Algebraic Pseudorandom Functions with Improved Efficiency from the Augmented Cascade*
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Reproducibility and Pseudo-Determinism in Log-Space
Reproducibility and Pseudo-determinism in Log-Space by Ofer Grossman S.B., Massachusetts Institute of Technology (2017) Submitted to the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at the MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY May 2020 c Massachusetts Institute of Technology 2020. All rights reserved. Author...................................................................... Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science May 15, 2020 Certified by.................................................................. Shafi Goldwasser RSA Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Thesis Supervisor Accepted by................................................................. Leslie A. Kolodziejski Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Chair, Department Committee on Graduate Students 2 Reproducibility and Pseudo-determinism in Log-Space by Ofer Grossman Submitted to the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science on May 15, 2020, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Abstract Acuriouspropertyofrandomizedlog-spacesearchalgorithmsisthattheiroutputsareoften longer than their workspace. This leads to the question: how can we reproduce the results of a randomized log space computation without storing the output or randomness verbatim? Running the algorithm again with new -
FOCS 2005 Program SUNDAY October 23, 2005
FOCS 2005 Program SUNDAY October 23, 2005 Talks in Grand Ballroom, 17th floor Session 1: 8:50am – 10:10am Chair: Eva´ Tardos 8:50 Agnostically Learning Halfspaces Adam Kalai, Adam Klivans, Yishay Mansour and Rocco Servedio 9:10 Noise stability of functions with low influences: invari- ance and optimality The 46th Annual IEEE Symposium on Elchanan Mossel, Ryan O’Donnell and Krzysztof Foundations of Computer Science Oleszkiewicz October 22-25, 2005 Omni William Penn Hotel, 9:30 Every decision tree has an influential variable Pittsburgh, PA Ryan O’Donnell, Michael Saks, Oded Schramm and Rocco Servedio Sponsored by the IEEE Computer Society Technical Committee on Mathematical Foundations of Computing 9:50 Lower Bounds for the Noisy Broadcast Problem In cooperation with ACM SIGACT Navin Goyal, Guy Kindler and Michael Saks Break 10:10am – 10:30am FOCS ’05 gratefully acknowledges financial support from Microsoft Research, Yahoo! Research, and the CMU Aladdin center Session 2: 10:30am – 12:10pm Chair: Satish Rao SATURDAY October 22, 2005 10:30 The Unique Games Conjecture, Integrality Gap for Cut Problems and Embeddability of Negative Type Metrics Tutorials held at CMU University Center into `1 [Best paper award] Reception at Omni William Penn Hotel, Monongahela Room, Subhash Khot and Nisheeth Vishnoi 17th floor 10:50 The Closest Substring problem with small distances Tutorial 1: 1:30pm – 3:30pm Daniel Marx (McConomy Auditorium) Chair: Irit Dinur 11:10 Fitting tree metrics: Hierarchical clustering and Phy- logeny Subhash Khot Nir Ailon and Moses Charikar On the Unique Games Conjecture 11:30 Metric Embeddings with Relaxed Guarantees Break 3:30pm – 4:00pm Ittai Abraham, Yair Bartal, T-H. -
Research Notices
AMERICAN MATHEMATICAL SOCIETY Research in Collegiate Mathematics Education. V Annie Selden, Tennessee Technological University, Cookeville, Ed Dubinsky, Kent State University, OH, Guershon Hare I, University of California San Diego, La jolla, and Fernando Hitt, C/NVESTAV, Mexico, Editors This volume presents state-of-the-art research on understanding, teaching, and learning mathematics at the post-secondary level. The articles are peer-reviewed for two major features: (I) advancing our understanding of collegiate mathematics education, and (2) readability by a wide audience of practicing mathematicians interested in issues affecting their students. This is not a collection of scholarly arcana, but a compilation of useful and informative research regarding how students think about and learn mathematics. This series is published in cooperation with the Mathematical Association of America. CBMS Issues in Mathematics Education, Volume 12; 2003; 206 pages; Softcover; ISBN 0-8218-3302-2; List $49;AII individuals $39; Order code CBMATH/12N044 MATHEMATICS EDUCATION Also of interest .. RESEARCH: AGul<lelbrthe Mathematics Education Research: Hothomatldan- A Guide for the Research Mathematician --lllll'tj.M...,.a.,-- Curtis McKnight, Andy Magid, and -- Teri J. Murphy, University of Oklahoma, Norman, and Michelynn McKnight, Norman, OK 2000; I 06 pages; Softcover; ISBN 0-8218-20 16-8; List $20;AII AMS members $16; Order code MERN044 Teaching Mathematics in Colleges and Universities: Case Studies for Today's Classroom Graduate Student Edition Faculty -
Secure Multi-Party Computation in Practice
