Notes on the Lycian Alphabet Author(s): W. Arkwright Source: The Journal of Hellenic Studies, Vol. 35 (1915), pp. 100-106 Published by: Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/624526 Accessed: 12-12-2015 08:05 UTC

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? 1.-The Absence of 0.

ON page 68 of the Jahreshefte of the Austrian Archaeological Institute for 1899, Band II., I discussed the value of the letter 3c, and with consider- able hesitation decided in favour of Schmidt's opinion that it represents 8. The conclusion was based on the only direct evidence available, namely the rendering of the Persian Mithrapata by the Lycian ME XPPPPTP. This was greatly discounted by the fact that Mithrapata is also rendered by Mizrppata (T.A.M. 64), and that Mithra appears also in Lycian Mizretije (84) and the Cilician Mtapator, which rather suggested that the letter was a sibilant closely akin to the Lycian z. It now appears certain that the last conclusion is correct. (1) The town of Elpva appears on coins as 0 EB\VN. and 0 EBA[N], with the same change of B into L as in for Telebehi.2 The TeXe•o-adv identification is certified by the occurrence on coins marked X EBW and XE 3 of the same type (dolphin) and symbol (human eye) as on coins of Aperlae (Prlli),4 a town known to have been confederated with Simena.5 (2) The Greek 8 is not rendered by )c, but by Lycian T in 'AlBrvaio' = atcinaz. (T.A.M. i. 44b, 27),6 and by I in ScavOla = kssmfzija (ibid. 150, 1). The inference that Lycian had no equivalent for 8 is confirmed by the fact that this letter is only found in five out of about 370 local and personal native proper names preserved in Greek inscriptions in proper.' In a bilingual inscription (25) the Greek word Op;frte is used to represent the name Crupsse in accordance with a fashion, very prevalent

1 Hill, British Museum Catalogue, Lycia, SIt is necessary to exclude districts which p. xxix. were joined to Lycia at various dates for " Op. cit. xl.; see below. administrative purposes, as Milyas (really 3 Inventaire Waddington 2878 and 2872. The Phrygian, Arrian, Anabasis, i. 24, 5), part of same type and symbol appear on Six, Monnaies Cibyratis (Strabo, p. 631; Lycian was not one Lyciennes, 118, where XC]EB4' should be of the languages spoken at Cibyra, ibid.), part read for E or 4\VEB. of (J.H.S. xv. 95 ; a Carian inscription BW4' exists in this district). In Sundwall, Die 4 B.M.Oat. p. 10. einheimischcne Namen der Lykier, names from 5Waddington, Voyage en Asie-Mlineure, all these districts, and even from the territory p. 89. of the Pisidian Lagbe, are quoted as Lycian. 6 References giving a number only are to Tituli Asiae Minoris, vol. i. 100

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in Asia Minor, for altering native names in such a way as to give them a Greek or partly Greek appearance. So also a Lycian or *Opveo.r'7 (compare Opve-7reetLt arid and Pisidian *Opve/vr7- Opve-stara, Apaa-puorv and s8) is changed into OpvqtvOo9so as to give a false Ofpt-o'or suggestion of a Greek compound like 'noLthvlo9. The name of the town Optav8a (St. Byz.) is evidently derived by a false etymology from Opov, 'a rush.' The only real exceptions are Betlv9,9 which is characteristically Thracian, but also Phrygian, and HavaOela'v, feminine, which also probably is borrowed from another district, as it shows a change of consonants which is certainly as well as Thracian and Phrygian Illyrian,1o but is quite unknown in Lycia." (3) x interchanges with I in ME X PPPPTP = Mizr~ppata and in 30DCyVNP (44b, 58) = Kzzuna (35, 18). Also with s in C ppI for Spp~itaza. The conclusion is almost certain that XC is not th but a sibilant closely akin to the Lycian z, and I propose that it should be written as a Greek " instead of 0. This transcription will be used for the remainder of this article.12

? 2.-The Change of s to h.

