International Journal of Trend in Research and Development, Volume 3(5), ISSN: 2394-9333 www.ijtrd.com E-Paper Technology

1Mythili.G.A., 2Pavithrah.B.R. and 3Manjubhashni.S, 1,2,3Scholar, Department of Information Technology, Sri Krishna Arts and Science College, Coimbatore, TamilNadu, India.

Abstract: Electronic paper(e-paper) is a portable .It is said to be eyes while consumed minimal amount of power. One of the reusable storage and display medium that looks like paper but biggest obstacles is the cost of e-paper .There is no doubt that the can be repeatedly written on (refreshed) by electronic means technology will be widespread when it is cheaper than ,thousands or millions times. It is also said to be used for 100$.Many companies such as E ink, SiPix, Polymer vision, applications such as e-books, electronic newspaper, portable IBM, etc. see e-paper as a promising technology. Thus, they signs and foldable display. This paper discusses the history, continue to develop commercialized e-paper products. features and technology of the electronic paper revolution. The III. E-PAPER TECHNOLOGIES paper concludes that e-paper, which can be termed as the second paper revolution, is closer to changing the way we read, write Electronic paper is said to be portable. Reusable storage and and study; a revolution so phenomenal that some researchers see display medium that looks like paper but can be repeatedly it as second only to invention of the printing press by Gutenberg written on (refreshed) by electronic means, thousands or millions in the 15th century. of times. Keywords: Electronic Paper (E-Paper), Invention, Printing, To build e-paper several different technologies exist, some using Innovation, Printing Media. plastic substrate and electronics so that the display is flexible. I. INTRODUCTION E-paper is also known as electronic paper and it is a technology designed to imitate the look and style of ordinary ink paper. E- paper reflects light just as ordinary paper does, unlike the usual flat-panel display that is lit with a backlight to illuminate pixels. It is capable of holding text and images indefinitely without drawing electricity, while allowing the image to be changed later. Electronic paper was first developed in the seventies by Xerox. In the nineties the principle of electronically loaded balls turning under influence of tension and therefore showing either a black or white side was improved upon by joseph Jacobson. In 1997, Jacobson founded the company E-link to develop the invention commercially (Endless Ideas BV, 2010). In the 1970s, Xerox PARC was a power house of innovation. Many aspect of the modern computer, namely the mouse, laser E-paper has the potential to be more comfortable to read than printer, GUI, a computer generated color graphics as well as a conventional display. This is due to the stable image, which does number of important computer languages were invented at not need to be refreshed constantly, the wider angle and the fact PARC, around that time .Yet another development, nearly lost that it reflects ambient light rather than emitting its own light. An among those important. e-paper display can read in direct sunlight without the image II. HISTORY OF E-PAPER appearing to fade. The contrast ratio in available displays as of 2008 might be described as similar to that of newspaper, though Research on e-paper started roughly 35 years ago .One of the newly developed implementations are slightly better. There is Xerox's teams led by Nicholas K. Sheridan invented Gyricon ongoing competition among manufactures to provide full color rotating ball display, which was the groundwork of the first e- capability. paper. Xerox's concept in the early 70s was the “PAPERLESS” office. However, more papers were used after the widespread of Invented by Xerox at Xerox PARC, e-paper is made from a personal computers. Computer monitors are uncomfortable to display technology. When voltage is applied to the surface of the human's eye unlike ink on papers. Therefore, Xerox tried to sheet, the beads rotate to display either black sides or white develop e-paper, an electronic based paper that closely resembles sides. ink on paper. Yet, 35 years since the invention of e-paper, it does IV. THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ELECTRONIC AND not enter the market. PAPER DOCUMENTS The reason why it took so long for e-paper to enter the market In principle, electronic discovery is no different than paper was because of the early Gyricon technology was expensive and discovery. All sorts of documents are subject to discovery had a poor resolution. Newer solutions to e-paper are electronic or otherwise. But here is where the commonality ends. electrophoresis front plane and cholesterol liquid crystal There are substantial differences between the discoveries of the technology. Though, no current display technology is paper-like two media. The following is a list of discovery-related yet. E-paper has to be thin, flexible and comfortable to human's differences between electronic documents and paper ones. We

