Los Codigos Secretos Simon Singh

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Los Codigos Secretos Simon Singh Los codigos secretos www.librosmaravillosos.com Simon Singh 1 Preparado por Patricio Barros Los codigos secretos www.librosmaravillosos.com Simon Singh Presentación Desde las campañas militares de Julio César a las actuales compras por Internet, el ser humano se ha visto en la necesidad de cifrar sus mensajes para evitar que éstos, en caso de ser interceptados, puedan ser leídos. La criptografía se ha erigido en la herramienta primordial para tal fin. Pero su imparable desarrollo se ha visto condicionado por los avances logrados por su reverso: el criptoanálisis, la ciencia cuyo objetivo se centra en descifrar códigos. Simon Singh relata en Los códigos secretos los progresos de una y otra ciencia a través de las historias de amantes y militares, conspiradores y buscadores de tesoros, sin pasar por alto a famosos escritores de novelas de misterio, hasta llegar, finalmente, a la inquietante realidad emergente en nuestros días: una nueva sociedad intercomunicada hasta un punto inimaginable pero, al mismo tiempo, más vulnerable que nunca a un control total y demoledor. La vieja pugna entre creadores de cifras y descifradores sigue viva, latente y encarnizada; sin embargo, su área de acción ya no se circunscribe a las altas esferas del poder. El campo de batalla se ha ampliado a todos los ámbitos de la sociedad civil, al cotidiano mundo del ciudadano de a pie. 2 Preparado por Patricio Barros Los codigos secretos www.librosmaravillosos.com Simon Singh A mi madre y a mi padre, Sawaran Kaur y Mehnga Singh El deseo de descubrir secretos está profundamente arraigado en la naturaleza humana. Incluso la mente menos curiosa se excita ante la promesa de acceder a conocimientos ocultos para otras personas. Algunos tienen la suerte de encontrar un trabajo que consiste en solucionar misterios, pero la mayoría de nosotros tenemos que contentarnos con sublimar ese deseo resolviendo misterios artificiales creados para nuestro entretenimiento. Las historias de detectives o los crucigramas satisfacen las necesidades de la mayoría; el desciframiento de códigos secretos puede ser la tarea de unos pocos. El desciframiento del Lineal B John Chadwick 3 Preparado por Patricio Barros Los codigos secretos www.librosmaravillosos.com Simon Singh Índice Introducción 1. La cifra de María Estuardo, reina de Escocia 2. Le chiffre indéchiffrable 3. La mecanización del secreto 4. El desciframiento de la Enigma 5. La barrera del idioma 6. Alicia y Benito hacen pública su clave 7. Pretty Good Privacy 8. Un salto cuántico al futuro Apéndices Agradecimientos Lecturas adicionales 4 Preparado por Patricio Barros Los codigos secretos www.librosmaravillosos.com Simon Singh Introducción Durante miles de años, los reyes, reinas y generales han dependido de la comunicación eficiente para gobernar sus países y ordenar a sus ejércitos. Al mismo tiempo, todos ellos han sido conscientes de las consecuencias que se producirían si sus mensajes cayeran en las manos equivocadas, revelando valiosos secretos a naciones rivales y divulgando información vital a las fuerzas contrarias. Fue la amenaza de que el enemigo interceptara los mensajes lo que motivó el desarrollo de códigos y cifras: técnicas para disfrazar un mensaje de forma que sólo pueda leerlo el receptor a quien va dirigido. El deseo de mantener secretos, ha provocado que las naciones hayan puesto en funcionamiento departamentos encargados de crear códigos, sobre los que recae la responsabilidad de la seguridad de las comunicaciones mediante la invención y la puesta en práctica de los mejores códigos posibles. Al mismo tiempo, los descifradores de códigos enemigos han tratado de desentrañar estos códigos y robar secretos. Los descifradores de códigos son alquimistas lingüísticos, una tribu mística que trata de hacer aparecer palabras inteligibles de símbolos sin sentido. La historia de los códigos y las cifras es la historia de siglos de batalla entre los creadores de códigos y los descifradores, una carrera de armamentos intelectuales que ha tenido un impacto enorme en el curso de la Historia. Al escribir Los códigos secretos, me he guiado por dos objetivos principales. El primero es trazar la evolución de los códigos. Evolución es un término completamente apropiado, ya que el desarrollo de los códigos puede ser considerado como una lucha evolutiva. Un código se enfrenta constantemente al ataque de los descifradores. Cuando éstos han producido una nueva