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Downloaded from European Union Labour Force Survey Data Explorer Found On: Www Making work more equal Making work more equal A new labour market segmentation approach EDITED BY DAMIAN GRIMSHAW, COLETTE FAGAN, GAIL HEBSON AND ISABEL TAVORA Manchester University Press Copyright © Manchester University Press 2017 While copyright in the volume as a whole is vested in Manchester University Press, copyright in individual chapters belongs to their respective authors. This electronic version has been made freely available under a Creative Commons (CC-BY-NC-ND) licence, thanks to the support of The University of Manchester, which permits non-commercial use, distribution and reproduction provided the author(s) and Manchester University Press are fully cited and no modifications or adaptations are made. Details of the licence can be viewed at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ Published by Manchester University Press Altrincham Street, Manchester M1 7JA www.manchesteruniversitypress.co.uk British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 9781526117069 paperback ISBN 9781526125972 open access First published 2017 The publisher has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for any external or third- party internet websites referred to in this book, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Typeset by Servis Filmsetting Ltd, Stockport, Cheshire Contents List of figures vii List of tables ix Notes on contributors xi Preface xiv 1 A new labour market segmentation approach for analysing inequalities: introduction and overview 1 Damian Grimshaw, Colette Fagan, Gail Hebson and Isabel Tavora PART I: Conceptual issues: employment standards, networks and worker voice 33 2 Autonomous bargaining in the shadow of the law: from an enabling towards a disabling state? 35 Gerhard Bosch and Steffen Lehndorff 3 The persistence of, and challenges to, societal effects in the context of global competition 52 Phil Almond 4 The networked organisation: implications for jobs and inequality 70 Rosemary Batt and Eileen Appelbaum 5 The challenges for fair voice in liberal market economies 90 Mick Marchington and Tony Dundon 6 Working-time flexibility: diversification and the rise of fragmented time systems 108 Iain Campbell PART II: International evidence: precarious employment and gender inequality 127 7 Labour segmentation and precariousness in Spain: theories and evidence 129 Josep Banyuls and Albert Recio vi Contents 8 Subsidiary employment in Italy: can commodification of labour be self-limiting? 150 Francesca Bettio and Alberto Mazzon 9 Job quality: conceptual and methodological challenges for comparative analysis 168 Agnieszka Piasna, Brendan Burchell, Kirsten Sehnbruch and Nurjk Agloni 10 Working longer and harder? A critical assessment of work effort in Britain in comparison to Europe 188 Alan Felstead and Francis Green 11 Plague, patriarchy and ‘girl power’ 208 Jane Humphries 12 The two-child policy in China: a blessing or a curse for the employment of female university graduates? 227 Fang Lee Cooke PART III: Convergence, divergence and the importance of regulating for decent work 247 13 The social reproduction of youth labour market inequalities: the effects of gender, households and ethnicity 249 Jacqueline O’Reilly, Mark Smith and Paola Villa 14 Labour policies in a deflationary environment 268 Annamaria Simonazzi 15 Uncertainty and undecidability in the contemporary state: the dualist and complex role of the state in Spanish labour and employment relations in an age of ‘flexibility’ 288 Miguel Martínez Lucio 16 Work and care regimes and women’s employment outcomes: Australia, France and Sweden compared 309 Dominique Anxo, Marian Baird and Christine Erhel 17 Minimum wages and the remaking of the wage-setting systems in Greece and the UK 330 Maria Karamessini and Damian Grimshaw Index 356 Figures 2.1 Rate of coverage by collective agreement (2008/09) and share of low-wage work (2010) 36 7.1 Temporary and unemployment rate (%) in Spain, 1987–2015 133 8.1 Number of recipients and percentage of new recipients per year: 2008–15 155 8.2 Number of vouchers sold per year and average number of vouchers per recipient per year, 2008– 15 156 8.3 Number of employers by sector, 2015 156 10.1 Annual average number of hours worked, OECD, 2014 196 10.2 Average full-time hours of work, UK, 1997–2015 196 10.3 Intensive work effort – requirement to work very hard, Europe, 2010 198 10.4 Intensive work effort – working to tight deadlines, Europe, 2015 199 10.5 Intensive work effort – working to high speed, Europe, 2015 200 10.6 Intensive work effort in Britain, 1992–2012 201 11.1 The real wages of unskilled farm labourers (by decade) 213 11.2 The daily wages of unskilled men and women (by decade) 218 14.1 Share of temporary employment in total Italian employment by age group, 1998–2005 (%) 270 14.2 