Lignicolous Macrofungi in the Beech Forest of the Mountain Ridge Lisets

International Journal of Biological Sciences and Research | IJBSR | Vol. 1, No. 3, p. 131-146, 2018

Lignicolous Macrofungi In The Beech Forest Of The Mountain Ridge Lisets

(Forebalkan) in Bulgaria

Maria Lacheva

Department of Botany and Agrometeorology, Agricultural University-Plovdiv

12, Mendeleev Str., 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria, e-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

The current research is based on lignicolous macrofungi collected from mountain ridge Lisets and

its environs between 2004 and 2011. As a result of field and laboratory studies, 73 species were

identified. Seven (7) fungi belong to Pezizomycota and 66 to Agaricomycota. Of these fungi 55

represent new records for Forebalkan floristic region. Two (2) species includes in the Red List of

fungi in Bulgaria: Clavicorona pyxidata (Pers. : Fr.) Doty, and Phyllotopsis nidulans (Pers. : Fr.) Singer.

This paper presents the most up-to-date and extensive list of lignicolous macrofungi of mountain

ridge Lisets, Forebalkan floristic region.

Key words: beech communities, conservation value, Forebalkan, fungal diversity, lignicolous

macrofungi, mountain ridge Lisets, rare taxa

International Journal of Biological Sciences and Research | IJBSR | Vol. 1, No. 3, p. 131-146, 2018

INTRODUCTION

The mountain ridge Lisets is situated in Northern Bulgaria, Western Forebalkan (Bondev, 2002).

According to the physical and geographical characteristics is situated within the Stara Planina

(Balkan) region (Georgiev, 1985; Yordanova et al., 2002). Climatically the mountain ridge belonds

to Temperate-continental climatic Zone (Velev, 2002). The highest points is peaks Kamen Lisets (1073 m) and Cherti grad (1283 m). The study area is covered mainly by natural forest due to the prevailing climatic and edaphic conditions and limited timber extraction. The canopy vegetation of the study area is composed of mainly broadleaved and coniferous trees. The research area therefore is an ideal habitat for mycological studies. Тhe larger fungi of Forebalkan has been poorly studied. There have been only sporadic

records of single species from neighboring areas, Central Balkan mountain and Central Balkan

National Park (Burzakov, 1926; Hinkova, 1961, 1965; Stoichev, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1987, 1995;

Stoichev and Dimcheva, 1982, 1984, 1987; Vanev and Reid, 1986). Summarized and supplemented

information for fungal diversity of the Central Balkan National Park has been presented by Fakirova et al. (2000). Check list of Central Balkan Mountain includes 369 macromycetes were published from Fakirova et al. (2002). So far, detailed mycological study of the wood-decaying species of the southwestern slopes of Vasilyovska Mountain (Forebalkan) were conducted by Lacheva (2014). But there has not, however, yet been any detailed mycological research devoted to mountain ridge Lisets and its environs.

The aim of this work was to determinate the lignicolous macrofungi of mountain ridge

Lisets and make contribution to fungal diversity of Forebalkan floristic region, as well as Bulgarian

larger fungi as a whole.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The lignicolous macrofungi samples of this study were collected periodically from 5 localities in

beech forest of eastern slope of the mountain ridge Lisets between 2004 and 2012.

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Study area

The region is typical of mountain ranges within the Stara Planina (Balkan) region of north Bulgaria

(Georgiev, 1985; Yordanova et al., 2002).

Composition of plant communities consists of woody, shrubbery and herbaceous species.

Most of the area is covered with beech forests, although gymnosperms forests also exist at lower

elevations. Beech (Fagus moesiaca Cz., F. sylvatica L.) and Hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.) are

dominant species, sometimes forming mixed forest with Fir (Abies alba Miller), Scots pine (Pinus

sylvestris L.), and oak (Quercus sp.) Liebl.). The stands of Black pine (Pinus nigra J.F. Arnold) and

Scots pine are widespread in the western and southern regions of the lignicolous fungi collecting

area. Deciduous forests interspersed with Acer sp., Fraxinus sp., Tilia sp., etc. Typical

representatives of the shrub species are Crataegus monogyna, Prunus spinosa, Rosa canina, Sambucus

nigra, etc. Moreover the forest is recognized well by Ostrya carpinifolia and isolated Pinus nigra, etc.