arma que revela la debilidad de un código, éste deja de ser útil. O se extingue o evoluciona en un código nuevo, más fuerte. A su vez, este nuevo código prospera sólo hasta que los descifradores identifican su punto débil, y así sucesivamente. Esta situación es análoga a la de, por ejemplo, una cepa de bacterias infecciosas. Las bacterias viven, se desarrollan y sobreviven hasta que los médicos descubren un antibiótico que descubre una debilidad en ellas y las mata. Las bacterias se ven forzadas a evolucionar y mostrarse más listas que el antibiótico, y, si lo consiguen, prosperarán 5 Preparado por Patricio Barros Los codigos secretos www.librosmaravillosos.com Simon Singh una vez más y se restablecerán. Las bacterias se ven forzadas continuamente a evolucionar para sobrevivir al ataque violento de nuevos antibióticos. La batalla constante entre los creadores de códigos y los descifradores ha inspirado toda una serie de notables avances científicos. Los creadores de códigos se han esforzado continuamente por construir códigos cada vez más fuertes para defender las comunicaciones, mientras que los descifradores han inventado constantemente métodos más poderosos para atacarlos. En sus esfuerzos por destruir y preservar secretos, ambos bandos se han servido de una amplia gama de disciplinas y tecnologías, de las matemáticas a la lingüística, de la teoría de la información a la teoría cuántica. En contrapartida, los creadores de códigos y los descifradores han enriquecido estas materias, y su trabajo ha acelerado el desarrollo tecnológico, especialmente en el caso de los ordenadores modernos. La Historia está llena de códigos. Ellos han decidido el desenlace de batallas y han llevado a la muerte a reyes y reinas. Por ello, he podido servirme de historias de intriga política y de relatos de vida y muerte para ilustrar los principales puntos decisivos del desarrollo evolutivo de los códigos. La historia de los códigos es tan desmesuradamente rica que me he visto forzado a excluir muchas historias fascinantes, lo que significa, a su vez, que mi estudio no es definitivo. Si usted desea descubrir más cosas acerca de su historia favorita o de su descifrador favorito, yo le remitiría a la lista de lecturas adicionales, que debería ayudar a aquellos lectores que quieran estudiar el tema con más detalle. Una vez tratada la evolución de los códigos y su impacto en la Historia, el segundo objetivo del libro es demostrar por qué el tema es en nuestros días más relevante que nunca. Según la información se va convirtiendo en una mercancía cada vez más valiosa, y según la revolución de las comunicaciones cambia la sociedad, el proceso de cifrar mensajes, conocido como codificación, desempeñará un papel cada vez más importante en la vida cotidiana. Hoy en día, nuestras llamadas de teléfono pasan por satélites y nuestro correo electrónico pasa por varios ordenadores, y ambas formas de comunicación pueden ser interceptadas con facilidad, poniendo en peligro de esta forma nuestra privacidad. Similarmente, como cada vez más negocios se llevan a cabo a través de Internet, hay que crear salvaguardias para proteger a las empresas y a sus clientes. La codificación es la única manera de 6 Preparado por Patricio Barros Los codigos secretos www.librosmaravillosos.com Simon Singh proteger nuestra privacidad y garantizar el éxito del mercado digital. El arte de la comunicación secreta, también conocido como criptografía, suministrará las cerraduras y las llaves de la Era de la Información. Sin embargo, la creciente demanda pública de criptografía está en conflicto con las necesidades de la aplicación de la ley y la seguridad nacional. Durante décadas, la policía y los servicios de inteligencia han intervenido teléfonos para acumular evidencia contra terroristas y consorcios del crimen organizado, pero el reciente desarrollo de códigos ultraseguros amenaza con socavar la utilidad de las intervenciones del teléfono. En los umbrales del siglo XXI, los libertarios sociales están insistiendo en la necesidad del uso general de la criptografía para proteger la privacidad del individuo. También insisten en ello las empresas, que requieren una criptografía fuerte para garantizar la seguridad de las transacciones en el mundo del comercio por Internet el cual está experimentando un crecimiento rapidísimo. Al mismo tiempo, las fuerzas de la ley y el orden están presionando a los gobiernos para que restrinjan el uso de la criptografía. La cuestión es: ¿qué valoramos más, nuestra privacidad o una fuerza policial eficaz? ¿O