HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA REVIEW OF 2018 Amnesty International is a global movement of more than 7 million people who campaign for a world where human rights are enjoyed by all. Our vision is for every person to enjoy all the rights enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other international human rights standards. We are independent of any government, political ideology, economic interest or religion and are funded mainly by our membership and public donations.
© Amnesty International 2019 Cover photo: Except where otherwise noted, content in this document is licensed Palestinians run for cover from tear gas during under a Creative Commons (attribution, non-commercial, no derivatives, clashes with Israeli security forces near the border international 4.0) licence. fence between Israel and the Gaza Strip, east of https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode Jabalia, on 14 May 2018, as Palestinians protest For more information please visit the permissions page on our website: over the inauguration of the US embassy following www.amnesty.org its controversial move to Jerusalem. Where material is attributed to a copyright owner other than Amnesty © Mohammed Abed / AFP / Getty Images International this material is not subject to the Creative Commons licence.
First published in 2019 by Amnesty International Ltd Peter Benenson House, 1 Easton Street, London WC1X 0DW, UK
Index: MDE 01/9433/2019 Original language: English amnesty.org HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA REVIEW OF 2018 CONTENTS
REGIONAL OVERVIEW 5
ALGERIA 13
BAHRAIN 16
EGYPT 19
IRAN 23
IRAQ 27
ISRAEL AND THE OCCUPIED PALESTINIAN TERRITORIES 30
JORDAN 34
KUWAIT 37
LEBANON 39
LIBYA 42
MOROCCO/WESTERN SAHARA 46
OMAN 49
PALESTINE (STATE OF) 51
QATAR 54
SAUDI ARABIA 56
SYRIA 60
TUNISIA 64
UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 67
YEMEN 69
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HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA REVIEW OF 2018 Amnesty International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pUGZWCNKPVGTEQWTUGEQPVTCT[VQPCVWTGq +P6WPKUKCCEEQTFKPIVQCNQECNPQP IQXGTPOGPVCNQTICPK\CVKQP 0)1 RQNKEGCTTGUVGFCVNGCUVKPFKXKFWCNU KPTGNCVKQPVQVJGKTRGTEGKXGFUGZWCN QTKGPVCVKQPQTIGPFGTKFGPVKV[QH YJQOYGTGNCVGTEQPXKEVGFQHEJCTIGU TGNCVGFVQGPICIKPIKPEQPUGPUWCNUCOG UGZUGZWCNTGNCVKQPU6JG[CNUQUWDLGEVGF OGPCEEWUGFQHUWEJTGNCVKQPUVQHQTEGF CPCNGZCOKPCVKQPUKPXKQNCVKQPQHVJG RTQJKDKVKQPQHVQTVWTGCPFQVJGTKNN VTGCVOGPV
+P'I[RVVJGCWVJQTKVKGUFGVCKPGFCV NGCUVOGPHQTpRWDNKEKPFGEGPE[qQT pJCDKVWCNFGDCWEJGT[qQPVJGDCUKUQH VJGKTTGCNQTRGTEGKXGFUGZWCNQTKGPVCVKQP CPFIGPFGTKFGPVKV[2CNGUVKPKCPUGEWTKV[ HQTEGUKPVJG9GUV$CPMCTDKVTCTKN[ CTTGUVGFCPFKNNVTGCVGFƂXG.)$6+ CEVKXKUVUCEEQTFKPIVQCNQECN0)1
+P1OCPUCOGUGZUGZWCNTGNCVKQPU EQPVKPWGFVQDGETKOKPCNK\GFWPFGTVJG PGYRGPCNEQFGKUUWGFKP
ARMED CONFLICT
ARMED HOSTILITIES +P.KD[C5[TKCCPF;GOGPVJGEQPƃKEVUo OWNVKRNGCEVQTUEQPVKPWGFVQEQOOKV YCTETKOGUCPFQVJGTUGTKQWUXKQNCVKQPU QHKPVGTPCVKQPCNJWOCPKVCTKCPNCY Destroyed buildings in the city of Raqqa, Syria, 15 February 2018. © Amnesty International
HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA 8 REVIEW OF 2018 Amnesty International INTERNALLY DISPLACED PEOPLE 6CYGTIJCHQNNQYKPICPQHƂEKCNFGETGGDWV HCEKNKVCVGFDKTVJTGIKUVTCVKQPHQTVJGOCPF YGTGDNQEMGFD[CTOGFITQWRU#ECOR ,QTFCPYJGTGCPQHƂEKCNECORCKIPYCU +P+TCSCNOQUVOKNNKQPRGQRNGTGOCKPGF JQWUKPIQXGT6CYGTIJCPHCOKNKGU NCWPEJGFVQTGEVKH[VJGUVCVWUQHVJQUG FKURNCEGF(COKNKGUYKVJRGTEGKXGFVKGU YCUCVVCEMGFD[COKNKVKCTGUWNVKPIKP NKXKPIKPHQTOCNN[KPWTDCPCTGCU*QYGXGT VQVJGCTOGFITQWRECNNKPIKVUGNH+UNCOKE VJGHQTEGFGXKEVKQPQHCTQWPF these were vastly overshadowed by the 5VCVG +5 YGTGTGIWNCTN[RTGXGPVGF internally displaced people. HTQOTGVWTPKPIVQVJGKTJQOGUQTRNCEGU RTGECTKQWUPCVWTGKPYJKEJVJGQXGT OKNNKQPTGHWIGGUCPFCU[NWOUGGMGTUHTQO QHQTKIKPCUCTGUWNVQHVJTGCVUHTQO +P5[TKCD[VJGGPFQHVJG[GCT 5[TKCHQWPFVJGOUGNXGU.GDCPQP,QTFCP PGKIJDQWTUVTKDCNCPFNQECNCWVJQTKVKGU OKNNKQPRGQRNGJCFDGGPKPVGTPCNN[ CPF+TCSKHQTEGU6JQUGYJQOCPCIGF CPF6WTMG[VJGEQWPVTKGUJQUVKPIOQUV FKURNCEGFUKPEGVJGUVCTVQHVJGETKUKU VQTGVWTPUCKFVJG[YGTGUWDLGEVGFVQ QHVJGTGHWIGGUEQPVKPWGFVQDNQEMVJG KP6JQWUCPFUNKXGFKPOCMGUJKHV HQTEGFFKURNCEGOGPVCPFQVJGTCDWUGU GPVT[QHPGYTGHWIGGU6JGCWVJQTKVKGU ECORUVJCVFKFPQVRTQXKFGCPCFGSWCVG (COKNKGURCTVKEWNCTN[VJQUGJGCFGFD[ UVCPFCTFQHNKXKPI9QOGPYJQUG KP.GDCPQPCPF6WTMG[UCKFVJCVQXGT YQOGPYGTGUVKIOCVK\GFCPFEQNNGEVKXGN[ JWUDCPFUQTHCVJGTUJCFDGGPMKNNGFQT TGHWIGGUTGVWTPGFVQ5[TKC RWPKUJGFHQTJCXKPIRGTEGKXGFNKPMUYKVJ IQPGOKUUKPIFWTKPIVJGEQPƃKEVHCEGF 6JGFKTGJWOCPKVCTKCPEQPFKVKQPUKP +5QYKPIVQHCEVQTUQWVUKFGVJGKTEQPVTQN UGTKQWUQDUVCENGUKPENCKOKPIVJGKT PGKIJDQWTKPIEQWPVTKGUsGZCEGTDCVGF +P+&2ECORUOCP[YGTGFGPKGFCEEGUU RTQRGTV[CUVJGFGGFUYGTGQHVGPKPVJG D[VJGNCEMQHJWOCPKVCTKCPCKFVJG VQHQQFYCVGTCPFJGCNVJECTG9QOGP PCOGQHVJGKTOCNGTGNCVKXGU/GCPYJKNG KPCDKNKV[QHTGHWIGGUVQƂPFLQDUCPF YKVJRGTEGKXGF+5VKGUYGTGUWDLGEVGF CPGYNCYVJTGCVGPGFVJGTKIJVUQHRGQRNG CFOKPKUVTCVKXGCPFƂPCPEKCNQDUVCENGU VQUGZWCNXKQNGPEGRTKOCTKN[D[CTOGF YJQNKXGFKPEGTVCKPKPHQTOCNUGVVNGOGPVU VQQDVCKPQTTGPGYTGUKFGPE[RGTOKVUs CEVQTUCHƂNKCVGFYKVJOKNKVCT[CPFUGEWTKV[ HQTEGUKPVJGECORU RWUJGFTGHWIGGUVQTGVWTP6JGPWODGT QHTGUGVVNGOGPVRNCEGUCPFQVJGTUCHG REFUGEES +P.KD[CVJQWUCPFUQH.KD[CPHCOKNKGU CPFNGICNTQWVGUHQTTGHWIGGUQHHGTGFD[ TGOCKPGFKPVGTPCNN[FKURNCEGF6CYGTIJCP 6JGTGYGTGCEQWRNGQHOKPQTRQUKVKXG 9GUVGTPCPFQVJGTUVCVGUHGNNHCTDGNQY HCOKNKGUKPVGTPCNN[FKURNCEGFUKPEG FGXGNQROGPVUTGNCVKPIVQ5[TKCPTGHWIGGU VJGPGGFUKFGPVKƂGFD[70*%4VJG70 CVVGORVGFVQTGVWTPVQVJGVQYPQH KP.GDCPQPYJGTGCIQXGTPOGPVOGCUWTG TGHWIGGCIGPE[
A residential building in the Faj Attan district of the Yemeni capital, Sana’a, on 21 September 2017. It was destroyed by an air strike that was carried out by the Saudi Arabia- led coalition on 25 August 2017, killing 16 civilians and injured 17 more. © Rawan Shaif
HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA 9 REVIEW OF 2018 Amnesty International KPNCYCPFRTCEVKEG+VITCPVGFHWNN TGIKUVTCVKQPVQQPN[QWVQHCNOQUV ACCOUNTABILITY AND MINORITIES EJWTEJGUCPFCUUQEKCVGFDWKNFKPIU TRANSITIONAL JUSTICE VJCVJCFCRRNKGFHQTKVWPFGTCPGYNCY VJCVTGSWKTGFCRRTQXCNUHTQOUGXGTCNUVCVG STATE PERSECUTION DQFKGUKPENWFKPIUGEWTKV[UGTXKEGU DEVELOPMENTS IN LEBANON AND 6JGTGYCUEQPVKPWKPIUVCVGRGTUGEWVKQP TUNISIA CICKPUVGVJPKECPFTGNKIKQWUOKPQTKVKGU KPVJGTGIKQP+P+TCPJWPFTGFUQH LEGISLATIVE CHANGES 5KIPKƂECPVFGXGNQROGPVUCKOGFCV #\GTDCKLCPK6WTMUCPF#JYC\K#TCDU +UTCGNRCUUGFCPGYNCYVJCVFGUETKDGF CFFTGUUKPIRCUVXKQNCVKQPUQEEWTTGFKP KPENWFKPIOKPQTKV[TKIJVUCEVKXKUVUYGTG VJG+UTCGNKUVCVGCUDGKPIQPN[HQTVJG .GDCPQPCPF6WPKUKC6JG.GDCPGUG arrested and detained in connection with ,GYKUJRGQRNGEQPƂTOKPIVJGUVCVWUQH RCTNKCOGPVRCUUGFCNCYETGCVKPIC RGCEGHWNEWNVWTCNICVJGTKPIUCPFRTQVGUVU VJGCNOQUVQPGƂHVJQHVJGRQRWNCVKQP PCVKQPCNEQOOKUUKQPVQKPXGUVKICVGVJG +P5CWFK#TCDKCVJGRWDNKERTQUGEWVKQP YJQCTG2CNGUVKPKCPEKVK\GPUQH+UTCGNCU YJGTGCDQWVUQHVJQWUCPFUQHRGTUQPU TGRGCVGFN[ECNNGFHQTVJGGZGEWVKQPQH UGEQPFENCUUEKVK\GPU YJQYGPVOKUUKPIQTYGTGHQTEKDN[ UGXGTCN5JKoCCEVKXKUVUQPEJCTIGUTGNCVGF FKUCRRGCTGFFWTKPIVJG VQVJGRGCEGHWNGZGTEKUGQHVJGKTTKIJVUVQ CTOGFEQPƃKEVKP.GDCPQP#UUQEKCVKQPU HTGGFQOQHGZRTGUUKQPCUUQEKCVKQPCPF ARMED GROUP ATTACKS QHHCOKNKGUQHVJGXKEVKOUEQPEGTPGF CUUGODN[+P#NIGTKCCWVJQTKVKGUJCTCUUGF CNQPIYKVJRCTVPGTQTICPK\CVKQPUJCF OGODGTUQHVJGOKPQTKV[#JOCFK #OQPIOCP[QVJGTCDWUGU+5ENCKOGF ECORCKIPGFHQTUWEJCFGXGNQROGPVHQT TGNKIKQWUOQXGOGPVUWDLGEVKPIFQ\GPUQH TGURQPUKDKNKV[HQTUWKEKFGDQODKPIUCPF QXGTVJTGGFGECFGU6WPKUKCYKVPGUUGF VJGOVQVTKCNQTKPXGUVKICVKQPCPFQTFGTGF QVJGTFGCFN[CVVCEMUVCTIGVKPI5JKoC VJGRCUUKPIQHCMG[OKNGUVQPGKPKVU VJGENQUWTGQHCVNGCUVGKIJVEJWTEJGU /WUNKOUKP+TCSCOCLQTKV[VJGTGDWV VTCPUKVKQPCNLWUVKEGRTQEGUU+VU6TWVJCPF QTQVJGTRNCEGUQH%JTKUVKCPYQTUJKR COKPQTKV[KPVJGTGIKQPCPF%QRVKE &KIPKV[%QOOKUUKQPƂPCNK\GFKVUYQTM +P'I[RVVJGIQXGTPOGPVEQPVKPWGFVQ %JTKUVKCPUKP'I[RVNGCFKPIVQVJGFGCVJU KPXGUVKICVKPIRCUVJWOCPTKIJVUXKQNCVKQPU TGUVTKEVVJGTKIJVQH%JTKUVKCPUVQYQTUJKR CPFKPLWT[QHFQ\GPUQHEKXKNKCPU FGURKVGCPCVVGORVD[VJGRCTNKCOGPV VQGPFKVUYQTMRTGOCVWTGN[+VUƂPCN TGRQTVKFGPVKƂGFKPFKXKFWCNUTGURQPUKDNG HQTITCXGJWOCPTKIJVUXKQNCVKQPUCPF VJGTGCUQPUWPFGTN[KPIITCXGXKQNCVKQPU CPFRTGUGPVGFTGEQOOGPFCVKQPUVQ GPUWTGVJGKTPQPTGEWTTGPEG+VTGHGTTGF ECUGUVQVTKCNDGHQTGURGEKCNK\GF ETKOKPCNEJCODGTU6JGUGKPENWFGF ECUGUQHGPHQTEGFFKUCRRGCTCPEGFGCVJ WPFGTVQTVWTGCPFMKNNKPIUQHRGCEGHWN protesters.
