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Lignicolous Macrofungi in the Beech Forest of the Mountain Ridge Lisets

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International Journal of Biological Sciences and Research | IJBSR | Vol. 1, No. 3, p. 131-146, 2018 Lignicolous Macrofungi In The Beech Forest Of The Mountain Ridge Lisets (Forebalkan) in Bulgaria Maria Lacheva Department of Botany and Agrometeorology, Agricultural University-Plovdiv 12, Mendeleev Str., 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria, e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT The current research is based on lignicolous macrofungi collected from mountain ridge Lisets and its environs between 2004 and 2011. As a result of field and laboratory studies, 73 species were identified. Seven (7) fungi belong to Pezizomycota and 66 to Agaricomycota. Of these fungi 55 represent new records for Forebalkan floristic region. Two (2) species includes in the Red List of fungi in Bulgaria: Clavicorona pyxidata (Pers. : Fr.) Doty, and Phyllotopsis nidulans (Pers. : Fr.) Singer. This paper presents the most up-to-date and extensive list of lignicolous macrofungi of mountain ridge Lisets, Forebalkan floristic region. Key words: beech communities, conservation value, Forebalkan, fungal diversity, lignicolous macrofungi, mountain ridge Lisets, rare taxa Maria Lacheva . GNARW © 2018 Page | 131 https://www.gnarw.com International Journal of Biological Sciences and Research | IJBSR | Vol. 1, No. 3, p. 131-146, 2018 INTRODUCTION The mountain ridge Lisets is situated in Northern Bulgaria, Western Forebalkan (Bondev, 2002). According to the physical and geographical characteristics is situated within the Stara Planina (Balkan) region (Georgiev, 1985; Yordanova et al., 2002). Climatically the mountain ridge belonds to Temperate-continental climatic Zone (Velev, 2002). The highest points is peaks Kamen Lisets (1073 m) and Cherti grad (1283 m). The study area is covered mainly by natural forest due to the prevailing climatic and edaphic conditions and limited timber extraction. The canopy vegetation of the study area is composed of mainly broadleaved and coniferous trees. The research area therefore is an ideal habitat for mycological studies. Тhe larger fungi of Forebalkan has been poorly studied. There have been only sporadic records of single species from neighboring areas, Central Balkan mountain and Central Balkan National Park (Burzakov, 1926; Hinkova, 1961, 1965; Stoichev, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1987, 1995; Stoichev and Dimcheva, 1982, 1984, 1987; Vanev and Reid, 1986). Summarized and supplemented information for fungal diversity of the Central Balkan National Park has been presented by Fakirova et al. (2000). Check list of Central Balkan Mountain includes 369 macromycetes were published from Fakirova et al. (2002). So far, detailed mycological study of the wood-decaying species of the southwestern slopes of Vasilyovska Mountain (Forebalkan) were conducted by Lacheva (2014). But there has not, however, yet been any detailed mycological research devoted to mountain ridge Lisets and its environs. The aim of this work was to determinate the lignicolous macrofungi of mountain ridge Lisets and make contribution to fungal diversity of Forebalkan floristic region, as well as Bulgarian larger fungi as a whole. MATERIALS AND METHODS The lignicolous macrofungi samples of this study were collected periodically from 5 localities in beech forest of eastern slope of the mountain ridge Lisets between 2004 and 2012. Maria Lacheva . GNARW © 2018 Page | 132 https://www.gnarw.com International Journal of Biological Sciences and Research | IJBSR | Vol. 1, No. 3, p. 131-146, 2018 Study area The region is typical of mountain ranges within the Stara Planina (Balkan) region of north Bulgaria (Georgiev, 1985; Yordanova et al., 2002). Composition of plant communities consists of woody, shrubbery and herbaceous species. Most of the area is covered with beech forests, although gymnosperms forests also exist at lower elevations. Beech (Fagus moesiaca Cz., F. sylvatica L.) and Hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.) are dominant species, sometimes forming mixed forest with Fir (Abies alba Miller), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), and oak (Quercus sp.) Liebl.). The stands of Black pine (Pinus nigra J.F. Arnold) and Scots pine are widespread in the western and southern regions of the lignicolous fungi collecting area. Deciduous forests interspersed with Acer sp., Fraxinus sp., Tilia