existe una solución intermedia? Aunque la criptografía tiene ahora un gran impacto en las actividades civiles, hay que señalar que la criptografía militar sigue siendo un tema importante. Se ha dicho que la primera guerra mundial fue la guerra de los químicos, por que se utilizó por vez primera el gas mostaza y el cloro, y que la segunda guerra mundial fue la guerra de los físicos, porque se hizo explotar la bomba atómica. De forma similar, se ha alegado que la tercera guerra mundial sería la guerra de los matemáticos, porque los matemáticos controlarán la siguiente gran arma de guerra: la información. Los matemáticos han sido los responsables del desarrollo de los códigos que se utilizan actualmente para proteger la información militar. No es de extrañar, por tanto, que los matemáticos estén también en la vanguardia de la batalla para descifrar estos códigos. Al describir la evolución de los códigos y su impacto en la Historia, me he permitido un pequeño rodeo. El capítulo 5 describe el desciframiento de varias escrituras antiguas, incluidos el Lineal B y los jeroglíficos egipcios.
Recommended publications
  • A Comparitive Study of Asymmetric Key Cryptography
    Vol-5 Issue-3 2019 IJARIIE-ISSN(O)-2395-4396 A COMPARITIVE STUDY OF ASYMMETRIC KEY CRYPTOGRAPHY Dr. Prashant P. Pittalia Associate Professor, Department of Computer Science, Gujarat, India ABSTRACT Cryptography is use to secure the computer networks. Cryptography converts the plain text into cipher text such a way that it is impossible for intruders to read and understand the content. Asymmetric key cryptography is based on the public key and private key concepts to support the confidentiality and authentication services in computer networks. This paper describes how confidentiality and authentication service provides by asymmetric key algorithms. In this paper the discussion and comparison of a asymmetric key algorithms like RSA, Diffie-Hellman, ElGamal and ECC. Keyword: - RSA, Authentication, Public key, Private Key, Confidentiality 1. INTRODUCTION Today in global village the internet security is the challenging aspect and cryptography is used for it. Cryptography is the mathematical techniques of information security. It supports confidentiality, privacy, and data integrity and entity authentication. Cryptography systems classified into two main categories symmetric-key cryptography that use a symmetric key used by both sender and recipient and a public-key cryptography that use two keys, a public key known to everyone in the network and a private key that is used by only the recipient of the messages. Symmetric algorithms use the same secret key for both encryption of plaintext and decryption of cipher text. The keys may be same or there may be an easy transformation to go between the two keys. The key is shared between the two parties (sender and receiver) who want to communicate.
    [Show full text]
  • AUTUMN 2012 8/10/12 13:17 Page 1
    sip AUTUMN 2012 8/10/12 13:17 Page 1 SCIENCE IN PARLIAMENT A proton collides with a proton The Higgs boson appears at last sip AUTUMN 2012 The Journal of the Parliamentary and Scientific Committee www.scienceinparliament.org.uk sip AUTUMN 2012 8/10/12 13:17 Page 2 Physics for All Science and engineering students are important for the future of the UK IOP wants to see more people studying physics www.iop.org / 35 $' 3$5/, $ LQGG sip AUTUMN 2012 8/10/12 13:17 Page 3 Last years's winter of discontent was indeed made SCIENCE IN PARLIAMENT glorious summer by several sons and daughters of York. So many medals in the Olympics were won by scions of Yorkshire that the county claimed tenth place in the medals table, something hard to accept on my side of the Pennines! As well as being fantastic athletic performances the Olympics and Paralympics were stunning demonstrations of the efficiency of UK engineering, and sip the imagination of British science. The Journal of the Parliamentary and Scientific Surely we have good reason to be all eagerly awaiting Andrew Miller MP Committee. Chairman, Parliamentary The Committee is an Associate Parliamentary the announcements from Stockholm of this year's Nobel and Scientific Group of members of both Houses of Prizes? Surely the Higgs boson will be recognised? John Committee Parliament and British members of the European Parliament, representatives of Ellis recently eloquently described the "legacy" of the scientific and technical institutions, industrial hadron collider and we would be missing an important organisations and universities.