SECURE MULTI-PARTY COMPUTATION IN PRACTICE Marcella Christine Hastings A DISSERTATION in Computer and Information Science Presented to the Faculties of the University of Pennsylvania in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2021 Supervisor of Dissertation Nadia Heninger Adjunct Associate Professor, University of Pennsylvania Associate Professor, University of California, San Diego Graduate Group Chairperson Mayur Naik Professor and Computer and Information Science Graduate Group Chair Dissertation Committee Brett Hemenway Falk, Research Assistant Professor Stephan A. Zdancewic, Professor Sebastian Angel, Raj and Neera Singh Term Assistant Professor abhi shelat, Associate Professor at Khoury College of Computer Sciences, Northeastern University ACKNOWLEDGMENT This dissertation would have been much less pleasant to produce without the presence of many people in my life. I would like to thank my advisor and my dissertation committee for their helpful advice, direction, and long-distance phone calls over the past six years. I would like to thank my fellow PhD students at the University of Pennsylvania, especially the ever-changing but consistently lovely office mates in the Distributed Systems Laboratory and my cohort. Our shared tea-time, cookies, disappointments, and achievements provided an essential community that brought me great joy during my time at Penn. I would like to thank the mentors and colleagues who hosted me at the Security and Privacy Lab at the University of Washington in 2018, the Software & Application Innovation Lab at Boston University in 2019, and the Cryptography and Privacy Research group at Microsoft Research in 2020. My career and happiness greatly benefited from spending these summers exploring fresh research directions and rediscovering the world outside my own work. -
A Decade of Lattice Cryptography
Full text available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/0400000074 A Decade of Lattice Cryptography Chris Peikert Computer Science and Engineering University of Michigan, United States Boston — Delft Full text available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/0400000074 Foundations and Trends R in Theoretical Computer Science Published, sold and distributed by: now Publishers Inc. PO Box 1024 Hanover, MA 02339 United States Tel. +1-781-985-4510 www.nowpublishers.com [email protected] Outside North America: now Publishers Inc. PO Box 179 2600 AD Delft The Netherlands Tel. +31-6-51115274 The preferred citation for this publication is C. Peikert. A Decade of Lattice Cryptography. Foundations and Trends R in Theoretical Computer Science, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 283–424, 2014. R This Foundations and Trends issue was typeset in LATEX using a class file designed by Neal Parikh. Printed on acid-free paper. ISBN: 978-1-68083-113-9 c 2016 C. Peikert All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission of the publishers. Photocopying. In the USA: This journal is registered at the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923. Authorization to photocopy items for in- ternal or personal use, or the internal or personal use of specific clients, is granted by now Publishers Inc for users registered with the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC). The ‘services’ for users can be found on the internet at: www.copyright.com For those organizations that have been granted a photocopy license, a separate system of payment has been arranged. -
The Best Nurturers in Computer Science Research
The Best Nurturers in Computer Science Research Bharath Kumar M. Y. N. Srikant IISc-CSA-TR-2004-10 http://archive.csa.iisc.ernet.in/TR/2004/10/ Computer Science and Automation Indian Institute of Science, India October 2004 The Best Nurturers in Computer Science Research Bharath Kumar M.∗ Y. N. Srikant† Abstract The paper presents a heuristic for mining nurturers in temporally organized collaboration networks: people who facilitate the growth and success of the young ones. Specifically, this heuristic is applied to the computer science bibliographic data to find the best nurturers in computer science research. The measure of success is parameterized, and the paper demonstrates experiments and results with publication count and citations as success metrics. Rather than just the nurturer’s success, the heuristic captures the influence he has had in the indepen- dent success of the relatively young in the network. These results can hence be a useful resource to graduate students and post-doctoral can- didates. The heuristic is extended to accurately yield ranked nurturers inside a particular time period. Interestingly, there is a recognizable deviation between the rankings of the most successful researchers and the best nurturers, which although is obvious from a social perspective has not been statistically demonstrated. Keywords: Social Network Analysis, Bibliometrics, Temporal Data Mining. 1 Introduction Consider a student Arjun, who has finished his under-graduate degree in Computer Science, and is seeking a PhD degree followed by a successful career in Computer Science research. How does he choose his research advisor? He has the following options with him: 1. Look up the rankings of various universities [1], and apply to any “rea- sonably good” professor in any of the top universities. -
Hard Communication Channels for Steganography
