Williston, Esq. 1872 1873. Aldace Walker, d . d . 1878 1871. Alfred B. Ely, Esq. 1872 1867. H on. John B. Page, 1885 1830. Charles Stoddard, Esq. 1873 1877. Hon. Horace Fairbanks, 18S8 1842. Richard S. Storrs, d . d . 1873 126 Members Deceased or Resigned. [Report,

Death or Death or Election. Resignation. Election. Resignation. 00 in fO John Todd, d .d . 1873 1840. Daniel Dow, d .d . 1849 i860. Hon. Reuben A. Chapman, 1Ö73 1810. Calvin Chapin, d .d . 1851 1842. Hon. Samuel Williston, 1874 1848. Nathaniel O. Kellogg, 1854 1850. Hon. William T. Eusds, 1874 1823. Bennet Tyler, d . d . 1858 1867. Richard Borden, Esq. 1874 1851. Charles J. Stedman, 1859 1838. Aaron Warner, d .d . 1876 1842. Chauncey A. Goodrich, d . d . i860 1863. William A. Stearns, d .d ., l l .d . 1876 1852. A bel M cEw en, d . d . i860 00 CO r*> 1S71. Nahum Gale, d .d . 1876 Hon. Joseph Russell, 1861 1871. John Field, Esq. 1876 1836. Thomas S. Williams, l l . d . 1862 1873. Nathan Durfee, m .d . 1876 1843. Rev. David L. Ogden, 1864 1843. R ev . Selah B . Treat, 1877 i860. John A. Davenport, 1865 1848. Andrew W . Porter, Esq. 1877 1832. N oah Porter, d .d . 1866 1868. G eorge M erriam , E sq ., r. 1877 1840. H on. Seth T e rry , 1866 *854- Seth Sweetser, d .d . 1878 1854. Samuel S. W . D utton, d . d . 1866 1837- Nehemiah Adams, d .d . 1878 i860. Elisha L. Cleveland, d . d . 1866 1879. H on. Edmund H . Saw yer, 1879 1817. Jeremiah Day, d . d . , l l . d . 1867 1870. Gordon Hall, d .d . 1879 1838. Joel Hawes, d . d . 1867 183a. Rufus Anderson, d .d ., l l .d . 1880 1843. Joel H. Linsley, d . d . 1868 1871. Peter Smith, Esq. 1880 1859. Theodore D. Woolsey, d . d ., l l .d . , r. 1868 1862. Abner Kingman, Esq. 1880 1840. John T. Norton, Esq. 1869 1840. Ebenerer A lden, m .d . 1881 1855. George Kellogg, Esq. 1870 1845. Henry B. Hooker, d .d . 1 881 1867. William W . Davenport, d . d . 1870 1873. Henry F. Durant, Esq. 1881 1852. Gen. W illiam W illiam s, 1871 1874. Nathan Carruth, Esq. 1 881 i860. Lucius Barbour, Esq. 1873 1875. Rev. George B. Anthony, r. 18 Si- 1838. Mark Tucker, d . d . 1875 00 1877. Hon. Edward B. Gillett, r. 1382 Hon. Thomas W. Williams, 1875 1877. Jacob M. Manning, d .d . 1882 1859. H on. W m . A . Buckingham , l l . d . 1875 1866. John 0 . Means, d.d. 1883 1867. Joseph Eldridge, d . d . 1875 1871. George W. Blagden, d .d . 1 885 1868. Henry P. Haven, Esq. 1876 1870. J. Russell Bradford, Esq. 1885 1875. Charles Boswell, Esq., r. 1876 1867. Samuel Wolcott, d .d . <386 1842. Henry White, Esq., r. 1877 1870. Eleazer Porter, Esq. 1-8S6 18 « . William Patton, d . d . 1879 1867. Samuel M. Lane, Esq. 1886 1863. O liver E . D aggett, d .d . i 38o 1838. Mark Hopkins, d .d ., l l .d . 1887 1842. A lv an Bond, d . d ., r . 1881 1857. H on. A lpheus H ardy, 1887 Î845. Calvin E. Stowe, d . d . , r . 1881 1873. Charles P. Whitin, Esq. 1887 1870. Charles Benedict, Esq. 1881 1877. Charles Merriam, Esq. 1887 1842. Leonard Bacon, d .d ., l l . d . 1881 1878. D avid W hitcom b. E sq . 1887 1871. Frederic Marquand, Esq. 1882 1871. James H. Means, d.d., r. 1887 1873. John E. Eldridge, Esq. 1882 1871. Hon. Wm. B. Washburn, 1887 1875. JohnT. Rockwell, Esq., r. 1882 1848. Laurens P. Hickok, d . d . 1888 1876. William C. Crump, Esq. 1883 1862. H on. W illiam H yde, 1888 1871. Rev. Daniel W. Lathrop, 1883 LL.D. 1884 1871. Hon. Peter Parker, m . d . 1888 1879. S. Wells Williams, 1873. Edward S. Atwood, d . d . 1888 1862. C alvin D a y , d . d . 1884 1880. Samuel D. Warren, Esq. 1888 1881. William W . Scudder, d . d . , r. 1884 1886 i 883 . Wm. T. Eustis, d . d . 1888 1874. Hon. George C. Woodruff, 1877. Elizur Smith, Esq. 1888 1871. Rev. Samuel G. Willard, 1887 1870. R ev . Isaac R . W orcester, r. 1889 1863. H on. Samuel M iller, 1888 1873. Joseph C. Tyler, Esq. 1889 1882. Samuel Harris, d . d ., r. 1888 1874. William Thompson, d . d . 1889 Bhode Island. 1812. William Jones, New York. 1850. John Kingsbury, l l . d . 1875 1818. Col. H enry Linclcan, 1822 1846. Thomas Shepard, d . d . 1879 1819. Divie Bethune, 1825 1868. Constantine Blodgett, d . d . 1879 1812. John J a y , l l . d . 1829 1857. Amos D. Lockwood, Esq. 1884 1824. Col. Henry Rutgers, 1830 1884. Hon. W. W. Hoppin, r. 1887 1826. Col. Richard V arick, 1831 1812. Egbert Benson, l l . d . 1833

Connecticut. 1822. Jonas Platt, l l . d . 1834 1810. Timothy Dwight, d . d . , l l . d . 1817 1826. William McMurray, d . d . 1836 00 00 1810. Gen. Jedidiah Huntington, 1819 1826. John Nitchie, t 8 : o . John Treadwell, l l . d . 1823 1816. Stephen Van Rensselaer, l l .d . 1839 1830. Hon. Roger Minot Sherman, r. 1830 1824. Eleazer Lord, r. 1841 1836. Henry Hudson, 1843 1832. Zechariah Lew is, 1841 1819. John Cotton Smith, l l . d . 1846 1840. G errit W endell, 1841 GO CO 1842. Rev. Thomas Punderson, 181? James Richards, d .d . *843 1892.] Members Deceased or Resigned 1 2 7

