Cryptanalysis of an Identity-Based Authenticated Key Exchange Protocol
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A Comparitive Study of Asymmetric Key Cryptography
Vol-5 Issue-3 2019 IJARIIE-ISSN(O)-2395-4396 A COMPARITIVE STUDY OF ASYMMETRIC KEY CRYPTOGRAPHY Dr. Prashant P. Pittalia Associate Professor, Department of Computer Science, Gujarat, India ABSTRACT Cryptography is use to secure the computer networks. Cryptography converts the plain text into cipher text such a way that it is impossible for intruders to read and understand the content. Asymmetric key cryptography is based on the public key and private key concepts to support the confidentiality and authentication services in computer networks. This paper describes how confidentiality and authentication service provides by asymmetric key algorithms. In this paper the discussion and comparison of a asymmetric key algorithms like RSA, Diffie-Hellman, ElGamal and ECC. Keyword: - RSA, Authentication, Public key, Private Key, Confidentiality 1. INTRODUCTION Today in global village the internet security is the challenging aspect and cryptography is used for it. Cryptography is the mathematical techniques of information security. It supports confidentiality, privacy, and data integrity and entity authentication. Cryptography systems classified into two main categories symmetric-key cryptography that use a symmetric key used by both sender and recipient and a public-key cryptography that use two keys, a public key known to everyone in the network and a private key that is used by only the recipient of the messages. Symmetric algorithms use the same secret key for both encryption of plaintext and decryption of cipher text. The keys may be same or there may be an easy transformation to go between the two keys. The key is shared between the two parties (sender and receiver) who want to communicate. -
Research Notices
AMERICAN MATHEMATICAL SOCIETY Research in Collegiate Mathematics Education. V Annie Selden, Tennessee Technological University, Cookeville, Ed Dubinsky, Kent State University, OH, Guershon Hare I, University of California San Diego, La jolla, and Fernando Hitt, C/NVESTAV, Mexico, Editors This volume presents state-of-the-art research on understanding, teaching, and learning mathematics at the post-secondary level. The articles are peer-reviewed for two major features: (I) advancing our understanding of collegiate mathematics education, and (2) readability by a wide audience of practicing mathematicians interested in issues affecting their students. This is not a collection of scholarly arcana, but a compilation of useful and informative research regarding how students think about and learn mathematics. This series is published in cooperation with the Mathematical Association of America. CBMS Issues in Mathematics Education, Volume 12; 2003; 206 pages; Softcover; ISBN 0-8218-3302-2; List $49;AII individuals $39; Order code CBMATH/12N044 MATHEMATICS EDUCATION Also of interest .. RESEARCH: AGul<lelbrthe Mathematics Education Research: Hothomatldan- A Guide for the Research Mathematician --lllll'tj.M...,.a.,-- Curtis McKnight, Andy Magid, and -- Teri J. Murphy, University of Oklahoma, Norman, and Michelynn McKnight, Norman, OK 2000; I 06 pages; Softcover; ISBN 0-8218-20 16-8; List $20;AII AMS members $16; Order code MERN044 Teaching Mathematics in Colleges and Universities: Case Studies for Today's Classroom Graduate Student Edition Faculty -
A Decade of Lattice Cryptography
Full text available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/0400000074 A Decade of Lattice Cryptography Chris Peikert Computer Science and Engineering University of Michigan, United States Boston — Delft Full text available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/0400000074 Foundations and Trends R in Theoretical Computer Science Published, sold and distributed by: now Publishers Inc. PO Box 1024 Hanover, MA 02339 United States Tel. +1-781-985-4510 www.nowpublishers.com [email protected] Outside North America: now Publishers Inc. PO Box 179 2600 AD Delft The Netherlands Tel. +31-6-51115274 The preferred citation for this publication is C. Peikert. A Decade of Lattice Cryptography. Foundations and Trends R in Theoretical Computer Science, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 283–424, 2014. R This Foundations and Trends issue was typeset in LATEX using a class file designed by Neal Parikh. Printed on acid-free paper. ISBN: 978-1-68083-113-9 c 2016 C. Peikert All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission of the publishers. Photocopying. In the USA: This journal is registered at the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923. Authorization to photocopy items for in- ternal or personal use, or the internal or personal use of specific clients, is granted by now Publishers Inc for users registered with the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC). The ‘services’ for users can be found on the internet at: www.copyright.com For those organizations that have been granted a photocopy license, a separate system of payment has been arranged. -
The Best Nurturers in Computer Science Research
