Eco-Dynamism of the Bamileke Region, West Cameroon

Home , Bamboutos, Bamendjou, Menoua, Mifi (department)

SYSTEMATIC AND CHRONOLOGICAL CARTOGRAPHY OF A THREE CENTURY (1700-2000) ECO-DYNAMISM OF THE BAMILEKE REGION, WEST CAMEROON

Tchindjang, M.1, Nziengui, M.2, Nji. Fogwe, Z.3, Mbom, A.M.4, Fodouop, K.5 and Lambi, C.M.6

1University of Yaounde I, Department of Geography, PO Box. 30464,Yaounde, Cameroon. E-mail: [email protected] 2Enef Adie, PO Box 3960, Libreville, Gabon. E-mail: mziengui@assala,com and [email protected] 3University of Douala, Department of Geography, PO Box 3132, Douala, Cameroon. E-mail: [email protected] 4University of Yaounde I, ENS P.O.Box 45, Yaounde, Cameroon. E-mail:[email protected] 5University of Yaounde I, PO Box 8297, Yaounde, Cameroon. E-mail: [email protected] 6University of Buea, Faculty of Social and Management Sciences, PO Box 63, Buea, Cameroon. E-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Within the 2nd Millennium, world vegetation changed. This dramatic dynamism (evolution) was greatly felt within the past three centuries of the second Millennium. These changes originated from anthropic activities whose impact has affected the biodiversity, water and soil resources and also biogeochemical cycles.

The Bamileke country in Cameroon also falls in line with this rule. This fragile mountains environment of extremely high population density (reaching 1000inh/km2) in some areas has witnessed a rapid transformation of the vegetation within the past three decades of the last century. This ecological twist over is directly related to exponential population growth since 1976, implying a sprawl of population and myriad of anthropic activities on the fragile and vulnerable, high altitude and mountainous landscape and ecology.

This paper makes a chronological cartography of the biodiversity changes that have occurred in the Bamileke land of Western Cameroon within the past three centuries. This period corresponds to that of installation of man in this area to the present.

Five chronological steps shall be made: ! A cartography of the first human implantation by the Bamileke and the first modifications of the landscape from the 18th to 19th centuries. ! A cartography of the key changes that have occurred on the pioneer vegetation and the introduction of cash crops as well as eucalyptus trees on the Bamileke highland by colonial authorities between the 19ty and 20th centuries. ! A cartography of the political crises years of the 1950s. ! A cartography of the demographic evolution of the 1976, 1987 census and 2000 projection. ! A cartography of the modification of landscape link to the demographic pressure and the abandonment of hedges.

This chronological and systematic cartographic approach is important in the education and sensitisation of the inhabitants of this region on the potentials risks of landscape degradation if the population were to double within the next 20years as currently projected. By analysing the processes that result in the changes, policies that limit the negative impact of evolutions and those that encourage sustainable anthropic actions should be implemented. There is also need to promote the different strategies of the demographic transition and the development of the biodiversity of this fragile mountain region.

Keywords: biodiversity, Cameroon, cartography, demographic evolution, eco-dynamism.

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Location Bamileke country is a mountainous and plateau region located at the heart of West Cameroon Highlands. It stretches from the latitude 4°55 to 5°57 North and the longitude 9°50 to 10°55 East.

Proceedings of the 21st International Cartographic Conference (ICC) Durban, South Africa, 10 – 16 August 2003 ‘Cartographic Renaissance’ Hosted by The International Cartographic Association (ICA) ISBN: 0-958-46093-0 Produced by: Document Transformation Technologies These highlands have been volcanized in its major parts. It covers an area of 6200km² and have an approximate

t Pt −1 estimated population of 1555108 inhabitants in 2000 (Equation 1: : Pt = Po ()1+ r /100 with r = t (1). Po 1.2 Context The land cover of the Earth has changed dramatically in the last Millenium. In the particular case of Cameroon, the change occured on the past two decades of 20th century. The modifications of the biodiversity of West Cameroon Highlands are the results of human activities through the increased parcelling of landscape. These changes have implications on water resources the reduction of spring level, not less than 20 to 30m (1) as well as the soil management. So, the initial fences landscape become an openfield one. These disruptions have also impacts on biogeochemical cycles. (2 and 3).