Death or Death or Election. Resignation. Election. Resignation. 1813. Alexander M. Proudfit, d . d . 1843 i860. Jonathan B. Condit, d . d . 187S 1832. Orrin D a y, 1847 i860. William S. Southworth, Esq. 1875 1835. William J. Armstrong, d . d . 1847 1839. W illiam B . Sprague, d .d . 1876 1843. Walter Hubbell, 1848 1840. W illard Child, d . d . 1877 00 00 1843. Asa T. Hopkins, d . d . 1852. Hon. William F. Allen, 1878 1838. H enry W hite, D.D. 1850 1864. Joseph P . Thom pson, d .d ., l l . d . 1879

1842. John W. Adams, d . d . 1850 1864. William I. Buddington, d . d . 1879 1824. D avid Porter, D.D. 1851 1871. Charles P. Bush, d . d . 1880 1838. D. W. C. Olyphant, r. 1851 1857. Hon. William E. Dodge, 1883 1839. Eliphalet W ickes, 1851 1853. O liver E . W ood, 1883 1848. Erskine Mason, d . d . 1851 1853. M ontgom ery S. Goodale, 1884 1812. Henry Davis, d .d . 1852 1870. Richard P. Buck, 1884 1826. Nathaniel W. Howell, l l . d . 1852 1876. L. T. Chamberlain, d . d . , r. 1884 1824. Philip M illedoler, d . d . 1853 1878. Augustus F. Beard, d . d . , r. 1885 00 00 ro Elisha Yale, d . d . 1853 1845. John Forsyth, d .d . 1886 1840. Anson G . Phelps, 1854 1870. R e v . H enry W ard Beecher, 1887 00 0 Hiram H. Seelye, 1855 1870. Alfred S. Barnes, Esq. 1888 1836. Rev. Henry Dwight, 1857 1846. Henry W. Taylor, 1888 1842. Charles M . L e e, l l . d . 1857 i860. Simeon B. Chittenden, 1889 1854. Anson G . Phelps, 1858 1846. Jam es Crocker, 1861 New Jersey.

1826. Thomas McAuley, d . d . , l l . d . 1862 1812. Elias Boudinot, l l . d . 1822

1842. H orace H olden, 1862 1823. Edward D orr Griffin, d . d . 1838 1823. Lyman Beecher, d . d . 1863 1812. Samuel Miller, D .D ., r. 1839 1843. Harvey Ely, 1863 1826. James Camaham, d . d . , r. 1849 1843. Edward Robinson, d . d . 1863 1826. Archibald Alexander, d . d ., r. 1850 1838. Pelatiah Perit, 1864 1855. F. T . Frelinghuysen, r. 1859 1848. William M. Halsted, 1864 1826. Theodore Frelinghuysen, LL.D. 1862 i860. James W. McLane, D.D. 1864 i860. Hon. William Pennington, 1862 1848. David Wesson, r. 1865 1840. Hon. Joseph C. Homblower, 1864 1848. Abraham V. Hasbrouck, l l . d ., r 1865 1823. S. V. S. Wilder, 1865 1851. Rev. Simeon North, l l . d . , r. 1865 1838. David Magie, d . d . 1865 1812. Eliphalet Nott, d . d . 1866 1856. Lyndon A. Smith, m .d . 1866 1840. -Hon. Charles W. Rockwell, 1867 1838. Richard T. Haines, r. 1867 1842. Hon. William L. F. Warren, r. 1868 1855. R ev. Thornton A . M ills, 1867 00 0 Reuben H. Walworth, l l . d . 1868 1842. J. Marshall Paul, m . d . , r. 1870 1848. Simeon Benjamin, 1868 1853- Jonathan F. Steams, d . d . , r. 1870 1838. William W. Chester, Esq. 1869 1842. Joel Parker, D.D. 1873 1840. Diedrich Willers, d . d . , r. 1869 1832. H on. Peter D . Vroom, 1874 1834. James M. Matthews, d . d . 1870 1856. George E. Adams, D.D. 1876 1852. Isaac N. Wickoff, d .d . 1870 1848. Hon. Daniel Haines, 1878 CO 1863. Frederick Starr, Esq. 1870 Benjamin C. Taylor, d . d . 1881 1842. Samuel H. Cox, d . d ., l l . d . , r. 1870 1854. Ray Palmer, d . d . 1887 1842. William Adams, d . d . , r. 1870 1867. Aaron Carter, Esq., r. 1889 William W. Stone, Esq., r. 1870 1843- Pennsylvania. 1845. Baxter Dickinson, d . d . , r. 1870 Robert Ralston, 1836 1855. Philemon H . Fowler, d . d . , r. 1870 1812. 1812. Ashbel Green, d . d . , r. 1840 1855. Samuel T. Spear, d . d . , r. 1870 i860. William A. Booth, Esq., r. 1870 1834. Alexander Henry, 1847 Samuel Agnew, m . d . 1850 1862. John G. Atterbury, d . d ., r. 1870 1826. Cornelius C. Cuyler, d . d . 1850 1863. Robert R. Booth, d . d . , r. 1870 1832. 1852 1863. George L. Prentiss, D .D ., r. 1870 1826. Thomas Bradford, 1838. Matthew Brown, d . d 1853 CO d d 1871 CO Thomas H. Skinner, . . Eliphalet W. Gilbert, d . d . 1842. Aristarchus Champion, Esq. 1871 1842. 1853 Thom as Flem ing, 1855 1850. Robert W . Condit, d . d . 1871 1838. John Ludlow, d . d . 1857 1854. Walter Clarke, d .d . 1871 1826. Charles S. Wurts, r. 1858 1864. Sherman B. Canfield, d . d . 1871 1848. d . d ., 1859 1842. Ansel D. Eddy, d . d . , r. 1871 1835. William S. Plumer, r . 1826. William Neill, d . d . i860 1855- M. La Rue P. Thompson, d . d . r. 1871 d . d . 1863 !852. George W. Wood, d . d . , r. 1872 1832. John McDowell, 1840. Charles Mills, Esq. 1872 1840. J. W. Nevin, d . d . , r. 1865 Matthias W. Baldwin, 1866 1824. Gardner Spring, d . d . 1873 1856. 1806 1838. Isaac Ferris, D.D. 1873 1859. Thomas Brainerd, d . d . d d 1867 1852. Walter S. Griffith, Esq. 1873 1840. Bernard C. DeWolf, . . , r. d d 1868 1826. Thomas De Witt, d . d . 1874 1838. William R. DeWitt, . . 1840. David H. Little, Esq. 1874 1840. William Jessup, l l . d . 1868 1 2 8 Members Deceased or Resigned. [Report,

Death or Death or Election. Resignation. Election. Resignation.

