DOCSLIB.ORG

Venice's Colonial Jews: Community, Identity, and Justice in Late Medieval Venetian Crete

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Venice's Colonial Jews: Community, Identity, and Justice in Late Medieval Venetian Crete Venice's Colonial Jews: Community, Identity, and Justice in Late Medieval Venetian Crete The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Lauer, Rena. 2014. Venice's Colonial Jews: Community, Identity, and Justice in Late Medieval Venetian Crete. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:12274135 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA Venice’s Colonial Jews: Community, Identity, and Justice in Late Medieval Venetian Crete A dissertation presented by Rena Nechama Lauer to The Department of History in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of History Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts March 2014 © 2014 Rena Nechama Lauer All rights reserved. Dissertation Advisor: Daniel Lord Smail Rena Nechama Lauer Venice’s Colonial Jews: Community, Identity, and Justice in Late Medieval Venetian Crete Abstract This dissertation offers a social history of the Jews of Candia, Venetian Crete‘s capital, by investigating how these Jews related to their colonial sovereign, their Latin and Greek Christian neighbors, and their diverse co-religionists in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. Latin ducal court records, Hebrew communal ordinances, and notarial materials reveal the unique circumstances of Venetian colonial rule on Crete, including the formalized social hierarchy dividing Latin and Greek Christians, ready access to the Venetian justice system, and Venetian accommodation of pre-colonial legal precedents. Together, these elements enabled and encouraged Jews—individuals and community alike—to invest deeply in the institutions of colonial society. Their investment fostered sustained, meaningful interactions with the Latin and Greeks populations. It even shaped the ways in which Jews engaged with one another, particularly as they brought their quotidian and intracommunal disputes before Venice‘s secular judiciaries. Though contemporary religious authorities frowned upon litigating against co-religionists in secular courts, people from across the spectrum of Candiote Jewry, from community leaders to unhappily married women, sought Venetian judicial intervention at times. Beyond a history of one Jewish community‘s encounter with the institutions of empire, this study opens a window into a medieval Jewish society unconstrained by lachrymose discourse. The result is an unexpected image of medieval Jews as individuals who made religious and personal choices, in contrast to the still-dominant representation of the tradition-bound, community-minded premodern Jew. At the same time, this project stresses that the study of Jews gains new depth and power when it is elevated from the isolation of ethnic studies and woven into mainstream historical iii Dissertation Advisor: Daniel Lord Smail Rena Nechama Lauer analysis. It situates Jewish interaction with the Venetian Empire within a broader discussion of conceptions of premodern colonialism, community and individuality, and minority heterogeneity. Finally, it argues that because of the central place held by law in both the maintenance and malleability of imperial structures, an exploration of the relationship between Jews and colonial judiciaries offers insight essential to building a broad understanding of relations between minorities and their host empires. iv Table of Contents List of Images ............................................................................................................................... iv Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................... v A Note on Usage ......................................................................................................................... viii Introduction: Jews and the Jewish Community of Venetian Crete ......................................... 1 Sources of Jewish History on Venetian Crete ........................................................................... 8 Jewish Life in Christian Society .............................................................................................. 15 Individuals and Community .................................................................................................... 19 Jews in Court ........................................................................................................................... 24 Venice, Crete, and the World of the Late Medieval Eastern Mediterranean ........................... 29 A New Social World................................................................................................................ 36 Frontier Justice ........................................................................................................................ 40 Part I: Networks of Community and Identity .......................................................................... 47 Chapter One: The Kehillah Kedoshah in Context: Leadership, Communal Life, and Jewish Space in Venetian Candia .......................................................................................................... 49 Leading an Evolving Kehillah Kedoshah ................................................................................ 54 The Judaica ............................................................................................................................. 