Confirmatory evidence of the close connexion of C with z is to be found in the fact that both letters share in the tendency of s to be exchanged with h. Thus Tr'tkma(44b, 44) appears in another epitaph as hrima (84, 4), the identity of the words being established by the context: also rurtta (44a, 18) is probably found as *hurtta in the compound proper name hurtt-uweti (94, 1). So also zkkcana (44a, 54) is identical with hkkane (57, 5), and zripra (55, 8) probably reappears in the proper name h~iprc ma (37, 5).

s Names quoted without a reference will be eeOTa. Compare also the Thracian -KrEvEOosand found in the index to Sundwall, op. cit., a -KEYTLOS,-Kvuc s and Cuties (Tomaschek, Die work involving great research, excellently alten Thraker, ii. pp. 46 and 51), etc. In all carried out. these'cases 0- or OL-arises from Tj-, as in Mes- 9 Sura in Lycia, Rcisen ii. 83; Aezani in sapian-lllyrian Baoeas on a coin of Baletium: , C._.G. 3837 (add.); cf. Tomaschek, also BlatOihi, from Blatties, Blattitus (Deecke, Die alten Thraker, ii. 13. No genuine native Rheinisches Museum, vol. xxxvii. p. 386), words in Lycia begin with B. *LasoOesfrom *Lasoties (p. 391), etc., etc. ]O In Southern Phrygia, and especially in n In , where the names generally Lycaonia, where Phrygian was probably spoken, follow the same laws as in Lycia, 9 is remark- a good number of compound proper names of ably rare, and the very few exceptions seem all the older native or Lycial type survived, but to be Phrygian. For instance, in the great in their transmission through Phrygian mouths Corycian inscription (J.H.S. xv. pp. 243 seqq.) they often underwent modifications according 0 is only found in the Phrygian-Thracian Bt8vs. to Phrygian phonetic laws. flavasLacrs is an 12 It must not be supposed that either this instance; ra7rsis for TarLs (Phrygia), feminine letter or the Lycian I are phonetic equivalents from Ta'ras, whence also OaGEas and Oaeors of the Greek C, which is a double letter, and in (Isauria), just as OLovGrovs(Phrygia: Kretschmer, Asia Minor arises out of 8. The transcription Einleitung, p. 301), also Oov0ovs(Lycaonia), is C is merely proposed in conformity with z, from Tovwrs, Towrfs. Compare the Southern used in T. A.M. for reasons of typographical Phrygian towns Tupoa or Ovooa, and TerOa or convenience.

This content downloaded from 146.189.194.69 on Sat, 12 Dec 2015 08:05:20 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 102 W. ARKWRIGHT The interchange of s and h is well established. In the dialect for which it is safest to adopt the name of Lycian 2,13 the letter h is absent, and in some cases has been shown to be replaced by s.1'" In particular, the adjectival suffix which takes the place of a genitive case,15 -hi in common nouns, and -h, -he in proper names, appears as -si, -s, and -se (-sa).l6 This gives the native Lycian form of the suffix --- so common in local (-•a-), names in Asia Minor. The city of tuminesi, mentioned along with Candyba on the north side of the Xanthian stele,17is obviously the tuminehi likewise associated with Candyba (as well as arthcna, Xanthus, and cerai,s18 a town of unknown position) on the east side.19 On the south side the lower tuminehi is associated with zagacba and pttara (Patara).20 It is certain that -si (-hi) is a formative suffix and makes part of the name.21 I cannot doubt therefore that tuminesi is identical with Tvvtoaado, which is cited in Stephanus Byzantinus as a city of Caria, but the derivation of the name from a Xanthian word, and the reference to the Lycian history of Alexander Polyhistor, indicate that Kaplas is one of the numerous slips of the epitomist arising out of the next entry, Ttv'vow, Kapias. It seems to have been really in Lycia.22 irXtXt The identification of tuminesi or tmminzehi with TvYaave is con- firmed by that of telebehi 23 with or TeXeIOaad v.24 TeXLLadO-, TTeXp•aoeds, This is supported by various instances of the interchange of b and m? "

