DOCSLIB.ORG

Efficient Volvo Bus Cooling System, Using Electrical Fans

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Efficient Volvo Bus Cooling System, Using Electrical Fans Efficient Volvo Bus Cooling System, Using Electrical Fans A comparison between hydraulic and electrical fans RITA BAILAO˜ MARTINS FERNANDES Master’s Degree Project Stockholm, Sweden June 2014 TRITA-EE 2014:xxx Abstract Economical and environmental factors together with energy policies towards more efficient sys- tems are the driving force for the development of the vehicle industry. Significant changes have been made to fulfill new emissions legislation but the basic internal combustion vehicle architecture has been kept. New emission treatment systems that increase the thermal loading of the cooling system had been added within the same package envelope as before, which means less space to place cooling fans and a greater need for airflow. Changes in the cooling system, namely the replacement of the hydraulic fan drive system by electrical fans is one of the energy efficient alternatives for several city buses under certain environments, like the ”typical red city buses”, well-known in the United Kingdom. In this thesis study, hydraulic fans are compared with electrical fans and a road-map of the benefits and drawbacks of the two systems is developed, based on real traffic performance performance data and the results of existing simulations and tests. In addition, new simulations are presented in order to find the most efficient design for the cooling system as well as a comparison of these results with previous ones. This road map will be used later by Volvo-Buses Group as a tool to better understand in which circumstances electrical fans can be beneficial, in terms of fuel consumption, noise production, cooling performance, control of the fans and associated costs. Keywords : hydraulic fan cooling system, electrical fan drive system, radiator, fan efficiency, fan shroud, static pressure, oil cooler, charge air cooler, built-in-resistance. 1 Part I Preface Dear reader of this thesis. This master thesis project is the final sign off of the last year of my master of science. It is based on engineering reports made by Volvo engineers, scientific articles and simulation results from Volvo GTT and Volvo Buses. The research was carried out from later January 2014 to July 2014, and presented in the end to Volvo AB and to KTH (Royal Institute of Technology), in Stockholm. The topic was based on the company’s request to analyze the current options for the fans of the bus cooling systems and to better understand electrical fans in terms of cooling performance. The master thesis project was carried out by Rita Fernandes as an intern, Reza Fakhrai as supervisor at the university Christer Kjellgren as supervisor at the company. The project was financed by the AB Volvo, namely by the department of Powertrain Development and conducted by the Cooling System group, with Charlotte Eldh as the line manager. The empirical research took place in Volvo Buses offices in Gothenburg, mostly located in Arendal. All of the co-workers: Chirster Kjellgren, Erik LindÃľn, Joel SÃűrborn, Eva BjÃűrk, Peter Gullberg, Erik Dahl, Dalibor Cuturic, Jessica LexÃľn, Stephan SchÃűnfeld and the remaining group are highly appreciated for their help and availability during the thesis work. Moreover the input from all the interviewees was crucial and without it, there would not be the possibility to get so quickly the results of this thesis. Also a special thanks to my friend Andrea who helped to feel home in this new city of Gothemburg and my Portuguese friends who guided me through all the aerodynamics concepts. It has been very nice to get to know you, and I hope to continue to learn more from you. Francisco, thanks for helping me with proper English. Finally, I would like to thank my family and all of my friends for their warm and kind support. At the end of the day, you have always been there for me. Thank You. Confidentiality clause Due to confidentially reasons, all the parts with sensitive information were deleted form this report. This includes all the tables, figures and graphs with valuable content for Volvo AB. A different and complete report of this thesis was delivered to Volvo AB, as well as a shorter version with the main results and recommendations. Gothemburg, July 2014 Rita Fernandes 2 Contents I Preface 2 II Introduction 8 III Objectives 9 IV Volvo Buses and cooling system 10 1 Thermodynamic and Heat Transfer fundamentals 10 1.1 Conduction . 