GENERALIZED IMPUNITY *QYGXGTVJGTGYCUIGPGTCNK\GFKORWPKV[ CETQUUVJGTGIKQPHQTDQVJRCUVCPF ongoing violations. To take one glaring GZCORNGVJCV#OPGUV[+PVGTPCVKQPCN JKIJNKIJVGFVJTQWIJKVUYQTM OCTMGFVJGVJCPPKXGTUCT[QHVJG GPHQTEGFFKUCRRGCTCPEGCPFUGETGV GZGEWVKQPQHVJQWUCPFUQHKORTKUQPGF RQNKVKECNFKUUKFGPVUKP+TCP&GURKVG VJGHCEVVJCVVJGUGCEVUCOQWPVGFVQ QPIQKPIETKOGUCICKPUVJWOCPKV[VJQUG TGURQPUKDNGJCFGXCFGFLWUVKEGCPFKP UQOGECUGUJCFJGNFQTEQPVKPWGFVQJQNF
RQYGTHWNRQUKVKQPUKP+TCPoUIQXGTPOGPV ;C\KFKUƃGGKPI/QWPV5KPLCT+TCSKP#WIWUVKPVJGYCMGQHCVVCEMUD[VJG+UNCOKE5VCVGCTOGFITQWR6JG CPFLWFKEKCT[ overwhelming majority of Yazidis remained displaced in 2018. © Amnesty International
HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA 10 REVIEW OF 2018 Amnesty International TRANSIT MIGRANTS LABOUR AND MIGRATION +PVJG/CIJTGDUWD5CJCTCPOKITCPVU HEALTH, WATER, SANITATION CUYGNNCUTGHWIGGUCPFCU[NWOUGGMGTU HCEGFCETCEMFQYP+P#NIGTKCVJG AND HOUSING MIGRANT LABOUR AND DOMESTIC CWVJQTKVKGUUWDLGEVGFVJQWUCPFUVQ WORKERS CTDKVTCT[FGVGPVKQPHQTEKDNGVTCPUHGTVQ WATER VJGHCTUQWVJQH#NIGTKCCPFGZRWNUKQP 6JGTGYGTGUQOGRQUKVKXGFGXGNQROGPVU VQPGKIJDQWTKPIEQWPVTKGU1XGT 4GUVTKEVKQPUQPCEEGUUVQYCVGTHQT CVCNGIKUNCVKXGNGXGNKP/QTQEEQ3CVCT PCVKQPCNUQH0KIGTCPFOQTG FTKPMKPICPFQVJGTJQWUGJQNFWUGKP CPFVJG7#'YKVJTGURGEVVQOKITCPV VJCPPCVKQPCNUHTQOQVJGTUWD OCTIKPCNK\GFEQOOWPKVKGUKP+TCP NCDQWTCPFQTFQOGUVKEYQTMGTUDWV 5CJCTCP#HTKECPEQWPVTKGUKPENWFKPI +TCSCPF6WPKUKCTCKUGFEQPEGTPUCDQWV OKITCPVYQTMGTUEQPVKPWGFVQHCEG TGIWNCTOKITCPVUTGHWIGGUCPFCU[NWO FKUETKOKPCVKQPCPFHWGNNGFRTQVGUVU+P GZRNQKVCVKQPKPVJGUGCPFQVJGTEQWPVTKGU UGGMGTUYGTGUWOOCTKN[GZRGNNGF +TCPVJQWUCPFUQHRGQRNGKP-JW\GUVCP KPENWFKPI$CJTCKP,QTFCP-WYCKV VQPGKIJDQWTKPI0KIGTCEEQTFKPIVQ RTQXKPEGRQRWNCVGFOQUVN[D[+TCPoU .GDCPQP1OCPCPF5CWFK#TCDKCKP KPVGTPCVKQPCNQTICPK\CVKQPUOQPKVQTKPI #JYC\K#TCDOKPQTKV[FGOQPUVTCVGF NCTIGRCTVFWGVQkafala URQPUQTUJKR VJGUKVWCVKQP+P/QTQEEQVJQWUCPFUQH CICKPUVYCVGTUJQTVCIGUCPFRQQTSWCNKV[ U[UVGOUYJKEJNKOKVGFVJGKTCDKNKV[VQ UWD5CJCTCPOKITCPVUKPENWFKPIEJKNFTGP YCVGTKPENWFKPIWPVTGCVGFYCVGTVJCVJCF GUECRGCDWUKXGYQTMKPIEQPFKVKQPU CPFRTGIPCPVYQOGPYGTGWPNCYHWNN[ NGFVQCTQWPFRGQRNGEQPVTCEVKPI CTTGUVGFCPFVTCPURQTVGFVQTGOQVGCTGCU KPVGUVKPCNKPHGEVKQPU+P+TCSVGPUQH +P/QTQEEQVJGRCTNKCOGPVRCUUGFC KPVJGUQWVJQHVJGEQWPVT[QTENQUGVQVJG VJQWUCPFUQHTGUKFGPVUKPVJGUQWVJGTP PGYNCYQPFQOGUVKEYQTMGTUGPVKVNKPI Algerian border. IQXGTPQTCVGQH$CUTCYGTGTGRQTVGFVQ FQOGUVKEYQTMGTUVQYTKVVGPEQPVTCEVU JCXGDGGPRQKUQPGFCPFJQURKVCNK\GFD[ OCZKOWOYQTMKPIJQWTUIWCTCPVGGF 6JGUKVWCVKQPHQTTGHWIGGUCU[NWO RQNNWVGFFTKPMKPIYCVGTHWGNNKPIQPIQKPI UGGMGTUCPFOKITCPVUKP.KD[CTGOCKPGF FC[UQHHRCKFXCECVKQPUCPFCURGEKƂGF RTQVGUVUCICKPUVIQXGTPOGPVEQTTWRVKQP DNGCM6JGCWVJQTKVKGUEQPVKPWGFVQ OKPKOWOYCIG&GURKVGVJGUGICKPU CPFOKUOCPCIGOGPVQHVJGPGINGEVGF WPNCYHWNN[FGVCKPTGHWIGGUCU[NWO VJGPGYNCYUVKNNQHHGTGFNGUURTQVGEVKQP UQWVJ+P6WPKUKCYCVGTUJQTVCIGUCPF UGGMGTUCPFOKITCPVUOCKPN[VJQUG VQFQOGUVKEYQTMGTUVJCPVJG/QTQEECP KPCFGSWCVGYCVGTFKUVTKDWVKQPTGUWNVGFKP KPVGTEGRVGFCVUGCKPEGPVTGUVJCV TGRGCVGFYCVGTEWVUKPUGXGTCNTGIKQPU .CDQWT%QFGYJKEJFQGUPQVTGHGTVQ YJKNGQHƂEKCNYGTGNCTIGN[EQPVTQNNGF RTQORVKPIRTQVGUVU FQOGUVKEYQTMGTU D[OKNKVKCU4GHWIGGUCU[NWOUGGMGTU CPFOKITCPVUYGTGMGRVKPCRRCNNKPI +P3CVCTCPGYNCYRCTVKCNN[TGOQXGF EQPFKVKQPUUWDLGEVGFVQHQTEGFNCDQWT OCCUPATION AND BLOCKADE VJGGZKVRGTOKVTGSWKTGOGPVCNNQYKPI VQTVWTGCPFQVJGTKNNVTGCVOGPVCPF +UTCGNoUKNNGICNCKTNCPFCPFUGCDNQEMCFG VJGXCUVOCLQTKV[QHOKITCPVYQTMGTU XGTDCNCDWUGD[IWCTFUQHVGPVQGZVTCEV EQXGTGFD[VJG.CDQWT.CYVQNGCXGVJG OQPG[HTQOVJGKTHCOKNKGUKPGZEJCPIGHQT QHVJG)C\C5VTKRGPVGTGFKVUVJ[GCT EQWPVT[YKVJQWVUGGMKPIVJGKTGORNQ[GTUo VJGKTTGNGCUG9QOGPKPRCTVKEWNCTYGTG TGUVTKEVKPIVJGOQXGOGPVQHRGQRNGCPF RGTOKUUKQP*QYGXGTVJGNCYTGVCKPGF UWDLGEVGFVQTCRG IQQFUKPVQCPFQWVQHVJGCTGCCPF UQOGGZEGRVKQPUKPENWFKPIVJGCDKNKV[ EQNNGEVKXGN[RWPKUJKPI)C\CoUOKNNKQP QHGORNQ[GTUVQTGSWGUVGZKVRGTOKVU TGUKFGPVU6JTQWIJQWVOWEJQHVJG[GCT HQTWRVQQHVJGKTYQTMHQTEG'ZKV WORKERS’ RIGHTS VJG)C\C5VTKRUWHHGTGFHWGNUJQTVCIGU RGTOKVUYGTGUVKNNTGSWKTGFHQTGORNQ[GGU VJCVTGUWNVGFKPCOCZKOWOQHHQWTJQWTU 6JGTKIJVVQYQTMCPFQTICPK\GKPVTCFG YJQHGNNQWVUKFGVJGTGOKVQHVJG.CDQWT QHGNGEVTKEKV[RGTFC[+UTCGNTGFWEGF WPKQPUYCUWPFGTOKPGFKPCPWODGTQH .CYKPENWFKPIQXGTFQOGUVKE VQCTGEQTFNQYVJGPWODGTQHOGFKECN EQWPVTKGU+P+TCPVJQWUCPFUQHYQTMGTU workers in Qatar and all those working in RGTOKVUKUUWGFVQ)C\CPTGUKFGPVUVQ UVCIGFRGCEGHWNFGOQPUVTCVKQPUCPF IQXGTPOGPVGPVKVKGU CNNQYVJGOVQGPVGT+UTCGNCPFVJG9GUV UVTKMGUKPRTQVGUVCVWPRCKFYCIGURQQT $CPMHQTVTGCVOGPV&GPKCNQHOGFKECN working conditions and other grievances. +PVJG7#'VJGCWVJQTKVKGUKPVTQFWEGF #WVJQTKVKGUCTTGUVGFJWPFTGFUQHRGCEGHWN RGTOKVUNGFVQVJGFGCVJUQHCVNGCUV UGXGTCNNCDQWTTGHQTOUNKMGN[VQDGQH RTQVGUVGTUCPFUVTKMGTUUGPVGPEKPIOCP[ GKIJV2CNGUVKPKCPUCEEQTFKPIVQCNQECN RCTVKEWNCTDGPGƂVVQOKITCPVYQTMGTU VQRTKUQPVGTOUCPFƃQIIKPI$CPUQP 0)16JGUKVWCVKQPYCUGZCEGTDCVGFD[ KPENWFKPICFGEKUKQPVQCNNQYUQOG KPFGRGPFGPVVTCFGWPKQPURGTUKUVGF+P RWPKVKXGOGCUWTGUKORQUGFD[VJG9GUV YQTMGTUVQYQTMHQTOWNVKRNGGORNQ[GTU 'I[RVVJGCWVJQTKVKGUHQTEKDN[FKURGTUGF $CPMDCUGF2CNGUVKPKCPCWVJQTKVKGU VKIJVGTTGIWNCVKQPQHTGETWKVOGPV UVTKMGUCPFJGNFVTCFGWPKQPKUVUKP which decreased electricity and water RTQEGUUGUHQTFQOGUVKEYQTMGTUCPF RTQNQPIGFRTGVTKCNFGVGPVKQP6JG[CNUQ UWDUKFKGUKP)C\CCPFTGUVTKEVGFVJGGPVT[ CPGYNQYEQUVKPUWTCPEGRQNKE[VJCV TGOQXGFVJGPCOGUQHJWPFTGFUQH QHOGFKEKPG RTQVGEVGFRTKXCVGUGEVQTGORNQ[GGUo QWVURQMGPKPFGRGPFGPVECPFKFCVGUHTQO YQTMRNCEGDGPGƂVUKPVJGGXGPVQHLQD DCNNQVRCRGTUHQTGNGEVKQPUHQTNGCFGTUJKR /GCPYJKNG+UTCGNFGOQNKUJGF NQUUTGFWPFCPE[QTCPGORNQ[GToU TQNGUKPKPFGRGPFGPVCPFUVCVGNCDQWT 2CNGUVKPKCPRTQRGTVKGUKPVJG9GUV$CPM DCPMTWRVE[ WPKQPU KPENWFKPI'CUV,GTWUCNGOHQT
HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA 11 REVIEW OF 2018 Amnesty International NCEMQHRGTOKVUCPFPKPGHQTRWPKVKXG RTKUQPUGPVGPEGUCHVGTWPHCKTOCUUVTKCNU 6JG5VCVGQH2CNGUVKPGCEEGFGFVQ TGCUQPUCEEQTFKPIVQCNQECN0)1 CPFOKNKVCT[VTKCNU+P+TCSVJQWUCPFU VJG5GEQPF1RVKQPCN2TQVQEQNVQVJG RGQRNGKPENWFKPIEJKNFTGPYGTGNGHV QHOGPCPFDQ[UYJQYGTGCTDKVTCTKN[ +PVGTPCVKQPCN%QXGPCPVQP%KXKNCPF JQOGNGUUCUCTGUWNV6JG+UTCGNK5WRTGOG CTTGUVGFCPFHQTEKDN[FKUCRRGCTGF 2QNKVKECN4KIJVUCKOKPICVVJGCDQNKVKQP %QWTVCRRTQXGFVJGFGOQNKVKQPQH-JCP D[EGPVTCN+TCSKCPF-WTFKUJHQTEGU QHVJGFGCVJRGPCNV[ KVYCUVJGƂTUVUVCVG CN#JOCTXKNNCIGCPFHQTEKDNGVTCPUHGT YJKNGƃGGKPI+5JGNFCTGCUDGVYGGP KPVJGTGIKQPVQFQUQ*QYGXGTPQCEVKQP QHKVUTGUKFGPVUVQOCMGYC[HQTKNNGICN CPFTGOCKPGFOKUUKPI YCUVCMGPVQVTCPUNCVGVJKUEQOOKVOGPV ,GYKUJUGVVNGOGPVU6JGXKNNCIGYCU +UTCGNKCWVJQTKVKGURNCEGFKPFGVGPVKQP into practice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oC +UNCOKENCY #V SECURITY CPFQVJGTKNNVTGCVOGPVQHFGVCKPGGUJGNF NGCUVHQWTLWXGPKNGQHHGPFGTUTGOCKPGFCV TKUMQHGZGEWVKQPCVVJGGPFQHVJG[GCT )QXGTPOGPVOGCUWTGUKPVJGPCOG QPITQWPFUQHUGEWTKV[D[HQTEGUKPVJGUG QHUGEWTKV[NGFVQITQUUJWOCPTKIJVU CPFQVJGTEQWPVTKGUYGTGEQOOQPN[ +P+TCPVJGPWODGTQHFTWITGNCVGF violations across the region. reported. GZGEWVKQPUFTQRRGFHQNNQYKPI COGPFOGPVUVQVJGCPVKPCTEQVKEUNCY DENATURALIZATION AND BORDER *QYGXGTEQWTVUEQPVKPWGFVQKORQUG COUNTER-TERRORISM OPERATIONS FGCVJUGPVGPEGUCUYGNNCUQVJGT IN EGYPT CONTROL ORDERS ETWGNRWPKUJOGPVUUWEJCUƃQIIKPI +P'I[RVVJG/KPKUVT[QHVJG+PVGTKQT $CJTCKPKORQUGFFGPCVWTCNK\CVKQPCUC CORWVCVKQPCPFDNKPFKPICPFPWOGTQWU UCKFVJCVOQTGVJCPRGQRNGYGTG ETKOKPCNRGPCNV[CICKPUVVJQUGEQPXKEVGF GZGEWVKQPUYGTGECTTKGFQWVCHVGTWPHCKT UJQVFGCFKPGZEJCPIGUQHƂTGYKVJ KPPCVKQPCNUGEWTKV[ECUGUUVTKRRKPI VTKCNUUQOGKPRWDNKE#PWODGTQH UGEWTKV[HQTEGUFWTKPIVJG[GCT0GKVJGT CTQWPFKPFKXKFWCNUQHVJGKTPCVKQPCNKV[ LWXGPKNGQHHGPFGTUYGTGGZGEWVGF RTQUGEWVQTUPQTQVJGTCWVJQTKVKGU KP+P6WPKUKCVJGCWVJQTKVKGUWUGF investigated these incidents or border control orders to restrict the right $CJTCKPCPF-WYCKVFKFPQVECTT[QWV CNNGICVKQPUVJCVOCP[QHVJGXKEVKOUYGTG VQHTGGFQOQHOQXGOGPVQHVJQWUCPFUQH GZGEWVKQPUKPJCXKPITGUWOGF WPCTOGFCPFKPRQNKEGEWUVQF[DGHQTG KPFKXKFWCNU5WEJOGCUWTGUYGTGQHVGP VJGOKPCHVGTJKCVWUGUQHUGXGTCN DGKPIUJQV8KFGQUGOGTIGFVJCVTGXGCNGF KORQUGFKPCFKUETKOKPCVQT[OCPPGT [GCTU0QPGVJGNGUUNKMGCNNQVJGTUVCVGU VJG'I[RVKCPCKTHQTEGoUWUGQHENWUVGT DCUGFQPCRRGCTCPEGTGNKIKQWURTCEVKEGU KPVJGTGIKQPGZEGRVHQT+UTCGNVJG[ OWPKVKQPUDCPPGFWPFGTKPVGTPCVKQPCN QTRTGXKQWUETKOKPCNEQPXKEVKQPUCPF EQPVKPWGFVQJCPFFQYPFGCVJUGPVGPEGU NCYKPVJGOKNKVCT[ECORCKIPKP5KPCK YKVJQWVRTQXKFKPIVJGTGCUQPQTQDVCKPKPI CEQWTVQTFGT ARBITRARY DETENTION, TORTURE AND OTHER ILL-TREATMENT AND UNFAIR TRIALS DEATH PENALTY #TDKVTCT[FGVGPVKQPCPFRTQUGEWVKQPUCHVGT 6JGTGYGTGUQOGNKOKVGFRQUKVKXG WPHCKTVTKCNUYGTGHTGSWGPVN[TGEQTFGF FGXGNQROGPVUYKVJTGURGEVVQVJG KPUGEWTKV[ECUGU$CJTCKPUCYKVUƂTUV death penalty in both law and practice. OKNKVCT[VTKCNQHEKXKNKCPUWPFGTKVUPGY *QYGXGTJKIJPWODGTUQHKPFKXKFWCNU U[UVGOQHOKNKVCT[LWTKUFKEVKQPQXGT EQPVKPWGFVQDGGZGEWVGFKP'I[RV+TCP PCVKQPCNUGEWTKV[ECUGU+P'I[RVEQWTVU +TCSCPF5CWFK#TCDKCOCP[CHVGTDGKPI KUUWGFFGCVJUGPVGPEGUCPFNGPIVJ[ UGPVGPEGFVQFGCVJKPWPHCKTVTKCNU
HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA 12 REVIEW OF 2018 Amnesty International /KITCPVUCTTKXKPIKP#ICFG\0KIGTCHVGTCNQPILQWTPG[KPETQYFGFQRGPVTWEMUQP,WPG6JG#NIGTKCPCWVJQTKVKGUUWOOCTKN[GZRGNNGFVJQWUCPFUQHPCVKQPCNUQH0KIGT in 2018. © Francesco Bellina
#JOCFKTGNKIKQWUOQXGOGPVDGECWUGQH QYKPIVQKNNJGCNVJYQWNFTWPHQTCƂHVJ ALGERIA VJGKTDGNKGHU#PGYNCYQPJGCNVJVQQM RTGUKFGPVKCNVGTOKP GHHGEVIWCTCPVGGKPICEEGUUVQJGCNVJ People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria ECTGHQTCNNEKVK\GPU VJGITQWPFUHQTNGICN +P,WN[VJG70*WOCP4KIJVU Head of state: #DFGNC\K\$QWVGƃKMC CDQTVKQPYGTGPQVGZVGPFGFJQYGXGT6JG %QOOKVVGGYJKEJOQPKVQTUUVCVGRCTVKGUo Head of government: Ahmed Ouyahia CWVJQTKVKGUEQPVKPWGFCFKUETKOKPCVQT[ EQORNKCPEGYKVJVJG+PVGTPCVKQPCN ETCEMFQYPQPUWD5CJCTCPOKITCPVU %QXGPCPVQP%KXKNCPF2QNKVKECN4KIJVU TGHWIGGUCPFCU[NWOUGGMGTUUWDLGEVKPI TGXKGYGF#NIGTKCoUTGEQTF 6JGCWVJQTKVKGUWPFWN[TGUVTKEVGFVJG UGXGTCNVJQWUCPFVQCTDKVTCT[CTTGUV TKIJVUVQHTGGFQOQHGZRTGUUKQPRGCEGHWN FGVGPVKQPCPFGZRWNUKQP+ORWPKV[HQT +P1EVQDGTRQNKVKECNVGPUKQPUKPETGCUGF CUUGODN[CPFCUUQEKCVKQPKPENWFKPI RCUVCDWUGUTGOCKPGFYKFGURTGCF&GCVJ CHVGTVJGIQXGTPKPIEQCNKVKQPGNGEVGFCPGY by arbitrarily arresting and detaining sentences were handed down; there were RCTNKCOGPVCT[URGCMGT UWRRQTVGTUQHVJG LQWTPCNKUVUCPFCEVKXKUVUWUKPIJCTUJ PQGZGEWVKQPU QWUVGFURGCMGTECNNGFVJGOQXGKNNGICN 2GPCN%QFGRTQXKUKQPU#WVJQTKVKGU 6JTQWIJQWVVJG[GCTRGCEGHWNRTQVGUVGTU OCKPVCKPGFCFGHCEVQDCPQPRTQVGUVU GZRTGUUGFUQEKQGEQPQOKEITKGXCPEGU KPVJGECRKVCN#NIKGTUCPFUQOGVKOGU WUGFGZEGUUKXGHQTEGVQFKURGTUGRGCEGHWN BACKGROUND FGOQPUVTCVKQPUCETQUUVJGEQWPVT[ FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION 6JGCWVJQTKVKGUMGRVOCP[CUUQEKCVKQPU 5RGEWNCVKQPEQPVKPWGFQXGTYJGVJGT KPNGICNNKODQ,WFKEKCNCWVJQTKVKGU 2TGUKFGPV#DFGNC\K\$QWVGƃKMCYJQJCF 6JGCWVJQTKVKGUEQPVKPWGFVQWUG2GPCN JCTCUUGFOGODGTUQHVJGOKPQTKV[ PQVOCFGCRWDNKEURGGEJUKPEG %QFGRTQXKUKQPUVQUVKƃGHTGGFQOQH
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HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA 15 REVIEW OF 2018 Amnesty International A Bahraini woman walks past images of political prisoners plastered on a wall in Sanabis, Bahrain, as she makes her way to attend events for the Shi’a religious occasion of #UJQWTCQP1EVQDGT#TCDKEITCHƂVKTGCFUpYGYKNNPQVHQTIGV[QWq VQR CPFpOCP[RTKUQPGTUCTGPQVYKVJWUOC[)QFHTGGVJGOq DQVVQO © Hasan Jamali / AP / REX / Shutterstock
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HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA 18 REVIEW OF 2018 Amnesty International Members of Egypt’s banned Muslim Brotherhood are seen inside a glass dock during their trial in the capital, Cairo, on 28 July 2018. An Egyptian criminal court referred 75 death sentences, including of Muslim Brotherhood leaders, to the country’s grand mufti for consultation on the same day. © Khaled Desouki / AFP / Getty Images
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D[VJGGPFQHVJG[GCTDWVQPGQHVJGO TGHGTTGFVQVTKCND[VJGGPFQH YCUTGHGTTGFVQVTKCNKP0QXGODGT REFUGEES’ AND MIGRANTS’ RIGHTS MILITARY OPERATION IN SINAI: 5GEWTKV[HQTEGUFGRQTVGFCVNGCUVQPG HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS CU[NWOUGGMGTVQCEQWPVT[YJGTGJKUNKHG 6JGCWVJQTKVKGUGPHQTEGFCUVTKEVOGFKC QTUCHGV[YGTGCVTKUMKPXKQNCVKQPQHVJG DNCEMQWVQPVJGOKNKVCT[ECORCKIPKP HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA 22 REVIEW OF 2018 Amnesty International &GOQPUVTCVKQPKPUWRRQTVQHRTQVGUVKPIUVGGNYQTMGTUD[VJGKTHCOKNKGUKPVJGEKV[QH#JXC\+TCPKP&GEGODGT6JGRNCECTFUTGCF p9GCTGVJGEJKNFTGPQHYQTMGTU9G UVCPFCNQPIUKFGVJGOq +TCPKCP.CDQWT0GYU#IGPE[ FGCVJTQY6JG[KPENWFGFRGQRNGYJQ %NCUJGUEQPVKPWGFVQVCMGRNCEGCNQPI IRAN YGTGWPFGTVJGCIGQHCVVJGVKOGQH +TCPoUDQTFGTUFWTKPIYJKEJCTOGF VJGETKOG ITQWRUMKNNGFFQ\GPUQHDQTFGTIWCTFU Islamic Republic of Iran Head of state: Sayed Ali Khamenei +TCPEQPFWEVGFOKNKVCT[QRGTCVKQPUKP Head of government: Hassan Rouhani UWRRQTVQHIQXGTPOGPVHQTEGUKPVJG CTOGFEQPƃKEVKP5[TKCHTQOYJGTGKV BACKGROUND 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CPFFGITCFKPIRWPKUJOGPVUYGTGECTTKGF PWENGCTFGCNUVCVKPIVJCVKPVGTPCVKQPCN OGFKCYQTMGTUUVWFGPVUƂNOOCMGTU QWV6JGCWVJQTKVKGUUCPEVKQPGFRGTXCUKXG UCPEVKQPUOWUVDGNCYHWNRTQRQTVKQPCN OWUKEKCPUCPFYTKVGTUCUYGNNCUJWOCP FKUETKOKPCVKQPCPFXKQNGPEGDCUGF CPFOWUVPQVJCTOVJGJWOCPTKIJVUQH TKIJVUFGHGPFGTUKPENWFKPINCY[GTU QPIGPFGTRQNKVKECNQRKPKQPTGNKIKQWU QTFKPCT[EKVK\GPU*GUCKF p6JGUGWPLWUV YQOGPoUTKIJVUCEVKXKUVUOKPQTKV[TKIJVU DGNKGHGVJPKEKV[UGZWCNQTKGPVCVKQP CPFJCTOHWNUCPEVKQPUCTGFGUVTQ[KPIVJG CEVKXKUVUVTCFGWPKQPKUVUGPXKTQPOGPVCN IGPFGTKFGPVKV[CPFFKUCDKNKV[ GEQPQO[CPFEWTTGPE[QH+TCPFTKXKPI CEVKXKUVUCPVKFGCVJRGPCNV[ECORCKIPGTU OKNNKQPUQHRGQRNGKPVQRQXGTV[qCPFYKNN CPFVJQUGUGGMKPIVTWVJLWUVKEGCPF 'ZGEWVKQPUVQQMRNCEGUQOGVKOGUKP “likely lead to silent deaths in hospitals TGRCTCVKQPHQTVJGOCUUGZGEWVKQPUCPF RWDNKECPFVJQWUCPFUTGOCKPGFQP CUOGFKEKPGUTWPQWVq GPHQTEGFFKUCRRGCTCPEGUQHVJGU HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA REVIEW OF 2018 Amnesty International EXCESSIVE USE OF FORCE *WOCPTKIJVUFGHGPFGTUCPFNCY[GTU HOUSE ARRESTS OF OPPOSITION EQPVKPWGFVQHCEGCTDKVTCT[CTTGUV 6GPUQHVJQWUCPFUQHOGPCPFYQOGP LEADERS FGVGPVKQPCPFRTQUGEWVKQPKPTGRTKUCN VQQMVQVJGUVTGGVUVJTQWIJQWVVJG[GCT HQTVJGKTYQTM2TQOKPGPVJWOCP +P#WIWUVVJG5WRTGOG.GCFGTTGLGEVGF VQRTQVGUVCICKPUVRQXGTV[EQTTWRVKQP TKIJVUNCY[GT0CUTKP5QVQWFGJCPFJGT VJGRTGUKFGPVoURTQRQUCNVQTGNGCUG TGRTGUUKQPCPFCWVJQTKVCTKCPKUO JWUDCPF4G\C-JCPFCPYGTGCTTGUVGF QRRQUKVKQPNGCFGTU/GJFK-CTTQWDKCPF CPFHCEGFEJCTIGUKPEQPPGEVKQPYKVJ /KT*QUUGKP/QWUCXKCPFVJGNCVVGToU 6YQOCLQTPCVKQPYKFGRTQVGUVUVQQMRNCEG YKHG HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA 24 REVIEW OF 2018 Amnesty International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ƃQIIKPIKPVGTPCN ETKOKPCNK\GIGPFGTDCUGFXKQNGPEG pGZKNGqVTCXGNDCPUCPFDCPUQP KPENWFKPIFQOGUVKEXKQNGPEGCPFOCTKVCN 5EQTGUQHKPFKXKFWCNUHCEGFƃQIIKPI OGODGTUJKRQHRQNKVKECNCPFUQEKCN TCRG#EVUQHXKQNGPEGCICKPUVYQOGP UGPVGPEGUHQTVJGHVCPFCUUCWNVCUYGNNCU ITQWRU+P(GDTWCT[[GCTQNF0QWT CPFIKTNUKPENWFKPIFQOGUVKEXKQNGPEG HQTCEVUVJCVWPFGTKPVGTPCVKQPCNJWOCP #NK6CDCPFGJVJGURKTKVWCNNGCFGTQHVJG CPFGCTN[CPFHQTEGFOCTTKCIGYGTG TKIJVUNCYOWUVPQVDGETKOKPCNK\GF )QPCDCFK>XKUJTGNKIKQWUOKPQTKV[YCU widespread. 5WEJCEVUKPENWFGFCVVGPFKPIRGCEGHWN RWVWPFGTJQWUGCTTGUV RTQVGUVUCPFEWNVWTCNICVJGTKPIUJCXKPI #EEQTFKPIVQQHƂEKCNUQWTEGUDGVYGGP GZVTCOCTKVCNTGNCVKQPUJKRUCPFCVVGPFKPI %JTKUVKCPUKPENWFKPIEQPXGTVUEQPVKPWGF /CTEJCPF5GRVGODGTCVNGCUV OKZGFIGPFGTRCTVKGU VQHCEGJCTCUUOGPVCTDKVTCT[CTTGUVCPF IKTNUCIGFDGNQYCPFIKTNU FGVGPVKQPCPFJCTUJRTKUQPUGPVGPEGU CIGFDGNQYYGTGOCTTKGF6JG +P#RTKNVJTGGOKPQTKV[TKIJVUCEVKXKUVU 4CKFUQPJQWUGEJWTEJGUEQPVKPWGF RCTNKCOGPVEQPVKPWGFVQFGDCVGC HTQOVJG#\GTDCKLCPK6WTMKEGVJPKE 8KEVQT$GV6COTC\CPF5JCOKTCO+UUCXK RTQRQUGFCOGPFOGPVVQ#TVKENG OKPQTKV[YGTGUGPVGPEGFVQHQWTOQPVJUo GVJPKE#UU[TKCP%JTKUVKCPUCPF#OKP QHVJG%KXKN%QFGQPVJGCIGQHOCTTKCIG KORTKUQPOGPVCPFNCUJGUHQT #HUJCT0CFGTKCPF*CFK#UICTK%JTKUVKCP 6JGCOGPFOGPVYJKEJYQWNFDCP pFKUTWRVKPIRWDNKEQTFGTqD[RCTVKEKRCVKPI EQPXGTVUYGTGUGPVGPEGFVQDGVYGGP OCTTKCIGHQTIKTNUWPFGTYCUTGLGEVGF KPCRGCEGHWNEWNVWTCNICVJGTKPI ƂXGCPF[GCTUKPRTKUQPHQTRGCEGHWNN[ D[VJGRCTNKCOGPVoULWFKEKCNCPFNGICN RTCEVKUKPIVJGKTHCKVJ EQOOKVVGGKP&GEGODGTDWVTGOCKPU +P,WN[COCPMPQYPCU/4YCUVKGFVQ WPFGTRCTNKCOGPVCT[TGXKGY+HCRRTQXGF CVTGGKP4C\CXK-JQTCUCPRTQXKPEGCPF 9KFGURTGCFCPFU[UVGOCVKECVVCEMU VJGNGICNCIGQHOCTTKCIGHQTIKTNUYQWNF ƃQIIGFVKOGU*GJCFDGGPEQPXKEVGF EQPVKPWGFCICKPUVVJG$CJCoKOKPQTKV[ DGTCKUGFHTQOVQCNVJQWIJIKTNU CFGECFGGCTNKGTQHEQPUWOKPICNEQJQN KPENWFKPICTDKVTCT[CTTGUVUCPF CIGFDGVYGGPCPFEQWNFUVKNNDG when he was 14 or 15 years old. KORTKUQPOGPVHQTEKDNGENQUWTGQH OCTTKGFUWDLGEVVQCRRTQXCNDQVJHTQO DWUKPGUUGUEQPƂUECVKQPQHRTQRGTV[ CEQWTVCPFHTQOUVCVGOGFKECNFQEVQTU 6JG5WRTGOG%QWTVKORQUGFCPFWRJGNF DCPUQPGORNQ[OGPVKPVJGRWDNKEUGEVQT YJQYQWNFFGVGTOKPGYJGVJGTVJGEJKNF CORWVCVKQPUGPVGPEGU+P,CPWCT[ CPFFGPKCNQHCEEGUUVQWPKXGTUKVKGU KPSWGUVKQPYCUpRJ[UKECNN[ECRCDNGqQH CWVJQTKVKGUCORWVCVGFVJGJCPFQHCOCP &GUVTWEVKQPCPFFGUGETCVKQPQH$CJCoK EQPUWOOCVKPIVJGOCTTKCIG TGHGTTGFVQCU#-JKP/CUJJCF4C\CXK EGOGVGTKGUEQPVKPWGF -JQTCUCPRTQXKPEGTGRQTVGFN[HQTUVGCNKPI #DKNNCKOGFCVIKXKPIUQOGOCTTKGF NKXGUVQEMCPFQVJGTXCNWCDNGU 1VJGTTGNKIKQWUOKPQTKVKGUPQVTGEQIPK\GF YQOGPRGTOKUUKQPVQVTCXGNCDTQCF WPFGTVJG%QPUVKVWVKQPUWEJCU;CTGUCP YKVJQWVURQWUCNCRRTQXCNTGOCKPGF 6JGCWVJQTKVKGUEQPVKPWGFVQKUUWG #JNG*CS YGTGCNUQRGTUGEWVGF WPFGTTGXKGY blinding sentences. HQTRTCEVKUKPIVJGKTHCKVJCPFHCEGF U[UVGOCVKEFKUETKOKPCVKQPKPENWFKPIKP &Q\GPUQHYQOGPRGCEGHWNN[RTQVGUVKPI FREEDOM OF RELIGION AND BELIEF GFWECVKQPCPFGORNQ[OGPV CICKPUVVJGCDWUKXGFKUETKOKPCVQT[CPF FGITCFKPIRTCEVKEGQHHQTEGFhijab by (TGGFQOQHTGNKIKQPCPFDGNKGHYCU 