2. GENERAL PRESENTATION OF BAMILEKE AREA.

Bamileke region is the most humanised area of Cameroon. It occupies the third rank of urbanisation of the whole country (35% of urbanisation rate) after Douala, the first economic and industrialized city and Yaounde, the headquarter of political institutions.

The physical milieu is made up of series of tectonised granitic plateaus, deeply dissected and covered by basaltic trapp that have being hardened in some places. The Bamileke plateau is a galaxy of various size and slope ranges of massifs originated from different rocks substrat as : Pou granitic mountain (1724m), Bani granitic massif (1921), Bana anorogenic massif (2097m), Bangou volcanic massif (1924m), Bamboutos caldera mountains (2740m). This vast dissymetric (4) plateau edge is surrounded by great fault scarp. West and Southward, surrounds are lifted up and overhanged the coastal region by a tectonic escarpment of 700 to 1000m height. Eastward the Bamileke plateau end on the Nun plain by a fault scarp of 200-300m of command. Northward, the plateau bump against the foothills of High Grassfields (1800-3011m)of Bamenda region that overlook the breaking Ndop basin by a fault scarp of more than 500m height. Table 1 outlines the great features of Bamileke physical milieu.

Table 1. Natural physical landscape of Bamileke milieu. Landscape Landform > 1000m Unit landform100-1000m Facet 0.010-100m Plain and pediplain (1000- 1a- Alluvial plain 1b-River terraces, alluvial 1c-Undermining of river 1200m of altitude) gallery 2a- Crystalline levees. banks, squeezing hollow forest and savanna of Pediplain 2b- rocky pediments, cavities, river bank ravines altitude cleared domes, deep and pebbles. imprinted valleys 2c-Boulders, rocky blocks penitents, colluvia. Plateau edges or surrounds 3a-Fault scarp 200— 3b-Rocky gorges, alluvial 3c-Ravines, isolated 300m of height cones, scree-covered boulders, spoon mark blow, 4a-Plateau surround slopes, chaotic boulders,, rocky pinnacle, landslip, cliff with montane feature steep slopes. of hardened slopes, scratch (300-1000m ) 4b-Flank domes, tors, drain. steep slopes. 4c- Avalanches, debris-slip, clear slopes, bad-lands. Granitic and basaltic 5a- Granitic plateau 5b-Heavy convex croups, 5c-Scouring area, granitic plateaux (1300-2400m), (1300-1800m) bared and cleared domes strips, parallelepipedic grassland with Sporobolus, 6a- Basaltic plateau half-orange hills. blocks, tors, rocky pinnacle, lawn field with Loudetia and hardened or 6b-Convex croups, cradle dissolution hollow, striation, simplex and Ctenium cuirassed basaltic and dry valleys, basaltic lavakas. newtionii on hardened plateau. and pyroclastic cones, 6c- Lavakas, , dry valley landscape. landslip, rock fall, slump, small pyroclastic cone, hardened hillock. channel, gullying, cliff on cuirassed plateau, cirque. Moutains 1700-2740m of 7a-Granitic mountains 7b-Landslide and pseudo 7c- Ravines, boulders field, altitude). Grassland with and anorogenic glacial forms. tors, avalanches, tightened Sporobolus, submontane massifs. 8b-Steep slopes. slopes. and montane forest. 8a-Volcanic 8c-Rock-fall, tightened mountains, caldera. slopes. The Bamileke culture through it bocage landscape have been considered as the most famous and beautiful agrarian civilization of black tropical Africa (5). However, the system is very degraded today. The natural vegetation have been destroyed all over the plateau, and just some relictual forest remained in the south margins areas. This cartographic study aims to analyse and evaluate the successive dynamisms that affected this fragile mountain ecosystem.

3. MATERIAL AND METHODS

Data used for this cartographic matter originated from three mains and complementary sources.

First of all, iconographic data are maps and aerial photographs of 1955 (AEF), 1961-1964 (Mission NB-32-XI, 1a, 1b, 1c, 1d, 2a, 2ab, 2c, 3b, 3c, 4ab, 4cd etc.) and lastly those of 1974-1983 focussed on Bamileke cities.

Demographic available data come from official census of 1976 and 1987 collected to the Population and Habitat census Office. These data have been completed by a population estimation calculated in the year 2000. Other sources are bibliographic data based on the Letouzey (6) research on the whole Cameroon vegetation and also documents dealing with the history of Bamileke migrations from Adamawa towards the actual plateau (Fig. 1a).

