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• (tradionally, 753-509 BC): - 7 kings, starng with (but also a ) - Last few Kings were Etruscan - Ends when Tarquin the Proud is kicked out - trad. date 509 BC for founding of the • True? Specifics are legend, but, yes, there were kings. • Traces of Monarchy: – (king’s house) – Rex Sacrorum (king of sacred rites) a priesthood in the Republic • Meanwhile in : Homer & lyric poets like Sappho

Early Republic (c. 509 to 264 BC) ( = commonwealth) - supreme power shared by annually elected officials - constant ext. struggle among small Italian city-states - constant internal class struggle over polical power - military and econ. decline aer end of monarchy

• NB: kingdom and early Rep. not well known. Few historical sources & many legends, later distorons. • Roman literature only begins in 3rd cent. BC,

• Meanwhile in Greece: Fih century = Athenian , Classical period of democracy, Greek tragedy, & Athenian hegemony.

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Middle Republic (c.264 – 133 BC)

• huge growth, and creaon of “” as we know it. mistress of by 260s, and then dominates West. and East. Med. • establishes internal polical equilibrium between classes (but precarious) • Meanwhile in Greece: • Hellenisc Age- compeng dynases all over East, fighng over pieces of Alexander the Great’s conquests.

Late Republic (c.133-31 BC)

• Connued external expansion in all direcons • but paradoxically: internal chaos at Rome. Assassinaons, violence, polically sanconed murder, bribery, revolt, and civil war… • End of Rep. as we know it in 31 BC, when young warlord Octavian (aka ), wins civil war against (and ) • Easily best-known period, mass of documentaon -- above all speeches and leers, somemes daily, of R’s greatest orator, (105-43)

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Principate / Empire

• Begins someme around 31 BC when Octavian (aka Augustus) gains control • named aer rule of one man: chief cizen ( = first) • Republic Restored?? Remember: central instuons of Republican gov’t sll exist—sll consuls and a senate • lasts unl 5th cent. AD and Eastern half, even longer

Figures and stascs—

• Populaon of the city of Rome under Augustus —about 1,000,000 • Populaon of Roman Empire at death of Augustus—about 54,000,000 Possibly 1/5 of all humans then alive lived in the territory of the Roman Empire. • Literacy rate—maybe 15-20%? • Percentage of the pop. in slavery ca. 30%

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Two foundaon stories combined: • 1) Romulus, Remus, , and She-Wolf

• 2) Aer Troy fell (1184, tradional date), leads survivors to Laum. War with Lans, then merges with them. - Aeneas’ link to Rome standard by at least 3rd cent. B.C. - Combined with myth: R +R supposedly descendants of Aeneas and his new, Lan wife.

Aeneas’ route from Troy to Laum- as told by Vergil

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Ac Black-Figure Vase ca. 520 BC Ac Red-Figure Vase 5th cent. BC

Greek depicons of Aeneas carrying his father out of Troy

Coin minted by Julius ca. 46 BC

Aeneas rescues both father and the Palladium (sacred cult-statue of ) from burning Troy.

FYI: traced his ancestry back to Aeneas…

Terracoa statue from 1st cent. AD ()

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Aeneas rescuing father, son, and Troy’s sacred emblems -painted by Federico Barrocci in 1598 AD -now displayed in Villa Borghese

Aeneas leaving Troy sculpted by Bernini c. 1619 (now housed in Villa Borghese)

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The Problem of 753 BC

• April 21st 753 BC But Fall of Troy supposedly 1184 BC Gap way too large –invent kings of Alba Longa

So: - Trojan hero Aeneas founds - his son, (or Iulus), founds Alba Longa - generaons later, his descendants, Romulus and Remus, found Rome - Rome destroys Alba (convenient) TroyLaviniumAlba LongaRome

Why would it appeal to early Romans to be linked to Trojan Aeneas?

• link to Homeric past, but not Greek. • if Troy = start of history and of Rome, then history and Rome = co-extensive • tale of assimilaon -- naves and outcasts mixed to produce something dramacally new (like Romulus’ asylum). Fits with the real problems of incorporang so many new cizens during conquest of Italy.

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Why don’t we buy ’s version?

• Clearly– the fabulous, supernatural nature of many parts of the story. • Nature of historiography at Rome not same as ours. Focused on using history to instruct with good and bad examples. • Alternaon of good and bad kings is too neat • The names look made up: Rom. > Rome; Numa > (divine power); Servius > servus (slave); Tarquinius > Tarquinii (an Etruscan town)

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• Before the kings: ~ 950 = Iron Age • First substanal selement in Rome: huts on Palane and Esquiline Hills

Etruscans arrive from the East around 700 BC

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Etruscan Civilizaon

Effects of Etruscan influence at Rome

• Metal working techniques • Arts • Urban planning • Commercial network • Crasmen, merchants, builders, religious experts • ... And kings (last 3 kings) • ROME: - Est. polical and commercial center of city: - Est. religious center on : Capitolium

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Cloaca Maxima empes into Greatest Sewer, built ca. 600 BC?

19th cent. painng

Odd collecon of graffi near modern-day cloaca maxima

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Capitoline Hill Citadel & Religious center

• Capitoline : • , ,

• JOP = Jupiter Opmus Maximus • Jupiter Greatest & Best

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Archaeology: Conclusions

• ~ 950 first selements in Rome • 625 Etruscans in Rome • By ~ 500 Rome had its shape, like Greek and Etruscan towns: • Temples, markets, shops, streets and drains • Public spaces to gather for polics, religious fesvies, sport • Very primive, not (yet) marbled Rome

Servius “the mixer” Tullius (578-535)

• Tribes • Army • Temple of

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Greek contaminaon of Roman archaic history? In 509 BC: Expulsion of Tarquinius Superbus = expulsion of Hipparchus (last of in Athens)

-Both revolts triggered by sexual assault

-Tarquin Collanus (good guy) exiled from Rome just for his name.

- Hipparchos son of Charmos (good guy) exiled from Athens just for his name.

N.B. -Hipparchus son of Charmos from Kollutos - Tarquin Collanus from from Collaa…

-Too exact a synchrony to be real? Historical plagiarism? Conscious emulaon of Athenian model?

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