Naître Et Grandir Chez Les Albanais: La Construction Culturelle De La Personne Albert Doja

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Naître Et Grandir Chez Les Albanais: La Construction Culturelle De La Personne Albert Doja Naître et Grandir chez les Albanais: La Construction Culturelle de la Personne Albert Doja To cite this version: Albert Doja. Naître et Grandir chez les Albanais: La Construction Culturelle de la Personne. L’Harmattan, pp.324, 2000. halshs-00406333 HAL Id: halshs-00406333 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00406333 Submitted on 21 Jul 2009 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Albert Doja Naître et Grandir chez les Albanais La Construction Culturelle de la Personne Les Éditions L’Harmattan Paris – Montréal 2000 Tout droit réservé: © Albert Doja 2000 Doja, Albert Naître et grandir chez les Albanais : la construction culturelle de la personne / Albert Doja. – Paris : Éd. l’Harmattan : 2000. – 322 p. 24 cm. Bibliogr. p. 301-317. Index. – ISBN 2-7384-8879-X Naissance -- Albanie -- Aspect anthropologique Socialisation -- Rites et cérémonies Dewey 392. 109 4965 Sommaire Remerciements 9 Introduction 13 Les rêveries de la fécondité 23 La maison et les relations familiales 23 Le symbolisme élémentaire 35 Mythologie psychosociale et images héroïques 50 Le dogme de la fécondation 62 Le comportement symbolique 73 La crise de l’impureté 73 La couvade reconsidérée 83 Les intuitions empiriques du savoir collectif 99 Purification et incorporation 110 Les raccords symboliques 119 La mythologie du destin 133 La marque singulière 133 L’ambivalence symbolique 143 Les divinités 149 L’idéologie 155 Le symbolisme du nom 161 Imaginaire du double et de l’incarnation 161 Sens et signification 182 Inscription patronymique et mythologies de fondation 195 Le développement corporel 215 Nourrir et élever 215 Le sevrage et la voix de la parole 231 La voie de l’humanité 239 Coupe de cheveux et circoncision 246 Le destin social de l’individu 263 L’enchantement socialisateur 277 Une définition lyrique 277 L’interaction mélopoétique 283 La communication interactive 288 Le champ sémantique et fonctionnel 294 Conclusion 301 Bibliographie 309 Table des illustrations 329 Index des auteurs cités 330 à la mémoire de ma mère, à ma femme, Anila, à mes enfants, Orzana et Alban Remerciements Les recherches présentées dans cet ouvrage ont été financées par une allocation initiale de l’Unesco et par les gracieuses subventions de la Maison des Sciences de l’Homme à Paris, une bourse post- doctorale du Ministère français de la Recherche et de la Technologie et un contrat de recherche de la Commission de l’Union Euro- péenne. La publication est réalisée grâce à un financement de la Fondation Singer-Polignac. L’ouvrage est partiellement inspiré de certains chapitres d’une thèse de Doctorat en anthropologie sociale, – soutenue en 1993 à l’École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales à Paris, – sensible- ment modifiés et développés. Les développements sont essentielle- ment élaborés à partir des travaux effectués en 1992-1993 quand j’étais chercheur au Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, d’une série de conférences que j’ai données en 1994-1995 au Dépar- tement d’Ethnologie de l’Université de Provence à Aix et des cours que j’ai professés en 1995-1996 au Département de Sociologie de l’Université de Paris-VIII à Saint-Denis. Les communications que j’ai prononcées dans différentes conférences internationales et nationa- les ou dans le cadre des séminaires de recherche à l’École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, à l’Université de Paris-V en Sorbonne, à l’Université de Paris-X à Nanterre, au Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, à l’Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales à Paris, et dans d’autres universités françaises, m’ont aussi donné l’occasion d’en discuter et retravailler la plupart des arguments. Le texte final reprend en fusionnant une série d’articles publiés dans différentes revues académiques en France et à l’étranger. C’est un grand plaisir pour moi d’associer à ces hommages tous les membres du Laboratoire d’Anthropologie Sociale, fondé par Claude Lévi-Strauss et dirigé par Françoise Héritier. Quand je suis arrivé à Paris sur une convention de l’Unesco, c’est Nicole Belmont qui m’a accueilli avec beaucoup de grâce et de prévenance, pour me permettre de mettre au point mon projet au sein d’un laboratoire 9 académique de renom. Je tiens à remercier plus particulièrement Georges Ravis Giordani, Jean-Claude Galey, Paul Henri Stahl, Fran- çoise Loux, Suzanne Lallemand, Jean-François Gossiaux, Béatrice Lecestre-Rollier, Tiphaine Barthélémy, Marie-Claude Pingaud, et beaucoup d’autres pour les suggestions amicales et les corrections utiles qu’ils ont bien voulu apporter occasionnellement à différentes parties de ce texte. Cécile Kattnig a fait noblement une