1855. William Strong, l l . d . , r . 1870 1853. Heniy L. Hitchcock, d . d ., r. 1871

1840. R ev . Albert Barnes, 1871 1867. C. N. Olds, l l .d . , r. 1871

1840. H on. W illiam D arlin g, 1871 1851. Samuel W. Fisher, d . d . 1874

1855. George A. Lyon, d . d . 1871 1843. Samuel C . A ik en , d .d . 1879 1838. Ambrose White, Esq., r. 1871 1869. Andrew L . Grim es, E sq . 1880 1864. Sam uel Sm all, E sq ., r. 1871 1883. H on. Reuben H itch cock, 1883 1869. Hon. Henry W. Williams, r. 1871 1863. Joseph Perkins, Esq. 1886 1855. John A . Brown, Esq. 1873 1871. Seth H. Sheldon, Esq. 1886

1843. Sam uel H . Perkins, Esq. 1874 1867. Israel W. Andrews, d . d . 1888

1859. James W . W eir, E sq. 1878 1851. Harvey D. Kitchell, d . d ., r 1889 1872. Rev. J. H. Coulter, 1881 Indiana. M aryland. 1838. Elihu W . B aldw in, d .d . 1841 1853. Sam uel M errill, 1853 1834. W illiam N evins, d . d . 1836 1842. Charles W hite, d . d . 1862 1838. Jam es G . H am ner, d . d . , r. 1865 1851. Hon. Jeremiah Sullivan,»*. 1867 District of Columbia. 1867. Joseph Tuttle, d . d ., r. 1874 1819. Elias Boudinot Caldwell, 1825 Illinois.

1826. Joseph N ourse, 1841 1821. Gideon Blackburn, d .d . 1839 1842. John C. Smith, d . d ., r. 1870 1853. D avid A . Sm ith, 1865 1854. John W. Chickering, d .d . 1888 1851. Rev. Aratas Kent, r. 1865 1B69. W illiam W . Patton, d . d . , l l . d . 1889 1851. W illiam H . Brow n, 1867 1868. D evillo R . H olt, E sq ., r. 1870 Virginia. 1826. Nathan S. S. Bem an, d . d . 1871 1823. John H . R ice, d . d . 1831 1853. R ev . W illiam C arter, 1871 1832. George A. Baxter, d . d . 1841 1853. Rev. J. W. Cunningham, r. 1871 1826. W illiam M axw ell, 1857 1871. Henry Hitchcock, Esq., r. 1872 1834. Thomas P. Atkinson, m .d . , r. 1859 1857. Rev. W. Henry Williams, 1877 1826. G en. John H . C ocke, 1866 1874. Hon. William I. Phelps, 1883

1840. D avid H . Riddle, d . d . 1888 1853. Augustus T . N orton, d . d . 1884 1867. Hon. Charles G. Hammond, 1884 North Carolina. 1853. W illiam S. Curtis, d . d . 1885

1834. Joseph Caldw ell, d . d . 183s 1851. Julian M. Sturtevant, d . d . 1886 1834. W . M cPhcters, d .d . 1843 Michigan. South Carolina. 1838. Eurotas P . H astin gs, r. 1865 1851. Hon. Charles Noble, 1875 1826. M oses W addell, d . d . 1840 1867. H on. Solomon L . W ithey, 1886 1826. Benjam in M . Palm er, d . d . 1848

1839. Reuben Post, d . d . , r. 1855 W isconsin. 1840. R ev. C hauncey E ddy, 1861 Georgia. 1851. Eliphalet Cram er, Esq. 1871

1826. John Cum m ings, m . d . 1838 1840. Edward W . H ooker, d . d . 1875 1834. Thom as Golding, d . d . 1848 i860. R ev. Enos J. M ontague, 1880

1834. Hon. Joseph H. Lumpkin, 1851. Aaron L. Chapin, d . d . , r. 1889 1826. Charles Coffin, d . d . 1854 1876. H on. Samuel D . H astings, r . 1889 1834. Isaac Anderson, d . d . 1857 Iowa. 1842. Sam uel Rhea, Esq. 1864 1843. W illiam W isner, d . d . 1871 Ohio. Missouri. 1832. Jam es H oge, d . d ., r. 1847 1840. Artem us Bullard, d . d . 1856 1826. Robert G . W ilson, d . d . 1855 1851. Henry A. Nelson, d . d . , r. 1870 1834. Robert H . Bishop, d . d . 1855 1870. Constans L . G oodell, d . d . 1886 1851. G abriel Tichenor, 1855 1857. Truman M. Post, d . d . 1886 1845. R ev . H arv ey C oe, i860 1853. Robert W. Steele, r. 1865 Minnesota. 1851. Henry Smith, d . d . , r. 1867 1867. D aniel W . Ingersoll, Esq. 1870 1857. Truman P. Handy, Esq., r. 1870 1838. G eorge E . Pierce, d . d . 1871 Dakota.

1851. IJ. Howe Allen, d . d . 1871 1877. Joseph Ward, d . d . 1889 I893.J Members Deceased or Resigned. 129

CORPORATE MEMBERS DECEASED OR RESIGNED

S U B S E Q U E N T T O J A N U A R Y 1, 1890.

Death or Death or Elected. Resignation. Elected. Resignation. Maine- District of Columbia. 1877. Hon. Joseph Titcomb, 1891 1869. W illiam W . Patton, d . d . , l l . d . 1889 1891. Lewis F. Steams, d . d . 1891 Ohio. New Hampshire. 1876. H on. Heman E ly , 1890 i860. H on. G eorge W . Nesm ith, 1890 1873. H on. Francis C. Sessions, 1892 1871. Josiah G. Davis, d . d ., r . 1890 1870. W illiam J. Breed, E sq ., r. 1893 1S90. H on. John J. B ell, 1893 Illinois. Vermont. 1881. Caleb F . G ates, Esq. 1890 1876. H on. Frederick Billings, 1890 1869. G en. S. L . Brown, r . 1890 1851. Robert W. Patterson, d . d ., r. 1891 Massachusetts. 1889. W illiam H . B radley, Esq. 1892 1890. Edwin C. B issell, d .d . , r. 1893 1868. E zra Farnsworth, Esq. 1890 1887. H om er M erriam , E sq ., r. 1890 Indiana. 1889. F. B. Know les, Esq. 1890 1887. Samuel H . Potter, E sq., r. 1891 1881. Henry M. Dexter, d . d ., l l . d . 1890 1874. Philip L. Moen, Esq. 1891 Iowa. 1887. M oses A . H errick, Esq. 1891 1873. James S. Hoyt, d .d . 1890 1870. W illiam E. M errim an, d .d . 1892 1875. H on. A rthur W . T u fts, 1892 Michigan. 1854. Jam es M . Gordon, Esq. 1892 1876. Zachary Eddy, d .d . 1891

1867. Philo R. Hurd, d . d ., r. 1892

Connecticut. 1886. A . H astings Ross, d . d . 1893 1874. Roland Mather, Esq., r. 1890

1871. Noah Porter, d . d ., l l .d . 1892 Minnesota.

1891. Timothy Dwight, d . d . , l l .d ., r . 1892 1883. H on. Edwin S. Jones, 1890 1870. John N. Stickney, Esq. 1893 Missouri. New York. 1891. F. T. Ingalls, d . d . 1892 1855. Jam es M . Scherm erhom , Esq. 1890 California. 1862. James 1!. Shaw , d . d . 1890 1876. Israel E . D w inell, d .d . 1890 1890. D avid G regg, d . d . , r. i8qi 1865. Andrew L . Stone, d . d . 1892

New Jersey. W isconsin. 1855. G eorge B. Cheever, d . d . 1890 1883. H on. Edward D . H olton, 1892 13 0 Officers of the Board. [Report,

OFFICERS OF THE BOARD.

