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Chapter 4. Experimental Pollinations Within and Between Members of the Drosera Peltata Complex (Droseraceae)
Chapter 4. Experimental pollinations within and between members of the Drosera peltata complex (Droseraceae) 4.1 Introduction The study of plant breeding systems has taxonomic and evolutionary implications. Inter-taxon compatibility, measured by seed set following cross pollinations, has been used to define taxon limits. Individuals that are cross compatible and produce fertile offspring are considered to be conspecific, or belong to the same species, whereas those that do not are considered separate species. This is known as the biological species concept (Mayr and Ashlock 1991~ Mayr 1993). The phylogenetic species concept approach also defines taxa by their gene flow, and estimates evolutionary relationships between entities. It is considered that unimpeded gene flow occurs within species, but that reproductive barriers prevent gene flow between species (Mayr 1993). The nature and extent of these reproductive barriers are considered to be commensurate in scale to the evolutionary divergence between the taxa of interest (Nixon and Wheeler 1990). Reproductive isolation mechanisms may exist that prevent gene flow between indi vidual plants or plant populations. These mechanisms may operate prior to pollination, between pollination and fertilization or post-fertilisation (Levin 1971). For example, otherwise reproductively compatible taxa may grow allopatrically, or may be sympatric but with non-overlapping flowering seasons, which prevents gene flow. Sympatlic congeners may also have floral morphologies that allows access by some pollinators but not others, preventing heterospecific pollen transfer. Prezygotic reproductive barriers prevent heterospecific pollen from germinating on the stigmas, or chemically inhibit pollen tube growth in the style. Postzygotic reproductive barriers may occur so that hybrid zygotes fail to develop. -
Status of Insectivorous Plants in Northeast India
Technical Refereed Contribution Status of insectivorous plants in northeast India Praveen Kumar Verma • Shifting Cultivation Division • Rain Forest Research Institute • Sotai Ali • Deovan • Post Box # 136 • Jorhat 785 001 (Assam) • India • [email protected] Jan Schlauer • Zwischenstr. 11 • 60594 Frankfurt/Main • Germany • [email protected] Krishna Kumar Rawat • CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute • Rana Pratap Marg • Lucknow -226 001 (U.P) • India Krishna Giri • Shifting Cultivation Division • Rain Forest Research Institute • Sotai Ali • Deovan • Post Box #136 • Jorhat 785 001 (Assam) • India Keywords: Biogeography, India, diversity, Red List data. Introduction There are approximately 700 identified species of carnivorous plants placed in 15 genera of nine families of dicotyledonous plants (Albert et al. 1992; Ellison & Gotellli 2001; Fleischmann 2012; Rice 2006) (Table 1). In India, a total of five genera of carnivorous plants are reported with 44 species; viz. Utricularia (38 species), Drosera (3), Nepenthes (1), Pinguicula (1), and Aldrovanda (1) (Santapau & Henry 1976; Anonymous 1988; Singh & Sanjappa 2011; Zaman et al. 2011; Kamble et al. 2012). Inter- estingly, northeastern India is the home of all five insectivorous genera, namely Nepenthes (com- monly known as tropical pitcher plant), Drosera (sundew), Utricularia (bladderwort), Aldrovanda (waterwheel plant), and Pinguicula (butterwort) with a total of 21 species. The area also hosts the “ancestral false carnivorous” plant Plumbago zelayanica, often known as murderous plant. Climate Lowland to mid-altitude areas are characterized by subtropical climate (Table 2) with maximum temperatures and maximum precipitation (monsoon) in summer, i.e., May to September (in some places the highest temperatures are reached already in April), and average temperatures usually not dropping below 0°C in winter. -
Quite a Few Reasons for Calling Carnivores 'The Most Wonderful