10 1.2 Convection . 11 2 Bus Cooling System 11 2.1 Fan Systems . 12 2.2 Radiator . 13 2.3 Engine water pumps . 14 2.4 Charge air cooler . 15 2.5 Oil cooler . 15 2.6 Fans shroud . 15 2.7 Thermostats and other sensors . 15 2.8 Header Tank and Recovery System . 16 3 Hydraulic Fans 16 3.1 Coolant Temperature Sensor . 16 3.2 Hydraulic pump . 16 3.3 Pump control plate . 17 3.4 Control valve and check valve . 17 3.5 Hydraulic fan motor . 17 4 Electrical Fans 17 4.1 Radial, Axial fans and Diagonal fans . 19 4.2 How to select the right fan . 20 4.2.1 The total cooling requirements . 21 4.2.2 Static pressure . 21 4.2.3 Total System Resistance / System characteristic curve . 21 4.2.4 System Operating Point . 22 4.2.5 Stall effect and instability regions . 22 4.2.6 Efficiency of electrical fans . 22 V Modeling and analyzing electrical fans 23 5 What is limiting electrical fans 23 5.1 Fan blade types . 23 5.2 Fan Laws . 23 5.3 Influence of density . 24 5.4 Impact of Fan Diameter . 24 5.5 Series and Parallel Operation . 25 5.5.1 5 SPAL electrical fans (305 mm) vs 2 SPAL electrical fans (405 mm) . 28 5.6 Blade angle . 28 5.7 Distance between fan blades and fan ring . 28 3 5.8 Voltage imposed and consequences in fan curves characteristics . 28 5.9 Possible fan suppliers . 31 5.10 Pusher Fans vs. Puller Fans . 31 6 Evaluation of an electrical cooling system: London buses case: B5LH (hybrid) and B9TL 34 6.1 Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) . 34 6.2 Real Data taken from Volvo Data Base (LVD) . 34 6.3 LAT and IMTD . 34 6.4 Derating . 35 VI Simulations and Tests 36 7 City-buses 36 7.1 Methodology . 36 7.2 AMESim . 36 7.3 Input Data . 37 7.4 Implementation . 37 7.5 Built-in-resistance . 37 7.6 Effect of removing the oil cooler . 39 7.7 Cooling performance: LAT and IMTD . 40 7.8 Separated CAC and radiator installation . 40 7.9 Effect of the fan shroud . 42 8 Coaches cooling performance using electrical fans 44 8.1 Cooling performance: LAT and IMTD . 44 VII Conclusions 45 VIII Recommendations and future work 47 4 List of Figures 1 Scheme of bus cooling system heat exchangers, air flow direction and respective pressure differences . 12 2 Scheme of a turbocharger.Adapted from [39]. 13 3 Scheme of a water pump. Adapted from [42]. 14 4 Scheme of hydraulic valves . 17 5 The effect of multiple fans on system pressure and flow rate. Adapted from [3]. 20 6 Change of static pressurer . 21 7 Sketch of fan and system curve. Adapted from [3] . 22 8 Stall: unstable zone in the fan curve . 23 9 Effect of an increase in fan diameter in air flow and static pressure . 25 10 The effect of multiple fans on system pressure and flow rate . 26 11 Lower duct pressure due to fans placed in series . 26 12 5 fan curves in a parallel configuration, with a diameter of 305 mm and 3750 rpm speed . 27 13 2 fan curves in a parallel configuration, with a diameter of 450 mm and 3750 rpm speed . 27 14 Different fan curves for the same system resistance . 28 15 A comparison between 2 real SPAL fans versus 5 small SPAL fans . 29 16 Dependency between pressure drop and blade angle. Adapted from [3]. 29 17 Fan ring location in the cooling module. Adapted from [3]. 30 18 Dependency between pressure drop and blade-ring distance. Adapted from [3]. 30 19 Effect of voltage in fan performance . 31 20 Sound level for different electrical fans . 33 21 5 electrical fans model: Heat stack (radiator and CAC) connected to 5 electrical fans . 38 22 Heat module: CAC, oil cooler and a radiator in the backside . 39 23 CFD calculations: case a) without oil cooler and case b) with oil cooler . 40 24 LAT change versus fan speed . 41 25 IMTD versus fan speed . 41 26 CFD model with fans . ..