Hard Communication Channels for Steganography Sebastian Berndt1 and Maciej Liśkiewicz2 1 University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany [email protected] 2 University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany [email protected] Abstract This paper considers steganography – the concept of hiding the presence of secret messages in legal communications – in the computational setting and its relation to cryptography. Very re- cently the first (non-polynomial time) steganographic protocol has been shown which, for any communication channel, is provably secure, reliable, and has nearly optimal bandwidth. The security is unconditional, i.e. it does not rely on any unproven complexity-theoretic assumption. This disproves the claim that the existence of one-way functions and access to a communication channel oracle are both necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of secure steganogra- phy in the sense that secure and reliable steganography exists independently of the existence of one-way functions. In this paper, we prove that this equivalence also does not hold in the more realistic setting, where the stegosystem is polynomial time bounded. We prove this by construct- ing (a) a channel for which secure steganography exists if and only if one-way functions exist and (b) another channel such that secure steganography implies that no one-way functions exist. We therefore show that security-preserving reductions between cryptography and steganography need to be treated very carefully. 1998 ACM Subject Classification E.3 Data Encryption Keywords and phrases provable secure steganography, cryptographic assumptions, pseudoran- dom functions, one-way functions, signature schemes Digital Object Identifier 10.4230/LIPIcs.ISAAC.2016.16 1 Introduction Digital steganography has recently received substantial interest in modern computer science since it allows secret communication without revealing its presence. -
Dan Boneh Cryptography Professor, Professor of Electrical Engineering and Senior Fellow at the Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies Computer Science
Dan Boneh Cryptography Professor, Professor of Electrical Engineering and Senior Fellow at the Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies Computer Science CONTACT INFORMATION • Administrator Ruth Harris - Administrative Associate Email [email protected] Tel (650) 723-1658 Bio BIO Professor Boneh heads the applied cryptography group and co-direct the computer security lab. Professor Boneh's research focuses on applications of cryptography to computer security. His work includes cryptosystems with novel properties, web security, security for mobile devices, and cryptanalysis. He is the author of over a hundred publications in the field and is a Packard and Alfred P. Sloan fellow. He is a recipient of the 2014 ACM prize and the 2013 Godel prize. In 2011 Dr. Boneh received the Ishii award for industry education innovation. Professor Boneh received his Ph.D from Princeton University and joined Stanford in 1997. ACADEMIC APPOINTMENTS • Professor, Computer Science • Professor, Electrical Engineering • Senior Fellow, Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies HONORS AND AWARDS • ACM prize, ACM (2015) • Simons investigator, Simons foundation (2015) • Godel prize, ACM (2013) • IACR fellow, IACR (2013) 4 OF 6 PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION • PhD, Princeton (1996) LINKS • http://crypto.stanford.edu/~dabo: http://crypto.stanford.edu/~dabo Page 1 of 2 Dan Boneh http://cap.stanford.edu/profiles/Dan_Boneh/ Teaching COURSES 2021-22 • Computer and Network Security: CS 155 (Spr) • Cryptocurrencies and blockchain technologies: CS 251 (Aut) • -
Remote Side-Channel Attacks on Anonymous Transactions
Remote Side-Channel Attacks on Anonymous Transactions Florian Tramer and Dan Boneh, Stanford University; Kenny Paterson, ETH Zurich https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity20/presentation/tramer This paper is included in the Proceedings of the 29th USENIX Security Symposium. August 12–14, 2020 978-1-939133-17-5 Open access to the Proceedings of the 29th USENIX Security Symposium is sponsored by USENIX. Remote Side-Channel Attacks on Anonymous Transactions Florian Tramèr∗ Dan Boneh Kenneth G. Paterson Stanford University Stanford University ETH Zürich Abstract Bitcoin’s transaction graph. The same holds for many other Privacy-focused crypto-currencies, such as Zcash or Monero, crypto-currencies. aim to provide strong cryptographic guarantees for transaction For those who want transaction privacy on a public confidentiality and unlinkability. In this paper, we describe blockchain, systems like Zcash [45], Monero [47], and several side-channel attacks that let remote adversaries bypass these others offer differing degrees of unlinkability against a party protections. who records all the transactions in the network. We focus We present a general class of timing side-channel and in this paper on Zcash and Monero, since they are the two traffic-analysis attacks on receiver privacy. These attacks en- largest anonymous crypto-currencies by market capitaliza- able an active remote adversary to identify the (secret) payee tion. However our approach is more generally applicable, and of any transaction in Zcash or Monero. The attacks violate we expect other anonymous crypto-currencies to suffer from the privacy goals of these crypto-currencies by exploiting similar vulnerabilities. side-channel information leaked by the implementation of Zcash and Monero use fairly advanced cryptographic different system components. -
