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36_030771 bindex.qxp 10/9/06 11:50 AM Page 419

Index

Antiochus III (Syrian leader), 211, 220, • A • 222–223, 407–408 Achaean League, 213–214 Antium (city), 193 Actium, Battle of, 268–269 Antonine Itinerary, 100 actors, 137–138 Antoninus Pius (emperor), 313–314 aediles, 50, 57, 183 Antony, Mark (tribune/consul), 77, 256, Aemilian (emperor), 339 263–269, 409 (hero), 156, 167–168 Aphrodisias (city), 415 (), 16, 275, 394 Apollodorus of Damascus (architect), 101, Aequians, 171, 188 306 Aetius, Flavius (general), 378–379 (historian), 402 , 211, 222, 223 , 99 Agathocles (tyrant of Syracuse), 200 Appius Claudius (commissioner), 99, 114, Agricola, Gnaeus Julius (father of Tacitus), 58 182 Agrippa, Marcus Vipsanius (Roman (writer), 139 commander), 92, 269, 273, 277, 311 aqueducts, 114–115, 373 Agrippina (wife of Germanicus and mother aquila (emblem), 74 of Nero), 43, 280, 282, 283 Arbogastes (general), 374 289, 291, 403 Arcadius (emperor), 375 Agron (King of Illyria), 210 Arch of Severus, 327 Akkadians, 12 Arch of Titus, 97, 98 alae ( wings), 76 (mathematician), 78 Alamanni, 371, 375 architecture Alans, 371, 375 arches and vaults, 96–97 Alaric (Visigoth leader), 375–377, 394 celebrating Christianity in, 359 Alba Longa (city), 168, 175, 178 concrete, 95–96 Albinus, Clodius (governor), 324, 325, 326 Greek, 94, 97 Alesia, siege of, 251, 410 Norman, 27 Alexander of , 195 Roman, 27, 95–98 Alexander, Severus (emperor), 55, 336–338 (architect), 97 ,COPYRIGHTED 13, 156 Ardashir MATERIAL (Sassanid king), 338 alimenta, 45, 305, 306, 337 arenas, 124–125 Allectus (emperor), 353 Arians, 360, 366 alphabet, 23 Aricia, League of, 187 amphitheatres, 92, 124–126 , Aelius (Greek orator), 103–104 amphora (pottery packing case), 107–108 aristocracy, 31–32, 228–229 ancestors, worshipping, 164 Arminius (German chieftain), 279 (king), 175, 176 armour, 78–79 (Macedonian), 213–214 army animal fights, 131–133 artillery, 79 (grain dole), 109 auxiliary units, 72, 75–76 Anthemius (emperor), 380–381 cavalry, 73, 74, 75, 76, 79 Antinoüs (friend of ), 312 36_030771 bindex.qxp 10/9/06 11:50 AM Page 420

420 The Romans For Dummies

army (continued) Republican system and, 392 Comitia Centuriata (assembly of the Res Gestae, 280 Centuries), 48–49 taxation, 277 command structure, 71–72, 74 veteran settlement by, 75 division under Constantine, 84 wives, 279 end of army in the west, 85 , (emperor), 85, 381 equipment, 78–79 Augustus (title), 52 foederati (federates), 76 Aurelian (emperor), 104, 341–344 forts, 80–85 Aurelius, Marcus (emperor), 26, 84, 136, legions, 72–75 160, 314–316 navy, 77–78 Ausonius (poet), 69 organization, 349 authors, Roman, 16–18 part-time soldiers, 230 auxiliaries, 75–76 Praetorian Guard, 77 Avitus (emperor), 380 size, 72 Arruns (son of Porsenna), 187 artifacts, Roman, 18 • B • artillery, 79 Baalbek temple, 15, 150–151 Ascanius (son of Aeneas), 168 Babylonians, 12 Asclepiodotus (praetorian prefect), 353 Balbinus (emperor), 338 Minor, 222–224 Bar Cochba, Simon (leader of Jewish Asina, Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio (naval revolt), 311, 411 commander), 201 barbarians assemblies as allies of , 374 Comitia Centuriata (Assembly of the groups, 370–371 Centuries), 48–49, 176–177, siege and fall of Rome (AD 410), 375–377 179, 180, 228 , Hamilcar (Carthaginian general), Comitia Curiata (Assembly of the 204 Divisions), 48 Basilica of Maxentius, 97 Concilium Plebis Tributum (Council of the Bath (city), 15, 417 Plebians arranged by Tribes), 49–50, baths, 65, 91, 116–117 182, 191 Belisarius (general), 385 Senate, 32, 51–52, 56–59, 191, 243–244 Ben Hur (movie), 134, 247 (Roman ruins), 15 Bignor (Roman ruins), 19 Attalus III (King of ), 224, 232 Boii (tribe), 216 Attila the Hun, 378–379 books, Roman, 16–18 Augustus (emperor). See also Octavian boots, 79 biography, 397–398 (female leader in Britain), 290, building projects, 276–277 291, 410–411 colonies, 277 Boudican War, 105, 290 conservatism of, 275 bridges, 101 death of, 280 Britain frontiers, 278–279 abandonment of, 377 heir, 279–280 barbarian conspiracy, 372 imperial post system, 101 Claudius’ invasion of, 287 improvements to Rome, 91, 92–93 history after , 382–383 Julia (daughter), 41, 55, 273–274, 279, 281 lead from, 109 Praetorian Guard organization, 77 rebellion by Carausius, 352–353 36_030771 bindex.qxp 10/9/06 11:50 AM Page 421