Annals of Botany 109: 47–64, 2012 doi:10.1093/aob/mcr249, available online at www.aob.oxfordjournals.org REVIEW Quite a few reasons for calling carnivores ‘the most wonderful plants in the world’ Elz˙bieta Kro´l1,*,†, Bartosz J. Płachno2,†, Lubomı´r Adamec3, Maria Stolarz1, Halina Dziubin´ska1 and Kazimierz Tre˛bacz1 1Department of Biophysics, Institute of Biology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland, 2Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Jagiellonian University, Grodzka 52, 31-044 Cracow, Poland and 3Institute of Botany AS CR, Dukelska´ 135, 37982 Trˇebonˇ, Czech Republic †These authors contributed equally to this work. * For correspondence. E-mail [email protected] Received: 30 May 2011 Returned for revision: 28 June 2011 Accepted: 8 August 2011 Published electronically: 21 September 2011 Downloaded from † Background A plant is considered carnivorous if it receives any noticeable benefit from catching small animals. The morphological and physiological adaptations to carnivorous existence is most complex in plants, thanks to which carnivorous plants have been cited by Darwin as ‘the most wonderful plants in the world’. When considering the range of these adaptations, one realizes that the carnivory is a result of a multitude of different features. † Scope This review discusses a selection of relevant articles, culled from a wide array of research topics on plant carnivory, and focuses in particular on physiological processes associated with active trapping and digestion of http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/ prey. Carnivory offers the plants special advantages in habitats where nutrient supply is scarce. Counterbalancing costs are the investments in synthesis and the maintenance of trapping organs and hydrolysing enzymes. -
Carnivorous Plant Responses to Resource Availability
Carnivorous plant responses to resource availability: environmental interactions, morphology and biochemistry Christopher R. Hatcher A doctoral thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of requirements for the award of Doctor of Philosophy of Loughborough University November 2019 © by Christopher R. Hatcher (2019) Abstract Understanding how organisms respond to resources available in the environment is a fundamental goal of ecology. Resource availability controls ecological processes at all levels of organisation, from molecular characteristics of individuals to community and biosphere. Climate change and other anthropogenically driven factors are altering environmental resource availability, and likely affects ecology at all levels of organisation. It is critical, therefore, to understand the ecological impact of environmental variation at a range of spatial and temporal scales. Consequently, I bring physiological, ecological, biochemical and evolutionary research together to determine how plants respond to resource availability. In this thesis I have measured the effects of resource availability on phenotypic plasticity, intraspecific trait variation and metabolic responses of carnivorous sundew plants. Carnivorous plants are interesting model systems for a range of evolutionary and ecological questions because of their specific adaptations to attaining nutrients. They can, therefore, provide interesting perspectives on existing questions, in this case trait-environment interactions, plant strategies and plant responses to predicted future environmental scenarios. In a manipulative experiment, I measured the phenotypic plasticity of naturally shaded Drosera rotundifolia in response to disturbance mediated changes in light availability over successive growing seasons. Following selective disturbance, D. rotundifolia became more carnivorous by increasing the number of trichomes and trichome density. These plants derived more N from prey and flowered earlier. -
Florida Council of Bromeliad Societies, Inc
Florida Council of Bromeliad Societies, Inc. In This Issue: 2007 Shows and Sales Cold Hardy Bromeliads List Vol. 27 Issue 1 February 2007 FCBS Affiliated Societies and Representatives B. Guild Tampa Bay Caloosahatchee Tom Wolfe Vicky Chirnside 5211 Lake LeClare Road 951 Southland Road Lutz 33558 Venice 34293 813-961-1475 941-493-5825 [email protected] [email protected] Bob Teems Tom Foley 813-855-0938 239-458-4656 Broward County Fl. East Coast Jose Donayre Calandra Thurrott 1240 Jefferson St. 713 Breckenridge Drive Hollywood 33019-1807 Port Orange 32127 954-925-5112 386-761-4804 Jcadonayre @bellsouth.net [email protected] Colleen Hendrix Carolyn Schoenau 954-530-0076 352-372-6589 Central Florida F. West Coast Betsy McCrory Linda Sheetz 3615 Boggy Creek Rd. 1153 Williams Dr. S Kissimmee 34744 St. Petersburg 33705 407-348-2139 727-864-3165 [email protected] [email protected] Butch Force Brian Corey 407-886-4814 727-864-3165 South Florida Gainesville Juan Espinosa-Almodovar Al Muzzell P.O. Box 430722 P.O. Box 14442 Miami 33243 Gainesville 32604 305-667-6155 352-372-4576 [email protected] John R. Moxley Michael Michalski 352-528-0783 305-279-2416 (Continued on the inside back cover.) 