lecture en entier du manuscrit avant la publication. Je dois surtout le plus grand hommage à ma femme. Malgré tout le mal que je lui ai fait en n’étant toujours pas assez à ses côtés, sans la sollicitude et la persévérance de son soutien, je ne serais certaine- ment pas arrivé au bout de ma tâche. A.D. Paris, Janvier 2000 Le premier chapitre reprend en fusionnant deux articles parus dans les revues Ethnologie Française 25 (1995) 4: 650-667 et Cahiers Balkaniques 20 (1994): 119-132. Le deuxième chapitre reprend un article paru dans: L’Ethnographie. Revue de la Société d’Ethnographie de Paris 93 (1997) 1-2: 43-87. Le troisième chapitre reprend un article publié dans: Südost Forschungen. Interna- tionale Zeitschrift für Geschichte, Kultur und Landeskunde Südosteuropas 56 (1997): 189- 211, qui fut la version développée d’une communication prononcée au 7e Congrès International des Études Sud-Est Européennes, 1994, Thessalonique (Grèce). Le quatrième chapitre reprend en fusionnant et modifiant différents articles publiés dans: Anthropos. International Review of Anthropology and Linguistics 93 (1998) 1: 155-172, dans: T. Barthélémy et M.-C. Pingaud (éd.) Généalogie entre science et passion, Paris: Éditions du CTHS 1997: 347-360, dans: G. Ravis Giordani (éd.) Amitiés: Anthropologie et Histoire, Aix-en-Provence: Presses de l’Université de Pro- vence 1999: 217-255, aussi bien que partiellement dans: Social Anthropology. The Journal of the Association of European Anthropologists 7 (1999) 1: 37-55 (Cambridge University Press). Le cinquième chapitre reprend en fusionnant deux articles parus dans: La Psy- chanalyse de l’enfant. Revue de l’Association Freudienne Internationale 14 (1993): 39-62 et dans: The Journal of Mediterranean Studies 9 (1999) 2: 232-274. Le sixième et dernier chapitre reprend un article paru dans: N. Belmont et J.- F. Gossiaux (éd.) De la voix au texte: l’ethnologie contemporaine entre l’oral et l’écrit, Paris: Éditions du CTHS 1997: 85-108, qui fut l’objet d’une communication présentée au 119e Congrès national des sociétés historiques et scientifiques. 10 Introduction Pour comprendre la construction de la personne et des identités sociales, il faut d’abord rendre compte du rôle et de l’influence de l’environnement culturel dans ce processus dynamique. La culture d’un groupe social est aussi en partie le résultat des conditions géo- graphiques et historiques sur la vie et l’activité de ses membres. La position géographique de l’Albanie a contraint le pays à devenir un pont de passage pour différents peuples qui ont marqué de leurs influences le patrimoine culturel des Albanais. Cette même position a permis à l’Albanie d’être aussi un foyer de propagation des singula- rités de sa culture. L’espace géographique du pays albanais est consti- tué non seulement par sa façade maritime, ouverte à l’Occident, mais aussi par les murailles de montagne qui la séparent des pays voisins en Orient. La considération de la région comme une aire culturelle se définit pourtant comme un champ composite. L’aire de peuple- ment albanais n’est pas seulement celle d’un pays de l’Europe de l’Est des politologues contemporains, ni celle d’un pays de l’Europe balkanique post-byzantine ou ex-ottomane, pas plus le lieu d’expansion de certains modèles occidentaux ou d’enracinement d’identités locales, mais bien tout cela à la fois. La culture albanaise devrait être comprise dans son ensemble, ayant fait partie, à une époque historique ou une autre, de différentes constructions culturelles, religieuses ou politiques plus vastes. Elle se situe à une aire de confrontation sur laquelle des Empires et des États aspirant à la puissance ont constamment débordé, où ortho- doxie, catholicisme et islam se touchent et s’entremêlent, par-dessus même des découpages et des espaces de coexistence ethno-culturels et ethnolinguistiques différents. Autant de particularismes et de cli- vages discrets, souvent ignorés ou dénaturés par le modernisme ac- tuellement dominant dans la culture nationale, tout comme autrefois par la volonté de nivellement des grands corps impériaux. Au- jourd’hui l’anthropologie sociale et historique, la sociologie, les re- 11 Naître et Grandir cherches sur les structures familiales, les stratégies matrimoniales et patrimoniales, les relations de propriété ou les formes nombreuses de solidarité sociale et culturelle, aussi bien que les recherches sur les traditions orales, les représentations collectives et les formes symbo- liques, tentent d’une manière ou d’une autre de redécouvrir et de réévaluer les différences et les ressemblances. Ainsi est-on conduit, paradoxalement peut-être, à rechercher une insaisissable unité, et donc la pertinence de l’idée d’une culture, d’une civilisation et d’une histoire, dans cette diversité même, en quelque sorte dans une coexistence des dissemblances, préservées plus fortement qu’ailleurs.
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