Index 421

Britannicus (son of Claudius), 287, 289, 291 Camillus, Marcus Furius (general), 188 Brutus, Lucius Junius (nephew of Campanians, 193 Tarquinius Superbus), 178, 179 camps, marching, 82 Brutus, Marcus Junius (murderer of canabae (settlements), 106 Caesar), 262, 263, 264, 267 Cannae, battle of, 206–207 buildings , Rome, 189 arches and vaults, 96–97 Capitoline , 155 concrete, 95–96 Capua (city), 193, 194, 207–208, 246 fort, 81–82 Caracalla (emperor), 36, 93, 100, 326–330, of Rome, 91–95 404 burial feasts, 164 Caratacus (leader in Britain), 410 burial (inhumation), 163 Carausius (emperor), 78, 348, 352–353, 398 Burnham, Daniel (architect), 27 Carinus (emperor), 344–345 , 383–388 Carolingian minuscule handwriting, 19 Carry on Cleo (movie), 409 • C • destruction of, 12, 392 Caesar and (movie), 409 , 201–203 Caesar, Julius (emperor) founding of, 199 biography, 397 Pyrrhus attack on, 196 building projects in Rome, 92 , 204–209 bull-killing, 133 , 219–222 Cleopatra and, 258, 409 treaties with Rome, 200 death of, 261–262 war with Numidia, 220 as dictator, 259, 260–261 Carus (emperor), 344 female conquests, 262 Cassius Dio, (writer/historian), 18, 101, First Triumvirate, 249–253, 256 316, 337, 410 funeral, 263 Cassius (murderer of Caesar), 261, 263, , 251 264, 267 heir, 264 catacombs, 163 invasion of Britain, 77 Catiline Conspiracy, 250 Julia (daughter), 251, 253 Catilinus, Lucius Sergius (provincial Pompeia, divorce of, 252 governor), 250, 402 , conflict with, 257–258 Cato, Marcus Porcius (writer/scholar), 62, reforms by, 259–260 67, 221, 258–259, 396–397 rise to power, 248 Catullus, Gaius Valerius (poet), 16 Rubicon, crossing of, 49, 256–257 cavalry, 73, 74, 76, 79 talents and weaknesses, 261 Celsus, Cornelius (De Medicina), 119 writings of, 16 Celtiberians, 218 Caesar (title), 52–53 Celts, 189 (son of ), 264, 268, cemeteries, 163, 164, 171 269, 409 censor, 54, 176 calendar census, by , 176 Julian, 260 centurions, 73, 74, 76 religious, 122–123 century, 73 Cales (city), 229 chariot-racing, 126–128, 133–135 Caligula (emperor), 79, 134, 138, 283–286, charity, 45 403 Charlemagne (Holy Roman Caligula (movie), 286 Emperor), 19, 21 36_030771 bindex.qxp 10/9/06 11:50 AM Page 422

422 The Romans For Dummies

Chatti (German tribe), 301, 315, 412 Claudius the God (Graves), 289 children, 43–46 Cleander (freedman), 320 Christianity Cleopatra (movie), 409 churches, 161 Cleopatra VII of Egypt, 258, 267–269, 409 Crusades, 387 client, 32, 40, 228 Edict of Milan, 356–357, 394 client kings, 278 legalization of, 161 clothing, 33, 34, 37, 42 monophysitism, 384 Clusium (city), 186, 189 as mystery cult, 159 Cocles, Horatius (defender of Rome), 186 persecutions, 160–161, 351, 356 cohort, 73, 76 problems with, 160 coinage schisms, 360–361, 386 Antony’s silver, 269 as state religion, 143 Augustus’, 276 , Marcus Tullius (writer/statesman) Carausius’, 352–353 Catiline Conspiracy, exposure of, 249, 250 comparative values, 112 condemnation of Catilinus, 402 Constantine’s, 362 hatred of Caesar, 256, 261, 263 inflation and, 112–113 and, 265, 266 intrinsic value, 110 Philippics, 265, 266 metals used in, 109, 110 prosecution of Verres, 403 Nero’s, 292, 293 writings, 16 propaganda, 111–112 Cilicia, 247 of soldier emperors, 338 Cincinnatus, Lucius Quinctius types, 110 (consul/dictator), 395 colonies, 193–194 Cinna, Lucius Cornelius (consul), 242–243 Colosseum, 97, 125–127, 132 Circus Maximus, 126–128 Columella, Lucius Junius Moderatus Cisalpine Gaul (northern ), 216, 251 (writer), 62–63 citizens comedies, 138 growth in number of, 190 comitatenses, 84 , 36–37 Comitia Centuriata (Assembly of the names, 36 Centuries), 48–49, 176–177, occupations, 34–35 179, 180, 228 Roman, 35–36 Comitia Curiata (Assembly of the tribes, 35–36 Divisions), 48 without vote, 190 Commodus, Lucius Aurelius (emperor), citizenship 129, 316, 319–322, 404 awarded for military service, 76 Concilium Plebis Tributum (Council of the universal, 36, 76, 329 Plebians arranged by Tribes), 49–50, city. See also specific cities 182, 191 idea of, 26–27, 89–90 concrete, 95–96 Rome as urban template, 90–92 Conflict of the Orders, 31, 49, 181–184, 391 city states, Greek, 13, 89 Constans (emperor), 363–364 Civil War, 256–258, 324 Constantine I (emperor) Civilis, Gaius Julius (Batavian chieftain), army organization, 84 296 building projects, 97, 161 clan, 30, 31–32 capital city, 361 classes, 48–49, 176–177 Christianity and, 161, 358–361 Claudius (emperor), 39, 93, 286–289 coinage, 113 Claudius II Gothicus (emperor), 341 court, 359 36_030771 bindex.qxp 10/9/06 11:50 AM Page 423

