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Notes and References Notes and References Notes to the Introduction 1. A. Nove, Glasnost in Action: Cultural Renaissance in Russia (London, 1989). 2. V. Shentalinskii, meeting at St Antony's College, Oxford, October 1990. For a similar view, see T. Ivanova, 'Kto chem riskuet?', Ogonek, no. 24 (11-18 June 1988), p. 12. 3. For Tolstoi's view, see I. Berlin, 'The Hedgehog and the Fox', in Berlin (ed.), Russian Thinkers (London, 1978), p. 30. 4. This phrase was used by the literary scholar A. Lur' e at a lecture at the Central Lecture Theatre, Leningrad, spring 1991. 5. Nove, op. cit.; R. W. Davies, Soviet History in the Gorbachev Revolu­ tion (London, 1989). 6. J. Graffy, 'The Literary Press', in J. Graffy and G. Hosking (eds), Cul­ ture and the Media in the USSR Today (Basingstoke and London, 1989), pp. 107-57; D. Brown, 'Literature and Perestroika', Michigan Quarterly Review, vol. 28, no. 4 (Fall 1989). 7. H. Goscilo, 'Introduction: A Nation in Search of its Authors', in H. Goscilo and B. Lindsey (eds), Glasnost: An Anthology of Russian Literature under Gorbachev (Ann Arbor, 1990), p. xv. 8. V. Erofeyev, 'Pominki po sovetskoi literature', Aprel', no. I (1991), pp. 274-82. 9. R. Marsh, Soviet Fiction since Stalin: Science, Politics and Literature (London and Sydney, 1986). 10. Davies, Soviet History; S. Wheatcroft, 'Unleashing the Energy of His­ tory', ASEES, vol. 1, no. I (1987), pp. 85-132, and his 'Steadying the Energy of History', ASEES, vol. 1, no. 2 ( 1987), pp. 57-114. 11. P. Broue, 'Gorbachev and History', in S. White (ed.), New Directions in Soviet History (Cambridge, 1992), pp. 3-23; J. Shapiro, 'The Perestroika of Soviet History', Slovo, vol. 2, no. 1 (May 1989), pp. 5-13; Shapiro, 'The Prophet Returned?', Revolutionary History, vol. 2, no. 1 (summer 1989), pp. 54-6; J. Scherrer, 'History Reclaimed', in A. Brumberg (ed.), Chronicle of a Revolution (NY, 1990), pp. 90-107; R. W. Davies, 'His­ tory and Perestroika', in E. A. Rees (ed.), The Soviet Communist Party in Disarray: The XXVIII Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (London, 1991), pp. 119-147; the collection of essays in 'Perestroika, Current Trends and Soviet History', Survey, vol. 30, no. 4 (June 1990). 12. Nove, op. cit., pp. 15-102; W. Laqueur, The Long Road to Freedom: Russia and Glasnost (Boston and London, 1989), pp. 48-77. 13. Graffy, 'The Literary Press'; J. Graffy, 'The Arts', in M. McCauley (ed.), Gorbachev and Perestroika (London, 1990), pp. 70-102; R. Marsh, 'Glasnost and Russian Literature', ASEES, vol. 6, no. 2 (1992), pp. 21-39. 14. N. N. Shneidman, Soviet Literature in the 1980s: Decade of Transition 220 Notes and References 221 (Toronto, 1989); R. Pittman, 'Perestroika and Soviet Cultural Politics: The Case of the Major Literary Journals', Soviet Studies, vol. 42, no. 2 (January 1990), pp. 111-132. 15. Goscilo and Lindsey, op. cit. 16. R. Marsh, Images of Dictatorship: Stalin in Literature (London and NY. 1989), pp. 70-102. 17. D. Brown, The Last Years of Soviet Russian Literature: Prose Fiction 1975-9I (Cambridge, 1993). 18. On the lesser importance of poetry in relation to prose and publitsistika, see A. Shaitanov, 'Teper' tebe ne do stikhov ... ',in V. Okhotskii and E. Shklovskii (comp.), Vzglyad: kritika, polemika, publikatsii (M., 1991 ), pp. 127-140. 19. For a study of film in the Gorbachev era, see A. Lawton, Kinoglasnost: Soviet Cinema in Our Time (Cambridge, 1992). Notes to Chapter 1 The Background: History and Literature in Contemporary Russia I. Yu. Afanas'ev, 'Perestroika i istoricheskoe znanie', in Afanas'ev (ed.), Inogo ne dano (M., 1988), p. 498 (first published LR, 17 June 1988). On Soviet history before perestroika, see R. W. Davies, Soviet History in the Gorbachev Revolution (Basingstoke and London, 1989), pp. 1-6. 2. See, for example, Yu. Afanas'ev, SK (21 March 1987); P. Volobuev, VI KPSS, no. 7 (1987), pp. 137-52; E. Ambartsumov, VI, no. 6 (1988), pp. 82-4. 3. See A. Nekrich, 'Perestroika in History: the First Stage', Survey, vol. 30, no. 4 (June 1989), pp. 27-32; T. Zaslavskaya, '0 strategii sotsial'nogo upravleniya perestroiki', in Inogo ne dano, p. 29. 4. S. Wheatcroft, 'Unleashing the Energy of History', ASEES, vol. I, no. I ( 1987), pp. 85-6. 5. G. Svirski, A History of Post-war Soviet Writing: The Literature of Moral Opposition, trans. and ed. R. Dessaix and M. Ulman (Ann Arbor, 1981 ); D. Spechler, Permitted Dissent in the USSR: Novy Mir and the Soviet Regime (NY, 1982); G. Hosking, Beyond Socialist Realism: Soviet Fic­ tion since Ivan Denisovich (London, 1980). In the 1970s the second section of LG to some extent continued where Tvardovskii's NM broke off. 6. Yu. Trifonov, Dom na naberezhnoi, DN, no. I (1976). 