Autonomic Nervous System ENG
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Effects of Electrical Stimulation of the Superior Ovarian Nerve and the Ovarian Plexus Nerve on the Ovarian Estradiol Secretion Rate in Rats
06-JPS58-2-RP001508.fm 133 ページ 2008年4月14日 月曜日 午後3時22分 REGULAR PAPER J. Physiol. Sci. Vol. 58, No. 2; Apr. 2008; pp. 133–138 Online Mar. 22, 2008; doi:10.2170/physiolsci.RP001508 Effects of Electrical Stimulation of the Superior Ovarian Nerve and the Ovarian Plexus Nerve on the Ovarian Estradiol Secretion Rate in Rats Fusako KAGITANI1,2, Sae UCHIDA1, and Harumi HOTTA1 1Department of the Autonomic Nervous System, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo ,173-0015 Japan; 2University of Human Arts and Sciences, Saitama, Saitama, 339-8539 Japan Abstract: The present experiments examined the effects of rate of ovarian venous plasma. Either an SON or OPN, ipsilater- electrical stimulation of the superior ovarian nerve (SON) and al to the ovary from which ovarian venous blood was collected, the ovarian plexus nerve (OPN) on the ovarian estradiol secre- was electrically stimulated at a supramaximal intensity for C-fi- tion in rats. The rats were anesthetized on the day of estrus, and bers. The secretion rate of estradiol was significantly decreased the ovarian venous blood was collected intermittently. The se- by 47 ± 6% during SON stimulation, but it was not significantly cretion rate of estradiol from the ovary was calculated from dif- changed during OPN stimulation. These results suggest that au- ferences in the estradiol concentration between ovarian venous tonomic nerves, which reach the ovary via the SON, have an in- plasma and systemic arterial blood plasma, and from the flow hibitory role in ovarian estradiol secretion. Key words: superior ovarian nerve, ovarian plexus nerve, estradiol, secretion, rat. Many studies have examined the relationship between ulation of the autonomic nerves innervating the ovary on hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian hormones and ovarian ovarian estradiol secretion. -
The Sympathetic and the Parasympathetic Nervous System
The sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous system Zsuzsanna Tóth, PhD Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology Semmelweis University The role of the autonomic nervous system Claude Bernard • „milieu intérieur” concept; every organism lives in its internal environment that is constant and independent form the external environment Walter Bradford Cannon homeostasis; • an extension of the “milieu interieur” concept • consistence in an open system requires mechanisms that act to maintain that consistency • steady-state conditions require that any tendency toward change automatically meets with factors that resist that change • regulating systems that determine the homeostatic state : o autonomic nervous system ( sympathetic, parasympathetic, enteral) o endocrine system General structure of the autonomic nervous system craniosacral thoracolumbar Anatomy Neurotransmittersof the gut autonomic nervous system. symp. gangl pregangl. fiber pregangl. postgangl. fiber fiber (PoR) PoR enteral ganglion PoR PoR smooth muscle smooth muscle Kuratani S Development 2009;136:1585-1589 Sympathetic activation: Fight or flight reaction • energy mobilization • preparation for escape, or fight vasoconstriction • generalized Parasympathetic activation: adrenal • energy saving and restoring • „rest and digest” system • more localized vasoconstriction Paravertebral ganglia and the sympathetic chains pars cervicalis superius ganglion medium cervicale stellatum pars vertebrae • from the base of the skull to the caudal end thoracalis thoracalis of the sacrum • paravertebral ganglia (ganglia trunci sympathici) • rami interganglionares pars vertebrae • the two chains fuses at the ganglion impar abdominalis lumbalis sacrum pars pelvina foramen sacralia anteriora ganglion impar Anatomy of the cervical part of the sympathetic trunk superior cervical ganglion • behind the seath of the carotid, fusiform ggl. cervicale superius • IML T1-3 vegetative motoneurons- preganglionic fibers truncus symp. -
The Ovarian Innervation Participates in the Regulation of Ovarian Functions Roberto Domínguez1* and Sara E