5WPPK/WUNKOUEQPVKPWGFVQTGRQTV VCMKPIQHHVJGKTJGCFUECTXGUKPRWDNKE U[UVGOCVKECNN[XKQNCVGFKPNCYCPF FKUETKOKPCVKQPKPENWFKPIGZENWUKQPHTQO YGTGXKQNGPVN[CUUCWNVGFCPFCTTGUVGF RTCEVKEG6JGCWVJQTKVKGUEQPVKPWGFVQ RQNKVKECNQHƂEG /KNNKQPUQHQVJGTUYGTGTQWVKPGN[JCTCUUGF KORQUGQPRGQRNGQHCNNHCKVJUCPFPQPG CPFCUUCWNVGFKPRWDNKERNCEGUD[VJG EQFGUQHRWDNKEEQPFWEVTQQVGFKPCUVTKEV pOQTCNKV[RQNKEGqHQTHCKNKPIVQEQORN[ KPVGTRTGVCVKQPQH5JKoC+UNCO6JGTKIJV DISCRIMINATION – WOMEN AND YKVJ+TCPoUUVTKEV+UNCOKEFTGUUEQFG VQEJCPIGQTTGPQWPEGTGNKIKQWUDGNKGHU GIRLS 9QOGPYGTGDCPPGFHTQOUKPIKPICPF EQPVKPWGFVQDGXKQNCVGF9JKNG#OPGUV[ 9QOGPHCEGFGPVTGPEJGFFKUETKOKPCVKQP CVVKOGURNC[KPIOWUKECNKPUVTWOGPVU +PVGTPCVKQPCNFKFPQVTGEQTFCP[PGY KPHCOKN[CPFETKOKPCNNCYKPENWFKPI KPRWDNKE+P,CPWCT[RQRWNCTUKPIGT ECUGUKPVJQUGYJQRTQHGUUGF KPTGNCVKQPVQFKXQTEGGORNQ[OGPV $GP[COKP$CJCFQTKTGHWUGFVQRGTHQTO CVJGKUOTGOCKPGFCVTKUMQHCTDKVTCT[ KPJGTKVCPEGCPFRQNKVKECNQHƂEG+TCPoU CVCEQPEGTVKP-GTOCPCHVGTVJG/KPKUVT[ CTTGUVCPFFGVGPVKQPVQTVWTGCPFQVJGT %KXKN%QFGEQPVKPWGFVQFGP[+TCPKCP QH%WNVWTGCPF+UNCOKE)WKFCPEGDCPPGF KNNVTGCVOGPVCPFVJGFGCVJRGPCNV[ YQOGPOCTTKGFVQPQP+TCPKCPOGPVJG HGOCNGOGODGTUQHJKUITQWRHTQO HQTpCRQUVCU[q right to pass their nationality to their appearing on stage. HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA 25 REVIEW OF 2018 Amnesty International 6JGCWVJQTKVKGUoDCPQPYQOGPGPVGTKPI #TCDCEVKXKUVUQWVUKFG+TCPTGRQTVGFVJCV YGTGEQPXKEVGFYGTGGZGEWVGFCPFOCP[ HQQVDCNNUVCFKWOUTGOCKPGFKPRNCEG YGTGGZGEWVGFKPUGETGV QVJGTUTGOCKPGFQPFGCVJTQY 6JKTV[ƂXGYQOGPYGTGDTKGƃ[FGVCKPGFKP /CTEJCUVJG[VTKGFVQGPVGTCUVCFKWOVQ 6JG+UNCOKE2GPCN%QFGEQPVKPWGFVQRTQXKFG YCVEJCNQECNHQQVDCNNOCVEJ WORKERS’ RIGHTS HQTUVQPKPICUCOGVJQFQHGZGEWVKQP $CPUQPKPFGRGPFGPVVTCFGWPKQPU 6JGFGCVJRGPCNV[YCUOCKPVCKPGF DISCRIMINATION – ETHNIC persisted. HQTUQOGEQPUGPUWCNUCOGUGZUGZWCN MINORITIES EQPFWEVCUYGNNCUHQTXCIWGN[YQTFGF 6JQWUCPFUQHYQTMGTUUVCIGFRGCEGHWN QHHGPEGUUWEJCUpKPUWNVKPIVJG2TQRJGVq 'VJPKEOKPQTKVKGUKPENWFKPI#JYC\K FGOQPUVTCVKQPUCPFUVTKMGUKPRTQVGUVCV pGPOKV[CICKPUV)QFqCPFpURTGCFKPI #TCDU#\GTDCKLCPK6WTMU$CNWEJKU WPRCKFYCIGURQQTYQTMKPIEQPFKVKQPU EQTTWRVKQPQPGCTVJq -WTFUCPF6WTMOGPEQPVKPWGFVQHCEG CPFQVJGTITKGXCPEGU#WVJQTKVKGUCTTGUVGF GPVTGPEJGFFKUETKOKPCVKQPEWTVCKNKPI JWPFTGFUUGPVGPEKPIOCP[VQRTKUQP 6JGCWVJQTKVKGUCTTGUVGFKPFKXKFWCNUYJQO VJGKTCEEGUUVQGFWECVKQPGORNQ[OGPV VGTOUCPFƃQIIKPI VJG[FGUETKDGFCUpƂPCPEKCNN[EQTTWRVq CPFCFGSWCVGJQWUKPI%QPVKPWGF CPFpUCDQVGWTUQHVJGGEQPQO[q/CP[ GEQPQOKEPGINGEVQHTGIKQPUYKVJNCTIG +P#WIWUVVGCEJGT/QJCOOCF*CDKDK YGTGEQPXKEVGFDGHQTGPGYN[GUVCDNKUJGF OKPQTKV[RQRWNCVKQPUGZCEGTDCVGF YCUUGPVGPEGFVQCPFCJCNH[GCTUKP URGEKCNEQWTVUFGCNKPIYKVJETKOGU RQXGTV[CPFOCTIKPCNK\CVKQP6JG2GTUKCP RTKUQPNCUJGUCVYQ[GCTVTCXGNDCP KPXQNXKPIƂPCPEKCNEQTTWRVKQPCPF NCPIWCIGTGOCKPGFVJGUQNGOGFKWOQH CPFCVYQ[GCTDCPQPpOGODGTUJKRKP UGPVGPEGFVQFGCVJNGPIVJ[RTKUQPVGTOU KPUVTWEVKQPKPRTKOCT[CPFUGEQPFCT[ RQNKVKECNCPFUQEKCNRCTVKGUITQWRUQT CPFƃQIIKPI&GHGPFCPVUYGTGFGPKGF GFWECVKQP EQNNGEVKXGUqHQTEJCTIGUUVGOOKPIHTQO CEEGUUVQNCY[GTUQHVJGKTQYPEJQQUKPI JKURGCEGHWNVTCFGWPKQPCEVKXKVKGU had no right to appeal against prison +TCPoUDQTFGTIWCTFUWPNCYHWNN[UJQVCPF UGPVGPEGUCPFYGTGIKXGPQPN[FC[U MKNNGFYKVJKORWPKV[VGPUQH-WTFKUJ +P5GRVGODGTUKZOQTGVGCEJGTUYGTG within which to appeal death sentences. kulbarsRQTVGTUECTT[KPIIQQFUQPVJGKT UGPVGPEGFVQƃQIIKPICPFRTKUQPVGTOU DCEMUDGVYGGP+TCPCPF-WTFKUVCP4GIKQP HQTVCMKPIRCTVKPCRGCEGHWNRTQVGUV +P,WPG/QJCOOCF5CNCUHTQOVJG QH+TCS ECNNKPIHQTJKIJGTYCIGU/QTGVJCP )QPCDCFK>XKUJOKPQTKV[YCUGZGEWVGF CFQ\GPQVJGTUYGTGCTTGUVGFYJGP CHVGTCPWPHCKTVTKCNHQTVJGOWTFGTQH /GODGTUQHOKPQTKVKGUYJQURQMGQWV PCVKQPYKFGUVTKMGUVQQMRNCEGKP1EVQDGT VJTGGRQNKEGQHƂEGTUFWTKPICRTQVGUV CICKPUVXKQNCVKQPUQHVJGKTTKIJVUHCEGF CPF0QXGODGT KP(GDTWCT[6JGUQNGGXKFGPEGYCUC CTDKVTCT[CTTGUVVQTVWTGCPFQVJGTKNN pEQPHGUUKQPqJGUCKFJGOCFGWPFGT VTGCVOGPVWPHCKTVTKCNUCPFKORTKUQPOGPV +P1EVQDGTJWPFTGFUQHUVTKMKPIVTWEM VQTVWTG drivers were arrested and threatened with *WPFTGFUQH#\GTDCKLCPK6WTMUKPENWFKPI the death penalty. +P5GRVGODGT-WTFKUJRTKUQPGTU HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA 26 REVIEW OF 2018 Amnesty International #[GUJCCOQVJGTQHUKZUKVUKPUKFGCVGPVKPUKFGCECORHQTKPVGTPCNN[FKURNCEGFRGTUQPUKP*COCOCN#NKN+TCSQP/CTEJ1TKIKPCNN[HTQO*CYKLCCVQYPVJCVJCF DGGPEQPVTQNNGFD[VJG+UNCOKE5VCVGCTOGFITQWR +5+5 #[GUJCJCFOQXGFVQVJGECORUKZOQPVJUGCTNKGTYKVJJGTEJKNFTGPCPFEQWUKPU5JGVQNF#OPGUV[+PVGTPCVKQPCN p+H YGIQDCEMVJG[=VJG+TCSKCWVJQTKVKGU?JCXGVQNFWUVJCVVJG[YKNNMKNNQWTEJKNFTGPDGECWUGVJG[CTGEQPPGEVGFD[DNQQFVQ+5+5q #OPGUV[+PVGTPCVKQPCN UWDLGEVGFVQUGZWCNXKQNGPEGKPENWFKPI +P/C[+TCSJGNFRCTNKCOGPVCT[GNGEVKQPU IRAQ TCRG6QTVWTGKPFGVGPVKQPYCUGPFGOKE DWVVJGHQTOCVKQPQHVJGIQXGTPOGPV %QWTVUEQPVKPWGFVQUGPVGPEGKPFKXKFWCNU UVCNNGFQYKPIVQGNGEVQTCNHTCWF Republic of Iraq EQPXKEVGFQHVGTTQTKUOTGNCVGFQHHGPEGU CNNGICVKQPU2CTNKCOGPVEQPUGSWGPVN[ Head of state: Barham Ahmed Salih (replaced Fuad Masum VQFGCVJHTGSWGPVN[CHVGTWPHCKTVTKCNU XQVGFHQTCOCPWCNTGEQWPVQHCNNXQVGU in October) VJCVTGNKGFQPVQTVWTGVCKPVGFGXKFGPEG DWVVJKUTGUWNVGFKPPQUKIPKƂECPVEJCPIG Head of government: Adil Abdul Mahdi (replaced Haider +TCSEQPVKPWGFVQWUGVJGFGCVJRGPCNV[ al-Abadi in October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legislators. FWTKPIYJKEJVJQWUCPFUQHOGP EKXKNKCPU+5ƂIJVGTUCDFWEVGFFQ\GPU CPFDQ[UYGTGMKNNGFQTYGPVOKUUKPI QHEKXKNKCPUCPFOGODGTUQHVJGUGEWTKV[ 6GPUQHVJQWUCPFUQHTGUKFGPVUKPVJG OCP[VJQWUCPFUQHHGOCNGJGCFGF HQTEGUCPFUWOOCTKN[MKNNGFVJGO UQWVJGTPIQXGTPQTCVGQH$CUTCYGTG JQWUGJQNFUCETQUUVJGEQWPVT[YGTG reported to have been poisoned and NGHVUVTWIINKPIVQUWTXKXG#TOGFCEVQTU JQURKVCNK\GFD[RQNNWVGFFTKPMKPI WPFGTVJGEQPVTQNQH+TCSKCWVJQTKVKGU YCVGTHWGNNKPIQPIQKPIRTQVGUVU EQNNGEVKXGN[RWPKUJGFHCOKNKGUYKVJ BACKGROUND CICKPUVIQXGTPOGPVEQTTWRVKQPCPF RGTEGKXGFCHƂNKCVKQPVQ+5KPENWFKPID[ /KNNKQPUQHKPVGTPCNN[FKURNCEGF+TCSKU OKUOCPCIGOGPVQHVJGPGINGEVGFUQWVJ FGP[KPIVJGOCEEGUUVQJWOCPKVCTKCP TGVWTPGFVQVJGKTCTGCUQHQTKIKPCHVGT CKFTGHWUKPIVQKUUWGVJGOETWEKCN VJGOKNKVCT[QRGTCVKQPUVQTGVCMGCTGCU 6JG70GUVKOCVGFVJCVRGQRNGYGTG FQEWOGPVUCPFTGUVTKEVKPIVJGKTHTGGFQO HTQO+5GPFGFKPNCVG*QYGXGT MKNNGFD[pCEVUQHVGTTQTKUOXKQNGPEGCPF QHOQXGOGPV9QOGPKPHCOKNKGU JWPFTGFUQHVJQWUCPFUTGOCKPGF CTOGFEQPƃKEVKP+TCSqKP#VNGCUV YKVJRGTEGKXGF+5CHƂNKCVKQPYGTGCNUQ FKURNCEGFKPECORUCPFKPHQTOCNUKVGU HQWTYQOGPCOQPIVJGOCJWOCPTKIJVU HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA REVIEW OF 2018 Amnesty International CEVKXKUVYGTGUJQVFGCFKPYJCVCRRGCTGF EKXKNFQEWOGPVUQHVGPOGCPKPIVJCVVJG[ CPFCEEQTFKPIVQYKVPGUUGUVTCRRGF VQDGVCTIGVGFMKNNKPIU+TCSKCWVJQTKVKGU EQWNFPQVYQTMEQNNGEVHCOKN[RGPUKQPU CPFVJGPDGCVVJGOYKVJOGVCNTQFU stated that an investigation into the QTUGPFVJGKTEJKNFTGPVQUEJQQN+P CPFTKƃGDWVVUCPFWUGFGNGEVTQUJQEM FGCVJUYQWNFDGNCWPEJGF CFFKVKQPVJGKTHTGGFQOQHOQXGOGPVYCU FGXKEGUCICKPUVUQOGQHVJGO6JG[CNUQ UGXGTGN[TGUVTKEVGFDGECWUGQHVJGKTNCEM CUUCWNVGFQTFGVCKPGFLQWTPCNKUVUEQXGTKPI +PNCVG0QXGODGTUGXGTGUVQTOU QHFQEWOGPVCVKQPQTD[ECORCWVJQTKVKGU RTQVGUVUCVVKOGUQPVJGRTGVGZVVJCVVJG[ CPFƃQQFUFKURNCEGFVGPUQHVJQWUCPFU YJQRTGXGPVGFVJGOHTQONGCXKPIECORU JCFƂNOGFUGEWTKV[OGCUWTGUDGKPIVCMGP QHRGQRNGECWUGFUGTKQWUFCOCIGVQ RNCEKPIVJGOKPFGHCEVQFGVGPVKQP CTQWPFIQXGTPOGPVDWKNFKPIUQTJCF KPHTCUVTWEVWTGCPFKORCEVGFUGXGTCNECORU blocked roads. QHKPVGTPCNN[FKURNCEGFRGQRNGU +&2U KP 5WEJHCOKNKGUCNUQHCEGFXGTDCN 0KPGYCIQXGTPQTCVGCEEQTFKPIVQVJG70 JCTCUUOGPVKPENWFKPIUGZWCNJCTCUUOGPV +PCRRCTGPVTGVCNKCVKQPCICKPUV CPFKPVKOKFCVKQPHTQORGQRNGDGCTKPI VJGUGFGCVJURTQVGUVGTUUGVNKIJVVQ 6WTMKUJCKTUVTKMGUCPFUJGNNKPIEQPVKPWGF CTOUECORCWVJQTKVKGUCPFQVJGTECOR IQXGTPOGPVDWKNFKPIUCPFDWKNFKPIU KPCTGCUWPFGT-WTFKUVCP4GIKQPCN TGUKFGPVU9QOGPYKVJRGTEGKXGF+5 CHƂNKCVGFYKVJRQNKVKECNRCTVKGUCPF )QXGTPOGPV -4) EQPVTQNKPPQTVJGCUV VKGUYGTGUWDLGEVGFVQUGZWCNXKQNGPEG HCEVKQPUQHVJG2/7#EVKXKUVURTGUGPVCV +TCSTGRQTVGFN[TGUWNVKPIKPEKXKNKCPFGCVJU KPENWFKPITCRGCPFUGZWCNGZRNQKVCVKQP QPGUWEJKPEKFGPVQP5GRVGODGTUCKF RTKOCTKN[D[CTOGFCEVQTUCHƂNKCVGFYKVJ VJCVCVNGCUVQPGQHVJTGGRTQVGUVGTUMKNNGF OKNKVCT[CPFUGEWTKV[HQTEGUKPVJGECORU YCUUJQVD[CPCTOGFIWCTFQHCRQNKVKECN RCTV[DWKNFKPIVJCVYCUDGKPICVVCEMGF INTERNALLY DISPLACED PEOPLE by other protesters. $[0QXGODGTJWOCPKVCTKCPQTICPK\CVKQPU BLOCKS ON RETURNS AND JCFTGEQTFGFVJCVOQTGVJCPOKNNKQP 5KOKNCTRTQVGUVUDTQMGQWVKPVJGECRKVCN +&2UJCFTGVWTPGFVQVJGKTCTGCUQH SECONDARY DISPLACEMENT $CIJFCFCPFKPQVJGTIQXGTPQTCVGU QTKIKP6JGƃQYQHTGVWTPUUNQYGFKPVJG (COKNKGUYKVJRGTEGKXGFVKGUVQ+5YGTG +P$CIJFCFUGEWTKV[HQTEGUCTDKVTCTKN[ UGEQPFJCNHQHVJG[GCTCPFCNOQUV TGIWNCTN[RTGXGPVGFHTQOTGVWTPKPIVQ arrested and detained protesters. They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ordered an investigation into the violence CPFFGUVTWEVKQPVQJQWUKPI NCEMQH CVEJGEMRQKPVUKHVJG[FKFPQVJCXGVJG FWTKPIVJG$CUTCRTQVGUVU5WDUGSWGPVN[ LQDQRRQTVWPKVKGUDCUKEKPHTCUVTWEVWTG