(Bondev, 1991).

Beech forest in that area lie at an altitude of 650 m to 1300 m, on terrains with differently

exposition and incline, but predominantly exposed to the eastern, south-southwest or northwest.

Collection localities

1. Community of Fagus sylvatica L., with participation of Quercus cerris L. in the locality Marino

Korito, under Glozhene Monastery “St. George”, 850-950 m alt.

2. Community of Fagus sylvatica L., with participation of Carpinus betulus L. in the locality Komina,

850 m alt.

3. Community of Fagus sylvatica L., with participation of Pinus sylvestris L. below the peak Kamen

Lisets, 1000-1050 m alt.

4. Community of Fagus sylvatica L., with participation of Abies alba Miller and Quercus cerris L.

around the Glozhene Monastery “St. George”, 1000 m alt.

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5. Mezophylous community of Fagus sylvatica L., with single participation of Acer campestre L.,

Betula pendula L., Carpinus betulus L., Corylus avellana L., Populus tremula L., and Sambucus nigra L. in

the locality Dragoychova shuma, 600-750 m alt.

Determination, nomenclature and keeping of the samples

Relevant morphological and ecological characters were recorded for the fungi, which were

photographed in their natural habitats. In the herbarium, the fungi were further examined and

microscopic characters were measured in Melzer’s reagent, 5% KOH, and H2O.

Identification of the specimens was performed according to Michael et al. (1983–1988),

Breitenbach and Kränzlin (1984–2000), Phillips (1981), Ellis and Ellis (1990), Hansen and Knudsen

(1992–2000), Dähncke (1993), Heilmann-Clausen et al. (1998), Kränzlin (2005), Moser (1967, 1983,

1978), Ryvarden and Gilbertson (1993, 1994), Holec (2001), Wald et al. (2004), and the ecological-

trophic structure were carried out after direct observations and based on literature data (Kalamees,

1979; Arnolds, 1981; Gyosheva and Vasilev, 1994; Vulchev et al., 2000). The author’s names of the

fungal taxa are given by Kirk and Ansell (2004) and the plants taxa by Brummit and Powell (1992).

The conservation status is indicated according to the Red List of fungi in Bulgaria (Gyosheva

et al., 2006). The fungus species with conservation value are designed in the list with CV.

In the trophic analysis of the larger fungi were used systems of ecological-trophic groups of

Arnolds (1981). Designations of ecological-trophic groups by the abbreviated latin names of

substrates: Ad – needle-debris saprotrophs, Fd – saprotrophs of fallen leaves of deciduous trees, St

– litter saprotrophs, LeS – wood saprotrophs, LeP – wood parasites. Different wood substrates were

studied: dead wood (branches, stumps, trunks, bark, etc.) and living trees.

All specimens were deposited at the herbarium of Agricultural University – Plovdiv,

Bulgaria. Specimens were collected by the author, unless otherwise stated.

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

As a result of the present study, 73 species of lignicolous fungi were identified and named accoding

to the taxonomic conventions of Denchev and Assyov (2010), Kirk et al. (2008) and Index fungorum

(www.speciesfungorum.org: accessed 29 June 2014, and they are listed in alphabetical order. They

belong to the two classes Pezizomycota (7 species) and Agaricomycota (66 species). Most species

belong to the order Polyporales from the class Agaricomycetes – 20 species. Most abundant in

species are the genera Mycena (4 species), and Inonotus, Phellinus, Polyporus and Stereum – 3 species

in each of them. Of all species 61 were recovered from broadleaved trees, 9 from coniferous trees,

and 3 from either broadleaved or coniferous trees, 2 from fallen leaves of deciduous trees, and from

litter and needle-debris – one (1) species in each of them. Among them species with wider substrate

specialisation were 5 species: Daedaleopsis tricolor, Laetiporus sulphureus, Pluteus cervinus, Stereum

hirsutum, and S. gausapatum. A very high percentage of the lignicolous species was found on dead

wood. A total of 13 species were identified as primary parasites on living trees. Somewhat less

common, rare, or only found once or twice were the following: Datronia mollis, Polyporus arcularius,

Scutellinia scutellata, and Volvariella bombycina. Particularly interesting were Cerrena unicolor,