62 Ambivalent Segregation .......................................................................................................... 70 Surveilling Other Jews............................................................................................................. 78 Conclusion: Elite Leadership, Community, and the Individual in Candia .............................. 83 Chapter Two: Jewish Cultural Complexity and Mobility: Demographics and Influences in a Colonial Island Community .................................................................................................... 85 Demographics .......................................................................................................................... 90 A Multi-Ethnic Jewish Community ......................................................................................... 93 Mobility and Trade: Candia‘s Larger Jewish Networks ........................................................ 112 Cultural Borrowing, Cultural Anxiety: Ashkenazi and Sephardi Ideas on Crete .................. 123 Conclusion: Mobility and Heterogeneity .............................................................................. 135 Chapter Three: State, Society, and Jewish-Christian Professional Relationships ............. 140 Rhetorics of Contagion and Contact ...................................................................................... 146 Venetian State Support of Jewish Medical Practitioners....................................................... 154 The Notary and the Wise Jew ................................................................................................ 165 Beyond the State: Creating a Culture of Contact .................................................................. 170 The Implications of Contact for Religious Communities ...................................................... 184 Conclusion: Religion and the Axes of Identity ..................................................................... 187 Part II: Jewish Justice in the Colonial Courtroom ................................................................ 193 iv Chapter Four: Jewish Subjects and the Ideology of Venetian Justice ................................. 194 Colonial Jews: Subject Status and its Implications ............................................................... 197 Justice as Imperial Ideology .................................................................................................. 201 The Practical Benefits of Delivering Justice ......................................................................... 212 Law and Statute in the Stato da Mar ..................................................................................... 217 Colonial Law and Flexible Justice in Crete ........................................................................... 221 Local Custom and Jewish Law in the Cretan Courtroom ...................................................... 223 Legal Flexibility for Jews: Between Protection and Limitation ............................................ 226 Conclusion: Justice and the Myth of Venice ......................................................................... 228 Chapter Five: Jew versus Jew in Secular Court .................................................................... 234 Internal Justification: Dinah De-Malkhutah Dinah ............................................................... 239 Choosing the Venetian Court ................................................................................................ 242 Sources of Discord: Litigation beyond Business ................................................................... 261 Conclusion: Rationalizing the Secular Court ........................................................................ 265 Chapter Six: Unhappily Ever After: Litigating Jewish Marriage in
Load more

Recommended publications
  • TALMUDIC STUDIES Ephraim Kanarfogel
    chapter 22 TALMUDIC STUDIES ephraim kanarfogel TRANSITIONS FROM THE EAST, AND THE NASCENT CENTERS IN NORTH AFRICA, SPAIN, AND ITALY The history and development of the study of the Oral Law following the completion of the Babylonian Talmud remain shrouded in mystery. Although significant Geonim from Babylonia and Palestine during the eighth and ninth centuries have been identified, the extent to which their writings reached Europe, and the channels through which they passed, remain somewhat unclear. A fragile consensus suggests that, at least initi- ally, rabbinic teachings and rulings from Eretz Israel traveled most directly to centers in Italy and later to Germany (Ashkenaz), while those of Babylonia emerged predominantly in the western Sephardic milieu of Spain and North Africa.1 To be sure, leading Sephardic talmudists prior to, and even during, the eleventh century were not yet to be found primarily within Europe. Hai ben Sherira Gaon (d. 1038), who penned an array of talmudic commen- taries in addition to his protean output of responsa and halakhic mono- graphs, was the last of the Geonim who flourished in Baghdad.2 The family 1 See Avraham Grossman, “Zik˙atah shel Yahadut Ashkenaz ‘el Erets Yisra’el,” Shalem 3 (1981), 57–92; Grossman, “When Did the Hegemony of Eretz Yisra’el Cease in Italy?” in E. Fleischer, M. A. Friedman, and Joel Kraemer, eds., Mas’at Mosheh: Studies in Jewish and Moslem Culture Presented to Moshe Gil [Hebrew] (Jerusalem, 1998), 143–57; Israel Ta- Shma’s review essays in K˙ ryat Sefer 56 (1981), 344–52, and Zion 61 (1996), 231–7; Ta-Shma, Kneset Mehkarim, vol.