Index 423

Edict of Milan, 394 dinner party, 139–142 exposure prevention, 45 Dio Cassius (writer/historian), 18, 101, 316, Licinius, power struggle with, 357 337, 410 money management, 362 Diocles, Gaius Appuleius (charioteer), 135 rise of, 354–356 Diocletian (emperor) succession, 362–363 army reforms, 84 Constantine II (emperor), 363 building projects, 349 Constantine III (British rebel), 376 Christians, persecution of, 160 Constantine XI (emperor), 388 division of the Empire, 393 Constantinople (city), 115, 361, 383–388 Dominate, 39, 351 Constantius Chlorus (emperor), 348–349, inflation, 113 353–354 palace, 352 Constantius II (emperor), 65, 363–366 retirement, 354 constitution, 179 tax reforms, 350–351 consuls, 54, 57, 179, 184, 191 Tetrarchy, 55, 348–349, 353–355 copper, 109 divide and rule technique, 194 Corbulo, Cnaeus Domitius (general), 290, doctors, 119 291 dogs, 31 Corinth, sack of, 213–214 Dominate, 351 Coriolanus (Caius Marcius), 188, 401–402 Dominus Noster (title), 54 corruption, 94 Domitian (emperor), 93, 97, 131, 300–302 Council of Elders, 51 Domus Aurea, 292, 293 Council of Plebeians, 35 Donatists, 360–361 Crassus, Marcus Licinius (consul), 74, dream interpreters, 146–147 246–253, 248, 409 Druids, 288 cremation, 162 Drusus, Marcus Livius (tribune), 234–235, Crusades, 387 240–241 cults, 148, 158–159 Drusus the Younger (son of Tiberius), 282 Curia, 52 dyophysitism, 384 Curio, Gaius Scribonius (tribune), 136, 257 curse-tablets, 144 Cybele, cult of, 158 • E • Cytheris, Volumnia (freedwoman actress), 43 E Pluribus Unum (motto), 22 eagle, as symbol of power, 22, 239 East Palmyra (city), 104 • D • Eclectus (chamberlain), 322, 323 Dacians, 301, 306 Eclogues (Virgil), 16 De Medicina (Celsus), 119 education, 41, 44–45 Decebalus (Dacian chieftain), 301, 306 Egypt, 12, 151 Decius, Trajan (emperor), 339 El Djem (Roman ruins), 15, 125 Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire Elagabalus (emperor), 333–336, 405 (Gibbon), 303 elections, 33 delatores (informers), 283, 285, 299 , 196, 205–206 Demetrius (ruler of Pharos), 210 emblems, legionary, 74 Dendara (city), 416–417 emperor destiny, Roman myth of, 11 as chief priest, 146 Didius Julianus (emperor), 323–324, 404 jobs, 54 36_030771 bindex.qxp 10/9/06 11:50 AM Page 424

424 The Romans For Dummies

emperor (continued) Fates, 155 line of succession, 55 Faustina (wife of Antoninus), 313 title, 52–54 Flaccus, Marcus Fulvius (consul), 233 worship of, 156 Flaminius, Caius (general), 206, 222–223 English (language), 23–24 Flaminius, Titus Quinctius (general), 212 entertainment Flavian dynasty, 271, 297 animal fights, 131–133 Flavius, Gnaeus (legal writer), 26 arenas, amphitheatres, and stadiums, foederati (federates), 76 123–128 forts bonding the population with, 122 buildings, 81–82 calendar, 122–123 defenses, 80–81 chariot-racing, 133–135 frontier fortifications, 83 epic shows, 133 Hadrian’s Wall, 83 gladiatorial combats, 128–131 for late army, 84–85 home, 139–142 marching camps, 82 mock battles, 133 size, 80 theatre, 135–139 works depot, 82 (city), 137, 414 Forum, 123–124 epics, 133 founding of Rome, 167–168 , 25–26 fountains, 114, 115 (philosopher), 25 Fourth Eclogue (Virgil), 11, 16 equestrians Francis II (Holy Roman Emperor), 21 career ladder, 59–60 Franks, 371 financier, 243 free speech, 305 property qualifications, 34 freedmen, 39–40 as recruits to Senate, 51 Frontinus, Sextus Julius (manager of roles of, 34 aqueducts), 115 as second-grade aristocracy, 229 frumentarii (spies), 312, 313, 321, 351 estates, 67, 69. See also villas A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Etruscans Forum (movie), 138 alphabet/language, 23, 172 future, divining the, 145–147 arches, 96 description, 13, 172 gladiators, 128 • G • kings, 177–178 , Servius Sulpicius (emperor), 293, Latin League and, 186–187, 192 294 Third Samnite War, 195 Galenus, Claudius (doctor), 120 Eumachia of (business women), 43 Galerius (emperor), 348–349, 351, 354–355 European Union, 22–23 Gallic Empire, 340–342 excavations, Roman, 19–20 Gallic Wars, 251 Gallienus (emperor), 84, 339–341 Gallus (cousin of Constantius II), 365, 366 • F • Gallus, Trebonianus (emperor), 339 Fall of the Roman Empire (movie), 316 games. See entertainment family, 29–30 garden, 66, 68 fasces (symbolic bundle of rods), 180 garum (sauce), 141 fascists, 21, 180 Gassendi, Pierre (philosopher), 25–26 36_030771 bindex.qxp 10/9/06 11:50 AM Page 425