Metab y & o g lic lo S o y n n i r d c r Domínguez et al. Endocrinol Metabol Syndrome 2011, S:4 o o m d n e E Endocrinology & Metabolic Syndrome DOI: 10.4172/2161-1017.S4-001 ISSN: 2161-1017 Review Article Open Access The Ovarian Innervation Participates in the Regulation of Ovarian Functions Roberto Domínguez1* and Sara E. Cruz-Morales2 1Faculty of gradúate studies, Research Unit In Reproductive Biology, Zaragoza College of Professional Studies, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico 2Faculty of gradúate studies Iztacala, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico Abstract The release of gonadotropins is the main endocrine signal regulating ovulation and the release of hormones by the ovaries. Several types of growth factors modulate the effects of gonadotropins on the follicular, luteal and interstitial compartments of the ovaries. During the last 30 years, numerous studies have indicated that the ovarian innervations play a role in modulating the effects that gonadotropin have on the ovaries’ ability to ovulate and secrete steroid hormones. This literature review presents a summary of the experimental results obtained by analyzing the effects of stimulating or blocking the well-known neural pathways participating in the regulation of ovulation and secretion of steroid hormones. Together, the results suggest that various neurotransmitter systems modulate the effects of gonadotropins on ovulation and the ovaries capacity to secrete steroid hormones. In addition, the ovaries asymmetric capacity for ovulation and hormone secretion could be explained by the asymmetries in their innervations. Introduction of follicles is continuous, the effects that FSH and LH have during the estrous cycle can be explained by the oscillatory number of hormone Ovarian functions, such as hormone secretion and the release of receptors in the follicles and interstitial gland cells through the cells (oocytes) able to be fertilized are regulated by hormonal signals cycle. -
Unit #2 - Abdomen, Pelvis and Perineum
UNIT #2 - ABDOMEN, PELVIS AND PERINEUM 1 UNIT #2 - ABDOMEN, PELVIS AND PERINEUM Reading Gray’s Anatomy for Students (GAFS), Chapters 4-5 Gray’s Dissection Guide for Human Anatomy (GDGHA), Labs 10-17 Unit #2- Abdomen, Pelvis, and Perineum G08- Overview of the Abdomen and Anterior Abdominal Wall (Dr. Albertine) G09A- Peritoneum, GI System Overview and Foregut (Dr. Albertine) G09B- Arteries, Veins, and Lymphatics of the GI System (Dr. Albertine) G10A- Midgut and Hindgut (Dr. Albertine) G10B- Innervation of the GI Tract and Osteology of the Pelvis (Dr. Albertine) G11- Posterior Abdominal Wall (Dr. Albertine) G12- Gluteal Region, Perineum Related to the Ischioanal Fossa (Dr. Albertine) G13- Urogenital Triangle (Dr. Albertine) G14A- Female Reproductive System (Dr. Albertine) G14B- Male Reproductive System (Dr. Albertine) 2 G08: Overview of the Abdomen and Anterior Abdominal Wall (Dr. Albertine) At the end of this lecture, students should be able to master the following: 1) Overview a) Identify the functions of the anterior abdominal wall b) Describe the boundaries of the anterior abdominal wall 2) Surface Anatomy a) Locate and describe the following surface landmarks: xiphoid process, costal margin, 9th costal cartilage, iliac crest, pubic tubercle, umbilicus 3 3) Planes and Divisions a) Identify and describe the following planes of the abdomen: transpyloric, transumbilical, subcostal, transtu- bercular, and midclavicular b) Describe the 9 zones created by the subcostal, transtubercular, and midclavicular planes c) Describe the 4 quadrants created -
THE MAIN PERIPHERAL CONNECTIONS of the HUMAN SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM by T
THE MAIN PERIPHERAL CONNECTIONS OF THE HUMAN SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM By T. K. POTTS, M.B., CH.M. (SYDNEY)1 BIIE recent investigation (5,7) of the functional significance of the sympathetic system by 1)r N. D). itoyle and Professor J. I. Hunter has revealed the necessity for a re-examination of the anatomy of the human sympathetic system. Ini particular the operations of ramisectioni (7, 8) devised by Dr Royle, in collabora- tion with Professor Hunter, call for a more exact determination of the precise position and topographical relations of the sympathetic cord and its ram? cotitnunicantes than at present is available. The dissection described ill this note was undertaken primarily to provide the surgeon with this guidance. In this matter, two regions stand out as having assumed an added interest ill the light of recent research. I refer to those regions associated with the operations known as cervical, and lumbar sympathetic ramisection, which are performed to remove the rigidity of the musculature of the extremities ill spastic paralysis (2,3,4,5, 7, 8, 9,10). As a description of the rari commnunicantes necessarily involves some mention of the arrangement of corresponding ganglia, this will be done in considering the various regions. To facilitate demonstration, the services of Miss D. Harrison were procured and, under my guidance, faithful repro- dluetions of the dissection were made by her. The dissection has been mounted, and placed in the Wilson. Museum of Anatomy, at the Medical School, Uni- versity of Sydney. The cervical portion of the sympathetic is characterized by the absence of segmental ganglia, and of white rami comnimunicantes. -