    [Show full text]
  • The Flame Still Flickers In
    ESENT I PR AR D N A I R A mesor ah AFTER MORE THAN 2,000 YEARS, THE ONCE-VIBRANT ANCIENT ROMANIOTE KEHILLAH — SWALLOWED UP BY SEPHARDIC IMMIGRANTS AND NEARLY WIPED OUT BY THE NAZIS — IS LIMPING ALONG WITH JUST A HANDFUL OF MEMBERS, BUT THEY AREN’T PACKING YET. WE WANTED TO CATCH THEM BEFORE IT’S TOO LATE For the longest time we’d wanted to visit the Jewish communities in Greece, and see if we could encounter the last remaining Romaniote Jews in their home setting before they entirely disappeared from the stage of history. This ancient community, dating back to 300 BCE — the era of Antiochus and the Hellenists — became known as the Romaniotes, speaking their own language, Yevanic or Judeo-Greek, a version of Greek infused with Hebrew and written in Hebrew script. But the community numbers in just the tens today, having been swallowed up by the larger Sephardic communities that immigrated to these islands over the centuries, and then nearly finished off by the Nazis. THE FLAME STILL FLICKERS IN We finally had opportunity to make the journey, and as we drove into their native Ioannina (pronounced Yo- a-nina and also known as Janina) in northern Greece, we were struck by the sight of an ancient fortress whose maze-like lanes were originally designed to confuse pirates who breached the walls. Just outside the walls stand many buildings in disrepair, and while wandering these alleyways searching for a place to bed down for the night, we came across an old building with a Magen David on its plaster — and another building with the Jewish star on its metal grill work.
    [Show full text]
  • Medieval Jewish Philosophy and Its Literary Forms'
    H-Judaic Lawee on Hughes and Robinson, 'Medieval Jewish Philosophy and Its Literary Forms' Review published on Monday, March 16, 2020 Aaron W. Hughes, James T. Robinson, eds. Medieval Jewish Philosophy and Its Literary Forms. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2019. viii + 363 pp. $100.00 (cloth), ISBN 978-0-253-04252-1. Reviewed by Eric Lawee (Bar-Ilan University)Published on H-Judaic (March, 2020) Commissioned by Barbara Krawcowicz (Norwegian University of Science and Technology) Printable Version: http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showpdf.php?id=54753 Among the religious and intellectual innovations in which medieval Judaism abounds, none sparked controversy more than the attempt of certain rabbis and scholars to promote teachings of ancient Greek philosophy. Most notable, of course, was Moses Maimonides, the foremost legist and theologian of the age. Not only did he cultivate Greco-Arabic philosophy and science, but he also taught the radical proposition that knowledge of some of its branches was essential for a true understanding of revealed scripture and for worship of God in its purest form. As an object of modern scholarship, medieval philosophy has not suffered from a lack of attention. Since the advent of Wissenschaft des Judentums more than a century and half ago, studies have proliferated, whether on specific topics (e.g., theories of creation), leading figures (e.g., Saadiah Gaon, Judah Halevi, Maimonides), or the historical, religious, and intellectual settings in which Jewish engagements with philosophy occurred—first in
    [Show full text]
  • Caterina Corner in Venetian History and Iconography Holly Hurlburt
    Early Modern Women: An Interdisciplinary Journal 2009, vol. 4 Body of Empire: Caterina Corner in Venetian History and Iconography Holly Hurlburt n 1578, a committee of government officials and monk and historian IGirolamo Bardi planned a program of redecoration for the Sala del Maggior Consiglio (Great Council Hall) and the adjoining Scrutinio, among the largest and most important rooms in the Venetian Doge’s Palace. Completed, the schema would recount Venetian history in terms of its international stature, its victories, and particularly its conquests; by the sixteenth century Venice had created a sizable maritime empire that stretched across the eastern Mediterranean, to which it added considerable holdings on the Italian mainland.1 Yet what many Venetians regarded as the jewel of its empire, the island of Cyprus, was calamitously lost to the Ottoman Turks in 1571, three years before the first of two fires that would necessitate the redecoration of these civic spaces.2 Anxiety about such a loss, fear of future threats, concern for Venice’s place in evolving geopolitics, and nostalgia for the past prompted the creation of this triumphant pro- gram, which featured thirty-five historical scenes on the walls surmounted by a chronological series of ducal portraits. Complementing these were twenty-one large narratives on the ceiling, flanked by smaller depictions of the city’s feats spanning the previous seven hundred years. The program culminated in the Maggior Consiglio, with Tintoretto’s massive Paradise on one wall and, on the ceiling, three depictions of allegorical Venice in triumph by Tintoretto, Veronese, and Palma il Giovane. These rooms, a center of republican authority, became a showcase for the skills of these and other artists, whose history paintings in particular underscore the deeds of men: clothed, in armor, partially nude, frontal and foreshortened, 61 62 EMWJ 2009, vol.
