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Arthropod Biodiversity and Conservation Biological Control in Rice

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Arthropod Biodiversity and Conservation Biological Control in Rice E:\ 82(1) 19165-K M Singh and M M Kumawat 2020 Indian Journal of Entomology, 82(1): 000-000 (2020) DoI No.: ARTHROPOD BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION BIOLOGICAL CONTROL IN RICE K M SINGH AND M M KUMAWAT* Central Agricultural University, Lamphelpat, Imphal West, Imphal795004, Manipur *College of Agriculture, Agriculture University, Jodhpur- 342 304, Rajasthan *Email: [email protected] (corresponding author) ABSTRACT Rice ecosystems have a rich and diverse fauna of arthropods which varied in field in different ecological conditions. Beside the phytophages and detritivores, a large number of predators and parasitoids also exist in the rice ecosystem. Biological control has shown a great potential for reducing the dependence of crop protection on chemical control. Among the predators, spiders are highly abundant in rice fields which feed on variety of insect pests. The different organisms present in the rice ecosystem are linked by food web which can help insect pest management because they clarify the functional interaction between populations. Conservation biological control can be achieved by reducing the pesticide-induces mortality of natural enemies and habitat manipulation to improve natural enemies fitness and effectiveness in the rice fields. There is a plethora of natural enemies in rice ecosystem and conservation biological control plays a major role in reducing pests. The identification of safer chemical pesticides and supplemental food of natural enemies is still needed. Key words: Rice, conservation, biological control, food webs, trophic relationships, natural enemies, insect pests, habitat manipulation Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important genetic treadmill beside the insecticide treadmill. In crops in the world. It is the primary staple food for recent decades, integrated pest management (IPM) has billions of people in Asia and for hundreds of millions shown great potential for reducing the dependence of of people in Africa and Latin America. This annual grass crop protection on chemical control methods (Pretty et is widely cultivated from 50° N to 40°S latitude and al., 1998; Atanassov et al., 2002) and biological control in areas from sea level to altitude of more than 2,500 is a major component of the IPM programs. metre (Tsunoda and Takahashi, 1984). The major rice Biological control may involve the inundative ecosystems are wetland (also known as paddy or low release of large number of bio- control agents or the land), dryland (or upland) and deepwater. Wetland rice inoculative release of exotic agents. The inundative may be irrigated, rain fed and recession rice. Recession release is economically liable only for those natural rice is grown when rice seedlings are transplanted into enemies which can be cultured invitro or those with receding water which occurs when a lake dries up. simple mass production technique like Trichogramma Earth embankments (bunds) are prepared in wetland spp. Further, availability of these bio- control agents rice fields to retain water. In deepwater rice, standing at the farmers label are also a problem as there is water deeper than 50 cm remains in the field for one limited number of natural enemies production units and month or longer during the growing season (Catling, difficult to transport for longer distance as they are the 1992). Rice cultivation of high input responsive living entities. The inoculative release of exotic agents, varieties which necessitate application of increasing otherwise known as classical biological control, carries amounts of agrochemicals, leading to enhanced a risk of introducing species that will have severe non- environmental degradation and reliance on high capital target effects (Howarth, 2000; Twyford, 1991). Beside and production inputsPreview (Tilman,1998; Matson et al., these around 90% of arthropods releases for arthopod 1997; Tilman et al., 2002). These escalating usage of pest control, fails to bring the target under effective the insecticides, fungicides and herbicides eroded the control (Gurr et al., 2000). In the attempts to introduced on farm biodiversity (Stark and Banks, 2002; Relyea, exotic parasitoids against stem borers in Philippines, one parasitoid was established against pink stem borer 2006) and causes pest resurgence. With development of but no beneficial effect was observed (IRRI, 1971). new biotype of pests, breakdown of resistance becomes To control rice black bug, two egg parasitoids was a common phenomenon and need to replace the new introduced in the Island of Palawan, however, none of resistance varieties after every 2-3 years. This leads to the species was established (Ooi and Shepard,1994). 