2007 Bromeliad Extravaganza Presented by Florida Council of Bromeliad Societies Hosted by the Bromeliad Society of Broward County Saturday, September 29, 2007 at the Hilton Ft. Lauderdale Airport Hotel 1870 Griffin Rd. Dania Beach, FL 33004 954-920-3300 954-920-3348 (fax) Room rates: Single or double $89.00 Rates in effect until September 14, 2007 Sale, Banquet, Raffle and Rare Plant Auction will take place at the same location. -
12. Plantas Y Líquenes Del Parque Nacional Natural De La Serranía De
PLANTAS Y LÍQUENES DEL PARQUE NACIONAL NATURAL SERRANÍA DE CHIRIBIQUETE, COLOMBIA Dairon Cárdenas1*1*,, MaríaMaría FernandaFernanda GonzálezGonzález12 ,, NóridaNórida MarínMarín11 y Sonia Sua11,, JulioJulio BetancurBetancur2 RESUMEN principales de formaciones vegetales registrados para la Guayana: bosques, matorrales, praderas o Se presenta el inventario de las plantas y los pastizales y la vegetación pionera sobre roca dura. líquenes del Parque Nacional Natural Serranía de En los afloramientos rocosos predominan especies Chiribiquete (PNNSCh), obtenido a través de como: Abolboda spp., Acanthella sprucei, Bonnetia información de herbarios y exploraciones de campo. sessilis, Calliandra vaupesiana, Clusia spp., Cyrilla Chiribiquete es el área protegida más grande de racemiflora, Decagonocarpus oppositifolius, Drosera Colombia, pertenece a la formación Guayana, esmeraldae, Euphronia hirtelloides, Gongylolepis tiene altitudes entre 200 y 800 metros y representa una gran meseta tectónica fraccionada por erosión martiana, Hevea nitida, Molongum lucidum, hídrica y disectada en numerosas mesas (tepuyes). Navia spp., Ochthocosmus berryi, Monotrema aemu- Se registraron 2,138 especies que corresponden lans, Pachira coriacea, Parahancornia surrogata, al 7.6 % de las encontradas en Colombia y al 66.5 Senefelderopsis chiribiquetensis, Steyerbromelia % de las de la región amazónica. Las familias con garcia-barrigae, Styrax rigidifolius, Tepuianthus más especies fueron: Fabaceae (184), Rubiaceae savannensis, Utricularia spp., Vellozia tubiflora (167) -
Carnivorous Plant Newsletter Vol 48 No 3 September 2019
Growing Drosera murfetii Mark S. Anderson • Vancouver • Washington • USA • [email protected] In the few years since Drosera murfetii has become separated from Drosera arcturi as a new species it has become available to growers, though it is certainly not available everywhere. I feel it is sufficiently unusual and interesting to deserve a place in many carnivorous plant collections. I began growing this species several years ago when a generous group of friends gave me a plant, along with an implied “Good luck!” since little was known about its culture. Here are some of my experiences and thoughts about keeping this fascinating species alive and, maybe, thriving. Drosera murfetii is an odd-ball among sundews (Back Cover). With its strange simple-looking leaves with tentacled ends D. murfetii looks like nothing else, other than D. arcturi. It has been called D. arcturi “giant form” before it was given species status. The leaves are spear-shaped with a pro- nounced mid-rib and are sometimes completely without tentacles (Fig. 1). They have a ‘v’-shaped cross section, the two longitudinal sides separating as the leaf develops. Not very sundew- like. What is very much as you would expect is the tentacles. These grow along the upper surface of the leaf from 1/3 to 2/3 of the length farthest from the main plant and extending to the tip. Another strange thing about this species is the tentacles along the edges generally bend around the leaf to the back side of it. An adaptation al- Figure 1: Drosera murfetii. lowing the plant to catch insects crawl- ing up or landing on this side of the leaf? Drosera murfetii plants generally will have fewer leaves than are common with other Drosera and plants with only one leaf, or none, are not uncommon. -
Australian Carnivorous Plants N