Index 425

Gauls Graves, Robert Frankish kingdom, 383 Claudius the God, 289 and, 205–206 I, Claudius, 289 invasion of 225 BC, 204, 207 sack of Rome (390 BC), 189 ancient, 13 Third Samnite War, 195 Hadrian’s visits to, 311 Gellus, Egnatius (Samnite leader), 195 influence on Roman culture, 212 Genialis, Sextus Valerius, 399 Macedonian Wars and, 210–214 , 155 Greek (language), 23 Georgics (Virgil), 16, 62, 63 groma (surveyer’s tool), 99 German tribes guilds, 107 Augustus and, 278–279 gunpowder, 388 invasion of Italy (AD 166), 315 overview of Rome’s troubles with, 411 Germanicus (grandson of Augustus), 279, • H • 280, 281, 282 Hadrian (emperor) Geta (emperor), 327, 329 Antinoüs, relationship with, 312 Gibbon, Edward (Decline and Fall of the building projects, 93, 101, 311 Roman Empire), 303 ending the tradition of conquest, 393 Gladiator (movie), 79, 121, 152, 316, 321, illness and death, 312 411 Jewish revolt, 311, 411 gladiators, 128–131 Pantheon, 96 glassware, 141 succession of, 309–310 Glycerius (emperor), 381 successor, choice of, 312 gods travels of, 310–312 Capitoline Triad, 155 Hadrian’s Wall, 83, 416 conflation, 157 Hannibal deals with, 144 Battle of Cannae, 206–207 emperor worship, 156 Battle of Lake Trasimene, 206 foreign, 157 Battle of Zama, 209 household and family, 155–156 crossing the Alps, 205–206 in human form, 152–153 death of, 407 list of main, 153–154 escape from Italy, 208 mystery cults, 158–159 escape to court of Antiochus III, 220 gold, 109 in Second Punic War, 408 Golden Age, 11 siege of Saguntum, 204–205 Gordianus I (emperor), 118, 338 Hanno (Carthaginian commander), 200, 203 Gordianus II (emperor), 338 Harvey, William (physician), 120 Gordianus III (emperor), 339 Hasdrubal (Carthaginian commander), 208 Goths, 370 healing cults, 148 Gracchus, Gaius (tribune), 34, 108, 231, helmet, 78, 79 234–236, 397 Heraclea, battle at, 196 Gracchus, Tiberius Sempronius (Roman (city), 19–20, 299, 414 commander/tribune), 38, 218, 231–233 Hercules (hero), 321 grain, 108–109 Hieronymus of Syracuse, 207–208 Gratian (emperor), 373, 374 hills, seven of Rome, 169–170 36_030771 bindex.qxp 10/9/06 11:50 AM Page 426

426 The Romans For Dummies

Hippodrome, 361 Julian II (emperor), 366–368 Holy Roman Empire, 21 Julio-Claudian dynasty, 271, 280–281 (poet), 13, 168 Justinian I (emperor), 24–25, 27, 384–385 (emperor), 375, 376, 377 Juvenal (poet/satirist), 63, 122, 290 Horace (writer), 16, 64, 99 Hostilius, Tullus (king), 175 housing, 63–69 • K • Huns, 371, 378–379 kings, of Rome, 173–178, 391. See also specific individuals • I • I, Claudius (Graves), 289 • L • Iceni rebellion, 290 Laetus, Aemilius (praetorian prefect), 322, , 205, 209–212 323 imago (emblem), 74 Lake Trasimene, Battle of, 206 Imperator (title), 53, 255 land, buying and investing in, 64–65 Imperatorial Age, 245 land reform, 232, 234 imperial estates, 67 language, 23–24 imperium (title), 53, 72, 253, 256, 273 Latin citizens, 36–37 incompetence, 94 Latin language, 23–24 inflation, 112–113 Latin League, 187–188, 192–193 insults, 37 Latinus (king), 168 interference, right of, 50 Lavinia (wife of Aeneas), 168 iron, 109, 169 law Isis, cult of, 158 civil, 24–25 Italica (colony), 306, 309 common, 25 Italy, history after Roman Empire, 382 reforms of , 234 itineraries, 100 Senatus Consultum, 52 ius imaginum (right of images), 33, 57 textbook, 24 Twelve Tables, Code of the, 24, 182–183, 391 • J • lead, 109 Johannes (emperor), 378 legatus Augusti pro praetore (governor of an Jovian (emperor), 371 imperial province), 58 Juba II (King of Mauretania), 44 legatus iuridicus (judicial legate), 58 Judaea, 299 legatus legionis (commander of a , 237 legion), 58, 74 Julia (daughter of Augustus), 41, 55, legions, 58, 72–75 273–274, 279, 281 L’Enfant, Pierre (architect), 27 Julia (daughter of Caesar), 251, 253 Lepidus, Marcus Aemilius (governor of Julia Domna (wife of Severus), 325, 326, Spain), 266–267 329, 333 Licinius (emperor), 355–358 Julia Maesa (grandmother of Elagabalus), The Life of Brian (movie), 9–10 333–334, 335, 337 Life of Julius Caesar (Suetonius), 263 Julia Mamaea (mother of Severus Liguria (Italian Riviera), 216–217 Alexander), 337, 338 limitanei (frontier), 84 Julia Soaemias (mother of Elagabalus), 333, Livia (wife of Augustus), 273, 279 334, 336 Livy (historian), 16–17 Julian calendar, 260 London, 27, 105 36_030771 bindex.qxp 10/9/06 11:50 AM Page 427