Clavicorona pyxidata, Peniophora quercina, and Phyllotopsis nidulans. Conversely, Hypholoma fasciculare,

Psathyrella candoleana, Schizophyllum commune, Stereum hirsutum, and Trametes hirsuta was the most

common species. Fifty-five (55) species, are new records for Forebalkan floristic region and are

marked with an asterisk (*). Two (2) species – Clavicorona pyxidata and Phyllotopsis nidulans were

included in the Red List of fungi in Bulgaria and Red Data Book of the Republic of Bulgaria

(Gyosheva et al., 2006; Peev et al., 2010) with CV (Conservation Value). The list of the lignicolous

species in systematic order and their distribution in the localities under study is given in Table 1.

Some live as parasites on live trees and cause organic product loss and structural damage to

host trees. Armillaria mellea, A. socialis, Fistulina hepatica, Fomes fomentarius, Ganoderma resinaceum,

Heterobasidion annosum, Laetiporus sulphureus, Lenzites betulina, Phylloporia ribis, and some species

from genera Inonotus and Phelinus are particularly important as parasitic species. Several species

were living on dead tree stumps, trunks, branches, leaf or needle litter and are decaying them. This

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contributes significantly to nutrient recycling in nature. Similar studies in neighbouring regions

have shown comparable findings with the data obtained in this study. Previous to this study the

following lignicolous species had been reported from the area and neighbouring regions: Burzakov

(1926) reported Fomes, Polyporus and Stereum species from Central Balkan mountain as wood

decaying species. Hinkova (1961, 1965) recorded Agrocybe, Merulius, Panellus and Pluteus species as

wood-decaying and parasites from Tetevenska and Troyanska mountains. Stoichev (1981, 1982,

1983, 1987, 1995, 1995a) reported Antrodia, Antrodiella, Donkioporia, Gloeoporus, Ischnoderma,

Junghuhnia, Phellinus and Polyporus species from Tetevenska and Troyanska mountains. Stoichev

and Dimcheva (1984, 1987) reported Clavicorona and Pholiota species from Tetevenska and

Troyanska mountains. Vanev and Reid (1986) recorded Agrocybe, Bisporella, Collybia, Coprinus,

Crepidotus, Cudoniella, Hymenoscyphus, Hypholoma, Lachnum, Marasmius, Mitrula, Mycena, Nectria,

Peziza, Panellus, Pholiota, Pluteus, Psatyrella, Rutstroemia, Scutellinia, Tricholomopsis and Xeromphalina

species from the Tetevenska mountain. Fakirova et al. (2000) reported 79 lignicolous and parasites

fungi on wood from Central Balkan National Park which later are included in Check list of Central

Balkan Mountain (Fakirova et al., 2002). Lacheva (unpublished) reported 110 wood-decaying

macrofungi in Vasilyovska Mountain (Forebalkan floristic region).

Table 1. Species composition, localities, ecological-trophic structure and wood-substrates of the

lignicolous macrofungi

Species Localities *ETMG/

1 2 3 4 5 Wood- substrate

Pezizomycetes O.E.Eriksson & Winka

Helotiales Nannf

Helotiaceae Rehm.

*Ascocoryne sarcoides (Jacq. ex S.F. Gray) + LeS/F

*Bisporella citrina (Batsch) Korf & S.E. Carp. + + LeS/F

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Pezizales J. Schröt.

Pyronemataceae Corda

*Scutellinia scutellata (L.) Lambotte + LeS/F

Xylariales Nannf.

Diatrypaceae Nitschke

*Diatrype disciformis (Hoffm. : Fr.) Fr. + + + LeS/F

Xylariaceae Tul. and C. Tul.

*Hypoxylon fragiforme (Pers.) J. Kickx + + + + LeS/F

*H. fuscum + LeS/F

*Xylaria polymorpha (Pers.) Grev. + LeS/F

Agaricomycetes Doweld

Agaricales Underw.

Agaricaceae Chevall.

*Coprinellus micaceus (Bull. : Fr.) Vilgalys + + LeS/Cb

*Cyathus striatus (Huds. Pers.) Willd. + + LeS/Aa

*L. pyriforme Schaeff. : Pers. + + LeS/Aa

Fistulinaceae Lotsy + + LeP/Qc

Fistulina hepatica (Schaeff.: Fr.) With.