7. M. Shatrov, LG (8 May 1988) relates that Academician A. Egorov, then Director of the Institute of Marxism-Leninism, wrote to Andropov on 27 January 1982 in his capacity as head of the KGB, recommending that the play should be removed from the repertoire of the Moscow Arts Theatre. 8. D. Docter and L. Branson, Gorbachev: Heretic in the Kremlin (NY, 1990), p. 17. 9. The image of the mankurt was frequently used by critics and publicists in the Gorbachev era as a symbol of the collective loss of memory of 222 Notes and References the Soviet people: see, for example, G. Volkov, SK (4 July 1987). How­ ever, L. Heller, 'Restructuring literary memory', Survey, vol. 30, no. 4 (June 1989), p. 65 argues that this is an unsatisfactory image, as Soviet people themselves, rather than some external enemy, destroyed their own historical memory. I 0. R. Marsh, Soviet Fiction since Stalin (London, 1986), pp. 15-16, 20. II. R. Marsh, Images of Dictatorship (London and NY, 1989), pp. 108-134. 12. A. Sakharov, 'Progress, Coexistence and Intellectual Freedom' ( 1968), in H. Salisbury (ed.), Sakharov Speaks (NY, 1974). 13. A. Solzhenitsyn et al., From under the Rubble, trans. by A. M. Brock, M. Haigh, M. Sapiets, H. Sternberg and H. Willetts (London, 1975). 14. R. Sakwa, Gorbachev and his Reforms, 1985-1990 (London, 1990), pp. 8-11, 65-82. I am grateful to Archie Brown for an interpretation based on his article in A. Brown, M. Kaser and G. S. Smith (eds), Cambridge Encyclopaedia of Russia and the Former Soviet Union (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 127-43. 15. K. Chernenko, 'Utverzhdat' pravdu zhizni, vysokie idealy sotsializma', lzvestiya, 26 September 1984, pp. 1-2; discussed by J. and C. Garrard, Inside the Soviet Writers' Union (London and New York, 1990); J. Wishnevsky, 'Aleksandr Yakovlev and the Cultural "Thaw'", Radio Free Europe/RL Research Bulletin, 6 (5 February 1987), Article no. 51, p. 2; R. Pittman, 'Writers and Politics in the Gorbachev Era', So­ viet Studies, vol. 44, no. 4 (1992), pp. 666-7. 16. Sovershenstvovanie razvitogo sotsializma i ideologicheskaya rabota partii v svete reshenii iyun' skogo (1983 g.) plenuma TsK KPSS (M., 1985), pp. 30-1. 17. Pravda (12 March 1985); see also Gorbachev's speech at the Central Committee Plenum, Pravda (24 April 1985). 18. For the origin of the term, see B. Orlov, 'Bespredel, iii chto zhe vy, muzhiki ?', LG (12 February 1992), p. II. 19. Wheatcroft, 'Unleashing .. .', p. 85; see below, p. 32. 20. Evtushenko made an important contribution to Khrushchev's de­ Stalinization campaign with his poem Nasledniki Stalina, Pravda (21 October 1962), published with Khrushchev's personal permission. In the Brezhnev era, Evtushenko resorted to safer themes in order to re­ gain his former privileges, a stance which earned him the scathing epi­ thet of 'party poet' from Russian dissidents in the 1970s. This remark was made to me in 1974 by a religious dissident, Alexander Ogorodnikov, and was the general view in the dissident circle around the Russian nationalist journal Veche. Western critics also expressed a similar view: Ronald Hingley, in Russian Writers and Soviet Society (London, 1979), p. 233 calls Evtushenko a 'licensed liberal'. 21. On Karpov, see N. Condee and V. Padunov, 'The Outposts of Official Art: Recharting Soviet Cultural History', Framework, no. 34 (1937) p. 91; NM, no. 5 (1982). 22. For a detailed account, seeM. Walker, The Waking Giant: Gorbachev's Russia (NY, 1986), p. 195. 23. E. Evtushenko, Fukui, NM, no. 9 (1985). Evtushenko, who has always been acutely attuned to changes in official policy, made an outspoken Notes and References 223 speech demanding intellectual freedom and an end to censorship at the RSFSR Writers' Union in December 1985: LG, no. 51 (1988), pub­ lished only a partial account; a full version was published in The New York Times (18 December 1985). 24. J. and C. Garrard, op. cit., pp. 195-6. 25. M. Zakharov, 'Applodismenty ne delyatsya', LG (31 July 1985); see also a later article by Zakharov, 'Provodim eksperiment?'. LG (II June 1986), which states that several Moscow theatres would be operating an experimental programme in 1987. 26. Pravda (26 February 1986). 27. Materialv samizdata, Arkhiv samizdata, pp. 1-3. 28. For further discussion, see D. Gillespie, 'Art, Politics and Glasnost': The Eighth Soviet Writers' Congress and Soviet Literature. 1986-7'. in M. Scriven and D. Tate (eds), European Socialist Realism (Oxford. 1988). pp. 149-70. 29. On Yakovlev. see A. Yakovlev, 'Protiv antiistorizma'. LG (15 Novem­ ber 1972); R. Pittman, 'Perestroika and Soviet Cultural Politics: The Case of the Major Literary Journals', Soviet Studies, vol. 42, no. I (January 1990). pp. 113-14; for the events of 1970, see Marsh, Soviet Fiction, p. 16. 30. Pittman, 'Perestroika ... ', pp. 113-14; Wishnevsky, 'Aleksandr Yakovlev ... ', pp. 1-4. 31. 'Soveshchanie v TsK KPSS', speech by A.
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