2 Indian Journal of Entomology, 82(1), 2020 Considering the problem associated with inundative lividipennis Reuter being the most abundant species. and inoculative biological control, from the last decade, Spiders were the next dominant group which includes attention has been drawn toward the conservation Pardosa pseudoannulata (Bosenberg & Strand) and biological control. Conservation biological control is three species of Tetragnatha. defined as ‘modification of the environment or existing practices to protect and enhance specific natural enemies Survey of farmer’s fields in Laos recorded 435 of other organisms to reduce the effect of pests”. Many arthropod species belonging to 266 genera and121 techniques that can be successful in rice fields for families in 13 orders (Inthavong et al., 1998). Rai et managing the pests are discussed herein. al., (2000) compiled an inventory of the biodiversity of coleopterans associated with various rice growing Biodiversity in rice ecosystem ecosystems listed 368 species, which have various Rice is grown in different ecological conditions thus kind of associations with rice, both herbivores and have varied community structure of arthropods and even non-herbivorous. Biosystematics of these revealed in the same field change in the environmental condition that there are 368 species under 191 genera and 26 favours another community structure of arthropods. families. The families Chrysomelidae, Coccinellidae, Rice ecosystems also have a rich and diverse fauna of Curculionidae and Scarabaeidae comprised major arthropods. The arthropod community associated with share followed by Anobiidae, Anthicidae, Bostrichidae, irrigated rice in Philippines was studied by Heong et al. Carabidae, Cucujidae, Dascillidae, Dermestidae, (1991). They reported that phytophages and predators Dytiscidae, Elateridae, Heteroceridae, Hydrophilidae, were predominant in all sites. The phytophages were Languriidae, Melyridae, Meloidae, Ptinidae, Silvanidae, mainly Homopteran and dominated by the cicadellids, Staphylinidae, Tenebrionidae and Trogossitidae. An Nephotettix virescens (Distant), Nephotettixnigropictus analysis of their interaction with rice indicated that (Stal), and the delphacids, Nilaparvata lugens (Stal) a great majority of them are pests, either in the field and Sogatella furcifera (Horvath). Predetors were or storage. Many of them were predators, indicating mainly Heteropterans which includes the veliid, their potential in biological control of pests and can be Microvelia douglasis atrolineata Scott, the mesoveliid, included in integrated pest management. The arthropod Mesovelia vittigera Horvath and the miried, Cyrtorhinus biodiversity is increased with the reduction of chemical pesticides in rice ecosystem (Table 1). Table 1. Comparision of arthropod biodiversity after reduction in use of insecticides in International Rice Research Institute farm in 1989 and 2005 Guilds Biodiversity parameters 1989 2005 Herbivores Abundance % 46.2% 11.6% Species richness, S or Esn (rarefaction) 13.6 36.0 Log series index α 3.10 8.97 Reciprocal Simpson’s (I/D) 2.25 2.56 Exp Shannon or Hill N1 3.46 5.75 Predators Abundance % 40.0% 58.0% Species richness, S or Esn (rarefaction) 37.6 65.0 Log series index α 6.38 12.28 Reciprocal Simpson’s (I/D) 5.12 6.50 Exp Shannon or Hill N1 8.25 11.70 Parasitoids Abundance % 5.6% 4.3% Species richness, S or Esn (rarefaction) 17.1 38.0 Log series index α 5.41 14.67 PreviewReciprocal Simpson’s (I/D) 2.57 13.25 Exp Shannon or Hill N1 5.37 20.91 Detritivores Abundance % 8.1% 26.1% Species richness, S or Esn (rarefaction) 5.6 30.0 Log series index α 0.88 5.70 Reciprocal Simpson’s (I/D) 1.19 8.02 Exp Shannon or Hill N1 1.46 10.80 Source: Heong et al., 2007 Arthropod biodiversity and conservation biological control in rice 3 K M Singh and M M Kumawat Insect pests predators inhabiting in the paddy fields. They prey Rice is primarily a crop of warm and humid on wide range of insect viz. stem borers, leaf folders, environments where the insect pest problems are very plant hoppers, leaf hoppers and some dipterans. So, severe and numerous. A good attempt has been made by they are one of the generalist predators. Barrion and a number of workers to study the insect pest complex Litsinger (1984) has made a good compilation of field associated with rice crop. Grist and Lever (1969) spiders from 12 Asian countries, listing 173 species listed over 800 species of insects damaging rice, either from the temperate zone (Japan, Korea, China and in standing crop or in storage. Pawer (1974) listed Taiwan) as compare to 86 species from the tropics 650 species of insect pest collected from rice field in (Bangladesh, Burma, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines. Pathak (1977) mention about 100 species of Philippines, Srilanka and Thailand). Xu et al., (1987) insect attacking rice of which about 20
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