    [Show full text]
  • Expertise As an Object: an Ontological Study of Cryptology Research in the United Kingdom from 1970 to 2000
    UNIVERSITY OF SURREY Expertise as an Object: An Ontological Study of Cryptology Research in the United Kingdom from 1970 to 2000 by Richard Fletcher Submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Faculty of Arts and Human Sciences Department of Sociology Supervisors: Dr Christine Hine and Dr Nicola Green ©Richard Fletcher Words: 95,698 Declaration of Authorship This thesis and the work to which it refers are the results of my own efforts. Any ideas, data, images or text resulting from the work of others (whether published or unpublished) are fully identified as such within the work and attributed to their originator in the text, bibliography or in footnotes. This thesis has not been submitted in whole or in part for any other academic degree or professional qualification. I agree that the University has the right to submit my work to the plagiarism detection service TurnitinUK for originality checks. Whether or not drafts have been so-assessed, the University reserves the right to require an electronic version of the final document (as submitted) for assessment as above. Signature: Date: i \Quis custodiet ipsos custodes?" Juvenal (Satire VI, lines 347-8) Abstract Recent research carried out under the `third wave of science studies' has produced robust categories of expertise, and has developed normative ideas about how it should be used during controversies over technological decision-making. Though separate in the literature, third wave ideas about contributory expertise appear to be compatible with the recent `turn to ontology'. Both sets of ideas focus on what it is that practices are able to produce, and consider the results of those practices to be real.
    [Show full text]
  • Protecting Privacy in Practice
    Protecting privacy in practice The current use, development and limits of Privacy Enhancing Technologies in data analysis Protecting privacy in practice: The current use, development and limits of Privacy Enhancing Technologies in data analysis Issued: March 2019 DES5759 ISBN: 978-1-78252-390-1 The text of this work is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, provided the original author and source are credited. The license is available at: creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 Images are not covered by this license. This report can be viewed online at: royalsociety.org/topics-policy/projects/privacy- enhancing-technologies Cover image © from2015. CONTENTS Contents Foreword 4 Executive summary 5 Recommendations 6 Summary table 8 Introduction 10 Background – previous Royal Society reports 10 Purpose 11 Target audience 11 Scope 11 Methodology 13 Key terms and definitions 13 Chapter one – Data sensitivity and protections: what are the issues at stake? 17 1.1 Data sensitivity 18 1.2 Privacy risks and the data analysis pipeline 19 1.3 The legal context for data processing: personal data and the GDPR 22 Chapter two – PETs today: capabilities and limitations 25 2.1 PETs and privacy-preserving data analysis 26 2.2 Example PETs, capabilities and limitations 31 2.3 Privacy in practice – Privacy-preserving machine learning 48 Chapter three – The road to adoption 53 3.1 Further research and development 54 3.2 Awareness raising and quality assurance 55 3.3 Adoption within a wider business framework 56 3.4 Consider the wider markets 57 Appendix 59 Index of case studies 60 Working Group members 60 Royal Society staff 61 Reviewers 62 Workshop participants 63 PROtectinG PRIVacY in PRactice 3 FOREWORD Foreword This report comes in the midst of a period here do not achieve their promise in the of rapid developments in the collection, near term, or that the costs of adoption analysis and use of data.