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Parts and Service Update April 2014
    NEWS FROM THE AFTERMARKET PARTS TEAM AT GRAYSON THERMAL SYSTEMS APRIL 2014 PARTS AND SERVICE UPDATE COOL WAY TO SAVE MONEY Sales of our radiators for leading British and European commercial vehicle models have really taken off in the last 12 months and no wonder – operators can save up to 50 per cent compared with OEM-branded aftermarket products. READ MORE ON PAGE 2 PRODUCTS CUT COSTS, NOT CORNERS Grayson’s range of replacement radiators for standards, which match or exceed OEM commercial vehicles now includes products for specifications, and they are fully guaranteed. DAF, Dennis Eagle, Mercedes, Scania and Volvo. We’ll be introducing radiators for more And they’re flying off the shelves as more leading truck brands soon, and we’re working and more operators choose our own-brand on a complete intercooler range which should radiators to help them cut costs without start to come onto the market at the end of this scrimping on quality. Like all our aftermarket year. products they have been developed and Call the sales desk for more information on manufactured to our own strict quality +44 (0) 121 700 5610 NEW MANIFOLD KIT OPTIMISES RELIABILITY If you are operating Scania OmniCity or OmniDekka buses, you might be interested to know that we’ve developed a valve manifold kit for these vehicles. It is a direct replacement for the air-operated manifold kit that is currently fitted, but it takes away the need for the air operation, reducing the possibility of failure. The price of replacement valves is also lower, so our kit cuts maintenance costs in the future.
    [Show full text]
  • Lothian Bus Group Fleet List Q1 2020 Flt Reg No Model Dep First Reg 1 LB13BUS Volvo 7900 Hybrid CE 07/03/2013 2 HY13BUS Volvo 79
    Lothian Bus Group Fleet List Q1 2020 Flt Reg No Model Dep First Reg 1 LB13BUS Volvo 7900 Hybrid CE 07/03/2013 2 HY13BUS Volvo 7900 Hybrid CE 07/03/2013 3 SN13BCY Volvo 7900 Hybrid CE 07/03/2013 4 SN13BCZ Volvo 7900 Hybrid CE 07/03/2013 5 SN13BDF Volvo 7900 Hybrid CE 07/03/2013 6 SN13BDO Volvo 7900 Hybrid CE 07/03/2013 7 SN13BDU Volvo 7900 Hybrid CE 07/03/2013 8 SN13BDV Volvo 7900 Hybrid CE 07/03/2013 9 SN13BDX Volvo 7900 Hybrid CE 07/03/2013 10 SN13BDY Volvo 7900 Hybrid CE 07/03/2013 36 BG64FXK Volvo 7900 Hybrid CE 28/11/2014 37 BG64FXM Volvo 7900 Hybrid CE 28/11/2014 38 BG64FXL Volvo 7900 Hybrid CE 02/12/2014 39 BT64LHU Volvo 7900 Hybrid CE 20/11/2014 40 BT64LHV Volvo 7900 Hybrid CE 20/11/2014 1051 SJ18NFA Volvo B5TL CE 19/04/2018 1052 SJ18NFC Volvo B5TL CE 19/04/2018 1053 SJ18NFD Volvo B5TL CE 19/04/2018 1054 SJ18NFE Volvo B5TL CE 19/04/2018 1055 SJ18NFF Volvo B5TL CE 04/05/2018 1056 SJ18NFG Volvo B5TL CE 04/05/2018 1057 SJ18NFH Volvo B5TL CE 04/05/2018 1058 SJ18NFK Volvo B5TL CE 04/05/2018 1059 SJ18NFL Volvo B5TL CE 04/05/2018 1060 SJ18NFM Volvo B5TL CE 04/05/2018 1061 SJ18NFN Volvo B5TL CE 04/05/2018 1062 SJ18NFO Volvo B5TL CE 04/05/2018 163 SN58BYP Volvo B7RLE CE 02/09/2008 1063 SG68LCA Volvo B8L CE 15/01/2019 1064 SJ19OVX Volvo B8L CE 01/03/2019 1065 SJ19OVY Volvo B8L CE 01/03/2019 1066 SJ19OVZ Volvo B8L CE 01/03/2019 1067 SJ19OWA Volvo B8L CE 01/04/2019 1068 SJ19OWB Volvo B8L CE 01/03/2019 1069 SJ19OWC Volvo B8L CE 01/03/2019 1070 SJ19OWD Volvo B8L CE 01/03/2019 1071 SJ19OWF Volvo B8L CE 01/03/2019 1072 SJ19OWGVolvo B8L CE 01/03/2019
    [Show full text]
  • 2021 North American Forest Insect Work Conference