Figure 1a. Bamileke migrations from Adamawa plateau.

Thirdly, those data have being correlated, compared, verified, modified and also actualised with 20 years field trip observations.

For data treatment, we used EXCEL for calculation of population estimation with graphism and MAPINFO for cartography after georeferencement and actualization of existing maps. For the subject is vast, we go through the basic essentials. 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS.

4.1 Results 4.1.1Bamileke settlement steps and changes recorded. The former Bamileke territory was cover by a thick montane forest (1800-2800m of altitude), a submontane forest (800- 1800m) and also an atlantic semi deciduous forest. This primary atlantic forest, with Sterculaceae and Ulmaceae species is found in the Bamileke meridional appendage (1) in contact with the cameroonian sedimentary littoral basin. This humid, subhumid and densely forested plateau carries various diversified fauna species like elephants (Loxodonta africana), gorilla (Gorilla gorilla), chimp (Pan troglodyte), lion (Panthera leo), panther (Panthera pardus), buffalo (Syncerus cafer) etc. (7). Some of these animals run away southwads borders of West Cameroon Highlands.

Bamileke people reached the plateau in successive influxes, running in front of Tikars groups who are repulsed from Adamawa plateau by islamized Fulani (Fig.1a). So, they crossed the river Nun and settle on the actual mountainous territory that constitute a refuge for them aganist Tikars invaders (Bamoun groups of Fig.1a are descendants of Tikars). After settelement and through conquest, these warrior and hunter people built and materialised their land. They organised each piece of land in chiefdom, surrounding and fortified it by strong vivid fences. Those fences were the first way of delimitation of chiefdom. Latterly, administrative and public authorities recognize it and classified all chiefdoms in first and second degree chiefdoms (Fig.1b). Nowadays, in the seven administrative departments of Bamileke plateau, one can count 107 chiefdoms that 10 are first degree and 97 of second degree. Consequently, one can understand the extreme high parcelling of land in Bamileke country.

Figure 1b. Chiefdoms’ foundation and classification.

After the founding of chiefdom, each notable and each social class built and materialised their land boundaries by strong hedges that are renew each very often. The natural vegetation has been destroyed and replace by bocage. Bocage with it features like sacral wood, fences or baobab of chiefdom entrance appears as a vegetal stamp or a landscape marker. The role of bocage landscape in farmers mentality and the Bamileke’s conception of land concerns many domains. The evolutive functions of this practice have allowed it strengthening in the empirical point of view. The bocage landscape of Bamileke milieu carries five main functions namley : juridical, protective, socioeducative, aesthetic and religious (cultual). Hedges are planted with vegetal species carefully selected by mankind for it nutritive, food and fodder value (pear tree or Persea americana, mangoes tree or Mangifera indica, banana tree or Musa sapientium) ; for it religious or cultural value (tree of peace or costus afer, kola tree or Cola verticillata etc). Inside the hedges, yield crops (macabo, taro, beans, cassava, cocoyam etc.) are cultivated. Raffia trees contributing for wine drinking, grew in river valleys. In all case, between 1900 and 1950, fences were established in the major parts of the Bamileke area giving a such beautiful and organised landscape that is qualified as domesticated landscape by Letouzey (6). Bocage landscape as describe, bring out the retreat of the original montane vegetation. However, it was equilibrated.

4.1.2 European penetration and african resistances European penetration bring in this milieu a variety of exotic plants in the hedges (papaw and guava trees, sugar cane). One can add to these, shade trees, ornamental trees like Pine or Eucalyptus and commercial plants such as coffee trees. The last three plants of the list contribute conclusively as deciding factors of Bamileke landscape transformation. For, Pine acidified the soils ; Eucalyptus at the Bamileke cities entrance consume a lot of water and transpire more than 1000l water/year; coffee extrovert rural economy. Moreover, in 1970, conditionned Eucalyptus wood become the raw materials of electric posts, replacing the former concrete posts. Those are the deciding elements that generated the slow acting decomposition of the natural initial landscape.