The Best Nurturers in Computer Science Research Bharath Kumar M. Y. N. Srikant IISc-CSA-TR-2004-10 http://archive.csa.iisc.ernet.in/TR/2004/10/ Computer Science and Automation Indian Institute of Science, India October 2004 The Best Nurturers in Computer Science Research Bharath Kumar M.∗ Y. N. Srikant† Abstract The paper presents a heuristic for mining nurturers in temporally organized collaboration networks: people who facilitate the growth and success of the young ones. Specifically, this heuristic is applied to the computer science bibliographic data to find the best nurturers in computer science research. The measure of success is parameterized, and the paper demonstrates experiments and results with publication count and citations as success metrics. Rather than just the nurturer’s success, the heuristic captures the influence he has had in the indepen- dent success of the relatively young in the network. These results can hence be a useful resource to graduate students and post-doctoral can- didates. The heuristic is extended to accurately yield ranked nurturers inside a particular time period. Interestingly, there is a recognizable deviation between the rankings of the most successful researchers and the best nurturers, which although is obvious from a social perspective has not been statistically demonstrated. Keywords: Social Network Analysis, Bibliometrics, Temporal Data Mining. 1 Introduction Consider a student Arjun, who has finished his under-graduate degree in Computer Science, and is seeking a PhD degree followed by a successful career in Computer Science research. How does he choose his research advisor? He has the following options with him: 1. Look up the rankings of various universities [1], and apply to any “rea- sonably good” professor in any of the top universities. -
Algebraic Pseudorandom Functions with Improved Efficiency from the Augmented Cascade*
Algebraic Pseudorandom Functions with Improved Efficiency from the Augmented Cascade* DAN BONEH† HART MONTGOMERY‡ ANANTH RAGHUNATHAN§ Department of Computer Science, Stanford University fdabo,hartm,[email protected] September 8, 2020 Abstract We construct an algebraic pseudorandom function (PRF) that is more efficient than the classic Naor- Reingold algebraic PRF. Our PRF is the result of adapting the cascade construction, which is the basis of HMAC, to the algebraic settings. To do so we define an augmented cascade and prove it secure when the underlying PRF satisfies a property called parallel security. We then use the augmented cascade to build new algebraic PRFs. The algebraic structure of our PRF leads to an efficient large-domain Verifiable Random Function (VRF) and a large-domain simulatable VRF. 1 Introduction Pseudorandom functions (PRFs), first defined by Goldreich, Goldwasser, and Micali [GGM86], are a fun- damental building block in cryptography and have numerous applications. They are used for encryption, message integrity, signatures, key derivation, user authentication, and many other cryptographic mecha- nisms. Beyond cryptography, PRFs are used to defend against denial of service attacks [Ber96, CW03] and even to prove lower bounds in learning theory. In a nutshell, a PRF is indistinguishable from a truly random function. We give precise definitions in the next section. The fastest PRFs are built from block ciphers like AES and security is based on ad-hoc inter- active assumptions. In 1996, Naor and Reingold [NR97] presented an elegant PRF whose security can be deduced from the hardness of the Decision Diffie-Hellman problem (DDH) defined in the next section. -
Dan Boneh Cryptography Professor, Professor of Electrical Engineering and Senior Fellow at the Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies Computer Science
Dan Boneh Cryptography Professor, Professor of Electrical Engineering and Senior Fellow at the Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies Computer Science CONTACT INFORMATION • Administrator Ruth Harris - Administrative Associate Email [email protected] Tel (650) 723-1658 Bio BIO Professor Boneh heads the applied cryptography group and co-direct the computer security lab. Professor Boneh's research focuses on applications of cryptography to computer security. His work includes cryptosystems with novel properties, web security, security for mobile devices, and cryptanalysis. He is the author of over a hundred publications in the field and is a Packard and Alfred P. Sloan fellow. He is a recipient of the 2014 ACM prize and the 2013 Godel prize. In 2011 Dr. Boneh received the Ishii award for industry education innovation. Professor Boneh received his Ph.D from Princeton University and joined Stanford in 1997. ACADEMIC APPOINTMENTS • Professor, Computer Science • Professor, Electrical Engineering • Senior Fellow, Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies HONORS AND AWARDS • ACM prize, ACM (2015) • Simons investigator, Simons foundation (2015) • Godel prize, ACM (2013) • IACR fellow, IACR (2013) 4 OF 6 PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION • PhD, Princeton (1996) LINKS • http://crypto.stanford.edu/~dabo: http://crypto.stanford.edu/~dabo Page 1 of 2 Dan Boneh http://cap.stanford.edu/profiles/Dan_Boneh/ Teaching COURSES 2021-22 • Computer and Network Security: CS 155 (Spr) • Cryptocurrencies and blockchain technologies: CS 251 (Aut) • -
Remote Side-Channel Attacks on Anonymous Transactions