Inocybaceae Jülich

*Crepidotus mollis (Schaeff.) Staude + LeS/Qc

Marasmiaceae Roze ex Kühner

*Marasmius rotula (Scop. : Fr.) Fr. + + Fd, LeS/F

*Megacollybia platyphylla (Pers. : Fr.) Kotl. & + + St, LeS/F, Aa

Pouzar

*Mycenitis alliaceus (Jacq. : Fr.) Earle + + LeS/F

*Omphalotus olearius (DC. : Fr.) Singer + + LeP/F, Cb

*Setulipes androsaceus (L. : Fr.) Antonín + + Ad, LeS/Ps

Mycenaceae Overeem

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*Mycena acicula (Schaeff.) P. Kumm. + + + LeS/F

*M. galericulata (Scop.: Fr.) Gray + + + LeS/F

*M. polygramma (Bull. : Fr.) Gray + + LeS/F

*Mycena crocata (Schrad. : Fr.) P. Kumm. + Fd, LeS/Aa

Physalacriaceae Corner

*Armillaria mellea (Vahl : Fr.) P. Kumm. + + + LeS,LeP/F, Aa

*Armillaria socialis (D.C. : Fr.) Fayod + + LeS/F

Pleurotaceae Kühner

*Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq. : Fr.) P. Kumm. + + + LeS, LeP/F, Sn

Pluteaceae Kotl. and Pouzar

*Pluteus atromarginatus (Conrad) Kuhner. + + LeS/Ps, Aa

*P. cervinus (Schaeff.) P. Kumm. + + LeS/F, Cb, Qc

*Volvariella bombycina (Schaeff. : Fr.) Singer + + LeS, LeP/F

Psathyrellaceae Vilgalys, Moncalvo &

Redhead

*Coprinopsis atramentaria (Bull. : Fr.) Redhead, + + LeS/F

Vilgalys & Moncalvo

*Coprinellus disseminatus (Pers. : Fr.) J.E. Lange + + LeS/Qc

*Psathyrella candolleana (Fr. : Fr.) Maire + + + + LeS/F, Pt

Schizophyllaceae Quél.

Schizophyllum commune Fr. + + + + LeS/F, Aa

Strophariaceae Singer & A.H. Sm.

*Hypholoma fasciculare (Huds. : Fr.) P. Kumm. + + LeS/Aa, Ps

*H. sublateritium (Schaeff. : Fr.) P. Kumm.: + + LeS/F

Tricholomataceae R. Heim ex Pouzar

*CV Phyllotopsis nidulans (Pers. : Fr.) Singer + LeS/Aa

Auriculariales J. Schröt.

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Auriculariaceae Fr.

Auricularia auricula-judae (Bull. : Fr.) Quél. + LeS/F

Exidia glandulosa (Bull. : Fr.) Fr. + + LeS/F

Dacrymycetales Lindau

Dacrymycetaceae J. Schröt

*Calocera cornea (Batsch : Fr.) Fr. + + LeS/F

Hymenochaetales Oberw.

Hymenochaetaceae Imazeki & Toki

Inonotus cuticularis (Bull. : Fr.) P. Karst. + + + LeP/F

*I. hastifer Pouzar + LeP/F

I. hispidus (Bull. : Fr.) P. Karst. + LeP/F

*Phellinus ferruginosus (Schrad. : Fr.) Pat. + LeS/Qc

Ph. igniarius (L.: Fr.) Quél. + LeP/Qc

Ph. torulosus (Pers. : Fr.) Bourdot & Galzin + + LeP/F

*Phylloporia ribis (Schumach.: Fr.) Ryvarden. + LeP/F

*Pseudoinonotus dryadeus (Pers. : Fr.) T. Wagner + LeS, LeP/F

& M. Fisch.

Schizoporaceae Jülich

*Schizopora paradoxa (Schrad.) Donk + + LeS/F

Polyporales Gäum.

Fomitopsidaceae Jülich

Laetiporus sulphureus (Bull. : Fr.) Murrill + + LeP/F, Ac, Qc

*Postia stiptica (Pers. : Fr.) Jülich + + LeS/Aa, Ps

Ganodermataceae Donk

*Ganoderma applanatum (Pers.) Pat. + + LeS, LeP/F

*G. resinaceum Boud. + LeP/F, Qc

Meruliaceae P. Karst.