FQEWOGPVCVKQPFGGOGFPGEGUUCT[QTVJGKT VJGCWVJQTKVKGUFKUOKUUGFCPF CPFRWDNKEUGTXKEGUKPENWFKPIJGCNVJ TGNCVKXGUCRRGCTGFQPpYCPVGFNKUVUqQH TGRNCEGFCPWODGTQHUGEWTKV[CPFNQECN ECTG CPFKPUGEWTKV[FWGVQWPGZRNQFGF OGPCHƂNKCVGFYKVJ+5 IQXGTPOGPVQHƂ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ƂTGFCV CVVCEMKPICPFCTTGUVKPIHCOKNKGUCHƂNKCVGF UKPEGCPFVJGFGCVJUQHOCP[OGP VJGOCUVJG[YGTGWPCDNGVQUJCTG YKVJ+5CPFUQTGVWTPGFVQVJGECORU FWTKPIVJGOKNKVCT[QRGTCVKQPUCICKPUV KOCIGUCPFXKFGQUFGRKEVKPIVJGCDWUGU +5KP+TCSNGHVVJQWUCPFUQHHGOCNG JGCFGFHCOKNKGUUVTWIINKPIHQTUWTXKXCN (COKNKGURCTVKEWNCTN[VJQUGJGCFGFD[ EXCESSIVE USE OF FORCE KURDISTAN REGION OF IRAQ YQOGPYGTGUVKIOCVK\GFCPFEQNNGEVKXGN[ $GVYGGP,WN[CPF5GRVGODGTUGEWTKV[ -WTFKUJUGEWTKV[HQTEGUCPFCTOGF RWPKUJGFHQTDGKPIRGTEGKXGFVQJCXG HQTEGUKP$CUTCKPENWFKPI59#6 5RGEKCN KPFKXKFWCNUKPEKXKNKCPENQVJGUXKQNGPVN[ NKPMUYKVJ+5QYKPIVQHCEVQTUQWVUKFG 9GCRQPUCPF6CEVKEU HQTEGUMKNNGFQXGT FKURGTUGFRGCEGHWNRTQVGUVUKP'TDKN VJGKTEQPVTQNUWEJCUDGKPITGNCVGF CFQ\GPRTQVGUVGTUCPFKPLWTGFJWPFTGFU CPF&QJWMKP/CTEJ6GCEJGTUJGCNVJ JQYGXGTFKUVCPVN[VQOGPKPXQNXGFYKVJ QHQVJGTUYJGPVJG[WUGFGZEGUUKXGHQTEG YQTMGTUCPFQVJGTRWDNKEUGEVQTYQTMGTU +5QTHQTƃGGKPIHTQOCTGCUDGNKGXGFVQ KPENWFKPID[ƂTKPINKXGCOOWPKVKQPCPF as well as activists took to the streets DG+5UVTQPIJQNFU+P+&2ECORUOCP[ VGCTICUVQFKURGTUGCUGTKGUQHRTQVGUVU CETQUUVJG-WTFKUVCP4GIKQPQH+TCS YGTGFGPKGFCEEGUUVQHQQFYCVGTCPF FGOCPFKPIGORNQ[OGPVQRRQTVWPKVKGU VQRTQVGUVCICKPUVCWUVGTKV[OGCUWTGU JGCNVJECTG6JG[YGTGCNUQTGHWUGFPGY CPFDGVVGTRWDNKEUGTXKEGU5GEWTKV[ CPFFGNC[UKPRC[OGPVQHCPFEWVUVQ QTTGRNCEGOGPVKFGPVKV[ECTFUCPFQVJGT HQTEGUEJCUGFRTQVGUVGTUƃGGKPIVJGUEGPG UCNCTKGUQHUVCVGGORNQ[GGU5EQTGUQH HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA 28 REVIEW OF 2018 Amnesty International RTQVGUVGTUCPFUGXGTCNLQWTPCNKUVUYGTG VQCPCFGSWCVGFGHGPEGCPFQHVGPYGTG 6JGOGFKCQHƂEGQHVJGP2TGUKFGPV(WCF FGVCKPGFCPFUCKFVJG[YGTGVQTVWTGFQT EQORGNNGFVQpEQPHGUUqWPFGTFWTGUU /CUWOCPPQWPEGFQPUGXGTCNQEECUKQPU QVJGTYKUGKNNVTGCVGFCPFHQTEGFVQUKIP %QWTVUEQPVKPWGFVQCFOKVVQTVWTGVCKPVGF VJCVJGJCFTCVKƂGFpDCVEJGUqQHFGCVJ RNGFIGUVJCVVJG[YQWNFPQVVCMGRCTVKP GXKFGPEGCPFEQPXKEVKPFKXKFWCNUWPFGT UGPVGPEGUVJCVJCFDGGPWRJGNFD[EQWTVU FGOQPUVTCVKQPUCICKP VJG#PVK6GTTQTKUO.CYOQTGQHVGPVJCP PQVTGUWNVKPIKPFGCVJUGPVGPEGU &GURKVGƃCITCPVXKQNCVKQPUQHFWG -4)QHƂEKCNUUVCVGFVJCVVJGCTTGUVGF RTQEGUU+TCSEQPVKPWGFVQECTT[QWV protesters were charged with inciting 5GEWTKV[QHƂEGTUVJTGCVGPGFCPFKPUQOG GZGEWVKQPUUQOGVKOGUQHOQTGVJCP XKQNGPEGCPFVJGPVTCPUHGTTGFVQEQWTV ECUGUCTTGUVGFNCY[GTUKPEQWTVYJQ KPFKXKFWCNUCVCVKOG'ZGEWVKQPUYGTG They added that the protesters had YGTGUGGMKPIVQFGHGPF+5UWURGEVUCPF UQOGVKOGUTGVCNKCVQT[CPFKPTGURQPUG PQVDGGPITCPVGFCRGTOKVVQUVCIGVJG HCOKNKGURGTEGKXGFVQDGCHƂNKCVGFYKVJ+5 VQRWDNKEQWVTCIGCHVGTDQODKPIUCPF RTQVGUVUCPFVJCVOGODGTUQHRQNKVKECN #EEQTFKPIVQTGRQTVUVJKUFGVGTTGFQVJGT QVJGTFGCFN[CVVCEMUQHVGPENCKOGFD[ parties had incited violence. NCY[GTUHTQOYQTMKPIYKVJKPFKXKFWCNU +5(QTGZCORNGQP,WPGVJGP2TKOG UWURGEVGFQHCHƂNKCVKQPYKVJ+5 /KPKUVGT*CKFGTCN#DCFKECNNGFHQTVJG UYKHVGZGEWVKQPQHEQPXKEVGFpVGTTQTKUVUq ABUSES BY ARMED GROUPS YJQUGFGCVJUGPVGPEGUJCFDGGPTCVKƂGF +5MKNNGFCPFKPLWTGFEKXKNKCPUVJTQWIJQWV ARBITRARY ARRESTS AND 6JGECNNSWKEMN[HQNNQYGFVJGMKNNKPIQHUKZ +TCSKPUWKEKFGDQODKPIUCPFQVJGT ENFORCED DISAPPEARANCES OGODGTUQHVJGUGEWTKV[HQTEGUCDFWEVGF FGCFN[CVVCEMUVJCVYGTGKPFKUETKOKPCVGQT 6JQWUCPFUQHOGPCPFDQ[UYJQ D[+5ƂIJVGTU UGGCDQXG 6JG/KPKUVT[QH deliberately targeted civilians in crowded YGTGCTDKVTCTKN[CTTGUVGFCPFHQTEKDN[ ,WUVKEGUWDUGSWGPVN[CPPQWPEGFVJCV OCTMGVUTGUKFGPVKCNCTGCUCPFQVJGT FKUCRRGCTGFD[EGPVTCN+TCSKCPF-WTFKUJ RGQRNGJCFDGGPGZGEWVGF RWDNKEURCEGU+5ENCKOGFDQODKPIU HQTEGUYJKNGƃGGKPI+5JGNFCTGCU KP$CIJFCFCPFQVJGTIQXGTPQTCVGU DGVYGGPCPFTGOCKPGF RCTVKEWNCTN[#PDCT&K[CNC5CNCJCN&KP OKUUKPI5GEWTKV[HQTEGUKPENWFKPIVJG 0KPGYCCPF-KTMWM+5ƂIJVGTUYGTG IMPUNITY AND LACK OF REMEDY 2/7TGIWNCTN[CTTGUVGFCPFHQTEKDN[ TGRQTVGFVQJCXGCDFWEVGFCPFMKNNGF FKUCRRGCTGFOGPYKVJRGTEGKXGF+5VKGU #TGRQTVD[VJG75CWVJQTKVKGUKP,WPG FQ\GPUQHEKXKNKCPUCPFOGODGTUQH CVVKOGUFKTGEVN[HTQO+&2ECORU+TCSK UVCVGFVJCV75OKNKVCT[CEVKQPUJCFMKNNGF +TCSKUGEWTKV[HQTEGUKPTWTCNCTGCU(CMG EKXKNKCPUKP+TCS5[TKC#HIJCPKUVCP EJGEMRQKPVUOCPPGFD[+5Ƃ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earlier in the week had shown the six TREATMENT EQPVKPWGFVQNCOGPVVJGNCEMQHCP ECRVWTGFD[+5CPFKPENWFGFVJTGCVUVQ CEEGUUKDNGCPFWPKƂGFU[UVGOQHOGFKECN MKNNVJGOGPKH+TCSKCWVJQTKVKGUFKFPQV 6JQUGFGVCKPGFD[EGPVTCN+TCSKCPF CPFRU[EJQUQEKCNECTG+P#WIWUV;C\KFK TGNGCUGHGOCNGRTKUQPGTUUWURGEVGFQH -WTFKUJHQTEGUYGTGTQWVKPGN[VQTVWTGF YQOGPYJQJCFTGEGPVN[GUECRGF+5 CPFUWDLGEVGFVQQVJGTHQTOUQHKNN JCXKPINKPMUVQ+5 ECRVKXKV[KP5[TKCCPFTGVWTPGFVQ+TCS VTGCVOGPVFWTKPIKPVGTTQICVKQPQHVGPVQ VQNF#OPGUV[+PVGTPCVKQPCNVJCVVJG[ GZVTCEVpEQPHGUUKQPUq(QTOGTFGVCKPGGU 6JG70UVCVGFVJCVCRRTQZKOCVGN[ JCFUVTWIINGFVQRC[HQTOGFKECNCPF reported witnessing other detainees die ;C\KFKUYGTGUVKNNOKUUKPICUYGNNCU RU[EJQNQIKECNECTGCPFQHVGPHGNVNGVFQYP VJQWUCPFUQHRGQRNGHTQOQVJGTTGNKIKQWU CUCTGUWNVQHUWEJCDWUG D[VJGKPVGTPCVKQPCNEQOOWPKV[ OKPQTKVKGUYJQO+5JCFCNUQVCTIGVGF +P0QXGODGTVJG70#UUKUVCPEG /KUUKQPHQT+TCSCPFVJG1HƂEGQHVJG DEATH PENALTY #NQECN0)1VQNF#OPGUV[+PVGTPCVKQPCN 70*KIJ%QOOKUUKQPGT*WOCP4KIJVU VJCVUKPEGCTQWPFOCUUITCXGU %QWTVUEQPVKPWGFVQJCPFFQYPCPF TGRQTVGFVJGFKUEQXGT[QHQXGTOCUU JCFDGGPWPEQXGTGFKP5KPLCTPQTVJ WRJQNFFGCVJUGPVGPEGU UEQTGUQH ITCXGUKPUGXGTCNIQXGTPQTCVGUCFFKPI YGUVGTP+TCSVJCVVJGDQFKGUJCFUVKNNPQV VJCVVJGITCXGUEQPVCKPGFKPFKXKFWCNU people were sentenced to death by DGGPGZJWOGFCPFVJCVVJGUKVGUYGTG DGNKGXGFVQJCXGDGGPMKNNGFHQTPQV JCPIKPIKP1XGTVYQFQ\GP PQVDGKPIRTQVGEVGFFGURKVG+TCSoU.CY YQOGPRCTVKEWNCTN[HQTGKIPPCVKQPCNU EQPHQTOKPIVQ+5TWNGU QP2TQVGEVKQPQH/CUU)TCXGU YGTGUGPVGPEGFVQFGCVJDGECWUGC OCNGTGNCVKXGQHVGPVJGKTJWUDCPFYCU #EQOOKVVGGGUVCDNKUJGFD[VJGRTKOG UWURGEVGFQHDGNQPIKPIVQ+5#TGRQTV UNFAIR TRIALS D[#UUQEKCVGF2TGUUUCKFVJCV+TCSK OKPKUVGToUQHƂEGKP,WPGVQ +TCSoUETKOKPCNLWUVKEGU[UVGOTGOCKPGF CWVJQTKVKGUJCFUKPEGFGVCKPGF NQQMKPVQVJGCDFWEVKQPCPFHQTEKDNG ETKVKECNN[ƃCYGF6TKCNUHGNNEQPUKFGTCDN[ QTKORTKUQPGFCVNGCUVRGQRNG FKUCRRGCTCPEGD[2/7OKNKVKCUQH UJQTVQHKPVGTPCVKQPCNUVCPFCTFU CEEWUGFQHNKPMUVQ+5QTQVJGTVGTTQT OGPCPFDQ[UHTQO5CSNCYK[CKP#PDCT +PFKXKFWCNUJGNFQPUWURKEKQPQHDGKPI TGNCVGFQHHGPEGUCPFJCFUGPVGPEGF IQXGTPQTCVGJCFUVKNNPQVRWDNKEN[TGNGCUGF CHƂNKCVGFYKVJ+5YGTGFGPKGFVJGTKIJV VJQWUCPFUQHVJGOVQFGCVJ CP[ƂPFKPIUD[VJGGPFQH HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA 29 REVIEW OF 2018 Amnesty International Palestinian Jihad Shawamrah stands on the ruins of his house, which he demolished in order not to face the prospect of Israeli settlers moving in, after he lost a land ownership case in Israeli courts, in the East Jerusalem neighbourhood of Beit Hanina, 19 July 2018. © Reuters/Ammar Awad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tate of Israel JWPFTGFUKPCFOKPKUVTCVKXGFGVGPVKQP Head of state: Reuven Rivlin BACKGROUND Head of government: Benjamin Netanyahu YKVJQWVEJCTIGQTVTKCN6QTVWTGCPFQVJGT KNNVTGCVOGPVQHFGVCKPGGUKPENWFKPI 6JG+UTCGNKCWVJQTKVKGUEQPVKPWGFVQ EJKNFTGPTGOCKPGFRGTXCUKXGCPFYCU GZRCPFKNNGICNUGVVNGOGPVUCPFTGNCVGF 0GYNGIKUNCVKQPGPVTGPEJGF EQOOKVVGFYKVJKORWPKV[+UTCGNEQPVKPWGF KPHTCUVTWEVWTGKP'CUV,GTWUCNGOCPF FKUETKOKPCVKQPCICKPUVPQP,GYKUJ VQFGOQNKUJ2CNGUVKPKCPJQOGUCPF GNUGYJGTGKPVJGQEEWRKGF9GUV$CPM EKVK\GPU+UTCGNKHQTEGUMKNNGFOQTGVJCP QVJGTUVTWEVWTGUKPVJG9GUV$CPMCPFKP KPENWFKPID[NGICNK\KPIQWVRQUVUDWKNV 2CNGUVKPKCPUKPENWFKPIQXGT 2CNGUVKPKCPXKNNCIGUKPUKFG+UTCGNHQTEKDN[ EJKNFTGP OCP[YGTGWPNCYHWNN[MKNNGF GXKEVKPITGUKFGPVU6JG+UTCGNKLWUVKEG YKVJQWVUVCVGCWVJQTK\CVKQPQPRTKXCVG as they were shot while posing no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mnesty International 0GIQVKCVKQPUDGVYGGP+UTCGNKCPF RTQVGUVUVJCVUVCTVGFKP/CTEJHQTVJG FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT AND 2CNGUVKPKCPCWVJQTKVKGUTGOCKPGF TKIJVVQTGVWTPQHTGHWIGGUVQNCPF RIGHTS TO HEALTH, WATER AND UVCNNGF1P/C[VJG75#OQXGF HTQOYJKEJVJG[YGTGFKURNCEGF SANITATION KVUGODCUU[HTQO6GN#XKXVQ,GTWUCNGO [GCTUGCTNKGTCPFCICKPUVVJG+UTCGNK KPXKQNCVKQPQHKPVGTPCVKQPCNNCY6YQ DNQEMCFGQHVJG)C\C5VTKR#EEQTFKPI +UTCGNoUKNNGICNCKTNCPFCPFUGCDNQEMCFG RQNKEGKPXGUVKICVKQPUTGEQOOGPFGFVJCV VQVJG2CNGUVKPKCP%GPVTGHQT*WOCP QHVJG)C\C5VTKRGPVGTGFKVUVJ[GCT 2TKOG/KPKUVGT$GPLCOKP0GVCP[CJWDG 4KIJVUYGTGMKNNGFCOQPIVJGO TGUVTKEVKPIVJGOQXGOGPVQHRGQRNG KPFKEVGFQXGTEQTTWRVKQPCNNGICVKQPU6JG EJKNFTGPVJTGGRCTCOGFKEUCPF CPFIQQFUKPVQCPFQWVQHVJGCTGC CPFEQNNGEVKXGN[RWPKUJKPI)C\Co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ƂTGDGVYGGP+UTCGNCPF2CNGUVKPKCP VQNKHG OCP[YGTGCVFKUVCPEGUQHCTQWPF CTOGFITQWRUDTQMGTGFD['I[RVYCU OHTQOVJGHGPEGUGRCTCVKPI 6JTQWIJQWVOWEJQHVJG[GCTVJG)C\C CPPQWPEGF+PFKXKFWCN2CNGUVKPKCPUOQUV )C\CCPF+UTCGNYJGPVJG[YGTGUJQV 5VTKRUWHHGTGFHWGNUJQTVCIGUVJCVTGUWNVGF