sp., etc. Typical representatives of the shrub species are Crataegus monogyna, Prunus spinosa, Rosa canina, Sambucus nigra, etc. Moreover the forest is recognized well by Ostrya carpinifolia and isolated Pinus nigra, etc. (Bondev, 1991). Beech forest in that area lie at an altitude of 650 m to 1300 m, on terrains with differently exposition and incline, but predominantly exposed to the eastern, south-southwest or northwest. Collection localities 1. Community of Fagus sylvatica L., with participation of Quercus cerris L. in the locality Marino Korito, under Glozhene Monastery “St. George”, 850-950 m alt. 2. Community of Fagus sylvatica L., with participation of Carpinus betulus L. in the locality Komina, 850 m alt. 3. Community of Fagus sylvatica L., with participation of Pinus sylvestris L. below the peak Kamen Lisets, 1000-1050 m alt. 4. Community of Fagus sylvatica L., with participation of Abies alba Miller and Quercus cerris L. around the Glozhene Monastery “St. George”, 1000 m alt. Maria Lacheva . GNARW © 2018 Page | 133 https://www.gnarw.com International Journal of Biological Sciences and Research | IJBSR | Vol. 1, No. 3, p. 131-146, 2018 5. Mezophylous community of Fagus sylvatica L., with single participation of Acer campestre L., Betula pendula L., Carpinus betulus L., Corylus avellana L., Populus tremula L., and Sambucus nigra L. in the locality Dragoychova shuma, 600-750 m alt. Determination, nomenclature and keeping of the samples Relevant morphological and ecological characters were recorded for the fungi, which were photographed in their natural habitats. In the herbarium, the fungi were further examined and microscopic characters were measured in Melzer’s reagent, 5% KOH, and H2O. Identification of the specimens was performed according to Michael et al. (1983–1988), Breitenbach and Kränzlin (1984–2000), Phillips (1981), Ellis and Ellis (1990), Hansen and Knudsen (1992–2000), Dähncke (1993), Heilmann-Clausen et al. (1998), Kränzlin (2005), Moser (1967, 1983, 1978), Ryvarden and Gilbertson (1993, 1994), Holec (2001), Wald et al. (2004), and the ecological- trophic structure were carried out after direct observations and based on literature data (Kalamees, 1979; Arnolds, 1981; Gyosheva and Vasilev, 1994; Vulchev et al., 2000). The author’s names of the fungal taxa are given by Kirk and Ansell (2004) and the plants taxa by Brummit and Powell (1992). The conservation status is indicated according to the Red List of fungi in Bulgaria (Gyosheva et al., 2006). The fungus species with conservation value are designed in the list with CV. In the trophic analysis of the larger fungi were used systems of ecological-trophic groups of Arnolds (1981). Designations of ecological-trophic groups by the abbreviated latin names of substrates: Ad – needle-debris saprotrophs, Fd – saprotrophs of fallen leaves of deciduous trees, St – litter saprotrophs, LeS – wood saprotrophs, LeP – wood parasites. Different wood substrates were studied: dead wood (branches, stumps, trunks, bark, etc.) and living trees. All specimens were deposited at the herbarium of Agricultural University – Plovdiv, Bulgaria. Specimens were collected by the author, unless otherwise stated. Maria Lacheva . GNARW © 2018 Page | 134 https://www.gnarw.com International Journal of Biological Sciences and Research | IJBSR | Vol. 1, No. 3, p. 131-146, 2018 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION As a result of the present study, 73 species of lignicolous fungi were identified and named accoding to the taxonomic conventions of Denchev and Assyov (2010), Kirk et al. (2008) and Index fungorum (www.speciesfungorum.org: accessed 29 June 2014, and they are listed in alphabetical order. They belong to the two classes Pezizomycota (7 species) and Agaricomycota (66 species). Most species belong to the order Polyporales from the class Agaricomycetes – 20 species. Most abundant in species are the genera Mycena (4 species), and Inonotus, Phellinus, Polyporus and Stereum – 3 species in each of them. Of all species 61 were recovered from broadleaved trees, 9 from coniferous trees, and 3 from either broadleaved or coniferous trees, 2 from fallen leaves of deciduous trees, and from litter and needle-debris – one (1) species in each of them. Among them species with wider substrate specialisation were 5 species: Daedaleopsis tricolor, Laetiporus sulphureus, Pluteus cervinus, Stereum hirsutum, and S. gausapatum. A very high percentage of the lignicolous species was found on dead wood. A total of 13 species were identified as primary parasites on living trees. Somewhat