Elected. Presidents. Service ended. Elected. Service ended.

t8io John Treadwell, l l . d . 1820 1865 Jam es M . Gordon, Esq. 1876 1823 Joseph Lym an, d . d . 1826 1866 R ufus Anderson, d . d . 1875 1826 John Cotton Sm ith, l i _ d . 1S41 1868 E zra Farnsworth, Esq. 1889 1841 Theo. Frelinghuysen, l l . d . 1857 1869 Edm und K . Alden, d . d . 1876 1857 Mark Hopkins, d .d . , l l . d . 1887 1870 J. Russell Bradford, Esq. 1883 1887 * R ichard S. Storrs, d . d ., l l . d . 1870 Hon. Joseph S. Ropes, 1875 Egbert C . Sm yth, d . d . 1886 Vice-Presidents. 1876 Edwin B. W ebb, d . d . 1876 Charles C. Burr, Esq. 1810 Samuel Spring, d .d . 1819 1876 Elbridge Torrey, Esq. 1893 1819 Joseph Lyman, d . d . 1823 1878 R ev . Isaac R . W orcester, 1882 1823 John Cotton Smith, L L .D . 1826 1882 A lbert H . Plum b, d . d . 1826 Stephen Van Rensselaer, l l . d . 1839 1883 H on. W illiam P. Ellison, 1839 Theo. Frelinghuysen, l l . d . 1841 1884 Charles F. T h w in g, d . d . 1886 1841 Thomas S. Williams, l l . d . 1857 1886 Edward S. Atwood, d . d . 1888 1857 William Jessup, l l . d . 1864 1886 R ev. Charles A . Dickinson, 1892 1864 H on. W illiam E . D odge, 1883 1888 Francis E. C lark, d . d . 1892 1883 * Eliphalet W. Blatchford, Esq. 1889 G . H enry W hitcom b, Esq. 1893 A . Lym an W illiston, Esq. Prudential Committee. 1893 Jam es G . Vose, d . d . 1810 William Bartlett, Esq. 1814 1893 H on. H enry D . H yde, 1893 H on. Jam es M . W . H all, 1810 Samuel Spring, d . d . 18x9 1893 John E . Tuttle, d . d . 18x0 Sam uel W orcester, d . d . 1821 1812 Jerem iah E varts, Esq. 1830 1893 R ev. W illiam W . Jordan, 1893 Elijah H orr, d .d . 1815 Jedediah Morse, d . d . 1821 1818 H on. W illiam R eed, 1834 18x9 Leonard W oods, d . d . 1844 Corresponding1 Secretaries.

1821 Samuel H ubbard, l l . d . 1843 1810 Samuel Worcester, d . d . 1821 1821 W arren F ay, d . d . 1839 1821 Jerem iah Evarts, Esq. 1831 1828 Benjam in B. W isner, d . d . 1835 1831 Elias Cornelius, D.D. 1832 1831 Elias Cornelius, d . d . 1832 1832 Benjamin B. W isner, D.D. 1835 1832 H on. Samuel T . A rm strong, 1850 1832 R ufus Anderson, d . d . 1866 1832 Charles Stoddard, Esq. 1873 1832 R ev . D avid G reene, 1848 1834 John Tappan, Esq. 1864 1835 William J. Armstrong, D.D. 1847 1835 D aniel N oyes, Esq. 1846 1847 Rev. Selah B. Treat, 1877 1837 Nehemiah Adams, D .D . 1869 1848 Swan L. Pom roy, D.D. 1859

1839 Silas A ik en , d . d . 1849 1852 George W. Wood, d .d . 1871

1843 W illiam W . Stone, Esq. 1850 1865 Nathaniel G. Clark, d . d . 1845 H on. W illiam J . H ubbard, 1859 1876 Edmund K. Alden, d . d . 1893 1849 A ugustus C . Thom pson, d . d . 1893 1880 John O. M eans, d . d . 1883

1850 H on. W illiam T . E ustis, x868 1884 Judson Sm ith, d . d . 1850 H on. John A ik en , 1865 1893 Charles H . D aniels, D.D. 1851 H on . D aniel Salford, 1856 1854 H en ry H ill, Esq. 1865 Assistant Corresponding Secretaries. 1856 Isaac Ferris, d . d . 1857 ' 1824 R ev . Rufus Anderson, 1832 1856 Asa D. Smith, d . d . 1863 1828 R ev. D avid G reene, 1832 1856 W alter S . Griffith, Esq. 1870 1857 H o n . A lpheus H a rd y , x886 1859 H o b. Linus C h ild , 1870 Recording Secretaries. 1860 W illiam S. Southworth, Esq. 1865 1810 Calvin Chapin, d . i >. 1843 1863 R e v . A lb ert Barnes, 1870 1843 R e v . Selah B. T reat, 1847

1863 R obert R . Booth, d . d . *870 1847 Samuel M. Worcester,d .d . 1866 1865 A im er K ingm an, Esq. 1877 1866 John O . M eans, d . d . 1881 *865 Andrew L . Stone, d . d . 1866 1881 H enry A . Stim son, d . d . * M em ber o f the ,al Com m ittee, ex officio. Officers of 1893-] the Board. 131

Elected. Service ended. Elected. Service ended. Assistant Recording Secretaries. 1822 Chester Adams, Esq. 1827 1836 Charles Stoddard, Esq. 1839 1827 William Ropes, Esq. 1829 1839 Bela B. Edwards, d .d . 1842 1829 John Tappan, Esq. 1834 1842 Rev. Daniel Crosby, 1843 1829 Charles Stoddard, Esq. 1832 1888 Edward X. Packard, d .d . 1832 Hon. William J. Hubbard, 1842 1834 Daniel Noyes, Esq. 1835 Treasurers. 1835 Charles Scudder, Esq. 1847 1842 Moses L. Hale, Esq. 1868 1810 Sam uel H. Walley, Esq. 1811 1847 Hon. Samuel H. Walley, 1876 1811 Jeremiah Evarts, Esq. 1822 1867 Hon. Joseph S. Ropes, 1870 1822 Henry Hill, Esq. 1854 1868 Hon. Thomas H. Russell, 1876 1854 James M. Gordon, Esq. 1865 1870 Hon. Avery Plumer, 1887 1865 Langdon S. Ward, Esq. 1874 Richard H. Stearns, Esq. 1875 1875 Elbridge Torrey, Esq. 1876 Auditors. ' 1876 James M. Gordon, Esq. 1892 1810 Joshua Goodale, Esq. 1812 1876 Hon. Arthur W. Tufts, 1892 1812 Samuel H. Walley, Esq. 1813 1887 Joseph C. Tyler, Esq. 1889 1813 Charles Walley, Esq. 1814 1889 Samuel Johnson, Esq. 1814 Chester Adams, Esq. 1817 1892 Richard H. Steams, Esq. 1817 Ashur Adams, Esq. 1822 1892 Edwin H. Baker, Esq. 1 3 2 Honorary Members. [Report,

HONORARY MEMBERS.