    [Show full text]
  • Sea-Level Rise in Venice
    https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2020-351 Preprint. Discussion started: 12 November 2020 c Author(s) 2020. CC BY 4.0 License. Review article: Sea-level rise in Venice: historic and future trends Davide Zanchettin1, Sara Bruni2*, Fabio Raicich3, Piero Lionello4, Fanny Adloff5, Alexey Androsov6,7, Fabrizio Antonioli8, Vincenzo Artale9, Eugenio Carminati10, Christian Ferrarin11, Vera Fofonova6, Robert J. Nicholls12, Sara Rubinetti1, Angelo Rubino1, Gianmaria Sannino8, Giorgio Spada2,Rémi Thiéblemont13, 5 Michael Tsimplis14, Georg Umgiesser11, Stefano Vignudelli15, Guy Wöppelmann16, Susanna Zerbini2 1University Ca’ Foscari of Venice, Dept. of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Via Torino 155, 30172 Mestre, Italy 2University of Bologna, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Viale Berti Pichat 8, 40127, Bologna, Italy 10 3CNR, Institute of Marine Sciences, AREA Science Park Q2 bldg., SS14 km 163.5, Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy 4Unversità del Salento, Dept. of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, Centro Ecotekne Pal. M - S.P. 6, Lecce Monteroni, Italy 5National Centre for Atmospheric Science, University of Reading, Reading, UK 6Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Postfach 12-01-61, 27515, Bremerhaven, 15 Germany 7Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Moscow, 117997, Russia 8ENEA Casaccia, Climate and Impact Modeling Lab, SSPT-MET-CLIM, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123 Roma, Italy 9ENEA C.R. Frascati, SSPT-MET, Via Enrico Fermi 45, 00044 Frascati, Italy 10University of Rome La Sapienza, Dept. of Earth Sciences, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy 20 11CNR - National Research Council of Italy, ISMAR - Marine Sciences Institute, Castello 2737/F, 30122 Venezia, Italy 12 Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, University of East Anglia.
    [Show full text]
  • A Clergy Resource Guide
    When Every Need is Special: NAVIGATING SPECIAL NEEDS IN A CONGREGATIONAL SETTING A Clergy Resource Guide For the best in child, family and senior services...Think JSSA Jewish Social Service Agency Rockville (Wood Hill Road), 301.838.4200 • Rockville (Montrose Road), 301.881.3700 • Fairfax, 703.204.9100 www.jssa.org - [email protected] WHEN EVERY NEED IS SPECIAL – NAVIGATING SPECIAL NEEDS IN A CONGREGATIONAL SETTING PREFACE This February, JSSA was privileged to welcome 17 rabbis and cantors to our Clergy Training Program – When Every Need is Special: Navigating Special Needs in the Synagogue Environment. Participants spanned the denominational spectrum, representing communities serving thousands throughout the Washington region. Recognizing that many area clergy who wished to attend were unable to do so, JSSA has made the accompanying Clergy Resource Guide available in a digital format. Inside you will find slides from the presentation made by JSSA social workers, lists of services and contacts selected for their relevance to local clergy, and tachlis items, like an ‘Inclusion Check‐list’, Jewish source material and divrei Torah on Special Needs and Disabilities. The feedback we have received indicates that this has been a valuable resource for all clergy. Please contact Rabbi James Kahn or Natalie Merkur Rose with any questions, comments or for additional resources. L’shalom, Rabbi James Q. Kahn, Director of Jewish Engagement & Chaplaincy Services Email [email protected]; Phone 301.610.8356 Natalie Merkur Rose, LCSW‐C, LICSW, Director of Jewish Community Outreach Email [email protected]; Phone 301.610.8319 WHEN EVERY NEED IS SPECIAL – NAVIGATING SPECIAL NEEDS IN A CONGREGATIONAL SETTING RESOURCE GUIDE: TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION 1: SESSION MATERIALS FOR REVIEW PAGE Program Agenda .........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Apostates and More, Part 2,The History Behind the Ashkenazi