WPCHƂNKCVGFVQCTOGFITQWRUCVVCEMGF 5QOGQHVJGUGWPNCYHWNMKNNKPIUCRRGCTGF KPCOCZKOWOQHHQWTJQWTUQHGNGEVTKEKV[ +UTCGNKUKPVJG9GUV$CPMCPFKP+UTCGN VQDGYKNHWNYJKEJYQWNFEQPUVKVWVGYCT RGTFC[+P1EVQDGTVJG70DTQMGTGF MKNNKPICVNGCUV#VVCEMUD[UGVVNGTUQP ETKOGU+UTCGNKHQTEGUCNUQKPLWTGFCV CFGCNVQCNNQY)C\CoUOCKPGNGEVTKEKV[ RNCPVVQDGTGHWGNNGFCURCTVQHCRNCPVQ 2CNGUVKPKCPUTGUWNVGFKPVJGFGCVJQHC NGCUV2CNGUVKPKCPUOCP[QHVJGO KPETGCUGGNGEVTKEKV[UWRRN[VQGKIJVJQWTU 2CNGUVKPKCPYQOCP UGTKQWUN[KPENWFKPIOQTGVJCP RGTFC['NGEVTKEKV[EWVUYQTUGPGF)C\CoU UJQVD[NKXGCOOWPKVKQPCEEQTFKPIVQ water and sanitation crisis. +UTCGNTGRQTVGFN[EQPFWEVGFUEQTGUQHCKT VJG2CNGUVKPKCP%GPVTGHQT*WOCP4KIJVU UVTKMGUKPUKFG5[TKC +P/C[VJG70*WOCP4KIJVU%QWPEKN +UTCGNTGFWEGFVQCTGEQTFNQYVJGPWODGT GUVCDNKUJGFCEQOOKUUKQPQHKPSWKT[KPVQ QHOGFKECNRGTOKVUKUUWGFVQTGUKFGPVU VJGMKNNKPIUCPFQVJGTCDWUGUKPVJG126 QHVJG)C\C5VTKRVQCNNQYVJGOVQGPVGT DISCRIMINATION since the protests began. +UTCGNCPFVJG9GUV$CPMHQTVTGCVOGPV +UTCGNEQPVKPWGFVQRCUUNGIKUNCVKQP &GPKCNQHOGFKECNRGTOKVUNGFVQVJG VJCVFKUETKOKPCVGUCICKPUVPQP,GYKUJ 1P,WN[/CLFK4CO\KCN5CVTK FGCVJUQHCVNGCUVGKIJV2CNGUVKPKCPU EKVK\GPURCTVKEWNCTN[2CNGUVKPKCPU6JG YCUMKNNGFCHVGTDGKPIUJQVKPVJGJGCF CEEQTFKPIVQVJG#N/G\CP%GPVGTHQT $CUKE.CY +UTCGNCUVJG0CVKQP5VCVG D[CNKXGDWNNGVƂTGFD[+UTCGNKUGEWTKV[ *WOCP4KIJVU QHVJG,GYKUJ2GQRNGRCUUGFKP,WN[ HQTEGUYJKNGUVCPFKPIOCYC[HTQO FGUETKDGFVJG+UTCGNKUVCVGCUDGKPI VJGHGPEGFWTKPIJKURCTVKEKRCVKQPKPC 1P,WPG/CUQWF#DFWN*CK#DW QPN[HQTVJG,GYKUJRGQRNGEQPƂTOKPI RTQVGUVKP4CHCJ 5CSGTFKGFCV'TG\EJGEMRQKPV VJGUVCVWUQHVJGCNOQUVQPGƂ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oGF#DFWN CVNGCUV2CNGUVKPKCPUKPENWFKPICV CRRNKECVKQPUHQTCOGFKECNRGTOKV6JG *COKF/QJCOOGF#DW6JCJGTCPF NGCUVEJKNFTGPKPFGOQPUVTCVKQPUKP Ƃ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mnesty International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oU NGICNRTQEGUUYCUEQPVKPWKPICVVJGGPF 6JG[RNCEGFKPFGVGPVKQPQTEQPVKPWGF TGRQTVPQVGFVJCVJGJCFDTWKUGUQP QHVJG[GCT VQFGVCKPVJQWUCPFUQH2CNGUVKPKCPU VJGVQTUQVJGTKIJVVJKIJCPFVJGDCEM +VEQPENWFGFVJCVVJGHGCTCPFCPZKGV[ HTQOVJG126KPRTKUQPUKP+UTCGNKP 1P/C[VJG/KPKUVT[QH5VTCVGIKE TGUWNVKPIHTQOJKUCTTGUVEQWRNGFYKVJ XKQNCVKQPQHKPVGTPCVKQPCNJWOCPKVCTKCP #HHCKTURWDNKUJGFCTGRQTVVJCVNKUVGF CIGPGVKEEQPFKVKQPQHPCTTQYCTVGTKGU NCY+UTCGNKCWVJQTKVKGUWUGFTGPGYCDNG 'WTQRGCPCPF2CNGUVKPKCPJWOCPTKIJVU NGFVQCHCVCNTGUVTKEVKQPQHDNQQFƃQYVQ CFOKPKUVTCVKXGFGVGPVKQPQTFGTUVQJQNF QTICPK\CVKQPUVJCVCNNGIGFN[UWRRQTV VJGJGCTV6JG+UTCGNKOKNKVCT[FGPKGFVJG 2CNGUVKPKCPUYKVJQWVEJCTIGQTVTKCN VGTTQTKUO6JG'7TGURQPFGFVJCV+UTCGN DGCVKPICPFUCKFVJGECWUGQHFGCVJYCU 2CNGUVKPKCPEKXKNKCPUYGTGRTQUGEWVGF YCUURTGCFKPIFKUKPHQTOCVKQP still to be investigated. KPOKNKVCT[EQWTVUVJCVFKFPQVOGGV KPVGTPCVKQPCNUVCPFCTFUQHHCKTVTKCNCPF +UTCGNKCWVJQTKVKGUEQPVKPWGFVQQDUVTWEV +UTCGNJGNF2CNGUVKPKCPEJKNFTGPKP OQTGVJCP2CNGUVKPKCPUKPENWFKPI RTKUQPKPENWFKPIWPFGTVJGCIGQH CVVGORVUVQFQEWOGPVJWOCPTKIJVU CFOKPKUVTCVKXGFGVCKPGGUYGTGJGNF #EEQTFKPIVQ&GHGPUGHQT%JKNFTGP D[FGP[KPIJWOCPTKIJVUDQFKGUGPVT[ KP+UTCGNKRTKUQPUCVVJGGPFQHVJG[GCT +PVGTPCVKQPCN2CNGUVKPGOCP[EJKNFTGP VQVJG126KPENWFKPIVJG705RGEKCN CEEQTFKPIVQ2CNGUVKPKCPJWOCPTKIJVU YGTGDGCVGPVJTGCVGPGFCPFKPVKOKFCVGF 4CRRQTVGWTQPVJGJWOCPTKIJVUUKVWCVKQP QTICPK\CVKQP#FFCOGGT#OQPIVJQUG CHVGTCTTGUVKPVGTTQICVGFYKVJQWVVJGKT KPVJG126 JGNFYGTGEKXKNUQEKGV[NGCFGTU0)1 RCTGPVUCPFJCPFGFFKURTQRQTVKQPCVGN[ YQTMGTUCPFLQWTPCNKUVU JCTUJUGPVGPEGU+VCFFGFVJCVEJKNFTGP 2QNKVKECNNGCFGT4CLC'IJDCTKCC YGTGVTKGFKPHTQPVQHCOKNKVCT[LWFIG 2CNGUVKPKCPEKVK\GPQH+UTCGNYCUJGNFƂTUV -JCNKFC,CTTCTCOGODGTQHVJG CPFRNCEGFYKVJCFWNVUKPVJGUCOG KPFGVGPVKQPHQTCOQPVJCPFVJGPWPFGT 2CNGUVKPKCP.GIKUNCVKXG%QWPEKNCPFDQCTF RTKUQPHCEKNKVKGU7PFGTKPVGTPCVKQPCN JQWUGCTTGUVYKVJQWVCEEGUUVQVGNGRJQPGU OGODGTQHVJG0)1#FFCOGGTCPF NCYFGVGPVKQPQHEJKNFTGPUJQWNFDGC QTVJGKPVGTPGVFWTKPIJKUQPIQKPIVTKCN #FFCOGGTUVCHHOGODGT#[OCP0CUUGT OGCUWTGQHNCUVTGUQTVCPFHQTVJGUJQTVGUV HQT(CEGDQQMRQUVUVJCVCEEQTFKPIVQVJG TGOCKPGFJGNFWPFGTCFOKPKUVTCVKXG CRRTQRTKCVGVKOG +UTCGNKRTQUGEWVKQPEQPVCKPGFKPEKVGOGPV detention orders since their arrest in VQVGTTQTKUO*KUNCY[GTCTIWGFVJCVVJG (GDTWCT[CPF5GRVGODGT 5QOG2CNGUVKPKCPRTKUQPGTUYGTGFGPKGF RQUVUYJKNGRTCKUKPI2CNGUVKPKCPUYJQ respectively. CFGSWCVGOGFKECNECTGQTTGEGKXGF YGTGMKNNGFCHVGTUJQQVKPIOGODGTUQH VTGCVOGPVKPJWOKNKCVKPIEQPFKVKQPU +UTCGNKUGEWTKV[HQTEGUKPENWFGFPQECNNVQ 4CLCoK#DFGN3CFGTHQTGZCORNGTGEGKXGF XKQNGPEGCPFVJCVVJGKTOGCPKPIKP#TCDKE TORTURE AND OTHER ILL- GKIJVJQWTUQHEQPVKPWQWUEJGOQVJGTCR[ JCFDGGPCNVGTGFD[VJGUVCVGoU*GDTGY TREATMENT YJKNGJKUJCPFUCPFHGGVYGTGUJCEMNGF VTCPUNCVKQP#OPGUV[+PVGTPCVKQPCNCITGGF YKVJVJKUCUUGUUOGPV +UTCGNKUQNFKGTURQNKEGCPF+UTCGN 5GEWTKV[#IGPE[ +5# QHƂEGTUVQTVWTGF FREEDOMS OF EXPRESSION, CPFQVJGTYKUGKNNVTGCVGF2CNGUVKPKCP ASSOCIATION AND ASSEMBLY FGVCKPGGUKPENWFKPIEJKNFTGPYKVJ FORCIBLE TRANSFERS, FORCED KORWPKV[RCTVKEWNCTN[FWTKPICTTGUV 6JGCWVJQTKVKGUWUGFCTCPIGQHOGCUWTGU EVICTIONS AND DEMOLITIONS CPFKPVGTTQICVKQP4GRQTVGFOGVJQFU KPENWFKPIFGVGPVKQPUOQXGOGPV +UTCGNFGOQNKUJGF2CNGUVKPKCP KPENWFGFDGCVKPIUUNCRRKPIRCKPHWN TGUVTKEVKQPULWFKEKCNJCTCUUOGPVCPF RTQRGTVKGUKPVJG9GUV$CPMKPENWFKPI UJCEMNKPIUNGGRFGRTKXCVKQPWUGQHUVTGUU KPEKVGOGPVECORCKIPUDQVJKP+UTCGNCPF 'CUV,GTWUCNGOHQTNCEMQHRGTOKVU RQUKVKQPUCPFVJTGCVU2TQNQPIGFUQNKVCT[ VJG126VQVCTIGVCEVKXKUVUKPENWFKPI CPFPKPGHQTRWPKVKXGTGCUQPUCEEQTFKPI EQPƂPGOGPVUQOGVKOGUHQTOQPVJUYCU JWOCPTKIJVUFGHGPFGTUYJQETKVKEK\GF VQ+UTCGNKJWOCPTKIJVUQTICPK\CVKQP EQOOQPN[WUGFCUCRWPKUJOGPV/CP[ +UTCGNoUEQPVKPWKPIQEEWRCVKQPQHVJG $o6UGNGO RGQRNGKPENWFKPI HCOKNKGUQH2CNGUVKPKCPFGVCKPGGUCPF 9GUV$CPMCPF)C\C5VTKR EJKNFTGPYGTGNGHVJQOGNGUUCUCTGUWNV RTKUQPGTUKP+UTCGNRCTVKEWNCTN[VJQUGKP 2WPKVKXGFGOQNKVKQPUEQPUVKVWVGEQNNGEVKXG )C\CYGTGPQVRGTOKVVGFGPVT[VQ+UTCGN +UTCGNUVCTVGFKORNGOGPVKPIVJG RWPKUJOGPVCPFCTGGZRTGUUN[RTQJKDKVGF to visit their relatives. COGPFOGPVVQVJG'PVT[KPVQ+UTCGN.CY WPFGTKPVGTPCVKQPCNNCY HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA REVIEW OF 2018 Amnesty International 6JG-PGUUGV RCTNKCOGPV FGDCVGFC WPNCYHWNCVVCEMUKPENWFKPIYCTETKOGU EQWPVTKGUQHQTKIKP#PQVJGTQTUQ DKNNVJCVYQWNFTCKUGVJGNGICNHGGUHQT 6JG[JCFRTGXKQWUN[KPFKEVGFQPN[VJTGG YGTGFGVCKPGFKP5CJCTQPKORTKUQPHQT EQPVGUVKPIFGOQNKVKQPQTFGTUKPVJG UQNFKGTUHQTNQQVKPICPFQDUVTWEVKPICP TGHWUKPIVQNGCXG+UTCGN VJGRTCEVKEG 9GUV$CPMCPFRTQJKDKVPQPRTQƂV KPXGUVKICVKQP+P#WIWUVVJG/KNKVCT[ GPFGFKP#RTKNCHVGTVJG5WRTGOG%QWTV QTICPK\CVKQPUHTQOUWDOKVVKPIRGVKVKQPU Attorney General closed the case relating HQWPFVJGFGVGPVKQPUWPNCYHWN CICKPUVFGOQNKVKQPQTFGTUKHVJG[YGTGPQV VQCPCVVCEMQP4CHCJQP#WIWUV FKTGEVN[CHHGEVGFD[VJGO YJGPDGVYGGPCPF #UCTGUWNVQHCFGEKUKQPD[VJGKPVGTKQT civilians were killed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Ƃ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pJQPQWTMKNNKPIUq 2CNGUVKPKCPJQOGUKPUKFG+UTCGNVJCVVJG[ UCKFYGTGDWKNVYKVJQWVRGTOKVUKPENWFKPI KP2CNGUVKPKCPVQYPUCPFXKNNCIGUKPVJG REFUGEES AND ASYLUM-SEEKERS 6TKCPING CEQPEGPVTCVKQPQH2CNGUVKPKCP 6JGCWVJQTKVKGUEQPVKPWGFVQFGP[ EQOOWPKVKGUCFLCEGPVVQVJGPQTVJ CU[NWOUGGMGTUHTQO'TKVTGCCPF5WFCP YGUVQHVJG9GUV$CPM VJG)CNKNGGCPF CEEGUUVQCHCKTCPFRTQORVTGHWIGG pWPTGEQIPK\GFq$GFQWKPXKNNCIGUKPVJG UVCVWUFGVGTOKPCVKQPRTQEGUU5QOG 0GIGX0CSCDTGIKQP+P#WIWUV+UTCGNK CU[NWOENCKOUYGTGENQUGFQT RQNKEGHQTEKDN[FGOQNKUJGFVJG$GFQWKP FGPKGFWPNCYHWNN[KPYJKNGUQOG XKNNCIGQHCN#TCSKDHQTVJGPFVKOG YGTGRGPFKPICVVJGGPFQHVJG [GCT1PN[ENCKOCPVUHTQO'TKVTGCQT 5WFCPJCFDGGPITCPVGFTGHWIGGUVCVWU IMPUNITY since 2008. 6JGCWVJQTKVKGUHCKNGFVQCFGSWCVGN[ GPUWTGCEEQWPVCDKNKV[KPVJGCHVGTOCVJ +P,CPWCT[+UTCGNCEEGNGTCVGFKVU VJG)C\C+UTCGNEQPƃKEVFWTKPI FGRQTVCVKQPUQH'TKVTGCPUCPF5WFCPGUG YJKEJ+UTCGNKHQTEGUMKNNGFUQOG CU[NWOUGGMGTU#UCTGUWNVYGTG 2CNGUVKPKCPEKXKNKCPUOCP[KPGXKFGPVN[ FGRQTVGFVQ4YCPFCCPF7ICPFCQTVJGKT HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA REVIEW OF 2018 Amnesty International ,QTFCPKCPRQNKEGOGPVT[VQFGVCKPCFGOQPUVTCVQTFWTKPICRTQVGUVPGCTVJGRTKOGOKPKUVGToUQHƂEGKP#OOCP,QTFCPQP,WPG2TKOG/KPKUVGT*CPK#N/WNMKTGUKIPGF on 4 June after a wave of anti-austerity protests by citizens suffering from high unemployment and repeated price hikes. © Ahmad Gharabli/AFP/Getty Images *QYGXGTYQOGPoUTKIJVUEQPVKPWGFVQDG 6JG70*WOCP4KIJVU%QWPEKNJGNF JORDAN TGUVTKEVGFKPNCYCPFRTCEVKEGKPENWFKPI VJGVJKTF7PKXGTUCN2GTKQFKE4GXKGYQH KPTGNCVKQPVQCDQTVKQPIWCTFKCPUJKR ,QTFCPQP0QXGODGT,QTFCPCEEGRVGF Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan OCTTKCIGCPFKPJGTKVCPEG6JGTKIJVUQH TGEQOOGPFCVKQPUCITGGFVQ Head of state: King Abdullah II bin al-Hussein OKITCPVYQTMGTUEQPVKPWGFVQDGXKQNCVGF GZCOKPGCPQVJGTCPFTGLGEVGF Head of government: 1OCT#N4C\\C\ TGRNCEGF*CPK#N/WNMK CPFKPUWHƂEKGPVN[RTQVGEVGFKPNCY QVJGTUTGNCVGFVQCOQPIQVJGTKUUWGU in June) ,QTFCPEQPVKPWGFVQQHHGTUCPEVWCT[VQ TCVKƂECVKQPQHJWOCPTKIJVUVTGCVKGU CTQWPFOKNNKQPTGHWIGGUVJQWIJVJG