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*Bjerkandera adusta (Willd.: Fr.) P. Karst. + + LeS/Cb, F

Phlebia tremellosa (Schrad. : Fr.) Burds. & + + LeS/F

Nakasone

Cyphellaceae Lotsy

*Chondrostereum purpureum (Pers. : Fr.) Pouzar + LeS/F

Peniophoraceae Lotsy

*Panellus stipticus (Bull. : Fr.) P. Karst. + + LeS/F

Polyporaceae Fr. ex Corda

*Cerrena unicolor (Bull. : Fr.) Murrill + + LeS/F, Ac,

Coriolopsis gallica (Fr. : Fr.) Ryvarden + LeS, LeP/Pt

Daedaleopsis tricolor (Bull. : Fr.) Bondartsev & + + + LeS/Cb, F, Qc

Singer

*Datronia mollis (Sommerf. : Fr.) Donk + LeS/F

Fomes fomentarius (L. : Fr.) J.J. Kickx + + + LeP/F

Lenzites betulina (L.: Fr.) Fr. + LeP/F, Qc

*Polyporus arcularius (Batsch: Fr.) Fr. + + LeS/F, Qc

*P. leptocephalus (Jacq. : Fr.) Fr. + + + LeS/F

P. squamosus (Huds. : Fr.) Fr. + + LeP/F

*Pycnoporus cinnabarinus (Jacq. : Fr.) P. Karst. + + LeS/Cb

Trametes hirsuta (Wulfen : Fr.) Pilát + + + + LeS/Ca, F

T. versicolor (L. : Fr.) Lloyd + + + LeS/F, Qc

Russulales Kreisel ex P.M. Kirk, P.F. Cannon

& J.C. David

Auriscalpiaceae Maas Geest.

*CV Clavicorona pyxidata (Pers. : Fr.) Doty + LeS/F

Bondarzewiaceae Kotl. & Pouzar

*Heterobasidion annosum (Fr. : Fr.) Bref. + + LeP/Aa

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Peniophoraceae Lotsy

*Peniophora quercina (Pers. : Fr.) Cooke + LeS/F

Stereaceae Pilát

*Stereum hirsutum (Willd. : Fr.) Gray + + + + + LeS/ Ca, F, Qc

*S. gausapatum (Fr. : Fr.) Fr. + + LeS/F, Bp, Qc

S. rugosum (Pers. : Fr.) Fr. + + LeS/F

Tremellales Fr.

Tremellaceae Fr.

*Tremella mesenterica Retz: Fr. + + LeS/F, Qc

*ETMG – Ecological-trophic groups; Wood-substrate: Aa – Abies alba, Ac – Acer campestre, Bp –

Betula pendula, Ca – Corylus avellana, Cb – Carpinus betulus, F – Fagus sylvatica, Pt – Populus tremula,

Ps – Pinus sylvestris, Qc – Quercus cerris, Sn – Sambucus nigra

CONCLUSION

This study recovered 73 species of lignicolous macrofungi collected in the mountain ridge Lisets of

Western Forebalkan. With this study 55 species were added as new record species to Forebalkan

floristic region. The redominant part of lignicolous fungi are widely spread in the beech forests of

Europe and Bulgaria. These are the following species: Ascocoryne sarcoides, Datronia mollis, Diatrype

disciformis, Fomes fomentarius, Mycenitis alliaceus, Mycena crocata, M. galericulata, Polyporus

leptocephalus, etc. Of all fungi 60 species saprotrophic and 13 species were parasites on the trees.

The lignicolous fungi Pleurotus ostreatus and Polyporus squamosus are known as edible

mushrooms that are collected and consumed by local people. The other edible wood-decaying

species are not recognised or valued locally.

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From the systematic analysis made, it is obvious that mountain ridge presents interest in

mycological respect. It should be underlined in conclusion that, mountain ridge Lisets is important

for the fungal conservation.

Hope that this study will enrich information about diversity of lignicolous macrofungi of

the mountain ridge Lisets, Forebalkan floristic region, as well as for the fungal diversity to beech

forest in Bulgaria, as a rule.

Acknowledgments

This research was financially supported by Agricultural University-Plovdiv (Scientific Research

Projects: BG051PO001-3.3.04/17) for which the author thanks.

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