F R O M O C T O B E R i , 1890, T O S E P T E M B E R 30, 1893*

Maine. Brooks, Jonas Bundy, Frank E. Dakin, Mrs. Stella F. Bundy, Mrs. Laura E. Carney, Willard C. G. I Elmer, Chester Burt, Daniel Carruthers, Samuel O. Fiske, Rev. E. S. Burnham, Everett Chase, Rev. Edward Gallagher, Rev. George W. Bushnell, Rev. Samuel C. Cordwell, Stephen A. Hardy, Mrs. G. M. A. Butler, Dr. John E. Corey, William S. Hazen, Margaret D. Byington, Mrs. Louisa J. Dana, William L. Humphrey, Mrs. C. C. Caldwell, Eben Dewey, Ansel G. Kendall, Alice M. Canfield, James E. Dillingham, Lucy Lam son, Marion H. C arter, H enriet te Farley, Philip Hamlin Lewis, Rev. Frank F. Chamberlin, Ella G. Gould, Samuel Chase Longren, Rev. Charles W. Chutter, Herbert E. W. Graham, Charles B. Mane, Henriet Clark, Edward Payson Graham, King F. McAuslan, John W. Cleveland, Evie Hinckley, Rev. G. W. McAuslan, Mrs. John W. Cogswell, Caroline D. Hinkley, John A. Perkins. Park Valentine Cogswell, Mrs. Elvira D. Hubbard, W. P. Savage, Harriet E. Conant, Elmer E. crimson, R ev. G eorge W . Smith, Rev. Clifford H. Conant, Waldo E. Leays, Lucy A. Southworth, Mrs. A. H. Conrad, Rev. A. Z. iKennard, Cnarles A. Spencer, L. G. Coyle, Rev. John P. McDowell, James Stevens, Bertha J. Craig, David R. Morrison, Calvin L. Thomas, Rev. C. N. Craig, Rev. Timothy C. Newcomb, Exwin B. Tyler, Martha G. Crocker, Mrs. A. F. Payson, Edgar R. Ward, Mrs. Sarah A. Crosby, Benjamin W. Robinson, Albert D. W:right, R ussell M . Crowell, T. Y. Shirley, Mar}- E. Curtis, Lucian W. Sparrow, Warren Massachusetts. Cushing, John P. Swasey, George B. Damon, Percy W. Washburn, Lizzie E. Abbe, Frederick R. Dame, Edwin L. Wentworth, Charles H. Abbott, Edward F. Daniels, Ernest D. Wood, James N. Abbott, Josiah, m .d . Davis, Mary' P. Wood, Mrs. Julia F. Alcott, Mrs. L. R. Day, Arthur L. Woodbury, Theodore C. Andrew, W. Arthur Day, Minnie E. Anderson, Henry B. Dean, Anna M . Appleton, Mrs. M. Frances Dickinson, Edwin H. New Hampshire. Atwood, David Dow, Annie M. Aureyansen, George W. Dow, Ralph W. Bell, Mrs. Cora K. A urevausen, Mrs.. L u cia E . Dunham, Mrs. Mary L. Bell, Samuel K. Avenll, Arthur B. Dyer, E. P. Brown, Miss Lora E. Babb, Frank W. Eastman, Rev. George P. Crowell, Oliver W. Baker, Mrs. Carrie R. Eddy, Miss Matie K. Durant, William H. Barnard, E. Lawrence Ely, Miss Laura M. Emerson, Mary E. Barrett, William O. Emrich, Mrs. Clara D. Fitz, Miss Isabelle H. Barstow, Mrs. Nellie W. Emrich, Rev. Frederick E. Gordon, Rev. Charles E. Bassett, Rev. Austin B. Evans, Rev. Daniel Hall, Miss Fannie M. Bassett, Frederick W. Everett, Mrs. Emily M. Herrick, Allan E. Bassett, Margaret Farrar, George Herrick, H. W. Bell, Mrs. Sara E. D. Fillebrown, Elizabeth P. Kent, Hervey Bellows, Lewis E. Fobes, Rev. William A. Lang, Thomas M. Benedict, Mrs. Fannie W. Foote, Miss Harriet Ingersoll Little, George S. Benedict, William G. Foster, Miss Maria McGown, Mrs. Delia A. Berle, Rev. Adolph A. Foster^ S. K . Moore, Frank T. Bickford, Rev. A. A. Fox, Frank G. Nims, Marshall W. Berry, Arthur J. Frost, H. Lyman Ordway, Mrs. John C. Bigelow, Agnes May Fuller, Mrs. Mary E. Rice, T. B. Bird, Mrs. Sarah E. Gay, Rtv. H. H. Robinson, Mrs. Charles A. Birnie, Mrs. Harriet S. C. Gaylord, Rev. EberW. Sargeant, Cyrus Birnie, Rev. Douglas P. Gibbs, Harry T. Spaulding, Frank W. Bliss, Edward L. Gilmore, Frederick D. Stayner, Josie E, Booth, Miss M. A. Goodman, William A. Swain, Rev. Augustus C. Boutwell, Janies P. Goodnow, W. H. Thayer, Rev. Lucius H. Boyd, William A. Goss, Francis W. Vaughan, M aiy A. Boynton, Mrs. E. Greene, Mrs. Alice M. Webster, Calvin C. Bowdoin, J. E. Greene, Rev. H. B. Brad.street, Rev. Albert E. Gulick, Rev. Edward L. Vermont. Brown, Miss Agnes McC. Hall, Rev. John C. Brown, John P. Hall, Miss Mira H. Annis, Mabel E. Buckham, John W. Hall, William H. Bickford, Rev. Thomas Buckiin, Mrs. D. E. Hale, Arthur W. Brooks, Frank H. Bullard, Nellie Hale, Rev. Harris G.