    2021 North American Forest Insect Work Conference Shaping Forests: Action in a Changing World May 26-28, 2021 1 2021 North American Forest Insect Work Conference Organizers Organizing Committee: Jess Hartshorn (Chair) – Clemson University, Clemson, SC Brian Aukema – University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN Rachael Arango – USDA Forest Service, Madison, WI Jeff Garnas – University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH Rich Hofstetter – Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ Kier Klepzig – The Jones Center at Ichauway, Newton, GA Robert Rabaglia – USDA Forest Service, Washington, DC Program Committee: Kier Klepzig (Co-Chair) – The Jones Center at Ichauway, Newton, GA Rich Hostetter (Co-Chair) – Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ Deepa Pureswaran – Canadian Forest Service, Quebec, QC Jeff Garnas – University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH Sponsorship: Kevin Chase - Bartlett Tree Experts, Charlotte, NC Posters: Rich Hofstetter - Northern Arizona University 2 Tuesday, May 25 2:00 Forest Health Task Force 4:00 SFIWC Business Meeting WFIWC Business Meeting Wednesday, May 26 8:00 Welcome Remarks 8:15 Plenary Session 1 A. Shannon Lotthammer, Assistant Forestry Commissioner, Minnesota Department of Natural Resources B. EAB impacts: what does the loss of ash mean for wildlife? - Alexis Grinde, Wildlife Ecologist, Natural Resources Research Institute, University of Minnesota - Duluth C. Connections - Eli Sagor, Cloquet Forest, University of Minnesota 9:45 Break 10:30 Student Paper Competition - 1 - Jess Hartshorn A. Following Celtis laevigata Willd. mortality and the commonly associated insects in the southeastern US - Emilee M. Poole, Michael D. Ulyshen, and Scott Horn. Celtis laevigata Willd. (sugarberry) is a native tree commonly found along floodplains and rivers in the southeastern US.
    [Show full text]
  • Volvo Buses Receives Order for 90 Electric Buses from Belgium
    Press information Volvo Buses receives order for 90 electric buses from Belgium Volvo Buses has secured its largest ever order for complete solutions for electric bus traffic. The Belgian cities of Charleroi and Namur have together ordered 90 Volvo 7900 Electric Hybrid buses as well as 12 charging stations. The buyer is public transport company TEC Group. The charging stations will be delivered by ABB. The order from TEC Group covers 55 buses for Charleroi and another 35 buses for Namur. ABB will supply 4 charging stations to Charleroi and 8 charging stations for Namur. Delivery and installation will get under way this autumn. After the delivery, the TEC Group will have ordered in total 101 Volvo electric hybrids and 15 ABB charging stations. “This is extremely gratifying! The order is a new milestone in our electromobility drive and confirms the competitiveness of our offer. We can see that more and more of the world’s cities are choosing electrified city bus traffic in order to deal with poor air quality and noise. The common interface for fast charging of buses and trucks, OppCharge, is gaining ground. The use by many suppliers of a common interface will facilitate the transition to electromobility in the world’s cities,” said Volvo Buses President Håkan Agnevall. The customer and operator, TEC Group, previously ordered 11 Volvo 7900 Electric Hybrids along with charging stations for Namur, a system that became operational in January this year. Once the 35 new buses take to the roads, 90 per cent of Namur’s public transport will be electrified.