    [Show full text]
  • Quantum Cryptography – a Study Into the Present Technologies and Future Applications
    Next Generation Security Software Quantum Cryptography A study into the present technologies and future applications Bill Grindlay [email protected] 14th January 2003 ©2003 Next Generation Security Software Ltd www.ngssoftware.com “Anyone who is not dizzy after his first acquaintance with the quantum of action has not understood a word.” - Niels Bohr (1885-1962) “When cryptography is outlawed, bayl bhgynjf jvyy unir cevinpl.” - Anonymous 2 3 Contents Introduction .............................................................................................................. 5 A Brief History of Cryptography................................................................................ 6 The Development of Quantum Theory...................................................................... 11 The Advent of Quantum Cryptography..................................................................... 13 Is Quantum Cryptography Secure?.......................................................................... 16 Absolute Security and the Wider Social Issues......................................................... 19 Conclusion.............................................................................................................. 26 4 Introduction In October 1989 at 3 o’clock in the morning at IBM’s Thomas J. Watson Research Centre near New York, Dr. Charles Bennett and a research student named John Smolin witnessed the first ever quantum cryptographic exchange. Using polarised light photons, computers called Alice and Bob successfully
    [Show full text]
  • GCHQ: Britain's Most Secret Intelligence Agency
    5/28/2019 GCHQ: Britain's Most Secret Intelligence Agency GCHQ: Britain's Most Secret Intelligence Agency GCHQ: The Uncensored Story of Britain's Most Secret Intelligence Agency Published by Harper Collins, July 2011 Paperback ISBN 978-0007312665, 32 plates, Pp.666 I last spoke about surveillance at TEDx Warwick. This is here. https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/pais/people/aldrich/vigilant/lectures/gchq/ 1/23 5/28/2019 GCHQ: Britain's Most Secret Intelligence Agency I will be appearing at Digital Dystopias, a Hull City of Culture festival that explores how digital technology is transforming society and shaping our collective futures through award- winning cinema, virtual reality, literature and performance. The panel is "Privacy, Hacktivism and the Politics of Surveillance in a Digital Age" - 6pm on Monday 13th Feb. This is here. You can read my comments about the revelations by Edward Snowden about PRISM and Tempora here. Signals Intelligence History Links >>> GCHQ's History Pages Alan Turing Alan Turnbull's Secret Bases Birgelen Veterans Association Bletchley Park Britain's best-kept WWII Secret CESG History Cipher Machines Timeline Codes and Ciphers in the Second World War Cromwell Cyber Ssecurity Site Crypto Machines Crypto-Museum CSE Canada History https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/pais/people/aldrich/vigilant/lectures/gchq/ 2/23 5/28/2019 GCHQ: Britain's Most Secret Intelligence Agency FAPSI - The Russian Agency GCHQ at FAS.ORG GCSB New Zealand History Page Langeleben (13 Signals Regiment) History Project Lux ex Umbra - Canadian CSE NAVSECGRU
    [Show full text]
  • CS355: Cryptography
    CS355: Cryptography Lecture 17, 18, 19: Public- Key Cryptography.RSA. Attacks against RSA. CS355 Lecture 17/ Spring 2007 1 Public Key Cryptography Overview l Proposed in Diffie and Hellman (1976) “New Directions in Cryptography” ß public-key encryption schemes ß public key distribution systems • Diffie-Hellman key agreement protocol ß digital signature l Public-key encryption was proposed in 1970 by James Ellis ß in a classified paper made public in 1997 by the British Governmental Communications Headquarters l Diffie-Hellman key agreement and concept of digital signature are still due to Diffie & Hellman CS355 Lecture 17/ Spring 2007 3 Public Key Encryption l Public-key encryption ß each party has a PAIR (K, K-1) of keys: K is the public key and K-1 is the private key, such that DK-1[EK[M]] = M ß Knowing the public-key and the cipher, it is computationally infeasible to compute the private key ß Public-key crypto systems are thus known to be asymmetric crypto systems ß The public-key K may be made publicly available, e.g., in a publicly available directory ß Many can encrypt, only one can decrypt CS355 Lecture 17/ Spring 2007 4 Public-Key Encryption Needs One-way Trapdoor Functions l Given a public-key crypto system, ß Alice has public key K ß EK must be a one-way function, knowing y= EK[x], it should be difficult to find x ß However, EK must not be one-way from Alice’s perspective. The function EK must have a trapdoor such that knowledge of the trapdoor enables one to invert it CS355 Lecture 17/ Spring 2007 5 Trapdoor One-way Functions Definition: A function f: {0,1}* Æ {0,1}* is a trapdoor one-way function iff f(x) is a one-way function; however, given some extra information it becomes feasible to compute f-1: given y, find x s.t.