CVM 6100 Veterinary Gross Anatomy
2010 CVM 6100 Veterinary Gross Anatomy General Anatomy & Carnivore Anatomy Lecture Notes by Thomas F. Fletcher, DVM, PhD and Christina E. Clarkson, DVM, PhD 1 CONTENTS Connective Tissue Structures ........................................3 Osteology .........................................................................5 Arthrology .......................................................................7 Myology .........................................................................10 Biomechanics and Locomotion....................................12 Serous Membranes and Cavities .................................15 Formation of Serous Cavities ......................................17 Nervous System.............................................................19 Autonomic Nervous System .........................................23 Abdominal Viscera .......................................................27 Pelvis, Perineum and Micturition ...............................32 Female Genitalia ...........................................................35 Male Genitalia...............................................................37 Head Features (Lectures 1 and 2) ...............................40 Cranial Nerves ..............................................................44 Connective Tissue Structures Histologic types of connective tissue (c.t.): 1] Loose areolar c.t. — low fiber density, contains spaces that can be filled with fat or fluid (edema) [found: throughout body, under skin as superficial fascia and in many places as deep fascia] -
Female Genital System
The University Of Jordan Faculty Of Medicine Female genital system By Dr.Ahmed Salman Assistant Professor of Anatomy &Embryology Female Genital Organs This includes : 1. Ovaries 2. Fallopian tubes 3. Uterus 4. Vagina 5. External genital organs Ovaries Site of the Ovary: In the ovarian fossa in the lateral wall of the pelvis which is bounded. Anteriorly : External iliac vessels. Posteriorly : internal iliac vessels and ureter. Shape : the ovary is almond-shaped. Orientation : In the nullipara : long axis is vertical with superior and inferior poles. In multipara : long axis is horizontal, so that the superior pole is directed laterally and the inferior pole is directed medially. External Features : Before puberty : Greyish-pink and smooth. After puberty with onset of ovulation, the ovary becomes grey in colour with puckered surface. In old age : it becomes atrophic External iliac vessels. Obturator N. Internal iliac artery Ureter UTERUS Ovaries Description : In nullipara, the ovary has : Two ends : superior (tubal) end and inferior (uterine) end. Two borders : anterior (mesovarian) border and posterior (free) border. Two surfaces : lateral and medial. A. Ends of the Ovary : Superior (tubal) end : is attached to the ovarian fimbria of the uterine tube and is attached to side wall of the pelvis by the ovarian suspensory ligament. Inferior (uterine) end : it is connected to superior aspect of the uterotubal junction by the round ligament of the ovary which runs within the broad ligament . B. Borders of the Ovary : Anterior (mesovarian) border :presents the hilum of the ovary and is attached to the upper layer of the broad ligament by a short peritoneal fold called the mesovarium. -
Annotation SURGICAL TREATMENT of ASTHMA