13 This dialect occurs only on the western and cumezija, which words are closely preceded by part of the northern side of the Xanthian stele arelna, and followed by cer(i. - (44, c and d), and on a sarcophagus at Anti- 20 44 a, 42, zagaba-- tri :tuminehi : phellus (55); see T.A.M. i. p. 45. pttara. Zagabn seems to have been connected '4 See Bugge, Lykische Studien, ii. 102. at one time with Antiphellus. Possibly the The identity of *mcmasai(Lycian 2) with mnahdi upper tuminehi was mentioned in 44 h, 6, (Lycian 1) is proved by a comparison of 44 d, cbihu : tu[riinehi : hr]zzi : cbihu : k3cbi : 14, trqqiz seb(e) uwedriz : mlat- : masaiz, with cbihu - ; cergi is mentioned two lines 88, 6, trqqas se mihai huwedri. So also further on. I1 esetesi (44 d, 12)=ehetehi (ib. b, 48); sladi This is proved by the derived adjective (44 d, 63)=hladi (111, 5), etc. Only one word tuminchija, and by the associated names of is written with h, possibly by error (44 c, 54). cities which are not in the genitive. 15 This declinable adjectival suffix is com- 22 It does not seem possible to identify monly termed the 'genitive' by scholars who tumninehi with the Thywva ('ar. lec. T6hjvva), have written on Lycian, and their example will KW/LjUAvwdas, of Stephanus, which should cer- here be followed merely for convenience. tainly be *tudine, or *tnumjine. Nor is it with can 18 As atlasi (44 d, 47)=atlahi (36, 7, etc.); likely that the league coinage Tv- esetesi = ehetehi; arppakcus (44 c, 57) = arppalkuh belong to this village; it should be given or (44 a, 30); kuzprllese (44 d, 11)=kuprlleh (44 a, either to Tymnissus Tyberissus. 23 Here also the suffix is formative, as is 31); kerigasa (44d, 8)=kerigahe (44a, 10). See Bugge, op. cit. i. 67. proved by the ethnic telebehihe on coins. 24 17 44 c, 54, k~zbi : tuminesi. This form, which approaches nearest to is In 82, read: uhube :cer(is habudah the Lycian, is found on coins as well as in tideimi, OoavBas of Cerei, son of Habuda. inscriptions. Telmissus in Caria was called The upper and lower extremities of the s are TeXejpuods by Aristophanes (St. Byz. s.v.). legible on the cast. The tomb is at Candyba. 25 As nVptld-is for Purihimnetiin a bilingual The association with Candyba in the other inscription (25), zctgama for zagabct on coins, for passages quoted suggests that the two cities and the above-mentioned Oyriva (ibdn[a]: were near together. also BXaivsos for Mhaaivsos, AatpB$vos and 19 44 b, 49, artina : tumninehi: cer((i : kcbi. Aatpurvos in Phrygia (Ramsay, Cities and Cf. 44b, 54, tuminehija : cumezija : kscbija : Bishoprics, i. 133).