Remote Side-Channel Attacks on Anonymous Transactions Florian Tramer and Dan Boneh, Stanford University; Kenny Paterson, ETH Zurich https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity20/presentation/tramer This paper is included in the Proceedings of the 29th USENIX Security Symposium. August 12–14, 2020 978-1-939133-17-5 Open access to the Proceedings of the 29th USENIX Security Symposium is sponsored by USENIX. Remote Side-Channel Attacks on Anonymous Transactions Florian Tramèr∗ Dan Boneh Kenneth G. Paterson Stanford University Stanford University ETH Zürich Abstract Bitcoin’s transaction graph. The same holds for many other Privacy-focused crypto-currencies, such as Zcash or Monero, crypto-currencies. aim to provide strong cryptographic guarantees for transaction For those who want transaction privacy on a public confidentiality and unlinkability. In this paper, we describe blockchain, systems like Zcash [45], Monero [47], and several side-channel attacks that let remote adversaries bypass these others offer differing degrees of unlinkability against a party protections. who records all the transactions in the network. We focus We present a general class of timing side-channel and in this paper on Zcash and Monero, since they are the two traffic-analysis attacks on receiver privacy. These attacks en- largest anonymous crypto-currencies by market capitaliza- able an active remote adversary to identify the (secret) payee tion. However our approach is more generally applicable, and of any transaction in Zcash or Monero. The attacks violate we expect other anonymous crypto-currencies to suffer from the privacy goals of these crypto-currencies by exploiting similar vulnerabilities. side-channel information leaked by the implementation of Zcash and Monero use fairly advanced cryptographic different system components. -
Generalized Hierarchical Identity-Based Signcryption
1078 JOURNAL OF COMPUTERS, VOL. 5, NO. 7, JULY 2010 Generalized Hierarchical Identity-Based Signcryption Hao Wang School of computer science and technology, Shandong University, Jinan, China Email: [email protected] Qiuliang Xu1 and Xiufeng Zhao1,2 1 School of computer science and technology, Shandong University, Jinan, China 2 Institute of Electronic Technology, Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou, China Email: [email protected], [email protected] Abstract—In this paper, we propose a generic method to allows delegation as above is called Hierarchical Identity- construct Hierarchical Identity-Based Signcryption scheme. Based Encryption (HIBE). In HIBE, messages are Using this method, a Hierarchical Identity-Based Sign- encrypted for identity-vectors, representing nodes in the cryption scheme can be converted from any Hierarchical identity hierarchy. This concept was introduced by Identity-Based Encryption scheme. Then, we give a concrete Horwitz and Lynn [9], who also described a partial instantiation, which is the first constant-size fully secure solution to it, and the first fully functional HIBE system hierarchical identity-based signcryption scheme in the standard model. Furthermore, our scheme can achieve was described by Gentry and Silverberg [10]. CCA2 security level without using any additional crypto- In many situations we want to enjoy confidentiality, graphy primitive. authenticity and non-repudiation of message simulta- neously. The general IBE (HIBE) can not guarantee the Index Terms—hierarchical identity-based signcryption, fully authenticity and non-repudiation. A traditional method to secure, constant-size ciphertext, composite order bilinear solve this problem is to digitally sign a message then group followed by an encryption (signature-then-encryption) that can have two problems: low efficiency and high cost of such summation, and the case that any arbitrary I. -
A Fully Homomorphic Encryption Scheme
A FULLY HOMOMORPHIC ENCRYPTION SCHEME A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND THE COMMITTEE ON GRADUATE STUDIES OF STANFORD UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Craig Gentry September 2009 °c Copyright by Craig Gentry 2009 All Rights Reserved ii I certify that I have read this dissertation and that, in my opinion, it is fully adequate in scope and quality as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. (Dan Boneh) Principal Adviser I certify that I have read this dissertation and that, in my opinion, it is fully adequate in scope and quality as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. (John Mitchell) I certify that I have read this dissertation and that, in my opinion, it is fully adequate in scope and quality as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. (Serge Plotkin) Approved for the University Committee on Graduate Studies. iii Abstract We propose the ¯rst fully homomorphic encryption scheme, solving a central open problem in cryptography. Such a scheme allows one to compute arbitrary functions over encrypted data without the decryption key { i.e., given encryptions E(m1);:::;E(mt) of m1; : : : ; mt, one can e±ciently compute a compact ciphertext that encrypts f(m1; : : : ; mt) for any e±- ciently computable function f. This problem was posed by Rivest et al. in 1978. Fully homomorphic encryption has numerous applications. For example, it enables private queries to a search engine { the user submits an encrypted query and the search engine computes a succinct encrypted answer without ever looking at the query in the clear. -
