A Proposal of Future Electronic Paper in the Office -Electronic Paper As a Special-Purpose Device Cooperating with Other Devices

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A Proposal of Future Electronic Paper in the Office -Electronic Paper as a Special-Purpose Device Cooperating with Other Devices-

Hirohito Shibata†1, Yasuji Fukase†2, Keisuke Hashimoto†3, Yasuhiro Kinoshita†4, Hideo Kobayashi†5, Satoshi Nebashi†6, Makoto Omodani†7 and Tatsumi Takahashi†8

Abstract This paper explores how electronic paper should be used in office work in the future. Nine participants used an A4-size electronic paper device in their actual work. The results revealed that the electronic paper device is easy to handle as a device and it was well suited to support reading and writing activities which includes frequent hand-using actions such as moving, holding, and pointing to the device. However, participants felt difficulty in page navigation and overviewing documents and these features are inevitable to support document-related work in the office. To resolve this, we suggest that electronic paper should focus on its strengths and make other devices compensate for its weaknesses. In this framework, multiple devices support a single activity together by making use of strengths of each device. We also discuss three application domains: active reading, collaborative work using documents, and note-taking in the field.

Keywords: electronic paper, office work, reading, digital notes.

subjective evaluation, reading speed, and fatigue of eyes 1. Introduction or bodies between electronic paper displays and other Electronic paper technology has been originally presentation media such as CRT displays or paper. developed to replace paper in the office. In other words, However, reading novels or short stories is known as this technology was expected to achieve the paperless serial reading, where readers read text from beginning office1). Currently, electronic paper displays are widely to end without moving back and forth among different used in e-book devices. However, the use of electronic parts7). On the other hand, in work or academic paper in the office is restrictive. Why are electronic situations, people often skim documents, go back and paper displays not widely used in the office? What forth among pages repeatedly, move documents, and should we do so that electronic paper displays would organize documents by laying out them spatially during become pervasive in the office? reading8)-10). To consider the possibility of electronic The evaluation of electronic paper displays have been paper displays in the office, we need to evaluate mainly conducted for reading novels or short stories in electronic paper displays in such reading activities. controlled experiments2)-6). These studies compared In an academic environment, some studies have been conducted to evaluate electronic paper devices in actual Received March 20, 2016; Revised July 8, 2016; Accepted July 15, 2016 academic activities such as viewing documents of †1 Research and Technology Group, Fuji Xerox Co., Ltd. (Kanagawa, Japan) coursework and reading academic papers11)12). According †2 The Imaging Society of Japan to these studies, students strongly wanted an annotation (Japan) †3 E Ink Japan feature and they felt difficulty in quick page turning and (Tokyo, Japan) going back and forth among pages. However, work in the †4 Research & Development Center, Toshiba Tec Corp. (Shizuoka, Japan) office is different from an academic activity in that office †5 Fuji Xerox Co. Ltd. work deals with various types of documents including (Kanagawa, Japan) †6 Corporate Planning Department, Seiko Epson Corp. form documents or patents and office workers have (Nagano, Japan) †7 Department of Optical and Imaging Science and Technology, Tokai discussion with colleagues frequently. Moreover, an A4- University size electronic paper device that can cover most official (Kanagawa, Japan) documents came into market and it supported †8 JBMIA Electronic Paper Consortium (Tokyo, Japan) handwriting with a digital pen. It seems to be suited for