    [Show full text]
  • BMW of North America, LLC NJ ""K"" Line America, Inc. VA 1199
    The plan sponsors listed below have at least one application for the Retiree Drug Subsidy (RDS) program in an "Approved" status for a plan year ending in 2010 as of February 4, 2011. The state listed for each sponsor is the state provided by the sponsor on the application for the subsidy. This state may, or may not, be where the majority of the plan sponsor's retirees reside or where the plan sponsor is headquartered. This list will be updated periodically. Plan Plan Sponsor Business Name Sponsor State : BMW of North America, LLC NJ ""K"" Line America, Inc. VA 1199 SEIU Greater New York Benefit Fund NY 1199 SEIU National Benefit Fund NY 3M Company MN 4th District IBEW Health Fund WV A-C RETIREES' VOLUNTARY BENFITS PLAN WI A. DUDA & SONS, INC. FL A. SCHULMAN, INC OH A. T. Massey Coal Company, Inc. VA A&E Television Networks NY AAA EAST PENN PA AARP DC ABB Inc. CT Abbott Laboratories IL Abbott Pharmaceuticals PR Ltd. PR Acadia Parish School Board LA Accenture LLP IL Accuride Corporation IN ACF Industries LLC MO ACGME IL Acton Health Insurance Trust MA Actuant Corporation WI Adirondack Central School NY Administrative Office of the Pennsylvania Courts PA Adventist Risk Management MD Advisory Services OH AEGON USA, Inc. IA AFL-CIO Health and Welfare Trust DC AFSCME DC AFSCME Council 31 IL afscme d.c. 47 health & welfare fund PA AFSCME District Council 33 Health and Welfare Plan PA AFTRA Health Fund NY AGC FLAT GLASS NORTH AMERICA INC TN Page 1 AGC-IUOE Local 701 Health & Welfare Trust Fund WA AGCO Corporation GA Agilent Technologies, Inc.
    [Show full text]
  • Autumn 2019 Newsletter
    PAGE 2 / THERMAL LINES / AUTUMN 2019 CHARITY SPINATHON PAGE 3 SAFETY FOCUS PAGE 4 PAGE 5 LOWERING EMISSIONS SADDLES FOR SADLER Grayson have completed a 2 hour long Spinathon to raise funds for our colleague and friend Mark Sadler. JOINING FORCES Mark is suffering a long-standing battle of bowel cancer for TO REDUCE EMISSIONS a second time. After a healthy 5 years in remission, his bowel A WORD FROM FALLS FROM HEIGHT Birmingham based company Grayson Thermal Systems cancer has unfortunately returned and spread into other PROTECTING OUR STAFF FROM THE UK’S BIGGEST WORKPLACE KILLER have partnered with HJS Emission Technology to modify STUART“ HATELEY areas. Mark requires immunotherapy 637 National Express buses within the West Midlands treatment which is not covered on the refreshing others. Organised by Graysons From 2012 to 2017, falls from height WHAT SHOULD EMPLOYEES BE DOING? fleet. In readiness for the emission zone regulations MANAGING DIRECTOR NHS. GTS have set out to help with the Steve Robinson, Group Aftersales Technical KEEPING IT COOL accounted for 28 percent of all coming into force in the Birmingham city centre this fundraising efforts to ensure Mark can Manager and overseen by Steve Jackson, worker deaths in the UK – averaging It’s easy to sneer at health and safety, or to coming July 2020; the joint venture will see EURO 3, 4 & have as many treatments as he needs think that the rules don’t apply. Working Health & Safety Manager and set up by our STAGECOACH We are seeing tides of change everywhere at the around 40 deaths per year.