The 1950s is known in the history of black francophone Africa as decade of African resistance independence movements against european domination. The Bamileke country was a stronghold of the movements in Cameroon. Its southern parts were very organised for this matter and its population suffered the diaspora link to the vigorous repression of the movement. Consequently, population abandoned hedges and habitations and create war trench as true refuge for combatant. The non warrior population classes (youth, child and women) run to urban cities and plantations’ areas of Littoral division. In 1975, when those movements were neutralized, hedges are destroyed, coffee economic was prosperous and people forgot to built up again fences where there were destroyed or broken by war. Definitely, the domesticated bocage landscape become modified, altered at 50% rate despite 1980s timid return migrations of exiled population from great urban cities where they were established during the period of trouble.

4.1.3 Post colonial failure The 1980-1990 decade began by an intensive and large deforestation on escarpment accompanied by bush fire and forest burn. These actions are combined to the occupation and exploitation of forest reserves, multiplication of concrete buildings, road buildings, social recomposition and openfield landscape.

From 1990 to 2000, the socio political crisis with the establishment of democratic measures in black francophone Africa reinforce the previous situation. Administrative measures of 1993 shattered the former Mifi department (1170km²) into three departments namely Higher Plateaus, Koung Khi and Mifi (Figs. 2a,b,c). This administrative splitting took place in the most essential and protective bastion of bocage in the Bamileke country. This reform causes the increase of land parcelling and the intense use of concrete. Increase of land splitting established the opening and multiplication of gravel pits and sand pits exploitation pionneers fronts on the granitic hills and pyroclastic cone flanks.

4.2 Interpretations and discussions of results 4.2.1 Causes and consequences of biodiversity changes in Bamileke region Initially, the construction of fences has taken away wildlife because hedges symbolize a triple protection against invaders, wild animal and juridic protection of population and theirs goods (yield crops). The construction of fences obliged wild beast to take refuge in the southern part of the the plateau that preserve some remnants of primary climacic forest (Figs. 3a,b,c ). Nevertheless, fences help to maintain a precary equilibrium situation of this mountainous milieu, because it furthered humidity around the top soils and keep soils fertility against erosion processes. The removal of both paraclimacic vegetation and bocage pratices increase strongly soils erosion.

Demographic growth provoke hunger for farming land and multiplication of cultivated areas. Furthermore, we notice a great splitting of land and a regressive transformation of property ownership. This aspect have being illustrated in 2000 (8) in a piece of land of 300 x 300m in Bamendjou subdivision (Fig. 4a and b). Figure 4b shows that the principle of joint possession legacy, which was a great feature of former Bamileke milieu has being removed from its pedestal. Thus, some structures have disappear, fences have been destroyed,and a path is create through the property (Fig.4b) with a new builded parcelling piece of land. Conclusively, demographic growth brings land need. More a new bourgeoisie have been substitute to traditional castes and so, new detached houses settled anywhere on the hills’ top that formerly were reserved to cattle rearing. Figure 2a. The former Mifi Department. Figure 2b. Mifi Department from 1980 to 1992.

Departmental boundary Subdivision boundary District boundary

Figure 2c. The splitting of former Mifi into 3 divisions after 1993

Figure 2d. Great Mifi Densities 1953 – 2000. Figure 2e. Great Mifi Densities 1953 – 2000. Figure 3a. Vegetation 1700- 1900.

Figure 3b. Vegetation 1900- 1980.

Figure 3c. Vegetation 2000. 050100 meters

The strong average demographic density > 245inh/km² conceals very high disparities because there are departments with densities higher than 700 or 1000 inh/km² in 2000 (Fig. 5a,b,c). Furthermore, population density trends of 1976- 2000 (Table 2) in the whole Bamileke country (Figs. 5a, 5b, and 5c) or that of 1953-2000 reconstituted in the former Great Mifi Division (Figs. 2d and 2e) shows that the Bamileke region is caracterized by very high densities (Figs. 5a, 5b, and 5c). Moreover, Bamileke cities are very closed one another, separated only by 12 to 60km.

Finally, the new administratives splitting measures not going to make things easier. The buildings in concrete and final material and also, Figure 4a. A view of a piece of land in Bamendjou in 1950 – 1970 the construction of roads have increased (300x300m) destroying raffia trees, which played a first role in straightening and stabilization of valley and rivers’ banks. Quarry, gravel and sand pits increased either on pyroclastic slopes (gravel pits), in bowe and croups flanks with basalt columns (quarry) or in the hill croup and escarpment flanks (sand pits). The laboratory study of water samples we collected on field in 2000 (in Higher Plateaus) shows an increase of water turbidity in the area of sand digging. We recorded the increase proportion rate of 200 to 500%. Really, the water rivers turbidity of 40- 60g/l in dry season and 610g/l in rainy season on granitic slopes without sandpits go through 2870 to 12280g/l respectively in rivers close to sand pits exploitation sites.