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the support of office work. We got interested in how this 2.2 Results and Discussion device could be effectively used in a work situation. Table 1 summarizes the results of the diary study. P1- The authors of this paper are all members of P4 are positive responses for the electronic paper device Electronic Paper Consortium of Japan Business and N1-N10 are negative responses for the device. The Machine and Information System Industries Association values of the right column of Table 1 represent the (JBMIA). Through this activity, we all used the A4-size percentage of responses for all reports. Because each electronic paper device in our actual work and discussed report may include several positive or negative how to use it in the office based on our experiences. This responses, the sum of all the percentage exceeds 100%. paper reports the results of our user study and provides Although it is generally difficult for users to realize suggestions for future electronic paper in the office. merits of tools, they can easily find problems of tools. Therefore, comparing the amount of positive and 2. User Study negative responses does not make sense. In our analysis, 2.1 Method and Analysis we focus on why they felt so and how we can improve the Nine participants took part in a diary study for more device rather than statistical analysis. than one week in December 2014. They were all men As positive responses, participants reported that the and their ages were from 38 to 66. They were engineers device is lightweight and thin, and they can easily or scientists of Japanese companies or a university. handle them (P1). According to the participants' reports, During this study period, they used an A4-size by using the electronic paper device, they could easily electronic paper device (13.3 inch panel, 1200 × 1600 show their documents to their colleagues in collaborative pixels, 233 × 310 × 6.8mm, 358g) in their actual work as work and they can take notes with holding the device. In much as possible without using any paper. other words, the electronic paper device is superior in To capture events that the electronic paper device micro-mobility, which is mobility within the scope that worked positively or negatively including detailed work people can reach by their hand14), such as moving a context, we adopted a cognitive diary method, which is device on a desk, holding a device, and pulling a device well known as a method to capture phenomena from a bag. embedded in daily life9)13). In this study period, all Fig. 1 shows an example to show the high micro- participants brought their own digital camera every day. mobility of the electronic paper device. A participant was When they used paper instead of the electronic paper training to memorize English words for a TOIEC test. In device or when they realized some merits and demerits the picture, English words are listed in the left and their of the device, they were instructed to take pictures meanings are described in the right column. He used a immediately that could describe the situation of the post-it to hide the meanings of the English words and he work and the event. After that, they wrote a diary by checked whether he could memorize the words. He also referring the pictures they took as soon as possible so as wrote the results (i.e., check marks) one-by-one in the not to forget details of the event. The diary required left of the words. He did it even in a train with standing. participants to describe time, site, work situation, how The characteristics of the thin and lightweight device they felt about the event, and why they felt so. enabled this. After the period of the diary study, we conducted an interview for all participants to supplement insufficient information in the diaries. In this interview, we asked the contexts of their work and events in detail. We collected 76 reports (8.44 per participant and 1.35 per day) of 56 work days (6.22 per participant) in total. However, some reports did not include any merits or demerits of the electronic paper device. For example, some reports were written because participants had to use paper because of the companies' rule. By eliminating such reports, we finally obtained 66 reports (7.33 per participant and 1.17 per day) and analyzed them. Fig. 1 A photo of memorizing English words.

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Table 1 Results of the cognitive diary study. In each item, the table shows a description of the category, examples of participants' responses, and a percentage of responses for all reports.

Participants strongly realized the merits of A4-size Currently, the electronic paper device does not support a large display panel for office use (P2), because most wide range of activities. Therefore, it must be used with documents in the office including academic papers are other devices together. It is important to allow formatted in A4-size. Additionally, participants reported exchanging data with other devices easily and quickly. that they could use it to draw figures and to generate The problems of the functionality and the user ideas as a brainstorming space. interface of the device are frequently reported (N2). Participants also addressed the legibility of the device Participants reported the difficulty in finding files and (P3). A participant reported that he realized the they wanted easier way to use an eraser. In addition, electronic paper panel was friendly to eyes especially participants also reported that unexpected behavior was when writing on the panel rather than when reading on caused by touch gesture for the panel (N7), which the panel. Another participant reported that the panel disturbed reading. For example, a page was expanded or had a wide view angle and multiple people could look at turned against their wishes by touch gestures to the the same document at the same time. panel while reading or writing documents. A menu was As negative responses, participants felt difficulty in unexpectedly shown when they put their hand on the exchanging data with PCs (N1) as a serious problem. To panel. However, these problems can be resolved by send a file to the device from a PC, we must convert the improving the user interface of the system. file to PDF, connect the device to the PC with a code, Problems of page navigation within a document are and move the file with a drag-and-drop operation. repeatedly reported (N3). As a typical example, a