This content downloaded from 146.189.194.69 on Sat, 12 Dec 2015 08:05:20 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions NOTES ON THE LYCIAN ALPHABET 103 also by the coinage of telebehi, which points to a city of some importance on the borders of Caria.26 These indications are borne out both as to importance and position by the mention of telebehi between Pinara and Cadyanda in an inscription at Tlos (26, 21). The old identification with the T4Xe4tos 8ipov of Stephanus seems untenable,"7 since the spring of Telephus, from which its name was evidently derived, was only seven stades or little over three-quarters of a mile from Patara. It was, therefore, a mere suburb of that town, and cannot have coined distinct money. -In that case TeXe,]aa6~ is derived from a form *telebesi for telebehi, like tminresi for tuminrehi. Another example of -hi corresponding to -a-o- is probably found in tuburehi (44b, 15), which may well represent Tv- fepLO6S, a town of Lycia.28 If so, ragmrahi in the same passage should also be a town Further examples occur in a list, probably *Nayopa'c•d. of demes, in an inscription at Tlos (26, 13-15), among which are nwzcntahi and haqaduwehe. If the suffix -a-a, to which such great importance has been attached, is represented in its native form by -hi in ordinary Lycian (Lycian 1), and by -si in Lycian 2, it becomes an interesting question which dialect is the older: for though the change of s to h may appear in itself the more probable, the reverse is perfectly possible. The date of the monuments affords no evidence on this point. On the Xanthian stele the two dialects are used concurrently, though the part written in Lycian 2 was actually engraved after the rest; while the tomb at Antiphellus must from the lettering belong to the same period, a little before or after B.c. 400. Epitaphs are found in Lycian 1 both considerably earlier, as 77, and much later, as 6. There are, however, some grounds for supposing Lycian 2 to be the more archaic dialect. First, its very frequent use of t instead of the usual

26 Coinage of the dynasts erbbina and bably derived its name from him, on the ddenewele belongs to this city, as well as that analogy of other local names mentioned in the with its own name, forming a comparatively next note. This would account for the appear- large series (Brit. Mus. Cat. Lycia, p. xl.). ance of his father Heracles on its coins. 28 The letters er in the Carian alphabet appear on The name is derived from To0BEpLs, a a coin of erbbina. native hero, brother of Termeris (St. Byz. s.v. 27 Sundwall, who adheres to the older theory, "Tacor). Men seem to have been named after maintains, p. 162, that demes could coin him *tubuzri, genitive tuburiz (44c, 53, 57, money, but his argument is based on a mis- etc.), dative probably tubure (69, 2). Other apprehension. He quotes generally Ramsay, names of towns are derived from gods or Cities and Bishoprics, i. chapter 3, but the heroes, with the same suffix, as Navcawerds(from references there are to the Biposof the Ephe- the goddess Nana), (from the hero KoAvparc•ads sians (p. 107, note 5) and the of Hiera- F.HI. . iv. 428); also from personal 5i•os KvAd•pas, polis (p. 109), which have no more analogy to proper names, as from Tiv77s, caca- Tvuwaasds the T~qE'ros Bipos than the Baios of Athens Xaaards from ca43dhas, and many others. So has to the 6i•os of Ceramicus. At the same with other suffixes: Kacvavra from Kasovas, time it is quite probable that Telephus either from from etc., Kvspapa Kvusp's, 'Apoaasa 'Apoar, was, or was identified with, a native hero of etc. This formation with a suffix from personal Asia Minor, or that his worship was carried proper names, divine or human, seems to be there at a very early date. If so, the town of usual, if not invariable, in the case of towns in Telebehi, as well as the deme of Patara, pro- Lycian and the allied languages.

