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Assessment of Prunus Africana Bark Exploitation Methods and Sustainable Exploitation in the South West, North-West and Adamaoua Regions of Cameroon

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Assessment of Prunus Africana Bark Exploitation Methods and Sustainable Exploitation in the South West, North-West and Adamaoua Regions of Cameroon GCP/RAF/408/EC « MOBILISATION ET RENFORCEMENT DES CAPACITES DES PETITES ET MOYENNES ENTREPRISES IMPLIQUEES DANS LES FILIERES DES PRODUITS FORESTIERS NON LIGNEUX EN AFRIQUE CENTRALE » Assessment of Prunus africana bark exploitation methods and sustainable exploitation in the South west, North-West and Adamaoua regions of Cameroon CIFOR Philip Fonju Nkeng, Verina Ingram, Abdon Awono February 2010 Avec l‟appui financier de la Commission Européenne Contents Acknowledgements .................................................................................................... i ABBREVIATIONS ...................................................................................................... ii Abstract .................................................................................................................. iii 1: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background ................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Problem statement ...................................................................................... 2 1.3 Research questions .......................................................................................... 2 1.4 Objectives ....................................................................................................... 3 1.5 Importance of the study ................................................................................... 3 2: Literature Review .................................................................................................. 4 2.1 Definition of concepts ...................................................................................... 4 2.2 Description and ecological distribution ............................................................... 5 2.3 Uses and economic importance of Prunus africana. ............................................ 8 2.4 Strategies for sustainable management of Prunus africana in Cameroon .............. 9 2.6 Impact of exploitation on natural regeneration of seedlings ............................... 13 2.7 Impact of exploitation on tree health ............................................................... 14 2.8 Propagation and domestication ....................................................................... 14 3: MATERIALS AND METHODS ................................................................................. 15 3.1 Study sites .................................................................................................... 15 3.2 Description of the study sites .......................................................................... 16 3.3 Methodology ................................................................................................. 20 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ............................................................................... 24 4.1.1 Sampled trees in natural forest sites ............................................................. 24 4.2 Application of harvesting methods ................................................................. 26 4.3 Assessment of effect of site on bark recovery rates .......................................... 27 4.4 Health status of residual Prunus africana trees. ................................................ 30 4.4.1 Assessment of the health status of harvested Prunus africana ........................ 30 4.5 Seedling regeneration in harvested sites .......................................................... 34 4.6 Growth rates of planted Prunus africana .......................................................... 35 4.7 Relationship between bark volume and weight ................................................. 37 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS .............................................................. 39 5.1 Conclusions ................................................................................................... 39 5.2 Recommendations ..................................................................................... 40 Bibliography ........................................................................................................... 42 Annexes ................................................................................................................. 47 Annex 1. Prunus survey interviews ...................................................................... 47 Annex 2. Climatic data ......................................................................................... 48 Annex 3. Distribution of Prunus africana in Cameroon ............................................ 49 Annex 4. Sustainable bark harvest: 2000 Guidelines from the Mount Cameroon Project ......................................................................................................................... 50 Acknowledgements This report is based a study conducted by Nkeng Fonju Philip as part of his thesis for the degree of “Ingenieur des Eaux et Forets et Chasses” at the University of Dschang, Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural Sciences, entitled „Sustainable management of Prunus africana (Hook.f.) Kalk. in Cameroon: An assessment of exploitation methods in south-west, north-west and Adamaoua vicinities‟. Many thanks to the FAO, CIFOR, ICRAF and SNV team members who together with IITA staff attended the presentation of Philips Nkeng‟s thesis in January 2010 and provided critical feedback which has been fed into this report. We gratefully acknowledge Dr. Avana Marie-Louise‟s work in supervising the study at the University of Dschang, staff of CIFOR Yaoundé who provided assistance; the MinFoF Sub Divisional officers and Regional delegates, Nganteh Martin of ANAFOR in Bamenda for the loan of equipment and his advice; Village heads and Traditional Councillors of the sites visited for providing necessary guidance and security throughout the study; Ndive Elias of Limbe Botanic Garden and Lewindia Ernest Tayim of the University of Dschang and all the resource persons mentioned in Annex 1. Photos: Philip Nkeng i ABBREVIATIONS ACS Adaptive Cluster Sampling AFRIMED Societé Africaine des Medicaments ANAFOR Agence National d‟Appui au Développement Forestier. ASL Above Sea level (elevation in meters) BfW Austrian Development Service CDC Cameroon Development Corporation. CEXPRO Compagnie Commerciale pour l‟exportation des Produits Forestiers CF Community Forest CGIAR Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research CIFOR Centre for International Forestry Research CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species DBH Diameter at Breast Height DF Department of Forestry EU European Union FAO Food and Agricultural organization GPS Global Positioning System GTZ Deutsche Gesellscharft fϋr Technische Zusammenarbeit ICRAF International Centre for Research on Agroforestry IRAD Institut de Recherche Agricole pour le Développement IUCN International Union for the Conservation of Nature LBG Limbe Botanic Garden MCBCC Mount Cameroon Biodiversity Conservation Centre MCP Mount Cameroon Project MINEF Ministry of the Environment and Forestry MINFOF Ministère des Forêts et de la Faune MOCAP Mount Cameroon Prunus Harvesters Company Limited NGO Non Governmental Organisation NTFP Non-Timber Forest Product NW North west Region ONADEF Office National de Développement des Forêts PAU Prunus Allocation Unit PLANTECAM Compagnie pharmaceutique Française du Groupe Fournier PSFE Programme Sectorielle pour la Forêt et Environnement. PSP Permanent Sample Plot SW South West Region UNEP United Nation Environmental program WCMC World Conservation Monitoring Centre WHINCONET Western Highlands Nature Conservation Network ii ABSTRACT In 2007 the European Union suspended imports of Prunus africana, an Afromontane, CITES listed tree who‟s medicinal bark has been used for the last 40 years as the main ingredient in drugs for prostrate problems in Europe. CIFOR has been supporting the Government of Cameroon in developing a National Management Plan for Prunus africana. Despite years of research across Africa, critical data was lacking on tree recovery after harvesting and the most sustainable rotation period for repeated harvests, with no studies have previously been carried out on bark recovery rates of this multi-use tree. CIFOR, with the University of Dschang, carried out a study from April to August 2009 with the aim of evaluating how to sustainably harvest Prunus africana (Hook F.) Kalkman in the three major harvesting regions of Cameroon. An assessment of the recovery rate of bark growth post-exploitation was conducted to evaluate the potential bark yield after exploitation. 710 trees in 14 sites including privately owned, permanent forest domain and community forests were analysed. Seedling regeneration in exploited zones and tree status and health in plantations located at different altitudes were also assessed. The research results indicate that more than 60% of harvested Prunus africana trees were over-exploited (according to the current harvest good practice guidelines) and 9.2 % were harvested according to sustainable norms. Bark recovery rates were found to be significantly affected by the agro-ecological origin of the trees. (Ad=.12±.05; NW=.1±.03; SW=.06±.02cm/yr), indicating that the humid highlands in Adamaoua and the NW are the optimal zone for the species. Bark recovery rates reached 15% of original bark thickness during the first and second years after exploitation, but progressively dropped to an inflection point (7%) between the seventh and
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