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participant felt irritated to repeatedly refer to references documents, most of them are form documents and they and go back to the previous page when reading an are easily supported by desktop PCs. Therefore, academic paper. The page that he was reading included supporting page navigation and overviewing documents 17 citations in a single page. Therefore, he had to refer are significant challenges for electronic paper devices to to the final page including references many times to be used in document-related work in the office. understand the document. Another participant reported 3. Suggestions for Future Electronic that he strongly wanted to lay two devices side-by-side Paper in the Office to refer to text and figures simultaneously when reading a patent, because all figures are listed on the last pages After the user study, we conducted repeated of a patent. workshops and discussed how electronic paper need to Participants felt difficulty to grasp the overall flow of be improved for the office use by referring to actual work a document (N4). The device provides an overview scenes obtained in the study. In this section, we provide feature of pages, but it took much time to show the suggestions derived from our workshops. At first, we overview and return to the previous page. provide a new direction that electronic paper supports The difficulty in reading small text (N5) is due to the office work. Next, we provide three application domains resolution of devices. A participant reported that he in the office work. failed to discriminate delicate differences of characters 3.1 Basic Framework of one-byte hyphen and two-byte hyphen, although he As we discussed in the previous section, electronic also reported that it was not a serious problem. paper has both prominent strengths and prominent Additionally, more high-resolution electronic paper weaknesses. Electronic paper is not a panel with few products are currently available in the market. It seems defects and is not a panel that can work in various to be an intrinsic problem for the device used in the situations. In other words, unlike tablet PCs or notebook study, not a general problem of an electronic paper PCs, electronic paper seems to be difficult to aim at a display. general-purpose device used in a large variety of Delay of writing and fragmentation of strokes (N6) are activities. To make use of the strengths of electronic reported as serious problems for taking notes. Reading paper, we think it is desirable that electronic paper documents frequently accompanies annotation. would be used in a special activity for a special purpose. Therefore, participants strongly desired to improve this Through the diary study, we strongly realized that the handwriting feature. Some participants reported that electronic paper device was lightweight and thin more they could not recognize their own text written on the than we expected and that this brought the high micro- device later. However, we hope that this problem will be mobility of the electronic paper device (P1). Moreover, it resolved by using more frequent and precise sensor data can provide a large A4-size display panel (P2), which of a pen. covers most office documents. Additionally, electronic N8 is the incapability of color documents. However, paper provides a wide view angle and easy to read (P3) monochrome documents still exist a lot in the office. We as it is broadly known. think the problem of color incapability would be Considering these facts, we think electronic paper avoidable by targeting the domain in monochrome seems to be better suited to support reading and writing documents. activities in which micro-mobility occurs frequently and Regarding N9, participants reported that they wanted ease of micro-mobility plays an important role to achieve to use printed paper for frequently-referred notes such the goal of the activities. as maps or schedules. This means the electronic paper However, as we described before, electronic paper is device was inferior in easy handling compared to paper. not good at supporting page navigation (N3) and Among them, N3 and N4 are difficult to avoid in overviewing document pages (N4). Additionally, it is document work in the office. That is because, it is well difficult to perform interactive operations such as known that, in most work-related reading, people need searching text or documents because users must use a to refer to multiple documents at the same time and menu or dialog. However, these actions are frequently they need to go back and forth among pages frequently observed in a wide range of document-related activities to grasp the overall document flow or to refer to other in the office1)9) and the ease of these actions is essential parts1)9). Although there are also many single-page for the support of document-related work15)16).

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pages, search documents, or search Web pages comfortably. Furthermore, when reading a single page, users can read documents with holding them with leaning back on a chair, show documents to other people, or take notes during reading comfortably by making use of strengths of thin, lightweight, and eye-friendly electronic paper panels. In this case, an electronic paper device can serve as a real-time printer without using any paper, but still, it does not lose cooperation with other electronic devices as an online tool unlike paper. In this approach, what developers of electronic paper should do is to improve the strength of electronic paper and to cooperate with other devices instead of overcoming the defects of the electronic paper. To achieve this, proximity communication with other devices and user interface techniques to exchange data among devices will be necessary technologies for a