Index 427

Lucanians (tribe), 195–196 Maximinus I (emperor), 55 (writer), 149 Maximinus II Daia (emperor), 355–356 Lucretia, rape of, 178 Maximinus Thrax I (emperor), 338 Lucretius (philosopher), 25 Maximus, Magnus (emperor), 374 , Licinius (Roman commander), Maximus, Petronius (emperor), 379 244 measurements, forms of, 113 Lugdunum, mint at, 278 Mecenius, Egnatius (wife-beater), 42 Lunaris, (freedman), 106 medicine, 118–120 Lusitanians, 218–219 Melania the Younger (Christian heiress), 69 Lysons, Samuel (excavator), 19 merchants, 106–107 Mesopotamia (ancient civilisation), 12 Messalina (wife of Claudius), 289 • M • Messana (city), 200 Macedo, Largius (), 38–39 (), 17 Macedonian Wars, 211–213 Metellus, Quintus Caecilius , 13 (general/senator), 214, 237, 239, 240 Macrinus, Marcus Opelius (emperor), 60, Michelangelo (architect), 93 330, 332–333 Milan, Edict of, 356–357, 394 Maecenas, Gaius (equestrian), 64, 272 milestones, 101 magister populi (dictator), 179 Milvian Bridge, Battle of, 356 magistracies, 56–57, 191, 244 mimes, 139 magistrates, 32–33, 94–95 mineral resources, 109–110, 217 (), 195 Minoan civilisation, 13 Magnentius (emperor), 364–365 mints, 111 Majorian (emperor), 380 Mithras, cult of, 159 , 200–201 Mithridates VI (King of ), 242, 247, Mancinus, Lucius Hostilius (consul), 221 408 maniples, 73 mob, 122, 228 Many Voyages of the Erythraean Sea mock battles, 133 (unknown author), 105 money, 110–113 map monophysitism, 384 neighbours of Rome, 172 Monte Testaccio, 107 road, 100 Mummius, Lucius (general), 213–214 of Rome, 93 municipia, 37, 190, 193–194 seven hills of Rome, 170 music, 136–137 Marcellinus, Ammianus (historian), 365 Muslims, 385, 386 Marcellus, Claudius (general), 78, 208 Mussolini, Benito (fascist dictator), 21, 209 Marcellus, Gaius (consul), 256 mystery cults, 158–159 marching camps, 82 Marius, Gaius (consul), 104, 236–240, 242–244 • N • marriages, 38, 145, 184 names, 36 (poet), 119, 140, 147 (city), 194 Masada, fortress of, 299 Napoleon (emperor), 21 Masinissa (King of Numidia), 220 Nasica, Publius Cornelius Scipio (general), mater familias domina, 42 216 Maxentius (son of Maximian), 93, 354–356 national identity, Roman, 10–11 Maximian (emperor), 93, 160, 348–349, Natural History (Pliny the Elder), 17, 119, 351–355 398 36_030771 bindex.qxp 10/9/06 11:50 AM Page 428

428 The Romans For Dummies

navy, 77–78, 201–203 Nazis, 21 • P • Nepos, Julius (emperor), 381 paedagogues, 44 Nero, Caius Claudius (general), 208 paganism, 358–360, 367 Nero (emperor), 43, 97, 129, 289–294, 403 Palmyra (city), 327, 340, 342 Nerva, Marcus Cocceius (emperor), 45, Pantheon, 96, 311 101, 304–305 pantomimes, 139 new men, 33 Parthia, 267–268, 308, 315, 337 nexum (type of contract), 181 pater familias, 30 Nicaea, council at, 360, 366 Pater Patriae (title), 53 Niger, Pescennius (governor), 323–324, 325 patricians, 31–32, 180–184, 391 nobiles (nobles), 32–33, 51, 229 patron-client relationship, 32, 40, 228 Normans, 27 Paul, Saint, 35, 99 Northmen, 238 Paullus, Lucius Aemilius (general), 213 Numantia (city), 219 Peloponnesian War, 13 Numerian (emperor), 344 Perennis, 320, 321–322 Numitor (king), 168 Pergamon (city), 211, 222, 224 nurses, 44 Perpenna (general), 246 Perseus (Macedonian ruler), 212–213 • O • Persia, 337–338, 344, 368 Pertinax, Publius Helvius (emperor), 40, Octavia (wife of Antony), 268 322–323, 325 Octavian. See also Augustus (emperor) Petra (city), 416 as Caesar’s heir, 264 pets, 31 Julia (daughter), 41, 55, 273–274, 279, 281 pewter, 141 Mark Antony and, 265–269 phallus, 146 name change, 274 Pharnaces II (King of Pontus), 258 naval battle with Antony, 77 Pharsalus, Battle of, 258 powers of, 273, 274 Philip I the Arab (emperor), 132, 339 Republic restoration, 272 Philip II of Macedon, 13 Second Triumvirate, 266–267 , 209–212 wives, 273 , Battle of, 266–267 Octavius, Marcus (tribune), 233 Philippus, Lucius Marcius (consul), Odaenathus, Publius Septimius, 340 240–241 Odovacer (King of Italy), 381–382 philosophy, Roman, 25–26 Olybrius (emperor), 381 Phoenicians, 12, 199 omens, 145–146 Piazza Armerina (villa), 415 Opimius, Lucius (consul), 235 Pilate, Pontius (governor of Judaea), 34, 59 Optimates, 236, 250, 253 pirates optio, 73 Cilician, 247 oracles, 147 Illyrian, 210, 211 Orange (city), 15, 137 Piso, Cnaeus Calpurnius (governor), 282 oratory, competition, 139 Pius, Antoninus (emperor), 39 Osroes (Parthian king), 308 Placidia, Galla (sister of Honorius), 377, Ostia (port), 104, 413 378, 380 Ostrogoths, 370, 372, 375, 382, 385 Placidia the Younger (daughter of (emperor), 291, 294–295 Valentinian), 379 Otto I (King of Germany), 21 Plautianus, Fulvius (praetorian prefect), Ovid (Metamorphoses), 17 326 36_030771 bindex.qxp 10/9/06 11:50 AM Page 429