This content downloaded from 146.189.194.69 on Sat, 12 Dec 2015 08:05:20 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 104 W. ARKWRIGHT c (as tbi = cbi, tbisu = cbihu, &c.) is certainly older in the case of the ordinary Lycian cbatra, 'daughter,' which either is, or is borrowed from, an Indo-European word represented in Greek by Ovyd27yp, and indicates an earlier *tbatra. Secondly, though h is practically completely absent in Lycian 2, s is by no means regularly replaced by h in Lycian 1, but only in certain positions. Initial s before a consonant, common enough in Lycian 2, is elsewhere only found in certain personal proper names, and in three or four words borrowed from the Greek: otherwise it only appears in one word of unknown significance.29 Again, intervocalic s, except in personal proper names, is of extreme rarity in Lycian 1 after a, and still more after e,30though not unusual after ? or i. This apparently transitional condition still prevails in the latest known inscriptions of about B.c. 300, perhaps a century later than those written in Lycian 2. It is not probable that a change of h into s was already complete in Lycian 2, which was still only partial in Lycian 1 at a much later date. It is far more likely that a change of s into h had begun in Lycian 1, and that Lycian 2 was a more archaic dialect which had not been affected by it. On this supposition it is easy to explain the survival in personal proper names of such archaisms as intervocalic s after a and e, and initial s before consonants. It was a very general custom in Asia Minor to name a child after his grandfather, which would necessarily preserve old forms, just as modern surnames, being hereditary, often perpetuate disused pronunciations like Gould or Bartram.31 It is therefore highly probable that the formls truminesi and *telebesi are older than tuminehi and telebehi, and that the -a- in Tvwtoaao6 and TeX~toaa~ represents an original native s. The very close contact of the Greeks with Lycia even in' the time of Homer readily accounts for their adoption of the more ancient forms. When the country became hellenised Greek names entirely prevailed over the native, even in such cases as Xanthus and Antiphellus, where they were altogether different, and thus the -o-- suffix was re-established in places where it had for some time been disused. This conclusion as to the priority of -s- to -h- is inconsistent with a recent attempt to identify the Lycian with the Carian genitive. Dr. Sund- wall connects the Lycian -h with a supposed Carian genitive in _-.32 The letter Q, which he renders by x, is considered to be a vowel both by Sayce

S44 b, 62, sberide. In 107, 1, s(e) laddi hlmhmi is formed Alh7midewe as well as the should be read. archaic slrnmewe. It sometimes happens that 3o For example, in the part of the Xanthian later Greek inscriptions preserve the older form, stele written in Lycian 1, apart from proper where the Lycian inscriptions give the newer; names, it is only found in one word after e, and as OoovBas compared with uhube, Oaeras with in one word (probably from the same stem) uhet~i. after a. 32 Zu den karischen Inschriften, Klio, vol. 31 This conservatism in personal names is xi. pp. 464 seqq. not constant; thus from the common noun

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(who renders it by il) and by Kretschmer,33 for sufficient reasons. In the Transactions of the Society of Biblical Archaeology, vol. ix. P1. II., the same name is written as vkhove in No. 11 and kch(Dvein No. 20. Another name (if Professor Sayce's transliteration is followed) appears in No. 25 as rav(u)oss, but in No. 24 as rav(u)Dss. Sundwall34 does not hesitate to emeid the ( in both names into O on pure conjecture, being convinced on other grounds that the letter is a guttural. His grounds are that he finds four other Carian genitives ending in a guttural;35 that there are already enough vowels in the language; and that a certain name beginning with m(e)(Du certainly belongs to the same stem as m(i)gula and others beginning with m(e)g- and mailcu-. Stronger arguments would be required to justify the alteration of the text in two distinct inscriptions. There is no reason to doubt that the letter is a vowel. Nor can any support to Sundwall's theory be derived from a supposed Lycian genitive in c.36 The letter O appears in two archaic inscriptions (106 and 128) as a variant of c (Lycian K). The same sign is found in three later inscriptions after proper names. In two of these it follows names in the genitive, which are already provided with the usual genitive suffix -h. Thus, in 54, kuidalije-murczah O tide[imi] is identical with kudalijd nmurdzah tideimi in 72: the sign occurs twice besides in 54, and once in 149, used in a similar way.37 In these cases it cannot be said that it is, but only that it follows, a genitive, since the suffix is complete without it. In 69, however, it follows a different case: here we find ipresida 0 arffpa 0 tideimi tubure Q. Since tideimni, 'son,' cannot possibly be genitive, but must here be either nominative or dative,38 the other words cannot all be genitives, nor is there any reason to think them so, as the genitive suffix -h is not present here as it is in 54 and 149. It is, in fact, almost certain that one of the names must be in apposition to tideimi, and therefore either nominative or dative.39 There is to my mind no doubt that here, also, the