Fig. 2 Cooperation with other devices: (A) overviewing and future electronic paper device. accessing pages, (B) searching documents, and (C) Some interaction techniques have been proposed to searching Webs. exchange data across devices. To specify source and target devices for transferring data, they use a special Therefore, prior to considering concrete application pen17), lay devices side-by-side18)-20), use drag-and-drop domains of electronic paper, we need to resolve these user interface21), or use special gestures such as problems. To achieve this, we think electronic paper bumping22), shaking23), or tossing24). However, they are should focus on its strong features and make other not easily and quickly performed, or they do not have devices compensate for its weaknesses. broad utility because they need special devices or For example, if we can overview document pages in a sensors. thumbnail and a selected page can be displayed with the In our framework, sending information across devices electronic paper device immediately, this means for may be frequently performed because users have to use users that overviewing and page navigation of the multiple devices simultaneously to achieve a goal. document are supported with these two devices (Fig. Therefore, we need easier and quicker interaction 2A). If we can search documents with PCs and a selected technique to specify cross-device interaction. Moreover, document can be displayed with the electronic paper if its technique requires special devices or sensors, it will device immediately, this means for users that search make difficult for other devices to adopt this framework. function is supported with these two devices (Fig. 2B). This means few devices can communicate with other Moreover, if we can select text in the electronic paper devices of this framework. Therefore, we need a more device and Web pages are searched with the text with simple interaction technique without using any special other devices, it seems that Web searching is supported devices or sensors to specify how to cooperate across with these two devices (Fig. 2C). devices. In this framework, electronic paper supports only Although there is a proposal to support reading using reading a single page of a document. Page navigation, multiple electronic paper devices that coordinate each overviewing, and searching documents or Web pages are other25), it uses multiple devices to present multiple all supported by other devices. Namely, multiple devices pages of documents simultaneously. On the other hand, support a single activity together with compensating for our approach uses multiple devices to make use of each defect and making use of strengths each other. merits of each device or to compensate for demerits of In doing so, an electronic paper device can entrust each device. There have been also some approaches that functions that needs quick display switching or use different size of devices effectively in viewing map20), animation to other devices such as desktop PCs, tablet drawing pictures26), and transferring data on tabletop PCs, or smart-phones. Therefore, users can navigate environment27). However, electronic paper devices are

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completely different from LCD devices from the Note-taking in the field. In the field, it is important perspectives of their functionalities as well as their to be able to take notes easily and quickly. To take notes sizes. Our approach is original in that we effectively use in the field, users take a note device from their bag or the functionality of both electronic paper devices and pocket, hold a pen, and write something on the device LCD devices. with often standing. If this process is not smoothly 3.2 Possible Application Domains supported, a device for digital notes will never be used. Next we consider possible application domains of To support easy and quick note-taking, the electronic paper, that is, reading and writing activities functionality of the device needs to be simple. It is in which micro-mobility plays an important role to desirable that users can write immediately when they achieve the goal of the activities. We introduce the hold the device. It is also desirable that we should following three examples. eliminate additional functions such as creating a Active reading. Knowledge-intensive reading notebook or adding a page so that users can concentrate including critical thinking or learning is well known as only on note-taking. active reading28)25). During active reading, people 4. Conclusion frequently hold documents by hand, adjust the angle of documents, annotating, pointing to text, sliding a finger We conducted a user study using an A4-size electronic along text29)30). If these actions are not promoted due to paper device in a work situation. Based on the results, the heavy weight of the device, the performance of we proposed a new direction of electronic paper used in reading might be degraded31). Moreover, in cross- the future office. As one of promising approaches, we reference reading for multiple documents, people think that electronic paper should aim to support frequently move or arrange documents spatially. In such reading and writing activities with other devices with reading, it is experimentally proven that the ease of making use of strengths of each device. In our these actions influences the reading performance15)29). framework, electronic paper panels should concentrate To support active reading, we need to carefully design only on reading a single page of documents and other touching gesture for a panel. We need to assign unusual advanced features such as page navigation, overviewing gestures, which are not performed during usual active or searching documents should be supported by other reading, to functions of changing document view such as devices. As its application domains, we addressed three expanding or turning pages29). Otherwise, unexpected activities: active reading, collaborative work using behavior may be caused by touch gesture as shown in documents, and note-taking in the field. our study (N7). Our next challenge is to visualize the concept vividly Moreover, if we support cross-reference reading for using a concept video or a demonstration system. multiple documents, it is important that moving, Additionally, we need to develop a new cross-device arranging, and piling documents can be easily interaction technique and a protocol to transform data performed. It would be desirable that people can put the among devices. devices on the desk with no sound or they can slide them References on the desk without scratching a desk surface. Collaborative work using documents. During 1) A. Sellen and R.H. Harper, "The myth of the paperless office", The MIT Press (2001) small-group discussion using documents, people 2) H. Isono, S. Takahashi, Y. Takiguchi and C. Yamada, frequently show documents to colleagues and pointing to "Measurement of visual fatigue from reading on electronic paper", contents to facilitate communication14)32). These actions The Journal of the Institute of Image Information and Television Engineers, 59, pp.403-406, ITE (2005) [in Japanese] contribute to mutual understanding of work context and 3) M. Omodani, S. Okano, E. Izawa, A. Sugiyama, "Studies on promote active discussion32). readability as a target of electronic paper-current results and suppositions brought by reading experiments on displays and To support this, the ease of holding documents with a papers: Current results and suppositions brought by reading single hand or showing documents to other people is an experiments on displays and papers", Journal of the Imaging Society of Japan, 44, pp.121-129, ISJ (2005) [in Japanese] important factor. Moreover, during showing documents 4) B. Kou and K. Shiina, "A comparative study for reading novel over to other people, people often point to the contents and various media under controlled condition: Focusing on the annotate the documents. We need to design the system character of various media for novel reading", The Bulletin of the School of Library, Information and Media Studies, University of not to cause unexpected behavior by these actions. Tsukuba, 4, pp.29-44 (2006) [in Japanese]