CDQNKVKQPQHVJGFGCVJRGPCNV[pJQPQWTq TKIJVUQHUQOGQHVJGOYGTGXKQNCVGF 2GQRNGYGTGUWDLGEVGFVQRTQNQPIGFRTG MKNNKPIUTGRGCNQHVJG%TKOG2TGXGPVKQP Death sentences were passed; there were .CYPCVKQPCNKV[TKIJVURTGXGPVKQPQH VTKCNFGVGPVKQPUQNKVCT[EQPƂPGOGPVCPF PQGZGEWVKQPU VQTVWTGCPFQVJGTKNNVTGCVOGPV(TGGFQO VQTVWTGKPFGVGPVKQPCPFRTQVGEVKQPQH QHGZRTGUUKQPYCUEWTVCKNGF LQWTPCNKUVU OKITCPVYQTMGTU CPFCEVKXKUVUETKVKECNQHVJGIQXGTPOGPV QT-KPI#DFWNNCJYGTGFGVCKPGF CEEGUU 1P/C[VTCFGWPKQPUECNNGFC to the internet was restricted; and BACKGROUND UVTKMGVQRTQVGUVCICKPUVCOGPFOGPVU QPNKPGEQPVGPVYCUEGPUQTGF2TQRQUGF ,QTFCPTGOCKPGFRCTVQHVJG75NGF to the 2014 tax law presented by COGPFOGPVUVQVJGE[DGTETKOGNCY OKNKVCT[EQCNKVKQPƂIJVKPIKP+TCSCPF VJGIQXGTPOGPVQH*CPK#N/WNMKCPF VJCVYQWNFHWTVJGTVJTGCVGPHTGGFQOQH 5[TKCCICKPUVVJGCTOGFITQWRECNNKPI UWRRQTVGFD[VJG+PVGTPCVKQPCN/QPGVCT[ GZRTGUUKQPUVCNNGFCHVGTFGOQPUVTCVKQPU KVUGNH+UNCOKE5VCVG UGG+TCSCPF5[TKC (WPF6JGPGZVFC[VJGIQXGTPOGPV CICKPUVVJGNGIKUNCVKQP6JGCWVJQTKVKGU GPVTKGU CPFQHVJG5CWFK#TCDKCNGF TCKUGFHWGNCPFGNGEVTKEKV[RTKEGU QRGPGFCUJGNVGTHQTYQOGPCVTKUMQH EQCNKVKQPGPICIGFKPVJGCTOGFEQPƃKEVKP VTKIIGTKPIHWTVJGTRTQVGUVU1P,WPG HCOKN[XKQNGPEGKPVJGPCOGQHpJQPQWTq ;GOGP UGG;GOGPGPVT[ -KPI#DFWNNCJQTFGTGFCHTGG\GQPRTKEG HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA REVIEW OF 2018 Amnesty International JKMGUDWVRTQVGUVUEQPVKPWGF1P RGQRNGYKVJVJGCKOQHFCOCIKPIVJGKT KPENWFKPIKPVJGCTGCUQHIWCTFKCPUJKR ,WPG#N/WNMKTGUKIPGFCPFVJGPGZV TGRWVCVKQPKPVJGCDUGPEGQHKPEKVGOGPV OCTTKCIGFKXQTEGEQOOQPOCTKVCN FC[-KPI#DFWNNCJCRRQKPVGF1OCT#N to violence and carry harsh sanctions. RTQRGTV[CPFKPJGTKVCPEG+PRTCEVKEG 4C\\C\CURTKOGOKPKUVGT6JGRTQVGUVU +P&GEGODGTHQNNQYKPIFGOQPUVTCVKQPU IWCTFKCPUJKRGUVCDNKUJGFYCUKPVGTRTGVGF GPFGFCHVGT#N4C\\C\CPPQWPEGFVJCV CICKPUVVJGNCYVJGIQXGTPOGPV YKFGN[VQTGUVTKEVYQOGPoUCWVQPQOQWU VJGPGYIQXGTPOGPVYQWNFYKVJFTCY UWURGPFGFVJGRTQEGUUVQUWDLGEVVJG FGEKUKQPOCMKPIQPKUUWGUQHOCTTKCIG VJGCOGPFOGPVU+P5GRVGODGTVJG COGPFOGPVUVQHWTVJGTGZCOKPCVKQP CPFTGUKFGPEGWPVKNVJGCIGQH6JG IQXGTPOGPVRTGUGPVGFCPCOGPFGFVCZ RQNKEGEQPVKPWGFVQCEVQPFGOCPFU NCY KVGZGORVGFNQYGTRCKFKPFKXKFWCNU D[IWCTFKCPUVQHQTEKDN[TGVWTPYQOGP HTQOƂNKPIVCZTGVWTPUDWVUVKNNRTQORVGF WOMEN’S RIGHTS pCDUGPVqHTQOVJGKTIWCTFKCPoUJQOG UVTQPIRWDNKEETKVKEKUO (QNNQYKPICNQPIUVCPFKPIECORCKIPD[ +PVJGEQPVGZVQHRQQTGPHQTEGOGPVQH ,QTFCPKCPYQOGPoUTKIJVUQTICPK\CVKQPU CNKOQP[RC[OGPVUHQNNQYKPIFGEKUKQPU DETENTION KPENWFKPI/K\CPs.CY)TQWRHQT QH5JCTKoCEQWTVUCPCNKOQP[HWPF *WOCP4KIJVUVJG/KPKUVT[QH5QEKCN RTQXKFGFHQTKPCCOGPFOGPVVQVJG 6JG)GPGTCN+PVGNNKIGPEG&KTGEVQTCVG &GXGNQROGPVQRGPGF#OPGJ*QWUG 2GTUQPCN5VCVWU.CYDGECOGCXCKNCDNGKP )+& EQPVKPWGFVQUWDLGEVRGQRNGVQ UJGNVGTHQTYQOGPCVTKUMQHHCOKN[ GCTN[CPFDGPGƂVGFCVNGCUV RTQNQPIGFRTGVTKCNFGVGPVKQPUQNKVCT[ XKQNGPEGKPVJGPCOGQHpJQPQWTq$[VJG FKXQTEGFYQOGPYJQUGHQTOGTJWUDCPFU EQPƂPGOGPVCPFVQTVWTGCPFQVJGTKNN GPFQHVJG[GCTYQOGPYGTGNKXKPI JCFPQVOCFGOCKPVGPCPEGRC[OGPVU VTGCVOGPVCEEQTFKPIVQVJG0CVKQPCN KPVJGUJGNVGT6JGUJGNVGToUTGIWNCVKQPU %GPVTGHQT*WOCP4KIJVU 0*4% RWDNKUJGFKP/C[IWCTCPVGGFVJCVPQQPG CPFQVJGTQTICPK\CVKQPU&GVCKPGGU EQWNFDGJGNFKPVJGUJGNVGTCICKPUVVJGKT MIGRANTS’ RIGHTS JGNFKP)+&RTKUQPUYGTGPQVCNNQYGF YKNN%KXKNUQEKGV[QTICPK\CVKQPUYGTGUVKNN WPUWRGTXKUGFXKUKVUGXGPD[NCY[GTU FGDCVKPIYJGVJGTVJGUJGNVGTYQWNFGPF 9JKNGRQUKVKXGOGCUWTGUYGTGCFQRVGF VJGNQPIUVCPFKPIRTCEVKEGQHKORTKUQPKPI KPVQEQODCVJWOCPVTCHƂEMKPI #FOKPKUVTCVKXGIQXGTPQTUEQPVKPWGF YQOGPCVTKUMKPpRTQVGEVKXGEWUVQF[q CPFKORTQXGQEEWRCVKQPCNUCHGV[VJG[ VQKUUWGVJQWUCPFUQHCFOKPKUVTCVKXG VJTQWIJVJG OKU WUGQHRQYGTUUGVQWV TGOCKPGFKPUWHƂEKGPVVQGPUWTGVJG FGVGPVKQPQTFGTUWPFGTVJG%TKOG WPFGTVJG%TKOG2TGXGPVKQP.CYQH RTQVGEVKQPQHOKITCPVYQTMGTUoTKIJVU 2TGXGPVKQP.CYYJKEJCNNQYUFGVGPVKQP /KITCPVFQOGUVKEYQTMGTUEQPVKPWGFVQ QHWRVQQPG[GCTYKVJQWVEJCTIGQTVTKCN 9JKNGEGNGDTCVGFTGHQTOUJCFDGGPOCFG DGKPCFGSWCVGN[RTQVGEVGFHTQOCDWUG QTCP[OGCPUQHNGICNTGOGF[ VQVJG2GPCN%QFGKPPQHWTVJGT D[VJGKTGORNQ[GTUCPFCIGPVUCPF CEVKQPYCUVCMGPVQOQFKH[FKUETKOKPCVQT[ TGOCKPGFCVTKUMQHCTDKVTCT[FGVGPVKQP RTQXKUKQPU#TVKENGUCPF by the state. According to activists with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oU VJGKTEJKNFTGPQTVTCXGNNKPIYKVJVJGO TGNKIKQWUOQTCNCPFRQNKVKECNTGCUQPU TKIJVUQTICPK\CVKQP5KUVGTJQQF+U VQVJGKTJQOGEQWPVTKGU+VKUKNNGICNKP TGUVTKEVGFQTFKUTWRVGFCEEGUUVQVJG )NQDCN+PVGTPCVKQPCN 5+)+ s,QTFCP ,QTFCPVQIKXGDKTVJQWVUKFGQHYGFNQEM internet; and censored online content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’S RIGHTS HTGGFQOQHGZRTGUUKQP1PGEQPVCKPGF JWUDCPFKPUGNHFGHGPEG +P5GRVGODGTVJGIQXGTPOGPV CPQXGTN[DTQCFFGƂPKVKQPQHQPNKPG ECPEGNNGFVJGTGSWKTGOGPVQHƂXG[GCTUo pJCVGURGGEJqYJKEJYQWNFETKOKPCNK\G 6JG2GTUQPCN5VCVWU.CYEQPVKPWGFVQ WPKPVGTTWRVGFTGUKFGPEGHQTYQOGP UVCVGOGPVUVJCVURTGCFTWOQWTUCICKPUV FKUETKOKPCVGCICKPUVYQOGPCPFIKTNU OCTTKGFVQPQP,QTFCPKCPUCUCEQPFKVKQP HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA REVIEW OF 2018 Amnesty International HQTVJGKTEJKNFTGPVQCEEGUUEGTVCKPTKIJVU ECOR/QUVRGQRNGKPVJKUCTGCJCFDGGP INTERNATIONAL JUSTICE CPFDGPGƂVUCPFVQQMVJGRQUKVKXGUVGR VTCPUHGTTGFVJGTGKPQPVJGDCUKU +P5GRVGODGT,QTFCPCRRGCNGFCICKPUV QHCEEGRVKPICUQHƂEKCN+&VJGECTFKUUWGF VJCVVJG[YQWNFDGUETGGPGFCPFVJGP VJG+PVGTPCVKQPCN%TKOKPCN%QWTV +%% VQVJGUGEJKNFTGPD[VJG&GRCTVOGPVQH TGNQECVGFQWVUKFG8KNNCIG6JGKTUVCVWU TWNKPIVJCV,QTFCPJCFHCKNGFVQEQORN[ %KXKN5VCVWUCPF2CUURQTVU6JGTKIJVUCPF TGOCKPGFWPENGCT7PNKMGTGHWIGGUKP with its obligations as a state party DGPGƂVUYGTGTGNCVGFVQGFWECVKQPJGCNVJ QVJGTRCTVUQHVJGECORVJQUGKP8KNNCIG VQVJG4QOG5VCVWVGQHVJG+%%HQT ECTGGORNQ[OGPVKPXGUVOGPVRTQRGTV[ YGTGPQVCNNQYGFVQNGCXGVJGCTGC PQVGZGEWVKPIVJGEQWTVo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ƂECVKQPCNNQYGFVJGOVQDGPGƂVHTQO TGHWIGGUTGIKUVGTGFD[70*%4VJG70 the protection and assistance provided TGHWIGGCIGPE[QHYJQOUQOG D[70*%4CPFVQTGEGKXGC/KPKUVT[QH NKXGFKPECORUKPCFFKVKQPVQQXGT +PVGTKQTUGTXKEGECTF 2CNGUVKPKCPTGHWIGGUHTQO5[TKC CPFQXGTOKNNKQPNQPIVGTO2CNGUVKPKCP 6JG0%*4UVCVGFKP#WIWUVVJCV5[TKCP TGHWIGGUCOQPIQVJGTU TGHWIGGUJCFDGGPHCEKPICPKPETGCUKPI TKUMQHFGRQTVCVKQPUKPEGVJGDGIKPPKPIQH 1H5[TKCPTGHWIGGUKP#\TCS CPFVJCVCWVJQTKVKGUYGTGTGVWTPKPI ECORPGCTN[TGOCKPGFKP8KNNCIG TGHWIGGUVQ&CTCoCIQXGTPQTCVGFGURKVGVJG CPCTGCHGPEGFQHHHTQOVJGTGUVQHVJG NCEMQHKPHTCUVTWEVWTGCPFUGEWTKV[VJGTG HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA REVIEW OF 2018 Amnesty International #-WYCKVKYQOCPJQNFUUKIPUTGCFKPIKP#TCDKEpPQVQDCPPKPIDQQMUqCPFp[GUHQTHTGGFQOQHOKPF[GUHQTHTGGFQOVQTGCFCPF[GUHQTHTGGFQOQHVJQWIJVqFWTKPIC demonstration outside the National Assembly building in Kuwait City on 29 September 2018, in protest against the government’s new censorship regulations on publications, which resulted in the banning of many books from entering the country. © Yasser Al-Zayyat/AFP/Getty Images *WOCPKVCTKCP.CY KVURWTRQUGYKNNDGVQ KUWAIT TGXKGYLWFKEKCNXGTFKEVUCPFNGIKUNCVKQP BACKGROUND TGNCVKPIVQKPVGTPCVKQPCNJWOCPKVCTKCPNCY State of Kuwait KPNKIJVQHVJG)GPGXC%QPXGPVKQPU Head of state: Sabah al-Ahmad al-Jaber al-Sabah -WYCKVNGFOGFKCVKQPGHHQTVUVQTGUQNXG Head of government:,CDGTCN/WDCTCMCN*COCFCN5CDCJ VJG)WNHETKUKUVJCVGTWRVGFKP,WPG YJGP$CJTCKP'I[RV5CWFK #TCDKCCPFVJG7PKVGF#TCD'OKTCVGU FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION, 6JGCWVJQTKVKGUEQPVKPWGFVQWPFWN[ 7#' UGXGTGFTGNCVKQPUYKVJ3CVCT ASSOCIATION AND ASSEMBLY TGUVTKEVVJGTKIJVUVQHTGGFQOQH -WYCKVTGOCKPGFRCTVQHVJG5CWFK 6JGTKIJVUVQHTGGFQOQHGZRTGUUKQP GZRTGUUKQPCPFRGCEGHWNCUUGODN[ #TCDKCNGFEQCNKVKQPGPICIGFKPCTOGF CUUQEKCVKQPCPFRGCEGHWNCUUGODN[ KPENWFKPID[RTQUGEWVKPICPFKORTKUQPKPI EQPƃKEVKP;GOGP UGG;GOGPGPVT[ TGOCKPGFEWTVCKNGF6JGCWVJQTKVKGU IQXGTPOGPVETKVKEUWPFGTETKOKPCN RTQUGEWVGFIQXGTPOGPVETKVKEUWPFGT FGHCOCVKQPNCYU/GODGTUQHVJG$KFWP 6JGIQXGTPOGPVVGTOKPCVGFVJG RTQXKUKQPUQHVJG2GPCN%QFGVJCV OKPQTKV[EQPVKPWGFVQHCEGFKUETKOKPCVKQP GORNQ[OGPVEQPVTCEVUQHQXGT ETKOKPCNK\GURGGEJFGGOGFQHHGPUKXGVQ and were denied the right to a nationality. HQTGKIPGORNQ[GGUKPVJGRWDNKEUGEVQT VJGGOKTQTFKURCTCIKPIVQPGKIJDQWTKPI /KITCPVYQTMGTUTGOCKPGFKPCFGSWCVGN[ WPFGTCPCVKQPCNK\CVKQPRQNKE[ EQWPVTKGU+P#WIWUVVJGIQXGTPOGPV RTQVGEVGFCICKPUVGZRNQKVCVKQPCPFCDWUG RTQRQUGFCNCYVJCVYQWNFRWPKUJYKVJƂXG %QWTVUEQPVKPWGFVQJCPFFQYPFGCVJ +P5GRVGODGTVJGIQXGTPOGPVGUVCDNKUJGF [GCTUKPRTKUQPCP[QPGYJQFGHCOGUor UGPVGPEGU PQGZGEWVKQPUYGTGTGRQTVGF VJG0CVKQPCN%QOOKVVGGQP+PVGTPCVKQPCN FKURCTCIGUVJGETQYPRTKPEGQTJKUFGRWV[ HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA REVIEW OF 2018 Amnesty International $NQIIGTCPFQPNKPGCEVKXKUV#DFWNNCJ 9GCVJGTD[YJQYCURCTVQHCNGICNVGCO CPFRTGXGPVUVJGOHTQOEJCPIKPILQDU 5CNGJYCUUGPVGPEGFKPJKUCDUGPEG OQPKVQTKPIVJGVTKCNYCUDNQEMGFHTQO YKVJQWVVJGGORNQ[GToUEQPUGPV/KITCPV VQCVQVCNQH[GCTUoKORTKUQPOGPVKP GPVGTKPIVJGEQWPVT[ FQOGUVKEYQTMGTUOQUVN[YQOGP FKHHGTGPVECUGUUKORN[HQTGZRTGUUKPI TGOCKPGFGURGEKCNN[CVTKUMCPFGZRQUGF