AUSTRALIAN NATURAL HISTORY International Standard Serial Number: 0004-9840 1. Australian Carnivorous Plants N. S. LANDER 6. With a Thousand Sea Lions JUDITH E. KING and on the Auckland Islands BASIL J . MAR LOW 12. How Many Australians? W. D. BORRIE 17. Australia's Rainforest Pigeons F. H. J. CROME 22. Salt-M aking Among the Baruya WILLIAM C. CLARKE People of Papua New Guinea and IAN HUGHES 25. The Case for a Bush Garden JEAN WALKER 28. "From Greenland's Icy Mountains . .... ALEX RITCHIE F RO NT COVER . 36. Books Shown w1th its insect prey is Drosera spathulata. a Sundew common 1n swampy or damp places on the east coast of Australia between the Great Div1d1ng Range and the AUSTRALIAN NATURAL HISTORY 1s published quarterly by The sea. and occasionally Australian Museum. 6-8 College Street. Sydney found 1n wet heaths in Director Editorial Committee Managing Ed 1tor Tasman1a This species F H. TALBOT Ph 0. F.L S. HAROLD G COGGER PETER F COLLIS of carnivorous plant also occurs throughout MICHAEL GRAY Asia and 1n the Philip KINGSLEY GREGG pines. Borneo and New PATRICIA M McDONALD Zealand (Photo S Jacobs) See the an1cle on Australian car ntvorous plants on page 1 Subscrtpttons by cheque or money order - payable to The Australian M useum - should be sent to The Secretary, The Australian Museum. P.O. Box 285. Sydney South 2000 Annual Subscription S2 50 posted S1nglc copy 50c (62c posted) jJ ___ AUSTRALIAN CARNIVOROUS PLANTS By N . S.LANDER Over the last 100 years a certain on ly one. -
An Alphabetical List of Bromeliad Binomials
AN ALPHABETICAL LIST OF BROMELIAD BINOMIALS Compiled by HARRY E. LUTHER The Marie Selby Botanical Gardens Sarasota, Florida, USA ELEVENTH EDITION Published by the Bromeliad Society International June 2008 ii INTRODUCTION TO EDITION XI This list is presented as a spelling guide for validly published taxa accepted at the Bromeliad Identification Center. The list contains the following information: 1) Genus number (the left-hand number) based on the systematic sequence published in the Smith & Downs monograph: Bromeliaceae (Flora Neotropica, number 14, parts 1-3; 1974, 1977, 1979). Whole numbers are as published in the monograph. 2) Species number (the second number) according to its systematic position in the monograph. Note: Taxa not included in the monograph or that have been reclassified have been assigned numbers to reflect their systematic position within the Smith & Downs framework (e.g., taxon 14.1 is related to taxon 14). The utility of this method is that one may assume for example that Tillandsia comarapaensis (150.2) is related to T. didisticha (150) and therefore may have certain horticultural qualities in common with that species. 3) Genus and species names follow the respective numbers. 4) Subspecific taxa (subspecies, varieties, forms) names are indented below the species names. Note: Variety "a" (the type variety) is not listed unless it contains a form (see Aechmea caudata ). Similarly, the type form is not listed. 5) Author name follows the specific and subspecific names. These names are included for the convenience of specialist users of the list. This list does not contain publication data or synonymy, as it is not our intent for it to be a technical nomenclatural guide. -
Floral Micromorphology and Nectar Composition of the Early Evolutionary Lineage Utricularia (Subgenus Polypompholyx, Lentibulariaceae)
Protoplasma https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-019-01401-2 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Floral micromorphology and nectar composition of the early evolutionary lineage Utricularia (subgenus Polypompholyx, Lentibulariaceae) Bartosz J. Płachno1 & Małgorzata Stpiczyńska 2 & Piotr Świątek3 & Hans Lambers4 & Gregory R. Cawthray4 & Francis J. Nge5 & Saura R. Silva6 & Vitor F. O. Miranda6 Received: 1 April 2019 /Accepted: 4 June 2019 # The Author(s) 2019 Abstract Utricularia (Lentibulariaceae) is a genus comprising around 240 species of herbaceous, carnivorous plants. Utricularia is usually viewed as an insect-pollinated genus, with the exception of a few bird-pollinated species. The bladderworts Utricularia multifida and U. tenella are interesting species because they represent an early evolutionary Utricularia branch and have some unusual morphological characters in their traps and calyx. Thus, our aims were to (i) determine whether the nectar sugar