    Apostates and More, Part 2 Apostates and More, Part 2 Marc B. Shapiro Continued from here 1. Another apostate was Rabbi Nehemiah ben Jacob ha-Kohen of Ferrara, who was an important supporter of R. Moses Hayyim Luzzatto during the controversy about him.[1]Here is the the final page of the haskamah he wrote in 1729 for R. Aviad Sar Shalom Basilea’s Emunat Hakhamim. R. Isaac Lampronte, in a halakhic discussion in hisPahad Yitzhak, refers to Nehemiah, but not by name.[2] He calls him .In R .אחד מן החכמים רך בשנים אשר אחרי כן הבאיש ריחו כנודע Hananel Nepi and R. Mordechai Samuel Ghirondi, Toldot Gedolei Yisrael (Trieste, 1853), p. 229, they write about Obviously, “Ishmaelite” is a .שאח”כ נעשה ישמעאלי :Nehemiah code word for Christian.[3] The story reported by Samuel David Luzzatto is that Nehemiah used to go to prostitutes, and when the rabbis found out about this they removed the rabbinate from him. Too embarrassed to remain in the Jewish community, Nehemiah apostatized.[4] Cecil Roth cites another Italian source that Nehemiah converted so he could marry a Christian woman. Unfortunately, his son and three daughters apostatized together with him (his wife had apparently already died).[5] Another apostate who should be mentioned is Michael Solomon Alexander (1799-1844), first Anglican bishop in Jerusalem. Before his apostasy, Alexander was a rabbi.[6] Rabbi Abraham Romano of Tunis also became an apostate. He converted at the end of the seventeenth century when R. Meir Lombrozo was appointed a dayan in his place. After Romano converted, he became well known as a Islamic preacher, and after his death his tomb was venerated by Muslims.
    [Show full text]
  • University Micrdfilms International 300 N
    INFORMATION TO USERS This reproduction was made from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technology has been used to photograph and reproduce this document, the quality of the reproduction is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help clarify markings or notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1 . The sign or “target” for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is “Missing Page(s)”. If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting through an image and duplicating adjacent pages to assure complete continuity. 2 . When an image on the film is obliterated with a round black mark, it is an indication of either blurred copy because of movement during exposure, duplicate copy, or copyrighted materials that should not have been filmed. For blurred pages, a good image of the page can be found in the adjacent frame. If copyrighted materials were deleted, a target note will appear listing the pages in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., is part of the material being photographed, a definite method of “sectioning” the material has been followed. It is customary to begin filming at the upper left hand comer of a large sheet and to continue from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. If necessary, sectioning is continued again—beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete.
    [Show full text]
  • The Attitude Towards Democracy in Medieval Jewishphilosophy*
    THE ATTITUDE TOWARDS DEMOCRACY IN MEDIEVAL JEWISHPHILOSOPHY* Avraham Melamed Medieval Jewish thought, following Platonic and Muslim political was philosophy, on the one hand, and halakhic concepts, on the other, basically, although reluctantly, monarchist, and inherently anti democratic. It rejected outright what we term here as the ancient Greek variety of liberal democracy, which went against its basic philosophical and theological assumptions. I the In his various writings Professor DJ. Elazar characterized Jewish polity as a "republic with strong democratic overtones," an which nevertheless was in reality generally "aristocratic repub ? lic in the classic sense of the term rule by a limited number who as take upon themselves an obligation or conceive of themselves a to It is true having special obligation to their people and God." a in that the Jewish polity is "rooted in democratic foundation," that it is based upon the equality of all (adultmale) Jewsand their basic rightand obligation to participate in the establishmentand is as far as the maintenance of the body politic.1 But this was a true "democratic overtones" of this republic went. It republic no some of what is enough, but democracy. It did have components was a termed "communal democracy," but not liberal democracy. over the centuries were The various Jewish polities which existed JewishPolitical Studies Review 5:1-2 (Spring 1993) 33 This content downloaded by the authorized user from 192.168.82.205 on Tue, 27 Nov 2012 07:16:21 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 34 Avrahatn Melamed generally very aristocratic in terms of their actual regimes.