* The names of all Honorary Members constituted such from the beginning up to 1870 may be found in the Annual Report for that year; those constituted from 1870 to 1875 *n the Report for 1875; those from 1875 to 1880 in the R eport for 1880; those from 1880 to 1885 in the Report for 1885; and those from 1885 to 1890 in the Report for 1890. The full list is omitted here to save expense. 1893-] Honorary Members. i

Hamilton, William G. Reed, George T. Anketell, Edward A. Hammond, William C. Remington, Rev. Arthur W. Baker, Milton M. Hardy, Rev. Edwin N. Rice, Edward H. Beach, Rev. Homer Hazen, Mrs. Nellie C. Rhodes, Mrs. G. H. Beardslee, Rev. Clark S. H ey wood, Frank Roberts, James B. Beiden, Mrs. Laura A. Hitchcock, Rev. Albert W. Robinson, Walter B. Benton, Amos C. Hoil, Mrs. L. B. Rugg, Francis Amos Bill, Mrs. Lucinda R. Holbrook, Alice B. Sewall, Rev. Oliver D. Bishop, Dea. Walter S. Hopkins, Mrs. Julia C. Seymour, Robert H. Bradbury, Samuel Houghton, Ellis Shumway, Carrie Louise Bradley, Cyrus Sherwood Houghton, Mrs. James C. ShurtlefT, Rev. Ernest Warburton Bray, C. A. Howard, Embert Smith, Frank Hyatt Bristol, Fanny Howe, Clinton S. Smith, George N. Bronson, Stillman Howe, Daniel M. Smith, Harry Buck, Miss Anna Howland, A. A. Sneath, Rev. Isaac W Buell, Mrs. Louise M. Howland, F. H. Snow, Grace H. Bumstead, Edna Hubbard, J. N. Soren, John H. Burrall, George B. Humeston, Caleb J. Sparrow, J. William Bushnell, Mrs. James E. Hunnewell, Rev. Frank S. Spalding, Edward L. Butler, Mrs. Jennie M. Huntington, Rev. Charles W. Spaulding, Ernest R. Chandler, William Woods Huntington, Mrs. D. Frances Spaulding, John F. Chappell, Annie H. Irish, Thaddeus P. Spaulding, Mrs. Sarah C. Child, Clarence H. Janes, Gertrude M. Spencer, Henry F. Colegrove, Mrs. Adelaide W . Jewett, Mrs. Rhoba A. Slacy, Mrs. Joanna K. Comstock, Charlotte P. Johnson, Rev. F. P. Starks, Mrs. Albert M. Copp, Belton A. Kent, P. G. Stebbins, Rev. Herbert W. Cowles, Mrs. Alice C. Kibbe, Herbert W. Stickney, Sarah E. Curtis, Rev. Edward L. Kilbon, Mrs. Annie R. Stone, Harlan P. Da Silva, Edwin L. Kimball, Grace H. Stowe, L. S. Day, Erastus S. Kimball, John E. Stowell, Mrs. Alice L. Dimock, Erwin O. Kingman, Anna Elizabeth Strong, Rev. D. H. Eastman, Elizabeth R. Kingman, Mary Z. Sugden, Mary Eaton, Emma F. Knight, Fred T. Sullivan, George A. Eldred, Mrs. Charlotte A. Lane, Miss Charlotte T. Swift, O. F. Eliot, Mary W. Lansing, Rev. Isaac J. Swinerton, Augusta W. Fleming, Robbins Lawrence, Rev. Arthur Tappan, Eugene Forbes, Mrs. Ira E. Learoyd, John S., Jr. Tatman, J. A. Ford, Mrs. Lucy J. Leavitt, Chloe M. Temple, Dea. John H. Frisbie, Franklin P. Leavitt, Henrietta S. Todd, Jehiel Gardiner, Edwin P. Leavitt, Sarah E. Townsend, True W. Geer, Rev. Curtis M. Leland, Henry F. Tucker, Charles D. Goddard, Dea. James E. Lincoln, Jacob R. VanGieson, Rev. David E. Goodell, Francis Lord, Nathalie Varney, Susan S. Hall, Arthur E. Lyman, Achsah P. Vrooman, Rev. Frank Buffington Hall, E. R. May, James R. W. Warner, Mrs. Olive B. Harwood, Pliny M. Mavnard, William Warner, Stetson T. Hatchell, Charles M. McElwain, Edwin Warren, Cornelia Hfcmingway, Louis Lee Mellen, George H. Warren, J. K. Henshaw, Mary C. Meredith, Rev. Irving Washburn, Rev. Charles H. Hill, Henry X. Merrill, Charles W. Webber, F. S. Hislop, James Middleton, Walter D. Webber, J. S. Holstein, Selma Monroe, John I. Wentworth, E. H. Hopkins, Rev. F. E. M orse, Lew is W'. Wellman, Sargent Holbrook Howe, Mrs. Harmon G. Munroe, Rev. Egbert N. W heeler, Jam es W . • Hovt, Rev. James P. Newcomb, Frederick M. Wheelock, Georgianna M. Hubbard, Mrs. Erastus Newell, Arthur J. Whitcomb, Rebecca Hughes, Mrs. Sarah Newton, Rev. D. A. White, Edward N. Hutchins, Eliza A. Newton, George L. White, Levi R. Jacobus, Melanchthon W. Newton, Mrs. Marion C. White, William H. James, Herbert L. Newton, Stephen E. Whipple, William H. Johnson, Sherman F. Olmstead, Rev. Charles Whitten, Nathan H. Jones, Rev. Clinton M. Osgood, Rev. George W. Whittier, Daniel B. Judson, Miss Alice C. Oxford, Mrs. Carrie A. Wiggin, Frank H. Kelsey. John H. Packard, James A. Wilcox, Mrs. D. W. Killam, James E. Page, Fred R. Williams, Charles T. Knight, George H., M .D . Parker, Harrison Williams, Rev. Mark W. Knowles, Frank P. Patriquin, Bessie J. Woods, Henry Latham, Albert A. Perkins, Mrs. L. Alice Woods, Minnie C. Learned, Horace C. Perry, Rev. Lawrence Woolworth, Rev. William S. Leete, Isabelle H. Perry, Mrs. Martha P. Leete, Mrs. Mary E. Phelps, Mrs. Martha P. Rhode Island. Leonard, Mrs. Marietta P. Phinney, Edwin H. Linsley, Charles F. Pike, Clara M. Barker, Charlotte Lufler, Henry Pitt, Mrs. Adella Frances Blodgett, Leonard C. Lyman, Edward P. Pitts, Rev. E. T. BufTum, William P. Macgeorge, William C. Plimpton, Susan M. Leonard, Mrs. Mary Grace Mason, Rev. Henry B. Plumb, Joseph D. Manchester, A. Russell Mastin, Mrs. George D. Plumb, Aylmer D. McAuslan, Mrs. Amelia B. McDonald, George D. Pond, Catherine F. Sprague, Mrs. Adeline M. T. Means, Rev. O. W. Pond, Preston Tiffany, Ebenezer Meeker, Charles A. Porter, Almira W. Troup, Mrs. ]ane Merwin, Duncan S. Porter, Jennie P. Troup, John E. Merwin, John L. Pratt, Henry J. Wood, Mark H. Milne, William Pricc, Mrs. Elizabeth Mitchell, William Putnam, M. D. A. Connecticut. Mohr, Rev. Ursinus O. Putnam, Miss Bessie Moulton, Rev. James W. Rand, Daniel H. Allyn, Louise H. Norton, Thomas L. Redfern, Charles E. Andrews, Mrs. Jennie E. Osborne, Miss Clara A. Reed, Charles G. Andros, Katherine Pease, Alice E. 134 Honorary Members. [Report,