    [Show full text]
  • Foreign Investment in Indiana
    Indiana Economic Development Corporation FOREIGN INVESTMENT IN INDIANA 1,027 TOTAL COMPANIES EACH UNIQUE FLAG IN A COUNTY REPRESENTS ONE OR MORE COMPANIES OF THE FOLLOWING ORIGIN 12 Australia 12 Austria 3 Belgium 13 Brazil 78 Canada 21 China 6 Denmark 6 Finland 52 France 127 Germany 4 Hong Kong 8 India 42 Ireland 8 Israel 36 Italy 315 Japan 1 Liechtenstein 25 Luxembourg 1 Malaysia 14 Mexico 29 Netherlands 5 New Zealand 5 Norway 1 Poland 3 Portugal 1 Qatar 1 Russia 4 Saudi Arabia 3 Singapore 2 South Africa 10 South Korea 15 Spain 31 Sweden 39 Switzerland 5 Taiwan 1 Thailand 1 Turkey 1 United Arab Emirates 95 United Kingdom INCLUDING JOINT VENTURES 1 Australia/Spain 1 Austria/Germany 1 Denmark/USA 1 Finland/Ireland INDIANA IN RELATION TO THE U.S. 2 France/Germany SEATTLE 2 Germany/Japan 1 CHICAGO NEW YORK Japan/Luxembourg INDIANAPOLIS ST. 1 LOS ANGELES Japan/Switzerland ATLANTA 5 DALLAS Japan/USA 1 Spain/USA 1 NORTH CAPITOL AVENUE, INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA 46204 | 800.463.8081 | TEL 317.232.8800 | FAX 317.232.4146 | iedc.in.gov REV 6.20 Indiana Economic Development Corporation FOREIGN INVESTMENT IN INDIANA AUSTRALIA SWITZERLAND Sims Metal Management East Chicago Schneider Electric USA, Inc. Mishawaka Mulzer Crushed Stone Leavenworth GECOM Corp. Greensburg Leclanche Anderson Nipro Pharma Packaging Westport Pratt Paper, LLC Gary Air Liquide America LP Mount Vernon Americas Nestle USA Beverage Division Anderson Mulzer Crushed Stone Mauckport Hitachi Powdered Metals, Greensburg C&R Racing Indianapolis Hahn Systems New Haven Mulzer Crushed Stone Newburgh (USA) Inc. NTN Bearing Corporation of UBS Financial Services Anderson Cardno Indianapolis America Whitestown LafargeHolcim East Chicago Air Liquide America LP Pittsboro Seabrook Technology Group Pendleton Honda Manufacturing of Indiana Greensburg Delivra Indianapolis Geodis Logistics Plainfield Medtronic Plainfield LLC Kuri Tec Mfg.