Zero-Knowledge Proofs on Secret-Shared Data Via Fully Linear Pcps∗
Zero-Knowledge Proofs on Secret-Shared Data via Fully Linear PCPs∗ Dan Bonehy Elette Boylez Henry Corrigan-Gibbs§ Niv Gilboa{ Yuval Ishaik August 21, 2019 Abstract We introduce and study the notion of fully linear probabilistically checkable proof systems. In such a proof system, the verifier can make a small number of linear queries that apply jointly to the input and a proof vector. Our new type of proof system is motivated by applications in which the input statement is not fully available to any single verifier, but can still be efficiently accessed via linear queries. This situation arises in scenarios where the input is partitioned or secret-shared between two or more parties, or alternatively is encoded using an additively homomorphic encryption or commitment scheme. This setting appears in the context of secure messaging platforms, verifiable outsourced computation, PIR writing, private computation of aggregate statistics, and secure multiparty computation (MPC). In all these applications, there is a need for fully linear proof systems with short proofs. While several efficient constructions of fully linear proof systems are implicit in the interactive proofs literature, many questions about their complexity are open. We present several new constructions of fully linear zero-knowledge proof systems with sublinear proof size for “simple” or “structured” languages. For example, in the non-interactive setting of fully linear PCPs, we n show how to prove that an inputp vector x 2pF , for a finite field F, satisfies a single degree-2 equation with a proof of size O( n) and O( n) linear queries, which we show to be optimal. -
Data Collection with Self-Enforcing Privacy
Data Collection With Self-Enforcing Privacy Philippe Golle Frank McSherry Ilya Mironov Palo Alto Research Center Microsoft Research Microsoft Research [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] ABSTRACT an untrustworthy pollster who is unable to make concrete Consider a pollster who wishes to collect private, sensitive privacy assurances. data from a number of distrustful individuals. How might The same problem affects individuals who are compelled the pollster convince the respondents that it is trustwor- to provide sensitive data to an untrusted party. Examples thy? Alternately, what mechanism could the respondents such as the census and medical data highlight cases where insist upon to ensure that mismanagement of their data is individuals are compelled to accuracy, either through law or detectable and publicly demonstrable? the threat of poor treatment, but the absence of “privacy We detail this problem, and provide simple data submis- oversight” leaves many uncomfortable. What mechanisms sion protocols with the properties that a) leakage of private can be used to assure individuals that poor privacy discipline data by the pollster results in evidence of the transgression can be caught and publicly demonstrated? and b) the evidence cannot be fabricated without break- We stress that this problem is different from the question ing cryptographic assumptions. With such guarantees, a of how the pollster or data collector can manage data to pre- responsible pollster could post a “privacy-bond”, forfeited serve privacy. Privacy preserving data mining research has to anyone who can provide evidence of leakage. The respon- blossomed of late and gives many satisfying answers to this dents are assured that appropriate penalties are applied to question [1]. -
AUTUMN 2012 8/10/12 13:17 Page 1
sip AUTUMN 2012 8/10/12 13:17 Page 1 SCIENCE IN PARLIAMENT A proton collides with a proton The Higgs boson appears at last sip AUTUMN 2012 The Journal of the Parliamentary and Scientific Committee www.scienceinparliament.org.uk sip AUTUMN 2012 8/10/12 13:17 Page 2 Physics for All Science and engineering students are important for the future of the UK IOP wants to see more people studying physics www.iop.org / 35 $' 3$5/, $ LQGG sip AUTUMN 2012 8/10/12 13:17 Page 3 Last years's winter of discontent was indeed made SCIENCE IN PARLIAMENT glorious summer by several sons and daughters of York. So many medals in the Olympics were won by scions of Yorkshire that the county claimed tenth place in the medals table, something hard to accept on my side of the Pennines! As well as being fantastic athletic performances the Olympics and Paralympics were stunning demonstrations of the efficiency of UK engineering, and sip the imagination of British science. The Journal of the Parliamentary and Scientific Surely we have good reason to be all eagerly awaiting Andrew Miller MP Committee. Chairman, Parliamentary The Committee is an Associate Parliamentary the announcements from Stockholm of this year's Nobel and Scientific Group of members of both Houses of Prizes? Surely the Higgs boson will be recognised? John Committee Parliament and British members of the European Parliament, representatives of Ellis recently eloquently described the "legacy" of the scientific and technical institutions, industrial hadron collider and we would be missing an important organisations and universities.