Pease, George M. Pratt, Joshua Kentucky. Pease, Mrs. Jane Rice, Spencer V. Perkins, Rev. Frederick Joseph Seabert, Frank A. Jones, Mrs. Mary Hale Phillips, Rev. Milton S. Shirley, Isabel Phillips, Rev. Watson L. Sibley, Mrs. Emily C. Missouri. Pierce, Rev. Albert Sprague, Dea. Erwin H. Pierpont, Rev. John Steams, Mrs. Mary R. Evans, Rev. Einion C. Pierson, Mrs. Flora H. Stillman, H. B. Graf, Rev. John F. Potter, Charles T. Treadwell, Camilla Lottridge, Mrs. Sadie B. Prindle, Luciu6 H. Wadsworth, Dr. E. C. Ramsey, George A. Purrington, Mrs. Mary A. Wardwell, A. M. Smith, William M. Randall, Henry D. Wardwell, Mrs. A. M. Ransom, Rev. George R. Wardwell, Helen M. Ohio. Robbins, Miss Katherine B. Washburn, Mrs. Carrie W. F. Root, G. E. Washburn, William Ives, Jr. Allen, David A. Rowland, Mrs. Emily P. Watson, Thomas A. Atideregg, Frederick Sanderson, Mrs. A. D. Weston, Thomas Anderegg, Mrs. Mary Schultz, Edwin M. Wetmore, A. B. Austin, Mrs. Laura C. Scott, George H. Whitney, Edson L. Barton, Rev. William E. Sill, Miss Anna M. Wickel, John Van Bright, Rev. Jessie L. Sill, Mary E. Wiswell, Mrs. Medora H. Brooker, George R. Smith, Arthur H. Yard, Frederick A. Carroll, Rev. C. W. Smith, Clark E. Chapin, Rev. R. Smith, David C. New Jersey. Clark, Cyrus E. Smith, Edwin S. Cochran, Jennie P. Smith, Mrs. Harriet M. Alpers, Henry F. Dannelley, John D. Smith, Rollin C. Beckwith, Ruth Davies, Rachel Snow, Julia E. Clark, Alexander S. Emerson, Mrs. M. E. Spencer, Mrs. L. G. Connoly, Joseph R. Evans, Rev. William R. Stanley, Miss Catherine A. DeLamater, William G. Harroun, Mrs. Hiram Sumner, William K. French, Jacob D. Hoffman, Irving S. Sykes, Eva L. Gillette, Bertrand F. King, Rev. Henry C. Thompson, George R. Greaves, Rev. Joseph King, Mrs. Julia C. Tuck, Alice C. Holmes, David G. King, Julius Vibbert, George S. Holmes, George Day Ledyard, Lewis Warner, Jennie A. Holmes, Miss Mary G. Lindsay, Rev. Robert S. West, Mrs. Ellen G. ohnson, Alfred B. McBride, Washington Wilcox, George H. lorrison, Rev. Caldwell Metcalf, Rev. John Milton P. Willard, William A. iWelles, Martin Milligan, Rev. J. Porter Young, Mrs. Elizabeth K. Ogden, William C. Milne, Rev. Alexander Spottiswoode, George Morley, Prof. E. W. N ew York. Newell, Rev. D. A. Pennsylvania. Nichols, Rev. J. R. Andrew, Rev. R. E. Phelps, Charles Baker, Clara B. Adams, Mrs. Mary C. Post, Nathan L. Barden, Mary C. E. Burnham, Mrs. Charles Putnam, Mrs. E. A. Bexger, Rev. William F. * Evans, Mrs. Laura S. Roberts, Mrs. Margaret Bishop, Eli H. Goodell, Mrs. Francis M. Sackett, Mrs. Jane P. Bliss, Mary W. Rex, Rev. Henry L. Smith, George Loomis Boyden, Murray B. Smith, Mrs. Kate R. Stebbins, M tss Emma E. Brack, William A. Stroud, William C. Taylor, Mrs. Florence E. Bussey, Robert D., Jr. Ulmer, Celia B. Thomas, Evan D. Calhoun, Rev. X. M. Weed, Grace H. Thompson, George Carson, George Stickney Wiestlfeg, Annie M. Wilson, Thomas Chapman, William P. Woodruff, W . Warren Wool worth, Abbie B. Coats, Minnie C. Wright, A. A. Crawford, William M aryland. Wright, Mrs. Louisa M. Durham, William C. Eamshaw, Rev. J. Wcstby Norwood, Frank C. Illinois. Eddy, Rev. William Steiner, Bernard C. Foote, Rev. Lewi« Ray, d .d . » Wiestling, Maria K. Bailey, Mrs. Mary H. Frasure, Rev. Charles A. Bailey, Wesley G. Goodnow, Harold P. District’of Columbia. Baird, John N. Gould, Mrs. Ellen M. Baughman, Isaac Newton Grein, Ida K. Cleveland, Mrs. Frances Folsom Bicknell, Orlando L. Griffith, Rev. T. H. Cleveland, Hon. Grover Blackstone, William E. Haines, Mrs. Helen M. Boutelle, Mrs. L. H. Hammond, William W. Georgia. Brace, George M. Hazeltine, Rev. E. A. Carpenter. Edward Hoag, Miss Myrtie A. Adams, Rev. M. W. Cragin, William P. Howard, Frederick Dean, Mrs. M. A. Jewett, Charles Harvey Florida. Dickinson, Lee A. Johnson, Mrs. Helen R. Doocy, Mrs. Clara L. Keeler, William H. Burleigh, Mrs. Annie A. Doocy, Edward Kingsbury, Helen F. Ewell, Rev. Edwin Kent, Mrs. Mary E. A labam a. Fairbank, Mrs. Mary D. Lane, Mrs. Florence B. Field, H N. Lane, Miss Mabelle F. Brown, Rev. James Francis, Rev. George A. Leach, Arthur Savery, William Fox, Rev. J. W. L^on, E. P. GoukL Frank Mac key, William Tennessee* Hall, Ernest R. McPherson, Mason J. Hall, Mrs. Jennie W. Palmer, Alice Balcombe, Charles S. Hess, D. W. Pedrick, Mrs. Willits C ravath, Pres. E . M ., D.D. Hubbard, John N. Peiu, Philip Hubbard, Mrs. John N. Peltz, William L. L. Indiana. Hullinger, Rev. Frank W. Perry, Alvan W. Kaye, Rev. James R. Perry, Jennie H. Andrews, Charles S. Kingsley, H. H. Potter, Charles E. Harrison, Hon. Benjamin Larimer, J. M. 1893-] Honorary Members. 135