Index 429

Plautius, Aulus (general), 287 power Plautus, Titus Maccius (comedy writer), assemblies, 48–52 138 career ladder, 56–60 plebiscite, 50 checks and balances on, 47 plebs (plebeians), 31–32, 180–184, 190–191, emperors, 52–55 391 Roman image of, 21 Pliny the Elder (historian) praefectus (prefect), 59–60, 109 biography, 398 praefectus castrorum (prefect of the on medicine, 118 camp), 74 Natural History, 17, 119, 398 praefectus praetorio (Praetorian prefect), 77 on religion, 148 praefectus urbi (Prefect of Rome), 58, 60 on Rome, 92 praetor, 57, 74 Pliny the Younger (senator) Praetorian Guard, 77 on building projects, 94 prefects, 59–60, 76, 78 charity of, 45 primus pilus, 74 Christians, handling of, 160 Princeps (title), 54 on eruption of Vesuvius, 148 Principate, 344–345 imperial post system, use of, 101 Probus (emperor), 344 letters of, 17 proconsul, 58 as Omen Interpreter, 146 promagister, 59 on shrines, 152 (pharaoh), 13, 197, 211, 222 slaves of, 38 Pulceria, Aelia (regent), 377 Trajan’s letters, 307 Pulcher, Claudius Appius (naval villa of, 65–66 commander), 202 (historian), 190 Pulcher, Clodius (tribune), 108, 252 (historian), 213 Pompeii (city) First, 201–203 amphitheatre, 124 naval use in, 77 destruction of, 299 Second, 42, 204–209, 392 gladiator school, 129 Third, 73, 77, 219–222 riot, 130 Pupienus (emperor), 338 roads, 100 Pyrrhus of Epirus (king), 196–197 ruins, 19 visiting, 413–414 water supply, 115 • Q • Pompey the Great (general), 243, 246–247, Quadratilla, Ummidia (theatre fan), 138 249–253, 256–258 quaestors, 56, 184 Pompilius, Numa (king), 174 Quo Vadis (movie), 292 Pons Fabricius (bridge), 101 (title), 53, 179 Poplicola, Publius Valerius (consul), 179 • R • Populares, 236 Ragulus, Livineius (senator), 130 Porsenna, Lars (Etruscan leader), 186, 187 Ravenna (city), 414 Portland Vase, 20 recipes, 141–142 post system, imperial, 101 redware, 106 Postumus, Marcus Cassianus Latinius Regillus, Lake, 187 (emperor), 340–341 Regina (freedwoman), 40 pottery, 106, 107–108, 181 36_030771 bindex.qxp 10/9/06 11:50 AM Page 430

430 The Romans For Dummies

Regulus, Marcus Atilius (legendary figure), map, 93 202 population, 11, 103 religion. See also Christianity seven hills, 169 afterlife, 162 as urban template, 90–92 ancestors, worshipping, 164 visiting, 413 cemeteries and graves, 162–164 Romulus Augustus (emperor), 85, 381 dream interpreters, 146–147 Romulus (founder of Rome), 90, 133, 168, gods, 143, 152–159 173–174 healing cults, 147 rubbish dump, 107 marriage, 145 Rubicon, crossing by Caesar, 49, 256–257 non-believers, 147–148 Rufinus, Lucius Verginius (Roman omens, 145–146 commander), 293, 294 oracles, 147 Rufus, Marcus Minucius (tribune), 235 sacrifice, 144–145 ruins soothsayers, 146, 147 excavations, 19–20 superstition, 144, 145 location, 15 temples and shrines, 149 Ostia, 104 Remus (founder of Rome), 90, 168 Pompeii, 115 Republic, Roman rule of law, 391 Augustus and, 392 rural life birth of, 178–184 land, buying and investing in, 64–65 constitution, 179 love of the countryside, 61–62 patrician-pleb conflict, 180–184 reality of, 70 Res Gestae (Augustus), 280 textbook on, 62–63 reservoirs, 115 villas, 63–69 Rhea (mother of ), 168 Rhegium (city), 201 rhetor (teacher of oratory), 45 • S • , island of, 211, 222, 224 Sabina (wife of Hadrian), 312 roads Sabines, 133, 172–173, 214 bridges, 101 sacrifice, 144–145 building basics, 99–100 Saguntum (city), 204 itineraries, 100 sailors, 78 lay out, 99 Sallust (historian), 43 maps, 100 samianware, 106 milestones, 101 Samnites quality of, 98–99 description, 173 traffic control, 100 First Samnite War, 192–193 Via Appia, 99 Fourth Samnite War, 196 Rome (city) Second Samnite War, 194–195 copycat cities, 94–95 Third Samnite War, 195 early settlement, 169–171 treaties with Rome, 192, 193 fall of, 394 Santa Sophia (church), 365, 385 features, key, 91 Saoterus (friend of Commodus), 321 founding of, 90, 167–169 Sassanids, 337–338, 344 growth of, 90 Saturnalia (festival), 141, 181 improvements to, 92–93 Saturnian kingdoms, 11 36_030771 bindex.qxp 10/9/06 11:50 AM Page 431