    [Show full text]
  • A Framework for Efficient and Composable Oblivious Transfer
    A Framework for Efficient and Composable Oblivious Transfer Chris Peikert∗ Vinod Vaikuntanathan Brent Watersz SRI International MITy SRI International January 23, 2019 Abstract We propose a simple and general framework for constructing oblivious transfer (OT) protocols that are efficient, universally composable, and generally realizable under any one of a variety of standard number- theoretic assumptions, including the decisional Diffie-Hellman assumption, the quadratic residuosity and decisional composite residuosity assumptions, and worst-case lattice assumptions. Our OT protocols are round-optimal (one message each way), quite efficient in computation and communication, and can use a single common string for an unbounded number of executions between the same sender and receiver. Furthermore, the protocols can provide statistical security to either the sender or the receiver, simply by changing the distribution of the common string. For certain instantiations of the protocol, even a uniformly random common string suffices. Our key technical contribution is a simple abstraction that we call a dual-mode cryptosystem. We implement dual-mode cryptosystems by taking a unified view of several cryptosystems that have what we call “messy” public keys, whose defining property is that a ciphertext encrypted under such a key carries no information (statistically) about the encrypted message. As a contribution of independent interest, we also provide a multi-bit amortized version of Regev’s lattice-based cryptosystem (STOC 2005) whose time and space complexity are improved by a linear factor in the security parameter n. The resulting amortized encryption and decryption times are only O~(n) bit operations per message bit, and the ciphertext expansion can be made as small as a constant; the public key size and underlying lattice assumption remain essentially the same.
    [Show full text]
  • NEWSLETTER No
    NEWSLETTER No. 448 June 2015 SIR CHRISTOPHER ZEEMAN ARCHIVE n 19 March 2015 the London Mathematical Society launched the Sir Christopher Zeeman Archive Otogether with Sir Christopher’s family at a small ceremony at Hertford College, University of Oxford. The online archive represents a lifetime of his work, including letters he wrote, papers and books he published and interviews he gave. Sir Christopher Zeeman is widely considered an icon of modern mathematics and the LMS is delighted to be hosting the archive on its website, particularly as he is a Past President of the Society. His contributions to mathematics range from geometric topology to dynamical systems, with appli- cations across the sciences. He is known among the wider scientific public for his contribution to, and spreading awareness of Catastrophe Theory, and for the 1978 televised Christmas Lectures at the Royal Institution, from which grew the Mathematics Masterclasses for primary and secondary school children that now flourish around the United Kingdom. Professor Terry Lyons, current President of the LMS, paid tribute to Sir Christopher at the ceremony, saying, “Christopher Zeeman’s contribution to mathematical sciences is distinctive for its range, excellence and enormous achievement. It is a real pleasure to congratulate him on his 90th birthday and launch of the archive of his work”. The ceremony was attended by a number of Sir Christopher’s family and friends – including Will Hutton and Walter Bodmer – and to especially mark the occasion a commemorative book was presented to him containing scores of messages and birthday wishes. To access the archive, please visit www.lms.ac.uk/2015/zeeman_archive.