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5) B. Kou and K. Shiina, "A comparative study for reading novel over 28) B.N. Schilit, G. Golovchinsky and M.N. Price, "Beyond paper: various media: Influences of media handling styles on comfortable Supporting active reading with free form digital ink annotations", reading", The Bulletin of the School of Library, Information and Proc. CHI '98, pp.249-256 (1998) Media Studies, University of Tsukuba, 4, pp.1-18 (2006) [in 29) H. Shibata, K. Takano and K. Omura, "Why is paper superior to Japanese] computer displays in cross-reference reading for multiple 6) J. Nielsen, "iPad and Kindle reading speeds", http://www.useit.com/ documents?", Proc. IDW '13 (2013) alertbox/ipad-kindle-reading.html (July 2 2010) 30) K. Takano, H. Shibata, J. Ichino, T. Hashiyama and S. Tano: 7) K. O'Hara, "Towards a typology of reading goals", Rank Xerox Microscopic analysis of document handling while reading paper Research Centre, Technical Report, EPC-1996-107 (1996) documents to improve digital reading device", Proc. OZCHI '14, 8) K. O'Hara, A. Sellen, "A comparison of reading paper and on-line ACM (2014) documents", Proc. CHI '97, pp.335-342, ACM (1997) 31) H. Shibata, K. Takano and S. Tano, "Text touching effects in active 9) A. Adler, A. Gujar, B. Harrison, K. O'Hara, A.J. Sellen, "A diary reading: The impact of the use of a touch-based tablet device", study of work-related reading: Design implications for digital Proc. INTERACT '15, Springer-Verlag (2015) reading devices", Proc. of CHI '98, pp.241-248, ACM (1998) 32) K. Takano, H. Shibata, K. Omura, J. Ichino, T. Hashiyama and S. 10) K. O'Hara, A. Taylor, W. Newman and A.J. Sellen, Tano, "Do tablets really support discussion?: Comparison between "Understanding the materiality of writing from multiple sources", paper, a tablet and a laptop PC used as discussion tools", Proc. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 56, pp.269- OZCHI '12, ACM (2012) 305, Elsevier (2002) 11) Princeton University, "The e-reader pilot at Princeton", Princeton Hirohito Shibata received B.Sci. from University (2009) Kanazawa University in 1992, M.Sci. from Osaka 12) A. Thayer, C.P. Lee, L.H. Hwang, H. Sales, P. Sen and N. Dalal, University in 1994, and Dr.Eng. from the University of "The imposition and superimposition of digital reading technology: Tokyo in 2003. He is currently a research principal of The academic potential of e-readers", Proc. CHI '11, pp.2917-2926, Research and Technology Group, Fuji Xerox Co. Ltd. ACM (2011) He is also a part-time lecturer at Tokyo University of 13) P.J. Wild, C. McMahonb, M. Darlingtonb, S. Liu, S. Culley, "A Technology. His research interests include human- diary study of information needs and document usage in the computer interaction, cognitive science, and artificial engineering domain", Design Studies, 31, pp.46-73 (2010) intelligence. He is a member of ACM, JSAI, IPSJ, HIS, and ISJ. 14) P. Luff and C. Heath, "Mobility in collaboration", Proc. CSCW '98, ACM (1998) Yasuji Fukase is a consultant of The Imaging 15) H. Shibata, K. Takano and K. Omura, "Comparison of paper and Society of Japan. He graduated from Waseda computer displays in reading including frequent movement University in 1971, and received B.Eng. in mechanical between pages", Proc. OZCHI '14, pp.549-558, ACM (2014) engineering. He worked at Fuji Xerox in the period of 16) H. Shibata, K. Takano, K. Omura and S. Tano, "Page navigation 1971-2010 as a researcher and/or manager on on paper books and electronic media in reading to answer electrophotographic process, electronic paper, and their questions", Proc. OZCHI '15, ACM (2015) related technology. He joined a chemical-engineering 17) J. Rekimoto, "Pick-and-drop: A direct manipulation technique for education project as a chief coordinator in Shinshu multiple computer environments", Proc. UIST'97, pp.31-39, ACM University in the period of 2011-2013. He is a senior (1997) member of ISJ. 18) P. Tandler, P. Prante, C. Muller-Tomfelde, N. Streitz and R. Keisuke Hashimoto 1986 Master