Index 431

Saturninus, Lucius Appuleius (tribune), children, 46 239–240 economy, effect on, 231 Sbeitla (province), 415 families of, 190 Scipio Aemilianus, Publius Cornelius freeing, 39–40 (Roman commander), 219, 221, 233 lives of, 38–39 : The Defeat of Hannibal mining by, 109 (movie), 209 paedagogues, 44 Scipio Africanus the Elder (general), 223, revolt, 38, 130, 232, 238, 246 306, 395–396 rights, 39 Scipio Africanus the Younger social stigma, 40 (general/politician), 77, 79 sources of, 38 Scipio, Lucius Cornelius (consul), 223 use in entertainment, 122, 129, 138 Scipio, Publius Cornelius (consul), 208 villa, 65, 67 Scribonia (wife of Octavian), 273, 279 Social War, 240–241 Sejanus, Lucius Aelius (prefect), 282–283 society , 211, 223 aristocrats (patricians), 31–32 self-image, Roman, 62–63 children, 44–46 Sempronia (prostitute), 43 Conflict of the Orders, 31 Senate education, 41, 44–45 career ladder, 56–59 equestrians, 34 magistracies, 56–57 family, 29–30 new recruits, 51 freedmen, 39–40 origins of, 51 insults, 37 powers of, 51–52, 180 Latin citizens, 36–37 property qualification, 32 nobles, 32–33 stability supplied by, 191 paternalism, 30 ’s reform of, 243–244 peregrinae (foreigners), 37 senators, career ladder for, 56–59 pets, 31 Senatus Consultum Ultimum, 51, 235–236, Roman citizens, 35–36 256 slaves, 38–39 Senatus Populusque Romanus (SPQR), 52 women, 41–43 Seneca (tutor of Nero), 64, 116 soldiers, 72, 75–76, 78–79, 230 Sergius, Marcus (praetor), 396 soothsayers, 146, 147 Sertorius, Marian (general), 246 Spain Severan dynasty, 334 Carthaginian control of, 204–205 Severus III (emperor), 380 minerals from, 109 Severus, Lucius Septimius (emperor), 93, Roman control of, 208, 217–219 97, 112, 320, 324–328 Spartacus (gladiator/Thracian slave), 38, sewers, 117 130, 246, 408–409 Sextus (son of Tarquinius Superbus), 178 Spartacus (movie), 121, 148, 247, 409 Shapur (Sassanid king), 339, 340 spies, imperial, 312, 313, 321, 351 shrines, 151–152 SPQR (Senatus Populusque Romanus), 52 , 199–204, 207–208, 232, 238 St Jerome (Christian teacher), 90 Sidonius Apollinaris, Gaius (Bishop of stadiums, 126 Auvergne), 69 standard, 74, 239 signa (emblem), 74 Stilicho (Vandal general), 375 silver, 109, 112–113, 141, 269 , 26 slaves Strabo (geographer), 92, 99, 213 36_030771 bindex.qxp 10/9/06 11:50 AM Page 432