    [Show full text]
  • THE VOLVO GROUP ANNUAL and SUSTAINABILITY REPORT 2015 the Volvo Group’S Products and Services Contribute to Much of What We All Expect of a Well-Functioning Society
    THE VOLVO GROUP ANNUAL AND SUSTAINABILITY REPORT 2015 The Volvo Group’s products and services contribute to much of what we all expect of a well-functioning society. Our trucks, buses, engines, construction equipment and financial services are involved in many of the functions that most of us rely on every day.. THE VOLVO GROUP ANNUAL AND SUSTAINABILITY REPORT CONTENT CEO comment 2 A GLOBAL GROUP SHARE OF NET SALES BY BUSINESS AREA 2015 OVERVIEW Our customers make societies function 4 Strong positions thanks to ... 6 Trucks, 68% ... competitive products ... 8 ... and first-class services. 10 Construction Equipment, 16% Buses, 7% STRATEGY Volvo Penta, 3% Global context 18 Vision, Core values, Code of Conduct and Wanted position 20 Customer Finance, 3% Strategy 22 Other, 3% BUSINESS MODEL Value chain 24 Product development 26 Supply chain 30 Production 32 Distribution & Service 38 Products in use 42 Reuse & Recycling 46 Value creation 50 Sustainability context 52 Sustainability drivers 54 Sustainability ambitions 55 SHARE OF NET SALES BY MARKET 2015 Our material issues 56 Sustainable transport solutions 58 Shared value 64 Responsible business behavior 70 GROUP PERFORMANCE BOARD OF DIRECTORS’ REPORT 2015 North Europe Global strength 76 America 39% Significant events published in quarterly reports 78 33% Financial performance 80 Financial position 83 Asia 17% Cash flow statement 86 Trucks 88 Construction equipment 92 Buses 95 Volvo Penta 97 South Volvo Financial Services 99 America Financial targets 101 5% 6% Financial management 102 Changes
    [Show full text]
  • Peak Demand Charges and Electric Transit Buses White Paper
    U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Transit Administration Peak Demand Charges and Electric Transit Buses White Paper Prepared by: Jean-Baptiste Gallo, Ted Bloch-Rubin & Jasna Tomić CALSTART (626) 744-5605 (work) (626) 744-5610 (fax) [email protected] 10/1/2014 Peak Demand Charges and Electric Transit Buses White Paper Disclaimer This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof. 1 Peak Demand Charges and Electric Transit Buses White Paper Table of Contents Table of Contents .............................................................................................................................................................. 2 List of Figures .....................................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Norwichbuses Will Not Be Held Responsible for Any Mistakes in This Fleet List
    Copyright © 2013 Sam Larke norwich buses a new bus blog for norwich FirstEssex fleet list – 1st February 2014 Fleet Reg Chassis / Body Livery Notes/Branding Depot 20463 X193HFB Volvo B10M Plaxton Premiere White First aircoach Chelmsford 20128 P768XHS Volvo B10M Plaxton Premiere Original Barbie Driver Training Vehicle Braintree 20500 AO02RBX Volvo B12M Plaxton Paragon White First Chelmsford 20501 AO02RBY Volvo B12M Plaxton Paragon White First Chelmsford 20801 YN08OWO Volvo B9R Plaxton Panther First X30 AIRCOACH Chelmsford 20802 YN08OWP Volvo B9R Plaxton Panther First X30 AIRCOACH Chelmsford 20803 YN08OWR Volvo B9R Plaxton Panther White First aircoach Chelmsford 20804 YN08OWU Volvo B9R Plaxton Panther White First aircoach Chelmsford 20805 YN08OWV Volvo B9R Plaxton Panther White First aircoach Chelmsford 30902 W757DWX Volvo B7TL Alexander ALX400 Standard Barbie -- Braintree 30903 W758DWX Volvo B7TL Alexander ALX400 Standard Barbie -- Braintree 32475 AU53HJJ Volvo B7TL Transbus ALX400 Standard Barbie Red Line 61/62 Colchester 32476 AU53HJK Volvo B7TL Transbus ALX400 Standard Barbie Red Line 61/62 Colchester 32477 AU53HJN Volvo B7TL Transbus ALX400 Standard Barbie Red Line 61/62 Colchester 32478 AU53HJO Volvo B7TL Transbus ALX400 Standard Barbie Red Line 61/62 Colchester 32480 AU53HJX Volvo B7TL Transbus ALX400 Standard Barbie Red Line 61/62 Colchester 32481 AU53HJY Volvo B7TL Transbus ALX400 Standard Barbie Red Line 61/62 Colchester 32482 AU53HJZ Volvo B7TL Transbus ALX400 Standard Barbie Red Line 61/62 Colchester 32483 AU53HKA Volvo B7TL