Figure 4b. The same piece of land in 2000.

Table 2. Demographic densities in Bamileke departments from 1976 to 2000. Department or Area in km² Population Densities in Population Densities in Population Densities division of 1976 1976 of 1987 1987 of 2000 in 2000 Bamboutos 1170 155193 141.73 215523 184.20 337068 288.09 Haut Nkam 960 104467 116.37 137389 143.11 196726 204.92 Menoua 1380 201409 155.95 251626 182.33 333900 241.95 Hauts Plateaux 413 64232 155.52 79369 192.17 122579 296.80 Koung Khi 355 77242 217.58 76391 215.18 117980 332.33 Mifi 402 117575 292.47 202193 502.96 312272 776.79 Nde 1520 67942 47.79 83588 54.99 108129 71.13 Total 6200 771327 132.97 1046066 168.72 1555108 246.55 Figure 5a. Department Densities 1976.

Figure 5b. Department Densities 1987.

Figure 5c. Department Densities 2000. Figure 6. Regressive vegetation trend in the Bamileke region under man influence. 4.2.2 Challenge of this cartography Demographic transition or the control of demographic growth is the first challenge of the Bamileke population, for the mountainous ecosystem is fragile. Therefore, the extreme territorial splitting of Bamileke milieu is a factor that give rise to land hunger and competition for populating. The Western Administrative Province (Bamileke and Bamoun region, Fig.1a) is the most smaller of Cameroon. But it is the most populated and the most splitted on administrative level. This cutting out of territory concerns a very densely populated zone. It is in the same region too that we observed a very pronounced poverty index of Cameroon, 66% in the Higher Plateaus division (9).

Forestry conservation, agroforestry, afforestation and boosting of bocage are the second challenge. Publics authorities with NGOs support have to improve and to encourage the reconstruction of fences. In fact, a field investigation by the year 2000 reveals that only 2 concessions over 10 are surrounded by fences relatively degraded. In the poor areas, 5 houses over 10 has no hedges while in the rich one, 5 pieces of land over 10 have concrete surrounds. Moreover, the lack of hedges brought changes on farming systems. These modifications have impacts on biogeochemical cycles. Thus, the results of National Communication on climatic changes in Cameroon prove that the bocage contribute in a marginal way to nitrogen oxide emission. Because one of the advantages of fences is the lack of fire. Another benefit is the farming by burying and according to contour line that reduced soils leaching and soils erosion by run-off. So the results attribute to burning and bush fire the emission of 12% of nitrogen oxide (N2O) and 73% of methane (CH4) ; while farming waste issued only 5.3% and 11% respectively. Conclusively, the former bocage was a sustainable agricultural practice. Its stimulation combined to agroforestry as well as maintenance of sacral wood (sacral forest) would have benefit effects at middle and long-term in this milieu that is the main garret (granary) of Cameroon Republic. The bocage relaunching will contribute too to the reduction of total green house gas emission in Cameroon.

The third challenge is the setting of strategies of reduction of environmental impacts costs. Instead of increasing the cultivated areas, one could increase the output by hectare. Instead of multiplying individual buildings, one can promote collective buildings for numerous families who have a lot of descendants; this will be able to preserve the principle of joint ownership legacy and to devote the useful green land to farming and agroforestry or selected afforestation.

It is necessary to prevent soil leaching and soils erosion by reducing gravel and sandpits areas that creation results from poverty and idleness. Thus, fighting against poverty by substantial improvement of standard of living of rural population is important. By making this improvement a priority, one could avoid the population pressure on natural resources. Lastly, public authorities have to make easier population access to resources.

5. CONCLUSION

The systemic sketch (Fig. 6) that conclude this paper outlines three centuries of human presence in Bamileke milieu. One can observe in this figure the different successions of vegetal landscape. Surely, the motives of degradations of this landscape are demographic growth as well as fences destructions. Administratives measures are worsening factors, which found echo on the former situation of fences depletion. The systematic cartography we realised calls out all actors (local populations, public authorities, NGOs) for a restoration of this fragile milieu.