432 The Romans For Dummies

succession, line of, 55 temples Suetonius (writer/historian) classical, 150 Life of Julius Caesar, 263 location, 149 Nero and, 403 regional, 151 on Tiberius, 281, 284 Rome, 91 Twelve Caesars, 17 tent parties (contubernia), 73 Sulis (Roman ruins), 15 Tertullian (writer), 123 Sulla, Lucius Cornelius (general/dictator), Tetrarchy, 55, 348–349, 353–355 49, 241–245, 402 Teuta (Queen of Illyria), 210 Sulpicius (tribune), 242 theatre Sumerians (ancient civilisation), 12 actors, 137–138 Sun-God cult, 334–335, 343, 405 floor plans, 136 superstition, 144, 145 music, 136–137 surgeons, 119 oratory, 139 surveyors, Roman, 99 origins of, 135 Syracuse (city), 78, 201, 207–208 performances, 138–139 Rome, 91 Theatre of Marcellus, 139 • T • Theatre of Pompey, 135 tableware, 141 Theodora (wife of Justinian), 384, 385 Tacitus (emperor), 344 Theodoric the Great (king of the Tacitus (historian) Ostrogoths), 414 biography of Agricola, 58 Theodosius I (emperor), 373–375 on Boudica, 410 Theodosius II (emperor), 377 on Civil War of 68–69, 393 Thrasea, Publius Paetus (philosopher), 292 Nero and, 403 Tiberius (emperor), 34, 278, 279–283, 284 on Tiberius, 281, 284 tin, 109 writings of, 17 titles, of emperors, 52–54 talent, 223 Titus (emperor), 93, 97, 298–300 Tarentum (city), 193, 194, 195–197, 208 toga, 33, 37 Tarquinius Priscus (king), 175–176, 212 toilets, 117 Tarquinius Superbus (king), 117, 177, 391, tombs, 163–164 401 townhouses, rooms, 68 Taurus, Statilius (stone amphitheatre trade builder), 124 amphorae, 107–108 taxation Aristides on, 103–104 Augustus and, 277 beyond Empire border, 106 avoiding, 35 grain, 108–109 by Caracalla, 329 guilds, 107 Diocletian and, 350–351 London, 105 Temple of Aphrodite, 415 Many Voyages of the Erythraean Sea, 105 Temple of , 50 merchants, 106–107 Temple of at Ephesus, 137 mineral resources, 109–110 Temple of Virilis, 150 Ostia, 104 Temple of Hathor, 151, 416–417 ports, 104 Temple of Jupiter Heliopolitanus, 150–151 tragedies, 138 Temple of , 181 Trajan (emperor) 36_030771 bindex.qxp 10/9/06 11:50 AM Page 433

Index 433

alimenta system, 45 Vandals, 371, 375, 378–380, 383, 385 animal fights, 132 Varro, Marcus Terentius (writer/historian), building projects, 93, 101, 306 62, 169 Christians, handling of, 160 Varus, Publius Attius (governor), 257 games under, 126 Varus, Publius Quinctilius (governor), 73, legacy, 308–309 74, 279 succession of, 305 vaults, 96, 97 war with Dacia and Parthia, 306–308 Vegetius (historian), 75–76 Trajan’s column (Rome), 309 Veii (city), 188 Tranquillus, Gaius Suetonius (Twelve Veneti (tribe), 217 Caesars), 17, 271 Vercingetorix (Gaulish chieftain), 251, tribes, 35–36, 48, 228 409–410 tribunes Vercingetorix (movie), 410 command by, 74, 76 Verres, Gaius (provincial governor), 403 consuls replaced by, 184 Verus, Lucius (co-Augustus with Marcus emperor as, 54 Aurelius), 315 under the Empire, 50 Vespasian (emperor) image, 190 building projects, 92, 93, 125, 298 power of, 49, 50 Colosseum, 97 tribuni plebis, 49, 190 equestrian sponges, 60 Triumvirate on insults, 37 First, 247, 249–253, 256 oracle consultation, 147 Second, 266–267 promotion to Senate, 51 , 168 rise of, 293, 296, 297 Tullius, Servius (king), 35, 176–177 rule of, 296–298 turmae (squadrons), 76 teachers, hiring of, 44 turning points, in Roman history, 391–394 women as slaves, 41 Twelve Caesars (Tranquillus), 17, 271 , 168, 175, 330, 335 Twelve Tables, Code of the, 182–183, 391 Vesuvius, Mount, 19, 148, 299 veto, 50, 179, 184, 191, 244 vexilla (emblem), 74 • U • vexillationes, 74 Ulpianus, Domitius (praetorian prefect), Via Appia, 99 337 (Queen of England), 22 Underworld, 162 Victorians, 22 uniforms, 78–79 villas Up Pompeii! (television series), 138 confiscation of, 64–65 urban life, 63–65 as escape from city life, 63 food production, 67 giant estates, 69 • V • Hadrian’s, 311 Valens (emperor), 85, 372–373 imperial estates, 67 Valentinian (emperor), 372 in later years of the Empire, 69 Valentinian III (emperor), 378, 379 location, 67 Valerian I (emperor), 339–340 Piazza Armerina, 415 values, manly, 56 villas (continued) 36_030771 bindex.qxp 10/9/06 11:50 AM Page 434

434 The Romans For Dummies

Pliny the Younger (senator), 65–66 of Pompeii, 115 rooms, 68 reservoirs, 115 tenant farmers, 67, 69 wells, 115 Vindolanda (British fort), 308 weapons, 78–79 Virgil (poet) Wedgwood, Josiah (potter), 20 Aeneid, 16, 275, 394 weights and measures, 113 Eclogues, 16 wells, 115 Fourth Eclogue, 11, 16 Whitehead, Alfred North (philosopher), 26 Georgics, 16, 62, 63 women Viriathus (Lusitanian leader), 218–219 beauty treatments, 42 virtues, manly, 26 children and, 43 Visigoths, 370, 372–376, 383 clothing, 42 Vitellius (emperor), 295 education, 41 Vitruvius (architect), 97 gladiators, 131 Volscians, 173, 188, 193 home life, 42 voting, 35, 190, 228, 240–241 legal status, 41 vow, 144 powerful, examples of, 43 Wood, John Turtle (archaeologist), 137 work depots, 82 • W • writers, Roman, 16–18 walls, of Rome, 191–192, 343 war, declaration of, 176 Washington, D.C., architecture of, 27 • Z • water supply Zama, Battle of, 209 aqueducts, 114–115 zinc, 109 baths, 116–117 Zoroastrianism, 337 difficulties with, 113–114 36_030771 bindex.qxp 10/9/06 11:50 AM Page 435

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