    [Show full text]
  • Trustees' Report and Financial Statements 2015-2016
    TRUSTEES’ REPORT AND FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 1 Trustees’ report and financial statements For the year ended 31 March 2016 2 TRUSTEES’ REPORT AND FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Trustees Executive Director The Trustees of the Society are the Dr Julie Maxton members of its Council, who are elected Statutory Auditor by and from the Fellowship. Council is Deloitte LLP chaired by the President of the Society. Abbots House During 2015/16, the members of Council Abbey Street were as follows: Reading President RG1 3BD Sir Paul Nurse* Bankers Sir Venki Ramakrishnan** The Royal Bank of Scotland Treasurer 1 Princes Street Professor Anthony Cheetham London EC2R 8BP Physical Secretary Professor Alexander Halliday Investment Managers Rathbone Brothers PLC Foreign Secretary 1 Curzon Street Sir Martyn Poliakoff CBE London Biological Secretary W1J 5FB Sir John Skehel Internal Auditors Members of Council PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP Sir John Beddington CMG* Cornwall Court Professor Andrea Brand 19 Cornwall Street Sir Keith Burnett** Birmingham Professor Michael Cates B3 2DT Dame Athene Donald DBE* Professor George Efstathiou** Professor Brian Foster** Professor Carlos Frenk* Registered Charity Number 207043 Professor Uta Frith DBE Registered address Professor Joanna Haigh 6 – 9 Carlton House Terrace Dame Wendy Hall DBE London SW1Y 5AG Dr Hermann Hauser Dame Frances Kirwan DBE* royalsociety.org Professor Ottoline Leyser CBE* Professor Angela McLean Dame Georgina Mace CBE Professor Roger Owen* Dame Nancy Rothwell DBE Professor Stephen Sparks CBE Professor Ian Stewart Dame Janet Thornton DBE Professor Cheryll Tickle** Dr Richard Treisman** Professor Simon White** * Until 30 November 2015 ** From 30 November 2015 Cover image Tadpoles overhead by Bert Willaert, Belgium. TRUSTEES’ REPORT AND FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 3 Contents President’s foreword ...............................................
    [Show full text]
  • Chosen-Ciphertext Security from Identity-Based Encryption
    Chosen-Ciphertext Security from Identity-Based Encryption Ran Canetti1, Shai Halevi1, and Jonathan Katz2 1 IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Hawthorne, NY. {canetti,shaih}@watson.ibm.com 2 Dept. of Computer Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD. [email protected] Abstract. We propose a simple and efficient construction of a CCA- secure public-key encryption scheme from any CPA-secure identity-based encryption (IBE) scheme. Our construction requires the underlying IBE scheme to satisfy only a relatively “weak” notion of security which is known to be achievable without random oracles; thus, our results pro- vide a new approach for constructing CCA-secure encryption schemes in the standard model. Our approach is quite different from existing ones; in particular, it avoids non-interactive proofs of “well-formedness” which were shown to underlie most previous constructions. Furthermore, ap- plying our conversion to some recently-proposed IBE schemes results in CCA-secure schemes whose efficiency makes them quite practical. Our technique extends to give a simple and reasonably efficient method for securing any binary tree encryption (BTE) scheme against adaptive chosen-ciphertext attacks. This, in turn, yields more efficient CCA-secure hierarchical identity-based and forward-secure encryption schemes in the standard model. Keywords: Chosen-ciphertext security, Forward-secure encryption, Identity- based encryption, Public-key encryption. 1 Introduction Security against adaptive chosen-ciphertext attacks (i.e., “CCA security”) is a strong and very useful notion of security for public-key encryption schemes [rs91, ddn00, bdpr98] . This notion is known to suffice for many applications of encryption in the presence of active attackers, including secure communication, auctions, voting schemes, and many others.
    [Show full text]
  • Cryptography 11
    Privacy on the Line The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. Fourth Amendment United States Constitution The evil incident to invasion of privacy of the telephone is far greater than that involved in tampering with the mails. Whenever a telephone line is tapped, the privacy of persons at both ends of the line is invaded, and all conversations between them upon any subject, and although proper, confidential and privileged, may be overheard. Moreover, the tapping of one man’s telephone line involves the tapping of the telephone of every other person whom he may call or who may call him. As a means of espi- onage, writs of assistance and general warrants are but puny instruments of tyranny and oppression when compared with wire-tapping. Justice Louis Brandeis dissenting opinion in Olmstead v. United States (277 US 438, 1928, pp. 475–476) Senator Herman Talmadge: Do you remember when we were in law school, we studied a famous principle of law that came from England and also is well known in this country, that no matter how humble a man’s cottage is, that even the King of England cannot enter without his consent. Witness John Ehrlichman: I am afraid that has been considerably eroded over the years, has it not? Senator Talmadge: Down in my country we still think of it as a pretty legitimate piece of law.
    [Show full text]