    [Show full text]
  • Jephthahfs Daughter in the Jewish Exegetical Tradition
    • Jephthahfs Daughter in the Jewish Exegetical Tradition Deborah Abecassls, Department of Jewlsh Studles McGll1 UnIversity, Montreal July 1993 A 1hesis suhmllted to the ~acultv of Oraduate Studle~ and Research 10 parhal fulflllment of the requlrcmcnts orthe degree of Master of Arts (c) Dehorah Abecassis 1993 .. • Abstract • The blbllcal narrative of Jephthah and hls daughter (Judges Il 31-40) recounts the story of the J udge, Jephthah, ""ho \'owed toO ~aCflflce ta God ""hatever came to greet hlm upon hls rcturn from a VlctOrJOUS battle \i~ 1 th Ammon, and whose daughter became the vl,;tlm of thls vow Thl~ goal of thls thesls Ir; to examine a sam pie of the Je""lsh respon'.;e5 to lhls blbilcaillarralive from ancien! and medJe\ al tlmes through the twentleth cen!ury 1 he analy~l'i dèmonstrates the dl fficult nature of thls text. ItS IlngUlstlc and conceptual amblgUItICS, the ~olutlOns :0 a well-defmed senes of problems proposed by more than two do zen Jntt;~rpreters, and theIr fatlure ta deal wlth most of the hlstoncal and ethlcal problems that emerge from the story Le récIt blbltqu(~ de Jephthah et de sa fille (Juges Il 3\-39) raconte l'histOire du Juge, Jephthah, qUi Il fait un v ~ u de sacnfier à Dieu quoI qUI salt qUI vIenne le saluer des son Tf~t()ur d'une ba1.atlle vlctoneuse contIe Ammon, et dont sa fille est devenue vIctIme d,! c:e VI l U L .. ~ bul <le cette thesè est d'éxammer un échantIllon des reponses J ulves à ce mclt biblIque depllIs les epoques anciennes et médlevales Jusqu'au vmgtleme sIècle l'analyse démontre l~: caractère
    [Show full text]
  • Maimonides' Highest Level of Tzedakah: Loans, Jobs and Business Partnerships
    Maimonides' Highest Level of Tzedakah: Loans, Jobs and Business Partnerships Noam Zion Hartman Institute – excerpted from: Jewish Giving in Comparative Perspectives: History and Story, Law and Theology, Anthropology and Psychology Book Two: To Each according to one’s Social Needs: The Dignity of the Needy from Talmudic Tzedakah to Human Rights Previous Books: A DIFFERENT NIGHT: The Family Participation Haggadah By Noam Zion and David Dishon LEADER'S GUIDE to "A DIFFERENT NIGHT" By Noam Zion and David Dishon A DIFFERENT LIGHT: Hanukkah Seder and Anthology including Profiles in Contemporary Jewish Courage By Noam Zion A Day Apart: Shabbat at Home By Noam Zion and Shawn Fields-Meyer A Night to Remember: Haggadah of Contemporary Voices Mishael and Noam Zion [email protected] www.haggadahsrus.com "If the people can be educated to help themselves, we strike at the root of many of the evils of the world. ... Men who are studying the problem of disease tell us that it is becoming more and more evident that the forces which conquer sickness are within the body itself and that it is only when these are reduced below the normal that disease can get a foothold. The way to ward off disease, therefore, is to tone up the body."i (John D. Rockefeller) "In bestowing charity, the main consideration should be to help those who will help themselves; to provide part of the means by which those who desire to improve may do so; to give those, who desire to rise, the aids by which they may rise; to assist, but rarely or never to do all.
    [Show full text]
  • Project of Territorial Governance of Tourism in Venice
    Project of territorial governance of tourism in Venice Project of territorial governance of tourism in Venice 2 Project of territorial governance of tourism in Venice Table of Contents FOREWORD.............................................................................................................................................................7 FIRST PART:...........................................................................................................................................................11 THE START OF A PARTICIPATORY ROUTE.................................................................................................................11 1. The functions of tourism and the regulatory framework...............................................................................13 2. Tourism in Venice..........................................................................................................................................15 3. The resident population................................................................................................................................22 4. The stages of the participatory route.............................................................................................................25 5. Principal mission statements of the projects presented and adopted by the Technical Working Group..........27 SECOND PART:.......................................................................................................................................................43 OPERATIONAL
    [Show full text]