Omer Reingold, June 2017
Omer Reingold, June 2017 My research is focused on a wide range of topics within the Foundations of Computer Science. In particular, my core areas, which include my most significant contributions, are Computational Complexity and the Foundations of Cryptography, with an emphasis on Randomness, Derandomization and Explicit Combinatorial Constructions. However, I am interested in a much broader range of topics (some closer and some further away from my core areas). Examples include Differential Privacy and Fairness, Game Theory, Hashing and Data Structures, Resource Allocation and Data Analysis. Current Academic Employment: Professor of Computer Science, Stanford University, Since Feb. 2015. Education: • 1994-1998 Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel. Ph.D. in Computer Science. Thesis title: Pseudo-random synthesizers, functions and permutations. Advisor: Prof. Moni Naor. • 1991-1994 Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel. B.Sc in Mathematics and Computer Science - Summa Cum Laude. Selected Awards and distinctions (additional awards below): • The 2009 Gödel Prize for outstanding papers in the area of theoretical computer science (jointly with Salil Vadhan and Avi Wigderson). • 2005 ACM Grace Murray Hopper Award. Awarded by the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) to “the outstanding young computer professional of the year.” • ACM Fellow (2014) Previous Academic Employment and Short Term Visits: • Feb 2015 – September 2016 Principal Research Engineer, Samsung Research America (SRA) • Nov 2014 – Feb 2015 (while on leave from -
Immunizing Encryption Schemes from Decryption Errors
Immunizing Encryption Schemes from Decryption Errors Cynthia Dwork1, Moni Naor2, and Omer Reingold2 1 Microsoft Research, SVC 1065 L’Avenida Mountain View, CA 94043 [email protected] 2 Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot 76100, Israel {moni.naor,omer.reingold}@weizmann.ac.il Abstract. We provide methods for transforming an encryption scheme susceptible to decryption errors into one that is immune to these errors. Immunity to decryption errors is vital when constructing non-malleable and chosen ciphertext secure encryption schemes via current techniques; in addition, it may help defend against certain cryptanalytic techniques, such as the attack of Proos [33] on the NTRU scheme. When decryption errors are very infrequent, our transformation is ex- tremely simple and efficient, almost free. To deal with significant error probabilities, we apply amplification techniques translated from a re- lated information theoretic setting. These techniques allow us to correct even very weak encryption schemes where in addition to decryption er- rors, an adversary has substantial probability of breaking the scheme by decrypting random messages (without knowledge of the secret key). In other words, under these weak encryption schemes, the only guaranteed difference between the legitimate recipient and the adversary is in the frequency of decryption errors. All the above transformations work in a standard cryptographic model; specifically, they do not rely on a random oracle. We also consider the random oracle model, where we give a simple trans- formation from a one-way encryption scheme which is error-prone into one that is immune to errors. We conclude that error-prone cryptosystems can be used in order to create more secure cryptosystems. -
Computational Hardness of Optimal Fair Computation: Beyond Minicrypt
Computational Hardness of Optimal Fair Computation: Beyond Minicrypt Hemanta K. Maji Department of Computer Science, Purdue University, USA [email protected] Mingyuan Wang Department of Computer Science, Purdue University, USA [email protected] Abstract Secure multi-party computation allows mutually distrusting parties to compute securely over their private data. However, guaranteeing output delivery to honest parties when the adversarial parties may abort the protocol has been a challenging objective. As a representative task, this work considers two-party coin-tossing protocols with guaranteed output delivery, a.k.a., fair coin- tossing. In the information-theoretic plain model, as in two-party zero-sum games, one of the parties can force an output with certainty. In the commitment-hybrid, any r-message coin-tossing proto- √ √ col is 1/ r-unfair, i.e., the adversary can change the honest party’s output distribution by 1/ r in the statistical distance. Moran, Naor, and Segev (TCC–2009) constructed the first 1/r-unfair protocol in the oblivious transfer-hybrid. No further security improvement is possible because Cleve (STOC–1986) proved that 1/r-unfairness is unavoidable. Therefore, Moran, Naor, and Segev’s coin-tossing protocol is optimal. However, is oblivious transfer necessary for optimal fair coin-tossing? Maji and Wang (CRYPTO–2020) proved that any coin-tossing protocol using one-way func- √ tions in a black-box manner is at least 1/ r-unfair. That is, optimal fair coin-tossing is impossible in Minicrypt. Our work focuses on tightly characterizing the hardness of computation assump- tion necessary and sufficient for optimal fair coin-tossing within Cryptomania, outside Minicrypt.