SEinleitung, p. 382. I have followed literation. Sayce's transliteration as given in vol. ix. of 36 Op. cit. p. 466, and Die einheimischen T.S.B.A. for convenience of reference. Some Naamen,p. 38. slight alterations adopted in vol. xxviii. do not 37 A termination in -hKis very extraordinary affect the present argument. in where no final consonants are * Lycian, per- 6Op. cit. p. 466. missible except -s and -h : moreover c, of which The supposed final k in Sayce, Ix. iv. 25, c is a variant, cannot follow another consonant. is probably the first letter of a different (Phoe- 3S An accusative would only be possible in nician) graffito. There is nothing to show that the dedication of a statue, but this is a rock- the word ending in -g in Sayce, T.S.B.A. xvii. tomb. The genitive of tideimi would be *tidei- i. 1, is a genitive, while that in Ix. iv. 11 mehi; therefore there can be no question of the appears from comparison with 20 to be incom- dropping of a final -h, such as sometimes occurs plete: it is also improbable that the letter.is in proper names (in 61, 127, 145, and 5), and really g. In Ix. ii. 3, the base of a bronze Apis may possibly be found here in arsipa. bears three inscriptions written by three dif- 9 Dr. Sundwall does not deny that the word ferent men, since the two in Carian are not tideimnias it stands in the text is inconsistent alike in lettering and the proper name in the with his theory, but he once more has recourse hieroglyphic does not recur in either. There- to emendation: 'wohl aus Versehen hat man fore mavalen is Apis, and annokhhe is the dedi- es unterlassen auch die Apposition tideimi zu cator's name in the nominative. It is very decliniren,' (Die einheimischen Namen der doubtful if the letter h is a correct trans- Lykier, p. 38).

This content downloaded from 146.189.194.69 on Sat, 12 Dec 2015 08:05:20 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 106 NOTES ON THE LYCIAN ALPHABET sign O follows the case-suffix, which is complete without it: so that tubu?re is the dative of a proper name *tmburi, of which the correct genitive in Lycian 2 appears as tuburiz (44c, 53, etc.).40 The meaning, therefore, is 'Ipresida (nominative) for Arfipa (and) son Tuburi,' which may be com- pared with rim pubieleje) in eavre•o a7al yvvatul avioe Huv/3CdkXe(tideimni the bilingual epitaph 119: or possibly 'Ipresida (son) of Armhpafor (his) son Tuburi.' In any case the sign in question cannot represent a case- ending.41 There is, therefore, no evidence of the existence of a genitive in -K, common to Lycian and Carian, and consequently no reason to derive the suffix -h from an earlier guttural.42 On the contrary the Lycian -h- (or more correctly -ahi, -ehi), which forms possessive, patronymic, and ethnic adjectives, almost certainly represents an earlier -asi, -esi, and this is the true native form of the suffix -ao-a'd, -ro-ad, &c., which appears so commonly in the Greek version of local names. W. ARKWRIGHT.

40 For tzuburi (=TovuepLs) see above, p. 14, words which it follows is that they are all note 1. Personal proper names may make a personal proper names. It might therefore be dative in -a and -e, as some other substantives analogous to the suffix -e mentioned in the pre- do: they do not appear to make a dative in -i. ceding note. Since however a termination in More usually -e is suffixed, joined by the letter -hK seems impossible, it is more probably a -j-, so that the typical dative of personal names detached symbol, originally perhaps an initial is in a-j-e or e-j-e. So also their genitive is or abbreviation, indicating the rank or position very rarely in -ahi (*.ehi) as in common nouns, of the person named, on the analogy of George but normally either in -ah, -eh (by apocope for R., etc. -ahi, -ehi), or -e is suffixed, making -ah-e, -eh-e. 42 Kretschmer's contention (Einleitung, p. This -e suffix, added to the genitive and dative 380) that there was a Caxian genitive in -he is singular, is not a case-ending, but a distin- of course not inconsistent with the derivation guishing mark of personal proper names, in of the similar Lycian suffix from an earlier -sc. which alone it is found. I incline, however, to believe that the Cariati 41The only common characteristic of the letter which is rendered by h is really a t.

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