Leete, Rev. W. W. Langan, W. H. Wilcox, Mrs. Jennie Dwinell Lemon, Henry M. Leavitt, C. Grace Wilcox, Lily Clarissa Loba, Rev. J. F., d . d . Litts, Rev. Palmer Wilcox, Wilbur J., m .d . Nutt, Howard E. McQuestion, Mrs. Elizabeth F. Pearsall, A. L. Merrill, Jeremiah H. Oregon. Poole, W. F. Miller, James Robertson, Mrs. Harriet P. Otis, John M. F ay, C. L. Royce, Rev. L. R. Rawson, A. Y. Gray, Rev. D. B. Royce, Mrs. Mary Resner, Rev. A. K. Walpole, W. R. Shaw, J. W. Rice, Rev. Orthello V. Slater, Rev. Charles Scribner, Mrs. Alice A. Washington. Taft, Lorado Skinner, Rev. D. F. Warren, F. A. Smith, Rev. G. H. Perkins, Stella Weirick, Albert J. I Stewart, Rev. William R. Perkins, Sumner E. Wescott, Frank Stoddard, Rev. John C. Weston, Mrs. Celia L. Wyatt, Rev. Charles | North Dakota. Wood, Henry | Tobie, F. E. ! Minnesota. M ichigan. ; Brown, Edward J. 1 South Dakota. Andrews, Martin M. \ Burton, Rev. Horatio N. Brown, Rev. Edward Burns, Rev. William Clark Frederikse, H. ' Dodge, Dora B. Caldwell, Rev. W. E. Leavitt, Clara K. Free, Pres. Albert T. Covell, Rev. A. J. | Skinner, Miron W. i Howell, Mrs. Eleanor F. Dryden, S. S. Huntley, Mrs. Abi T. Hunt, Rev. W. I. | Lewis, Mrs. Helen Jackson, Mrs. Frances C. K ansas. Kelton, Mrs. Minnie Foster, Mrs. Jane G. ! Arizona. Kiskadden, Mrs. H. S. Perry, Rev. G. H. Miller, Mrs. Martha L. Quinby, J. B. j Hazeltine, W. E. Rhodes, Mrs. Lucy M. Tunnell, Rev. Robert M. Sharts, Mrs. Julia F. Strickland, Rev. George D. ! Indian Territory. Nebraska. Hurd, Rev. Fayette W isconsin. Askin, Rev. John Bennett, Rev. W. P. Canada. Adams, Rev. A. D. Cressman, Rev. A. A. Paterson, Robert Childs Hamilton, Mrs. Mary T. French, Rev. H. A. Haswell, Clayton W. Plass, R.ev. Norman Loomis, Luella Z. England. Loomis, Lysander N. Murphy, Rev. T. F. California. Bagster, Sydney S. Stinson, Rev. William C. Tibbits, Rev. Jackson Birge, Mrs. Helen DeF. India. Wheelock, Hiram H. Cooke, Rev. William H. Wheelock, Wadsworth G. Dinsmore, Rev. Edward F. ^ Holton, Rev. Edward P. Dwinell, Blanche Maxwell Dwinell, Mrs. Florence K. Japan. Iowa. Dwinell, William Harwood, Alice E. Swift, John Trumbull Avery, Rev. Henry Jewett, Mrs. Alice Dwinell Bowen, Mrs. Lucy A. Jewett, Franklin Fairbanks Turkey. Chase, Rev. James B. Jewett, Rebekah Dwinell Demorest, Rev. W. L. McFadden, Mrs. J. I. Famham, Laura Hamlin, Mrs. Amelia J. Mills, Mrs. H. W. White, Rev. George E. Horne, Rev. John F. More, Mrs. Lucy D. Houston, Mrs. Maria Sturges, Rev. C. H. China. Jacquith, Frank S. Wallace, Rev. L. Judiesch, Rev. F. W. Wilcox, Edson Dwinell Perkins, Rev. H. P. CONTENTS.

PAGE PAGE M in u t e s o f t h e A n n u al M e e t i n g ...... iii Publications ...... Corporate Members Present ...... iii Aid from Publishing Societies ...... 14 Male Honorary Members Reported as Present. iv The Financial History of the Y e a r ...... 15 Missionaries Present ...... vi Receipts and Expenditures ...... 16 Organization ...... vi The Immediate Need ...... 17 Minutes of Proceedings ...... vi Committees Appointed ...... vi-x, xiii, xv The Missions. Annual Serm on ...... vii Resolutions ...... vii, viii, x-xv Zulu M ission ...... x8 New Members...... xi East Central African M ission ...... 26 Election of Officers ...... xii West Central African Mission Place and Preacher for Next M eeting ...... x iii European Turkey Mission . Letters of E xcu se ...... x v Western Turkey Mission . . Reports of Committees on the Annual Report . xvi Central Turkey Mission . . On the Treasurer’s R ep ort ...... xvi Eastern Turkey Mission . . On the Home Department ...... xvii Marathi M ission ...... On Missions in A fric a ...... xviii Madura M ission ...... On Turkish Missions ...... xviii Ceylon M ission ...... 64 On Missions in India and C eylo n ...... xix Foochow M ission ...... 66 On Missions to the Pacific Islands .... xix North China Mission ...... 71 Dr. Clark’s Paper — Two Unsolved Mission South China M ission ...... 77 Problems ...... xxi Shansi Mission ...... 79 Dr. Alden’s Paper — The Personal Factor in the Japan M ission ...... 81 Missionary Problem ...... x x v ii Micronesian M ission ...... 88 Dr. Smith’s Paper— The Work of the American Special Work in the Hawaiian Islands ...... 93 Board in Africa: An Historical Sketch . . xxxi Mexico M ission ...... 96 Mission to Spain ...... 99 REPORT OF THE PRUDENTIAL COMMITTEE. Mission to A ustria ...... 102

Home Department. T a b u la r V iew o f the M issions f o r 18Q2-Q3 . 106 N ec r o lo g y ...... 3 Pecuniary Accounts ...... 107 Reinforcements ...... 3 Summary of Donations ...... 112 A g e n c i e s ...... 4 Receipts of the Board ...... 115 Annual Report from the Middle District (Dr. j Places o f Meeting and P rea chers ...... 115 D aniels’s R e p o r t ) ...... 4 Missionaries of the Board ...... 117 Report from the Interior District (Dr. Hitch­ Corporate Members ...... 122 cock’s Report)...... 7 Corporate Members Deceased or Resigned . . 125 Report of the Field Secretary (Dr. Creegan's 1 Ojrftjers of the B o a rd ...... 130 R e p o r t ) ...... 11 j Honorary Members ...... 132