concentrations andcompositioninU. multifida and U. tenella are similar to those of other Utricularia species from the subgenera Polypompholyx and Utricularia, (ii) compare the nectary structure of U. multifida and U. tenella with those of other Utricularia species, and (iii) determine whether U. multifida and U. tenella use some of their floral trichomes as an alternative food reward for pollinators. We used light microscopy, histochemistry, and scanning and transmission electron microscopy to address those aims. The concentration and composition of nectar sugars were analysed using high-performance liquid chroma- tography. In all of the examined species, the floral nectary consisted of a spur bearing glandular trichomes. The spur produced and stored the nectar. We detected hexose-dominated (fructose + glucose) nectar in U. multifida and U. tenella as well as in U. -
Brocchinia Reducta Light Preferences
BROCCHINIA REDUCTA LIGHT PREFERENCES BARRY RICE • P.O. Box 72741 • Davis, CA 95617 • USA • [email protected] Keywords: cultivation: Brocchinia reducta, lighting. Brocchinia reducta is one of those species of plants that has, at best, mixed support by carnivorous plant growers. The plant’s problem is that it is usually relegated to the ranks of semi- carnivory, or even noncarnivory. This is because it apparently does not produce its own digestive enzymes, nor does it seem particularly specialized for capturing insects. In fact, most photographs of the plant in cultivation show that it looks like a fairly unimpressive, urn-shaped bromeliad (see Figures 1, 2). I have grown this plant for nearly a decade, and agree that in most settings it is indeed a rather boring bromeliad. I do not even maintain plants in my own collection, instead I grow the plants at the University of California (Davis) collections. It is trivial to grow—it does not seem to care too much about the soil medium, and keeping it in a 1:1:1 sand:perlite:peat mix or 3:1 perlite:sphagnum mix and temperatures anywhere in the range 15-35ºC (60-95ºF) works just fine. I provide the plants with purified water, which I pour directly into the pitcher urn. I do not fertilize them. Typically a plant matures within a few years, produces an inflorescence, and then dies. As it rots away, two or more new shoots emerge from the plant—these are called pups by bromeli- ad growers—and they can be separated when the parent plant rots away. -
TREE November 2001.Qxd
Review TRENDS in Ecology & Evolution Vol.16 No.11 November 2001 623 Evolutionary ecology of carnivorous plants Aaron M. Ellison and Nicholas J. Gotelli After more than a century of being regarded as botanical oddities, carnivorous populations, elucidating how changes in fitness affect plants have emerged as model systems that are appropriate for addressing a population dynamics. As with other groups of plants, wide array of ecological and evolutionary questions. Now that reliable such as mangroves7 and alpine plants8 that exhibit molecular phylogenies are available for many carnivorous plants, they can be broad evolutionary convergence because of strong used to study convergences and divergences in ecophysiology and life-history selection in stressful habitats, detailed investigations strategies. Cost–benefit models and demographic analysis can provide insight of carnivorous plants at multiple biological scales can into the selective forces promoting carnivory. Important areas for future illustrate clearly the importance of ecological research include the assessment of the interaction between nutrient processes in determining evolutionary patterns. availability and drought tolerance among carnivorous plants, as well as measurements of spatial and temporal variability in microhabitat Phylogenetic diversity among carnivorous plants characteristics that might constrain plant growth and fitness. In addition to Phylogenetic relationships among carnivorous plants addressing evolutionary convergence, such studies must take into account have been obscured by reliance on morphological the evolutionary diversity of carnivorous plants and their wide variety of life characters1 that show a high degree of similarity and forms and habitats. Finally, carnivorous plants have suffered from historical evolutionary convergence among carnivorous taxa9 overcollection, and their habitats are vanishing rapidly.