degree of Steinmetz, "ConnecTables: Dynamic coupling of displays for the precision engineering, Kanazawa University, Japan. flexible creation of shared workspaces", Proc. UIST '01, pp.11-20, Worked 28 years in Sony, in charge of product ACM (2001) development and design, especially for ePaper 19) K. Hinckley, G. Ramon, F. Guimbretiere, P. Baudisch and J. products. Developed and commercialized "Librie" which Smith, "Stitching: Pen gestures that span multiple displays", Proc. is 1st eBook reader in the world using ePaper in 2004, AVI '04, pp.23-31, ACM (2004) and also Sony Digital Paper which is 1st writing devise 20) N. Marquardt, K. Hinckley and S. Greenberg, "Cross-device with flexible ePaper in 2013. Distinguished Engineer interaction via micro-mobility and f-formations", Proc. UIST '12, in Sony. Move to E Ink from 2014, as Corporate Fellow. ACM (2012) Yasuhiro Kinoshita received B.Eng. and 21) P. Hamilton and D.J. Wigdor, "Conductor: Enabling and M.Eng. from Waseda University in 1995 and 1997, understanding cross-device interaction", Proc. CHI '14, pp.2773- respectively, and Ph.D. from Tokyo Institute of 2782, ACM (2014) Technology in 2015. He is currently a Senior Specialist 22) K. Hinckley, "Synchronous gestures for multiple persons and at Research & Development Center, Toshiba Tec Corp. computers", Proc. UIST '03, ACM (2003) His research interests include modelling of 23) L.E. Homquist, M.B. Schiele, S.P. Alahuhta, M. Beigl and H. mechatronic systems, printing device, and history of Gellersen, "Smart-Its friends: A technique for users to easily science and technology. He is a member of JSME, establish connections between smart artefacts", Proc. UbiComp HSSJ, and Jc-IFToMM. '01, Springer (2001) 24) K. Yatani, K. Tamura, K. Hiroki, M. Sugimoto and H. Hashizume, Hideo Kobayashi received B.Eng. from "Toss-It: Intuitive information transfer techniques for mobile Yokohama National University in 1982. He is currently devices using toss and wwing actions", IEICE Transactions on a team manager of Engineering Education Center, Fuji Xerox Co. Ltd. He was research and development of e- Inforamtion & Systems, E89-D (2006) paper media, optical storage devices, and magnetic 25) N. Chen, F. Guimbretiere and A.Sellen, "Designing a multi-slate storage devices. reading environment to support active reading activities", ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction, 19, 3, ACM (2012) Sstoshi Nebashi received B.Eng. from 26) Rekimoto, J. "A multiple device approach for supporting Tohoku University in 1982. He currently belongs to whiteboard-based interactions", Proc. CHI'98 (1998) Corporate Planning Department of Seiko Epson 27) Rekimoto, J. and Saitoh, M. "Augmented surfaces: A spatially Corporation. He is a member of ISJ. continuous work space for hybrid computing environments", Proc. CHI '99, pp.378-385 (1999)

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Makoto Omodani received his B.S. and M.S. in Mechanical Engineering from Tohoku University in 1978 and 1980, respectively, and his Ph.D. from Tokyo University in 1987. He joined NTT in 1980 working on printing technologies at Yokosuka Electrical Communication Laboratories. He has moved to Tokai University in 1997. His current position is a professor of Department of Optical and Imaging Science & Technology of Tokai University. He is now engaged in imaging technologies, especially electronic paper technologies.

Tatsumi Takahashi received his B.S. and M.S. in Applied Physics from Waseda University in 1974 and 1977, respectively. He joined Dai Nippon Printing Co., Ltd. (DNP) in 1977 researching and developing advanced printing technologies and their applications at the Central Research Institute. He has moved to Japan Advanced Printed Electronics Technology Research Association (JAPERA) in 2015, and also became Invited Scientist of Flexible Electronics Research Center in National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) in 2016. He is a member of Electronic Paper Consortium JBMIA.

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