less common, rare, or only found once or twice were the following: Datronia mollis, Polyporus arcularius, Scutellinia scutellata, and Volvariella bombycina. Particularly interesting were Cerrena unicolor, Clavicorona pyxidata, Peniophora quercina, and Phyllotopsis nidulans. Conversely, Hypholoma fasciculare, Psathyrella candoleana, Schizophyllum commune, Stereum hirsutum, and Trametes hirsuta was the most common species. Fifty-five (55) species, are new records for Forebalkan floristic region and are marked with an asterisk (*). Two (2) species – Clavicorona pyxidata and Phyllotopsis nidulans were included in the Red List of fungi in Bulgaria and Red Data Book of the Republic of Bulgaria (Gyosheva et al., 2006; Peev et al., 2010) with CV (Conservation
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  • 989946 1302 1170751 1057 After

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    ITS1 ITS2 Seqs OTUs Seqs OTUs Fungi (0.95) 992852 1911 1173834 1691 Raw in OTU 989946 1302 1170751 1057 table (n≥10) After decontam 915747 1206 1016235 1044 Final(97% 889290 1193 992890 1032 coverage) Table S1. Total sequence count + OTUs for ITS1 + ITS2 datasets at each OTU table trimming step.1Non-target samples discarded. ITS1 ITS2 Seqs zOTUs Seqs zOTUs All zotus1 1061048 3135 2689730 1880 Fungi 1024007 3094 1210397 1705 (0.95) After 997077 3012 1107636 1685 decontam Final(97% 967316 2772 1083789 1559 coverage) Table S2. Total sequence count + zotus (n=8) for ITS1 + ITS2 datasets at each zotu table trimming step. 1Non-target samples and "zotus"/ASVs with <8 copies discarded. Bistorta vivipara Dryas octopetala Salix polaris (n=519)1 (n=22) (n=20)2 Fungi (0.95) 917667 41314 33871 Raw in OTU 914888 41272 33786 table (n≥10) After 843137 39880 32730 decontam Final (97% 803649 39880 30069 coverage) Sequences min=251, min=382, min=449, per avg=1523.6, avg=1812.7, avg=1551.2, sample max=7680 max=3735 max=3516 Table S3. ITS1 data quality filtering steps (OTUs). For Bistorta vivipara, 80 samples of the original 599 that had too few sequences to meet the coverage threshold of 97% in both the OTU and zotu datasets were discarded. 21 Salix polaris sample was discarded for the same reason. Bistorta vivipara Dryas octopetala Salix polaris (n=519)1 (n=22) (n=20) 2 Fungi (0.95) 984812 44702 36145 After 919672 43286 34119 decontam Final (97% 908621 43286 33141 coverage) Sequences min=251, min=382, min=449, per avg=1519.4, avg=1812.7, avg=1546.7, sample max=7680 max=3730 max=3516 Table S4.
  • Ecology, Diversity and Seasonal Distribution of Wild Mushrooms in a Nigerian Tropical Forest Reserve

    Ecology, Diversity and Seasonal Distribution of Wild Mushrooms in a Nigerian Tropical Forest Reserve

    BIODIVERSITAS ISSN: 1412-033X Volume 19, Number 1, January 2018 E-ISSN: 2085-4722 Pages: 285-295 DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d190139 Ecology, diversity and seasonal distribution of wild mushrooms in a Nigerian tropical forest reserve MOBOLAJI ADENIYI1,2,♥, YEMI ODEYEMI3, OLU ODEYEMI1 1Department of Microbiology, Obafemi Awolowo University. Ile-Ife, 220282, Osun State, Nigeria 2Department of Biological Sciences, Osun State University. Oke-Baale, Osogbo, 230212, Osun State, Nigeria. Tel.: +234-0-8035778780, ♥email: [email protected], [email protected] 3Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida. 4202 E Fowler Avenue, Tampa, Florida, 33620, FL, USA Manuscript received: 19 December 2017. Revision accepted: 19 January 2018. Abstract. Adeniyi M, Odeyemi Y, Odeyemi O. 2018. Ecology, diversity and seasonal distribution of wild mushrooms in a Nigerian tropical forest reserve. Biodiversitas 19: 285-295. This study investigated the ecology, diversity and seasonal distribution of wild mushrooms at Environmental Pollution Science and Technology (ENPOST) forest reserve, Ilesa, Southwestern Nigeria. Mushrooms growing in the ligneous and terrestrial habitats of the forest were collected, identified and enumerated between March 2014 and March 2015. Diversity indices including species richness, dominance, and species diversity were evaluated. Correlation (p < 0.05) was determined among climatic data and diversity indices. A total of 151 mushroom species specific to their respective habitats were obtained. The highest monthly species richness (70) was obtained in October 2014. While a higher dominance was observed in the terrestrial habitat during the rainy and dry seasons (0.072 and 0.159 respectively), species diversity was higher in the ligneous and terrestrial habitats during the rainy season (3.912 and 3.304 respectively).