IJTRD | Sep-Oct 2016 Available [email protected] 287 International Journal of Trend in Research and Development, Volume 3(5), ISSN: 2394-9333 www.ijtrd.com assume that a paper document is a document that was created, interactive applications(using fast moving menus, mouse maintained, and used manually as a paper documents; it is pointers or scrolling) like those which are possible on handheld simply a hard copy of an electronic document. computers.  The Magnitude of electronic data is way larger than CONCLUSION paper documents.  Variety of electronic documents is larger than paper Today, paper remains the most popular document medium documents. because of its credibility, tangibility, ease of use, flexibility,  An e-document contains attributes lacking in paper portability, and compatibility which has made it difficult to documents. replace. Even with the prevalence of computers and online  The structure of e-documents may reach complexity documents, the paperless office is more distant than when it was absent from paper documents. proposed. With paper documents flowing at a faster pace than  An electronic data is created by several individuals than ever, the need for more document management system become a paper documents. increasingly inevitable. Sheridan (2007) believes that E-Paper  Electronic documents change faster, more frequently will eventually be able to make power hungry desktop displays and easier than paper documents. obsolete and help make heavy back-breaking textbooks  The redundancy in electronic documents is higher than something school children might learn about in a history class on in paper documents. their lightweight E-readers. Though new technologies are  Electronic documents may be created by electronic misperceived as total replacements for old ones, when in fact, the means while paper documents are created by humans. introduction of a new technology can simulate a synergy between old and new (Liu and stork, 2000), we should V. WORK OF E-PAPER reconsider the argument to completely replace all paper documents, and consequently, we predict a co-existence between E-paper comprises two different parts, the first is electronic link , paper and E-Paper. sometimes referred to as the ”FRONT PLANE” , and the second is the electronics required to generate the pattern of text and References images on the E-ink page called the ”BACKPLANE”. Over the years, a number of methods for creating e-ink have been [1] Anderson,P., D.Nelson, P.Svenson, M.Chen, developed. The Gyricon E-ink developed in the 70’s by Nick A.Malonstrom, T.Kugler, M.Berggren.2002. “Active Sheridan of Xerox is based on a thin sheet of flexible plastic Matrix Displays based on All-organic Electrochemical containing a layer of tiny plastic beads, each encapsulated in a Smart Pixels Pointed on paper. Adv Mater 2002. little pocket of oil and thus able to freely rotate within the plastic 14(20):1460-1464. sheet. Each hemisphere of a bead has a different color and a [2] Daimon.G 2005. “The First Watch that uses Flexible E- different electrical charge. When an electric field is applied by Paper hit the Stores”. Retrieved 30/08/2010 from the backbone, the beads rotate, creating a two colored pattern. http://en.akihabaranaus.com/15738/mis/the-first-watch- This method of creating E-ink was dubbed Bichromal front uses-flexible-e-paper-hits-the-stores plane. Another such technology is electrophoresis front plane [3] Dejean.D 2008. “The Future of E-Paper”. developed by the E-ink Corporation. Electrophoresis front plane http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/320085/the- consists of microns in diameter (about as wide as human). Each future-of-E-paper microcapsule is filled with a clear fluid containing positively charged white particles and negatively charged black particles. When a negative electric field is applied, the white particles move to the bottom of the capsule and are thus hidden from view. When a positive electric field is applied, the black particles migrate to the top and the white particles move to the bottom generating black text or a picture. The brightness and resolution of electrophoresis based E-ink is better than of bichromal-based E-ink, but both are monochromatic in nature. To create color, E- ink joined hands with the Japanese company Toppan printing which produces color filter.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Electronic Paper: Electronic paper offers several advantages over printed paper. Advantages of electronic paper include low power usage(power is drawn when the display is updated) , flexibility, and better readability than most displays .Electronic-int can be printed in any surface , including walls ,billboards, product labels. The ink flexibility would also make it possible to develop roll-able displays for electronic devices. A major disadvantage of e-paper technology is very low refresh rate compared with other low-power display technologies like LCD’s .This prevents products from implementing sophisticated

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