Of course, processes that underlying these changes are mostly known. Policies that control the successive evolutions of vegetal cover and demographic growth shall strive to improve and incite the sustainable development and management practices such as : sustainable agriculture, sustainable management of water resources. Indeed to succed in these ways, politicians shall deeply explore the above processes underlying these changes.

6. REFERENCES

[1] Tchindjang Mesmin.,(1996). Le Bamiléké central et ses bordures : morphologie régionale et dynamique des versants. Etude Géomorphologique. Thèse, Université de Paris VII, 3 vol. 144 fig., 65 tab., 65 photos, 867p. Paris. [2] Mannion A.M. (1998). Global environmental changes: the causes and consequences of disruption to biogeochemical cycles. . The Geographical Journal. Vol.164, N° 2, pp. 168-182. London. [3] Lambi Cornelius Mbifung (2001).- The impacts of human activities on land degradation in some highland regions of Cameroon: implications for development in Environmental Issues, Problems and Prospects ; pp. 45- 66, Unique Printers, Bamenda. [4] Morin Serge. (1989).- Hautes terres et bassins de l’Ouest Cameroun. Etudes Géomorphologiques. Institut de Géographie et d’études Régionales. Thèse d’Etat, Université de Bordeaux III, 2t., 1190p., Bordeaux [5] Barbier J.C. (1983). Paysages Bamiléké au pluriel sur les hauts plateaux de l’Ouest Cameroun. ISH, 39p. Yaoundé. [6] Letouzey R. (1985) Etude phytogéographique du Cameroun. [7] Ghomsi E (1972). Les Bamiléké du Cameroun : essai d’étude historique des origines à 1920. Thèse de 3ème cycle. 302p. Université de Paris - Sorbonne [8] Faha Kamdem G. (2001: Mutations Socio-Spatiales et Dynamique des Milieux au Cœur des hautes terres de l’Ouest-Cameroun Esquisse Théorique et Empirique 100 pages Mémoire de DEA. 2000/2001. [9] 9 – PNUD (1998), La pauvreté au Cameroun, 100p. SYSTEMATIC AND CHRONOLOGICAL CARTOGRAPHY OF A THREE CENTURY (1700-2000) ECO-DYNAMISM OF THE BAMILEKE REGION, WEST CAMEROON

Tchindjang, M.1, Nziengui, M.2, Nji. Fogwe, Z.3, Mbom, A.M.4, Fodouop, K.5 and Lambi, C.M.6

Biography

Dr Mesmin Tchindjang was born in Douala Cameroon on August 26, 1961.

I defend a Doctorate Thesis “New Regime” in France, University of Paris 7 in 1996 in Geomorphology. The thesis untitled “The Central Bamileke Plateau and its surrounds: Regional morphology and slopes dynamic. Geomorphologic study’’ dealed with Relief, Surface dynamic and Natural Risks.

I am a Senior Lecturer in University of Yaounde I Cameroon, Department of Geography. As experiences, I am the General Secretary of The National Geography Committee of Cameroon. I am training now in University Omar Bongo (Gabon) for a Master of Sciences in GIS domain (Methods and Techniques of Management of Environmental Information).

My teaching domains in University of Yaounde concern: Geomorphology, Cartography and Remote Sensing, Environment, Tourism and Eco tourism.

I have published more than 12 scientific articles focussed on: The weathered pebble of the Bamileke plateau, The geological rock strata in Cameroon, Mining Sand exploitation on the Pan African granite rock of Batie Region, Central Bamileke maars, inundation risks in the Lake Nyos Valley, Erosion and Dissolution potholes on the Lake Nyos pyroclastic dam, Lake Nyos Dam: an imminent catastrophe.

I attend the IGU Regional Conference of August 2002 in Durban with 3 communications based on tourism (Cameroon, a country with a touristic potential under exploited); on eco-tourism (The difficulty of the development eco tourism on protected areas of Cameroon) and Geomorphology (The geomorphic risks in the West Cameroon region: a challenge for the 21st Century).

Finally, I supervised (students research works) almost 9 Master of Sciences thesis in Geomorphology, Management of natural and touristic resources, Environment with tourism and Eco tourism, Farming transformation in West Cameroon, Sustainable Management of Fauna specimen (CITES Case) in Cameroon, Inundation and risks linked with shallow’s occupation in Yaounde town, Remote sensing and ecological prospect of biodiversity on Cameroon Mountains after 1999-2000 eruptions.