Postgrad Med J: first published as 10.1136/pgmj.25.283.193 on 1 May 1949. Downloaded from '93 Annotation tissue pouting into the bronchial lumen as a result of ulceration of tuberculous hilar glands and perhaps associated with a bronchial stricture may SURGICAL TREATMENT give rise to difficulty. The diagnosis in these cases is readily established by bronchoscopy. OF ASTHMA Severe degrees of emphysema. and bullous cysts of the lung present greater difficulty. The purpose ofthis communication is to attempt Emphysema of greater or less extent is indeed a to analyse as simply as possible the present position common result of asthma and may develop at an of surgical procedures in relation to asthma. The early date, but it may also occur without true approach to the subject must necessarily be asthma and operation will afford no relief. As to guarded for there is as yet insufficient evidence giant bullous cysts, they are, in the majority of on which to base firm opinions. Medical feeling instances, unilateral and although they may appear has so far been biased against surgery because to occupy the whole of one side of the chest, they surgeons are still unable to state what are the usually arise from only one lobe and the rest of the criteria for operation and, if surgery is agreed upon, compressed lung tissue is visible. what operation is. to be done. How shall we tell which asthmatic will respond favourably and Physiological Considerations (Miscall, which will not? Gay and Rienhoff's (1938) method 1943) of choosing only cases which had failed to respond In normal respiration, active inspiration and to any other treatment and who were consequently passive expiration suffice. -
The Axatomy of the Autonomic Nervous System in the Dog1
THE AXATOMY OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM IN THE DOG1 NICHOLAS JAMES AIIZERES Ucpartnitiit of Aiintoiiry, Cnzvemtty of Xtclizgaii Scliool of ;2/cdicmc. Ann Arbor, Mtclatgan ELEVEN FIGURES INTRODUCTTOX I<iiowledgc clerivccl from cmprimeiits on tlie clog has not infrequently been applied to man without considering dif- fcmnccs in aiiatoniy. This is c~spcciallytrue of the autonomic nervous systeni, oiily parts of which have b:mi described in the adult clog. The cardiac ncli'vcs \\'ere described by Sc1iuran.- Iew ( '27) ant1 Soniclez ( '39), the gcw~alplan of the abrloniirial ancl sacral regions by Trumble ( '34), tlic lunibosacral trunk by Alehler, Fisclier and Alexander ( '52), the vagi lsy Hilsa- beck aid Hill ( '50) and BIcC'rca and D'hrcy ( '%), ant1 the urogenital plexuses by Schal~adasch( '26) aiicl Ncdowar ( '2.3. The present study was undertaken to fill gaps in previous clescriptions ancl to present an over-all view of the autonomic iierrous system in the (log, esclutliiig the cephalic region. In the pi-c~seiitiiivcstigation the XI< terminology has been used iiistpad of the usual RNA familiar in human anatomy loccause tlic study was based on the clog. Sincc a dog is a pronograde niamnial the terms cranial aiid caudal seeni nior(t appropriat r tliaii the ESA terms superior and inferior. Tiiis paper is n condensation of a clissei t:ition snbniittctl in paytial fulfillmc.~it of tlrc rcqiiireiiieuts for the drgrce of Doctor of Pliilosopliy in the University of Rlicliigaii. I wish to tlimik Dr. It. T. Wootlhuine for Ills interest and aclriec. For the supply of nlatciial tlie author vihlies to e\-pr('\s his appreciatioir to mcmbc~is of the 1)ep:irtiiiciits of P1iTsiolog.y :iiiil PIiar~u:~cologrof tlic Viiirersity of hliclrigan. -
Genitalia Blood Supply to Internal Female Course
U4-Reproductive BS+NS DEC 2016 FNF, approved by: DR.manoj Blood supply to internal female genitalia: artery origin distribution Anastamoses? Course Sup. large branch: Medially in base of broad Yes, cranially with Internal iliac uterus, inf. Small ligament to junction between ovarian, caudally uterine artery branch: cervix+ sup. cervix and uterus, run above with vaginal Vagina ureter, ascend to anastamose Middle +inferior part Yes, ant+post azygos Descand to vagina after Uterine of vagina along with arteries of vagina branching at junction between Vaginal artery pudendal artery with uterine artery uterus + cervix Yes, with uterine Descend along post. abdominal artery (collateral Ovarian Abdominal wall, at pelvic prim cross Ovary+ uterine tube circulation between artery aorta external iliac> enter suspensory abdominal +pelvic ligament source) vein Drainage Anastamoses? Course Vaginal venous plexus>vaginal vein> anastamose with uterine venous plexus Yes, vaginal plexus with Sides of vagina Vaginal >uterovaginal venous plexus>uterine uterine plexus vein>internal iliac vein uterine venous plexus >uterovaginal Yes, vaginal plexus with Uterine venous plexus>uterine vein>internal iliac Pass in broad ligament uterine plexus vein Pampiniform plexus of veins>ovarian vein Plexus in broad ligament Ovarian Rt:IVC - , ovarian vein in suspensory ligament Lt:LRV Note: -tubal veins drain in ovarian veins+ uterovaginal venous plexus -uterine vessels pass in cardinal ligament 1 | P a g e U4-Reproductive BS+NS DEC 2016 FNF, approved by: DR.manoj Blood supply to external female genitalia: artery origin distribution Course Perineum Leave pelvis through greater sciatic foramen hook Internal Internal iliac artery +external around ischial spine then enter through lesser pudendal genitalia sciatic foramen. -