Development of real wages, 2010–16 (%) 278 14.3 Relative wage of 30 year olds to average wage – Italy 278 14.4 Employment by age and gender, 2004–15 (%) 281 16.1 Female and male employment rates in Australia, France and Sweden 1970–2014 (%) 312 16.2 Age–employment profile in Australia, France and Sweden, 2014 315 16.3 OECD job quality index by gender, 2010 318 17.1 Change in monthly minimum wages at current prices, national currency 2008–16 332 viii Figures 17.2 Real annual minimum wages, 2008–15, at 2014 prices (US$ PPP) 333 17.3 Change in the Kaitz index (minimum wage relative to median earnings), 2008–14 334 17.4 Trends in the real minimum wage and Kaitz index in Greece, 1981–2015 339 17.5 Trends in the minimum wage, collective bargaining coverage (private sector) and the incidence of low pay in the UK, 1996–2016 345 17.6 Trends in the real minimum wage and Kaitz index in the UK, 2000–15 346 17.7 Projected minimum wage trends with alternative 2020 targets (nominal value) 350 Tables 1.1 Three theoretical approaches to understanding inequalities in work and employment 5 2.1 Statutory protective and participative labour standards in five national wage-setting systems (2010) 38 5.1 External forces shaping voice policy and practice 100 8.1 Annual earnings by age of voucher recipients 158 9.1 Model for the measurement of job quality 181 10.1 Usual weekly hours of work in the UK and Europe, 2015 194 10.2 Percentage of jobs requiring hard work, 1992–2012 202 12.1 A summary of indicative maternity costs for female employees in China 232 13.1 Unemployment rates of young people (16–24) living in the family of origin by the employment status of parents and group of countries, 2005 and 2011 256 13.2 Ratio of unemployment and NEET rates in eight European countries, broken down by EU/non-EU country of birth and gender (youth 16–29 years) 259 14.1 Hiring and firing by type of contract, 2012 271 14.2 Employment protection legislation, selected countries 1990; 1992; 2007; 2013 274 14.3 Index of protection for open-ended contracts (EPRC) and ratio of temporary contracts (EPT) over EPRC, 2013 275 14.4 Gross turnover (hiring and firing/quitting) by firm size and region – Italy, manufacturing 276 14.5 Employment and unemployment rates by sex, area, age, citizenship and education, 2016 277 16.1 Percentage of population with tertiary education by gender for individuals aged 25–64, 2014 312 16.2 Population and female and maternal employment rates, 2015 313 16.3 Working time distribution among Australian, French and Swedish women with at least one child under 14 years of age, 2014 (%) 315 x Tables 16.4 Gender gap in median earnings of full-time employees 317 16.5 National policy frameworks compared 319 17.1 Patterns of change in real minimum wages and Kaitz index, 2008–14/15 335 17.2 Five frames for understanding state policy towards wage-fixing 335 17.3 Wage developments, Greece 2008–15 342 17.4 Wage inequality indicators, Greece 2004–14 343 17.5 Minimum wage contour trends in the UK: the share of female and male employees in pay bands above the minimum wage, 1999–2012 348 Contributors Nurjk Agloni is a doctoral researcher at the Department of Sociology of the University of Cambridge and a sponsored PhD researcher of the Centre for Social Conflict and Cohesion – COES (Fondap Project Number 15130009) Phil Almond is Professor of Comparative Employment Relations at De Montfort University, Leicester and Director of CERC, the Comparative Employment Research Centre, UK. Dominique Anxo is Professor of Economics in the Department of Economics and Statistics at Linnaeus University, Sweden. Eileen Appelbaum is a Senior Economist at the Centre for Economic and Policy Research, Washington DC, USA. Marian Baird is Professor of Gender and Employment Relations at the University of Sydney Business School and Director of the University’s Women and Work Research Group, Australia. Josep Banyuls is Lecturer in Labour Economics and Employment Policy at Valencia University, Spain. Rosemary Batt is the Alice Hanson Cook Professor of Women and Work at the ILR School, Cornell University. She is also Professor in Human Resource Studies and International and Comparative Labor, USA. Francesca Bettio is Professor of Political Economy at the University of Siena and coordinating member of the SAAGE team (Scientific analysis and advice on gender equality in the EU). Gerhard Bosch is Professor of Sociology and ex-Director of the Institute for Work Skills and Training (IAQ) at the University of Duisburg Essen, Germany. xii Contributors Brendan Burchell is Reader in the Social Sciences at the University of Cambridge and Director of the Cambridge Undergraduate Quantitative Methods Centre, UK. Iain Campbell is an Academic Visitor at the Centre for Employment and Labour Relations Law (CELRL), University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
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