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The Transformation of American Philanthropy: from Public Trust to Private Foundation, 1785-1917

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The Transformation of American Philanthropy: from Public Trust to Private Foundation, 1785-1917 The Transformation of American Philanthropy: From Public Trust to Private Foundation, 1785-1917 by Elizabeth A. Harmon A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (American Culture) in the University of Michigan 2017 Doctoral Committee: Professor James Cook, Chair Professor Howard Brick Associate Professor Kristin Hass Associate Professor Matthew Lassiter Professor William Novak Elizabeth A. Harmon [email protected] ORCID iD: 0000-0002-1382-9956 © Elizabeth A. Harmon 2017 For My Parents, Carol and Chuck Harmon ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS During my time as a doctoral student, I have been very lucky to work with an outstanding team of advisers. Throughout the writing process, meetings with each of my committee members pushed me to expand on the significance of my findings and to write a dissertation that spoke to multiple fields in United States history. Bill Novak’s expertise on the corporation in American history, along with his insightful feedback on my writing, helped bring this dissertation to the finish line. Matt Lassiter’s feedback on early chapter drafts, as well as his vision for this research to contribute to work in political history, helped me to create an intellectual community in new fields and to get things rolling. Teaching for Howie Brick’s modern U.S. survey course gave me a chance to think about my project in a broader synthesis of American history; and his kindness and intellect helped to sharpen my vision of how this project contributes to the field of economic history well into the twentieth century. Kristin Hass has seen this work through from my first days as a graduate student. It’s only through the many office hours and letters of recommendation that she has written for me, that this project ever saw the light of day. Finally, I benefited a great deal from Jay Cook’s mentorship. I cannot count the number of drafts he read or the meetings we had about the larger arguments emerging in the project. The rigor and insight he brought to my exams and dissertation have made all the difference. The University of Michigan has also provided me the opportunity to work with a number of inspiring professors along the way. Julie Ellison, Mary Kelley, Stephen Berrey, Brad Taylor, and Muge Gocek all played pivotal roles in invigorating and supporting this project. And Marlene Moore has made graduate-student life a breeze at a big university. Michigan graduate students also brought life to my research and graduate-student experience. In particular, Jay Cook’s Culturalist Dissertation Writing Group helped me to get writing done and to develop my main arguments. The wise advice and friendship of Rachel Miller, Katie Lennard, Pascal Massinon, Cookie Woolner, Holly Rapp, Jacques Vest, and Joe Hoe all helped me to get the iii dissertation started and to finish it up. All along the way in the American culture department, Frank Kelderman, Joe Cialdella, and Margot Finn have been friends and mentors. I can’t imagine my graduate school days without their wisdom and comradery. A number of history graduate students helped me to develop my work as well. Nora Krinitsky, Austin McCoy, Sarah Nobles, and Robyn d’Avignon all provided intellectual inspiration, dinners, and a lot of conversation. I also had the pleasure of getting to know Joanna Steele, Jesse Johnston, Ricky Punzalan, Stephanie Peer, Adam Kriesberg, Matt Burton, Silvina Yi, David Collinge, and Abi Celis who all enriched my time in Ann Arbor immeasurably. For their generous financial support of my graduate work, I would like to thank the American Culture Department; there was always a conference or research grant available when I needed it most. I also benefited from a Smithsonian Institution Predoctoral Fellowship, the Rackham Predoctoral Fellowship, and a Dalton Fellowship for American Studies from Kenyon College. Research and writing grants from University of Michigan’s Nonprofit and Public Management Center, the Sweetland Dissertation Writing Center, the Museum Studies Program, as well as a Forever Go Blue Research Grant all made my research possible, too. Many archivists and librarians supported my questions about collections and legal research throughout this process. In particular, I want to thank my mentors at the Smithsonian who invigorated my research during the project’s final year. Conversations with Pamela Henson, the historian of the Smithsonian at the Smithsonian Institution Archives, helped me to develop the links between the Smithsonian and the nation’s first foundations that I suspected but hadn’t quite made yet. Thanks to Kathy Dorman for her help navigating the Joseph Henry papers, too. Finally, Kathy Franz’s support at the National Museum of American History has made my final year working on this project more exciting than I could have imagined. My dissertation also benefited from the intellectual support and friendships made at the Cornell Workshop on Economic Methods for Historians, as well as annual trips to the Business History Conference that included participation in its Oxford Journals Doctoral Colloquium in Business History. Thank you to Louis Hyman, Dan Bouk, and Allison Elias who have become mentors and friends throughout the process. Kenneth Lipartito, Naomi Lamoreaux, Mary Yeager, Richard John, and Vicky Barnes all have been particularly helpful at these events, as well. iv Kenyon College is truly where this all began. Kevin Britz was the kind of professor who led seminars around a bonfire in his backyard. His encouragement of my writing and intellectual capabilities were important to me, and I wish I could thank him today. Peter Rutkoff who introduced me to the field of American studies and what it means to build a career that you love has been a steadfast supporter and friend throughout the years. And Kate Hedeen and Victor Rodriguez-Nunez pushed me to be a serious student—I learned a lot from time spent in the classroom with them. My Kenyon family has only grown since graduating, and I thank Cecil Howell, Emily Doe, Becca Frank, Elizabeth Gutting, and Anna Curtis, in particular, for opening their homes to me as I travelled for work. So many people have gone out of their way to support my research, in fact. Anne Fleming generously opened up her home to me during my fellowship at the Smithsonian Institution. The Howell family let me stay with them while I finished research at the Rockefeller Archive Center; Scott Libson hosted me in Atlanta; Rudy Baltzell generously loaned me a room in Boston; Heather Petruzzi has always provided support in D.C.; and Andrea Lipsky- Karasz and Alan Lucey always have a spare room and friendship for me in Ann Arbor. Taylor Evenson, who has been my intellectual partner since I met him in 2005, has supported this project at the beginning and the end. I am lucky to have him. His willingness to discuss my research, edit my drafts, and unfailingly challenge my assumptions, has enriched the final product and made the process far more enjoyable. And thanks to Sally, Andy, Stella, and Lucy who have enlivened every step of this process with joyful visits to Ann Arbor and DC. Finally, none of this would have been possible without my parents, Chuck and Carol Harmon. With everything from math homework to high-school essays, they were hands-on and always supportive in the early years. They have made sacrifices and taken extraordinary measures to make my education possible. Their efforts certainly changed my life. They have given me every form of aid imaginable, and I dedicate this project to them. v TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION ................................................................................................................................ ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................... iii ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................. vii INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 1 The Rise and Fall of the Public Trust CHAPTER ONE ........................................................................................................................... 21 Making the Public Trust: Congress and the Bequest that Created the Smithsonian Institution CHAPTER TWO .......................................................................................................................... 49 Wealth’s Modes of Governance: The Public Trust in the Mid-Nineteenth Century CHAPTER THREE ...................................................................................................................... 77 A New Species of Corporation: The Public Trust’s Evolution in the Gilded Age CHAPTER FOUR ....................................................................................................................... 107 Antimonopolism and a New Politics of Surplus Wealth: Breaking the Public Trust in the Progressive Era CHAPTER FIVE ........................................................................................................................ 140 The Rise of the Private Foundation: New Corporate Responsibilities for the Twentieth Century CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................................... 171 Corporate Power and the Public Trust BIBLIOGRAPHY ......................................................................................................................
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