    [Show full text]
  • Volvo 7900 Hybrid - Summary
    Volvo Approach to Sustainable Environment & Mobility. Karthik Sarma Volvo Buses Karthik Sarma 20-Jun-2012 1 Heavy Buses account for nearly 1% out of the 14% of transport contribution to global emissions. Volvo Buses Karthik Sarma 20-Jun-2012 2 Volvo Buses Karthik Sarma 20-Jun-2012 3 Optimal Solution benefitting environment and energy use? Volvo Buses Karthik Sarma 20-Jun-2012 4 Hybrid Value Proposition Volvo Buses Karthik Sarma 20-Jun-2012 5 Randers Greetings from some Volvo Hybrids -around the world Copenhagen Solothurn Dortmund Trondheim Göteborg Dordrecht Aarau Stade Oslo London Luxembourg Graz Bern Mexico City Leeds Strasbourg Luzern Curitiba Alcobendas Tampere Volvo Buses Karthik Sarma 20-Jun-2012 6 Volvo 7900 Hybrid - Summary • In-House Parallel Design - 37% Lower fuel consumption** - 50% less NOx and PM** - Increased passenger capacity - Silent start and -3 dB less noise - 120 kW Electrical machine - Electric AC, Compressor, Steering Servo - Lowest life time cost* - Very High reliability * Including environmental cost ** compared to conventional diesel vehicle Volvo Buses Karthik Sarma 20-Jun-2012 7 Key achievements Volvo Hybrid 7900 B5LH * Source: CV Magazine, June’12 Volvo Buses Karthik Sarma 20-Jun-2012 8 Volvo 7900 Hybrid – Key Features Quality & Uptime Improved fit & finish Improved quality Volvo Buses Karthik Sarma 20-Jun-2012 9 Volvo 7900 Hybrid – Principle Idea Background – Energy distribution Rolling ret 8% 11% Roll, acc 2% Drag, ret 3% Drag, acc 76% Rolling losses Brake Aerodynamic losses Brake losses reusable Volvo Buses Karthik Sarma 20-Jun-2012 10 2011 September Volvo 7900 Hybrid Product Design – Visual look Volvo Buses Karthik Sarma 20-Jun-2012 11 2010-03-01 Volvo 7900 Hybrid Principle Design – Power and torque • Energy-efficient diesel engine combined with electric engine • Can jointly or separately power the vehicle • Diesel and electric operation coordinated optimally for best performance and lowest environmental impact • Electric engine used at start and acceleration up to 15 km/h.
    [Show full text]
  • THE LOW EMISSION BUS GUIDE Interactive Version
    THE LOW EMISSION BUS GUIDE Interactive version H This report is published by The Low Carbon Vehicle Partnership Low Carbon Vehicle Partnership 3 Birdcage Walk, London, SW1H 9JJ Tel: +44 (0)20 7304 6880 E-mail: [email protected] Project Team: Gloria Esposito, Daniel Hayes Author: Gloria Esposito, Head of Projects Reviewed by: Andy Eastlake, Managing Director Date of Report: 1st November 2016 Acknowledgments The production of the Low Emission Bus Guide has been sponsored by the following organisations: LowCVP would like to thank members of their Bus Working Group for providing technical information and case study material pertaining to the guide - Argent Energy, BOC, BYD, First Bus JouleVert, Roadgas, Scania, Stagecoach, Transport for London, Volvo, Nottingham City Council, Reading Buses, York City Council. 4 Low Emission Bus Guide Low Emission Bus Guide 5 Executive Summary Introduction The Low Emission Bus (LEB) Guide aims to provide bus operators greenhouse gas emissions. Road transport is currently responsible representative bus test cycle such as the LowCVP UK LUB cycle. There are presently 3,760 LCEBs in operation across England, and local authorities with an overview of the benefits of a range of for around quarter of greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) in the UK, Consideration of local policies such as Clean Air Zones or Low Wales and Scotland covering hybrid, electric, plug-in hybrid, low emission fuels and technologies that reduce both air pollution of which 4% is attributable to buses¹ . A range of policies have Emission Zones, which specify emission performance standards, electrified ancillaries, biomethane and hydrogen fuel cell buses. and greenhouse gas emissions.
    [Show full text]