Chapter 15: the Autonomic Nervous System
Chapter 15: The Autonomic Nervous System Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Comparison of Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Comparison of Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Anatomy of Autonomic Motor Pathways Preganglionic neuron Postganglionic neuron Two divisions: Sympathetic Parasympathetic Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Structure of the Sympathetic Division Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sympathetic Division Thoracolumbar division- Preganglionic neurons originate from the thoracic and lumbar levels of the spinal cord (T1-L2). Sympathetic ganglia: Sympathetic trunk (vertebral chain) ganglia. Prevertebral (collateral) ganglia: celiac, superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric, aorticorenal and renal. Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Postganglionic neurons in the Sympathetic Division Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Postganglionic Neurons in the Sympathetic Division An axon may synapse with postganglionic neurons in the ganglion it first reaches or Sympathetic chains or An axon may continue, without synapsing, through the sympathetic trunk ganglion to end at a prevertebral ganglion and synapse with postganglionic neurons there or An axon may pass through the sympathetic trunk ganglion and a prevertebral ganglion and then to the adrenal medulla. Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sympathetic Division A single sympathetic preganglionic fiber has many axon collaterals and may synapse with 20 or more postganglionic neurons. The postganglionic axons typically terminate in several visceral effectors and therefore the effects of sympathetic stimulation are more widespread than the effects of parasympathetic stimulation. Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Structure of the Parasympathetic Division Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Parasympathetic Division Craniosacral division: Preganglionic neurons originate from the cranial nerves III, VII, IX and X and sacral spinal nerves S2-S4. -
THE ANATOMY of the SYMPATHETHIC TRUNKS in MAN by MARTIN WRETE Histological Department, the University of Uppsala, Sweden
[ 448 ] THE ANATOMY OF THE SYMPATHETHIC TRUNKS IN MAN BY MARTIN WRETE Histological Department, The University of Uppsala, Sweden INTRODUCTION Even a cursory study of the anatomical descriptions of the cervical parts of the sympathetic trunks given in modern text-books or articles discloses that, now as earlier, great confusion exists with respect to terminology. This applies even to monographs and more specialized presentations. The primary cause of this confusion is the very marked variability of the trunks in the neck region, which gives wide scope for arbitrary interpretations of the arrangement; some uncertainty about the terminology and notation of other parts of the trunks also persists. It is true that the terms to be used for the sympathetic nervous system were fixed by the International Anatomical Nomenclature Committee (Nomina Anatomica, Paris, 1955). This does not, however, prevent some of the individual terms being used to denote different anatomical units, and for practical reasons (such as limiting printing costs) comprehensive explanations could not always be given in the annota- tions to the Parisian Nomina Anatomica. As one of the three members of the Sub- Committee responsible for the nomenclature of the peripheral nervous system, I wish to define more exactly my views on the terminology adopted for the sympathetic trunks. I also take this opportunity of revising a few terms I used in certain papers published some twenty years ago. In Nomina Anatomica the term truncus sympathicus is followed by the names of its ganglia, ganglia trunci sympathici, as well as of its connecting rami interganglio- nares. But, also under the heading ganglia trunci sympathici, the term ganglia intermedia is used to denote ganglia on the rami communicantes and certain ganglia on the trunks in the rami interganglionares between the other ganglia-namely the ganglion cervicale superius, ganglion cervicale medium, ganglion cervicothoracicum (s.