XKGYUQPUQEKCNOGFKCFGGOGF VQRJ[UKECNUGZWCNCPFRU[EJQNQIKECN pKPUWNVKPIqVQ$CJTCKP5CWFK#TCDKC DISCRIMINATION - BIDUN CDWUGD[VJGKTGORNQ[GTU CPFVJG7#'+P(GDTWCT[VJG%QWTVQH %CUUCVKQPWRJGNFVJGRTKUQPUGPVGPEGU +P/CTEJCNCYYCURCUUGFVJCVCNNQYU +P(GDTWCT[VJG2JKNKRRKPGUKORQUGF QHRGQRNGHQTRWDNKEK\KPIQTTGEKVKPI $KFWPVQLQKPVJGOKNKVCT[2CTNKCOGPV CDCPQPVJGFGRNQ[OGPVQH(KNKRKPQ GZVTCEVUQHCURGGEJD[HQTOGTQRRQUKVKQP CNUQCRRTQXGFCFTCHVNCYVJCVYQWNF YQTMGTUVQ-WYCKVHQNNQYKPIVJGOWTFGT OGODGTQHRCTNKCOGPV/WUCNNCOCN ITCPV-WYCKVKEKVK\GPUJKRVQWRVQ QHC(KNKRKPCFQOGUVKEYQTMGTD[JGT $CTTCMHQTYJKEJJGYCUUGPVGPEGFVQ $KFWPDWVKVJCFPQVDGGPGPCEVGFD[ GORNQ[GTU+VCNUQHCEKNKVCVGFVJG VYQ[GCTUKPRTKUQPKP+P/C[ VJGGPFQHVJG[GCT XQNWPVCT[TGRCVTKCVKQPQHVJQWUCPFUQH *COCFCN0CSKYJQJCFTGEGKXGFC OKITCPVYQTMGTU(QNNQYKPIOQPVJUQH [GCTRTKUQPUGPVGPEGKPHQT 6JGCWVJQTKVKGUEQPVKPWGFVQYKVJJQNF FKRNQOCVKEETKUKUVJGDCPYCUNKHVGFKP pKPUWNVKPIVJG2TQRJGV/WJCOOCFCPF EKVK\GPUJKRHTQOOQTGVJCP /C[CHVGT-WYCKVCPFVJG2JKNKRRKPGU VJG5WPPK/WUNKOTWNGTUQH5CWFK#TCDKC $KFWPNQPIVGTOTGUKFGPVUQH-WYCKV UKIPGFCDKNCVGTCNCITGGOGPVTGIWNCVKPI CPF$CJTCKPQPUQEKCNOGFKCqYCU YJQTGOCKPGFUVCVGNGUUCPFWPCDNGVQ UQOGYQTMKPIEQPFKVKQPUHQTFQOGUVKE RCTFQPGFCPFTGNGCUGFCHVGTUGTXKPIJCNH CEEGUUCTCPIGQHRWDNKEUGTXKEGU+P workers. his sentence. ,WPGVJGOKPKUVGTQHGFWECVKQPTGLGEVGF CRCTNKCOGPVCT[RTQRQUCNVQTGIKUVGT +P,WPG-WYCKVoUOKPKUVGTQHUQEKCN EJKNFTGPQH$KFWPCVRWDNKEUEJQQNU WOMEN’S RIGHTS CHHCKTUFKUUQNXGFVJGDQCTFQHFKTGEVQTU #EEQTFKPIVQVJGOKPKUVT[oUTGIWNCVKQPU QHVJG-WYCKV.KDGTCN5QEKGV[HQT TGIKUVTCVKQPKUQPN[CNNQYGFHQT$KFWP 9QOGPEQPVKPWGFVQHCEGFKUETKOKPCVKQP RCTVKEKRCVKPIKPCHQTWOQPHTGGVJQWIJV EJKNFTGPDQTPQH-WYCKVKOQVJGTUCPF KPNCYCPFRTCEVKEG+PRCTVKEWNCTVJGNCY YKVJC&WVEJRQNKVKECNRCTV[LQKPKPIVJG EJKNFTGPCPFITCPFEJKNFTGPQH$KFWP CEEQTFUYQOGPHGYGTTKIJVUVJCPOGP #TCD.KDGTCN(GFGTCVKQP CPGVYQTMQH ECVGIQTK\GFCUpOCTV[TUqCHVGTDGKPI KPHCOKN[OCVVGTUUWEJCUFKXQTEGEJKNF RQNKVKECNRCTVKGU CPFHWPFTCKUKPIFWTKPI MKNNGFFWTKPIVJG+TCSKKPXCUKQPQH EWUVQF[KPJGTKVCPEGPCVKQPCNKV[TKIJVU VJGOQPVJQH4COCFCPYKVJQWVRTKQT CPFFQOGUVKEXKQNGPEG QHƂEKCNRGTOKUUKQP#OGODGTQHVJG 5QEKGV[YCUUGPVGPEGFVQUKZOQPVJUKP DEPRIVATION OF NATIONALITY LCKNHQTC6YKVVGTRQUV +P1EVQDGTVJG%QWPEKNQH/KPKUVGTU DEATH PENALTY CRRTQXGFVJGTGKPUVCVGOGPVQH-WYCKVK %QWTVUEQPVKPWGFVQJCPFFQYPFGCVJ +P,WN[VJG%QWTVQH%CUUCVKQPWRJGNFVJG PCVKQPCNKV[HQTUGXGTCNKPFKXKFWCNU UGPVGPEGUHQTQHHGPEGUKPENWFKPIOWTFGT EQPXKEVKQPUQHQRRQUKVKQPRQNKVKEKCPU KPENWFKPIIQXGTPOGPVETKVKEUYJQUG CPFFTWIVTCHƂEMKPI PQGZGEWVKQPUYGTG JWOCPTKIJVUFGHGPFGTUCPFRGCEGHWN EKVK\GPUJKRJCFDGGPTGXQMGFUGXGTCN reported. FGOQPUVTCVQTUKPENWFKPIGKIJVHQTOGT years earlier. QTEWTTGPVOGODGTUQHRCTNKCOGPVQP charges relating to their participation in a 2011 protest. The convictions were MIGRANT WORKERS DCUGFQPRQNKVKECNN[OQVKXCVGFEJCTIGU CHVGTVTKCNUVJCVXKQNCVGFKPVGTPCVKQPCN /KITCPVYQTMGTUEQPVKPWGFVQHCEG UVCPFCTFUQHHCKTPGUUCPFEQPVTCXGPGF GZRNQKVCVKQPCPFCDWUGWPFGTVJG VJGTKIJVUVQHTGGFQOQHGZRTGUUKQPCPF kafala URQPUQTUJKR U[UVGOYJKEJ RGCEGHWNCUUGODN[6TKCNQDUGTXGT2GVG VKGUCYQTMGToUXKUCVQVJGKTGORNQ[GT HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA REVIEW OF 2018 Amnesty International #PCGTKCNXKGYUJQYUCPKPHQTOCNVGPVUGVVNGOGPVJQWUKPI5[TKCPTGHWIGGUKPVJGCTGCQH&GNJCOK[GJKPVJGEGPVTCN$GMCC8CNNG[.GDCPQPQP,CPWCT[#KF organizations say they are doing their best to distribute emergency aid to the most vulnerable among the estimated 340,000 Syrian refugees living in Bekaa Valley. © Joseph Eid/AFP/Getty Images 2GCEGHWNCEVKXKUVUCPFQVJGTUYGTG PQVCDNGVQHQTOCIQXGTPOGPVDGHQTGVJG LEBANON FGVCKPGFHQTUQEKCNOGFKCRQUVUVJCV [GCToUGPFFWGVQRQNKVKECNHGWFU ETKVKEK\GFRQNKVKECNTGNKIKQWUQTGEQPQOKE Lebanese Republic CWVJQTKVKGU&GCVJUGPVGPEGUYGTGRCUUGF +P#RTKNCEQPHGTGPEGJGNFKPVJG(TGPEJ Head of state: Michel Aoun VJGTGYGTGPQGZGEWVKQPU#NCYYCU ECRKVCN2CTKUVQUWRRQTV.GDCPQPoU Head of government: Saad Hariri RCUUGFVQETGCVGCPCVKQPCNEQOOKUUKQPVQ FGXGNQROGPVCPFTGHQTORNGFIGFVJG KPXGUVKICVGVJGYJGTGCDQWVUQHVJQWUCPFU EQWPVT[CPCKFRCEMCIGYQTVJQXGT75 DKNNKQPEQORTKUKPI75DKNNKQPKP .GDCPQPJQUVGFOKNNKQPTGHWIGGU QHRGTUQPUYJQYGPVOKUUKPIQTYGTG NQCPUCPF75OKNNKQPKPITCPVU HTQO5[TKCDWVMGRVKVUDQTFGTENQUGF HQTEKDN[FKUCRRGCTGFFWTKPIVJG VQRGQRNGƃGGKPIVJGQPIQKPIEQPƃKEVKP CTOGFEQPƃKEVKP.GDCPQP +P5GRVGODGTRCTNKCOGPVJGNFCP PGKIJDQWTKPI5[TKC+VCNUQJQUVGFVGPU GZEGRVKQPCNUGUUKQPCPFRCUUGFQH QHVJQWUCPFUQHQVJGTTGHWIGGUOQUV FTCHVNCYUVJCVJCFDGGPRWVVQXQVG QHVJGONQPIVGTO2CNGUVKPKCPTGHWIGGU /QUVTGNCVGFVQVJGCKFRCEMCIGDWV YJQEQPVKPWGFVQHCEGFKUETKOKPCVQT[ BACKGROUND RCTNKCOGPVCNUQTCVKƂGFVJG#TOU6TCFG NCYUVJCVGZENWFGFVJGOHTQOCEEGUUKPI 1P/C[.GDCPQPJGNFNQPICYCKVGF Treaty and approved a controversial EGTVCKPUGTXKEGUCPFLQDU6JGRGPCNEQFG RCTNKCOGPVCT[GNGEVKQPUKPKVKCNN[ YCUVGOCPCIGOGPVNCYFGURKVGUGTKQWU EQPVKPWGFVQFKUETKOKPCVGCICKPUVYQOGP UEJGFWNGFHQT CRTQRQTVKQPCN EQPEGTPUCDQWVKVUKORNKECVKQPUHQT KPNCYCPFRTCEVKEG2QNKEGJCTCUUGFCPF TGRTGUGPVCVKQPU[UVGOYCUCRRNKGFHQT RGQRNGoUJGCNVJCPFVJGGPXKTQPOGPV CDWUGFNGUDKCPIC[DKUGZWCNVTCPUIGPFGT VJGƂTUVVKOG1P/C[VJGPGY #EEGUUVQGUUGPVKCNUGTXKEGUKPENWFKPI CPFKPVGTUGZ .)$6+ RGQRNGGURGEKCNN[ RCTNKCOGPVPCOGF5CCF*CTKTKVQUGTXG GNGEVTKEKV[CPFYCVGTTGOCKPGFUGXGTGN[ KPTGHWIGGCPFOKITCPVEQOOWPKVKGU CVJKTFVGTOCURTKOGOKPKUVGT*GYCU EWTVCKNGFCETQUUVJGEQWPVT[ HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA REVIEW OF 2018 Amnesty International REFUGEES AND ASYLUM-SEEKERS TORTURE AND OTHER ILL- UGZKUPQVKNNGICN#JGCNVJ0)15+&% TREATMENT 5QKPU+PƂTOKGTUGV&ÅXGNQRRGOGPV .GDCPQPJQUVGFOKNNKQP5[TKCP %QOOWPCWVCKTG TGRQTVGFVJCV TGHWIGGUKPENWFKPITGIKUVGTGF 5KPEG.GDCPQPRCUUGFCPCPVKVQTVWTGNCY KPCUWTXG[QHYQOGPGPICIKPI YKVJ70*%4VJG70TGHWIGGCIGPE[ KP5GRVGODGTVJG0CVKQPCN*WOCP KPVTCPUCEVKQPCNUGZENCKOGF CEEQTFKPIVQWRFCVGKVKUUWGFQP 4KIJVU+PUVKVWVGYJKEJKUOCPFCVGF FKUETKOKPCVKQPQTCDWUGKPRWDNKEJGCNVJ 0QXGODGT#IQXGTPOGPVFGEKUKQPQH VQQXGTUGGVJGNCYoUKORNGOGPVCVKQP care settings and 10 reported that they /C[EQPVKPWGFVQDCT70*%4 COQPIQVJGTVCUMUTGOCKPGFKPCEVKXG JCFHCEGFRJ[UKECNCDWUGKPFGVGPVKQP HTQOTGIKUVGTKPIPGYN[CTTKXGFTGHWIGGU 6JGIQXGTPOGPVHCKNGFVQCNNQECVGKV centres or police stations. 4GHWIGGUEQPVKPWGFVQTGVWTPVQ5[TKC CPKPFGRGPFGPVDWFIGVQTVTKIIGTVJG VJTQWIJQWVGKVJGTURQPVCPGQWUN[ RTQEGUUHQTPQOKPCVKPIVJGƂXGOGODGTU 9QOGPOKITCPVYQTMGTUEQPVKPWGFVQ QTKPITQWRUQTICPK\GFD[VJG.GDCPGUG PGGFGFVQHQTOVJG0CVKQPCN2TGXGPVKXG UWHHGTFKUETKOKPCVQT[RTCEVKEGUWPFGTVJG )GPGTCN5GEWTKV[70*%4XGTKƂGFVJTQWIJ /GEJCPKUOCICKPUVVQTVWTG kafala URQPUQTUJKR U[UVGOTGUVTKEVKPI KPVGTXKGYUCVKVUTGEGRVKQPEGPVTGUVJCV VJGKTTKIJVUVQHTGGFQOQHOQXGOGPV CUQH0QXGODGTKPFKXKFWCNU +P/CTEJCOKNKVCT[EQWTVCESWKVVGFCEVQT GFWECVKQPCPFJGCNVJKPENWFKPIUGZWCN JCFTGVWTPGFQPVJGKTQYPVQ5[TKC HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA 40 REVIEW OF 2018 Amnesty International CPFQVJGTKPFKXKFWCNUHQTUQEKCNOGFKC HQTVJGGPVKTG[GCT#UCTGUWNVVJG VJGCTOGFEQPƃKEVKP RQUVUETKVKEK\KPIRQNKVKECNTGNKIKQWUQT UWDUKFK\GFNQCPRTQITCOOGYCUHTQ\GP .GDCPQP#UUQEKCVKQPUQHHCOKNKGUQHVJG GEQPQOKECWVJQTKVKGU6JQUGVCTIGVGF CPFVJGTGYGTGUGTKQWUFQWDVUCDQWVKVU XKEVKOUEQPEGTPGFCNQPIYKVJRCTVPGT JCFVJGKTNGICNTKIJVUXKQNCVGFKPENWFKPI HWVWTGCPFVJCVQHVJG2WDNKE%QTRQTCVKQP QTICPK\CVKQPUJCFECORCKIPGFHQTUWEJC VJGTKIJVVQCNCY[GT+PVJGEQWTUGQHVJG HQT*QWUKPIVJGQPN[QHƂEKCNDQF[ FGXGNQROGPVHQTQXGTVJTGGFGECFGU KPVGTTQICVKQPUUGEWTKV[QHƂEGTUTGXGCNGF OCPCIKPIVJGTKIJVVQJQWUKPIHQTOKFFNG VJCVVJG[JCFCEEGUUGFUQOGQHVJGKT CPFNQYKPEQOGEKVK\GPU RGTUQPCNFCVCUWEJCUOGUUCIGUVJG[ INTERNATIONAL JUSTICE JCFUGPVCPFTGEGKXGFQPOGUUCIKPI +P5GRVGODGTRCTNKCOGPVCRRTQXGFCP UGTXKEGUCPFVTCPUETKRVUQHRJQPGECNNU GZEGRVKQPCNCNNQECVKQPQH75OKNNKQP +P5GRVGODGTVJGENQUKPICTIWOGPVU VJG[JCFOCFG/QUVYGTGHTGGFYKVJQWV VQƂPCPEGJQWUKPINQCPUCPFICXG EQPENWFGFKPProsecutor v. Ayyash et EJCTIGCHVGTCUJQTVRGTKQFQHFGVGPVKQP VJGIQXGTPOGPVUKZOQPVJUVQFTCHVC al.VJGECUGTGNCVKPIVQVJG(GDTWCT[ DWVUGXGTCNQHVJGCEVKXKUVUCTTGUVGFYGTG UWUVCKPCDNGJQWUKPIRQNKE[ CVVCEMYJKEJMKNNGFKPFKXKFWCNU DNCEMOCKNGFKPVQUKIPKPIRNGFIGUVJCV KPENWFKPIHQTOGT.GDCPGUG2TKOG VJG[YQWNFTGHTCKPHTQOEGTVCKPCEVKXKVKGU /KPKUVGT4CƂM*CTKTKCPFKPLWTGF CUCRTGEQPFKVKQPHQTVJGKTTGNGCUG ENFORCED DISAPPEARANCES AND QVJGTU#VVJGGPFQHVJG[GCTVJGLWFIGU ABDUCTIONS JCF[GVVQKUUWGVJGKTXGTFKEV RIGHT TO HOUSING +P0QXGODGTRCTNKCOGPVRCUUGFC NCYETGCVKPICPCVKQPCNEQOOKUUKQP DEATH PENALTY +P(GDTWCT[VJG%GPVTCN$CPMTGXGCNGF VQKPXGUVKICVGVJGYJGTGCDQWVUQH VJCVUGXGTCNDCPMUJCFPGCTN[GZJCWUVGF VJQWUCPFUQHRGTUQPUYJQYGPVOKUUKPI %QWTVUEQPVKPWGFVQJCPFFQYPFGCVJ VJGKTSWQVCQHUVKOWNWUHWPFUCNNQECVGF QTYGTGHQTEKDN[FKUCRRGCTGFFWTKPI UGPVGPEGU PQGZGEWVKQPUYGTGECTTKGFQWV HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA 41 REVIEW OF 2018 Amnesty International .KD[CPOKNKVKCOGPNQ[CNVQVJG)QXGTPOGPVQH0CVKQPCN#EEQTF.KD[CoUKPVGTPCVKQPCNN[TGEQIPK\GFIQXGTPOGPVMGGRYCVEJHTQOCRQUKVKQPUQWVJQHVJG.KD[CPECRKVCN6TKRQNKQP 5GRVGODGT /CJOWF6WTMKC#(2)GVV[+OCIGU CPFCTOGFITQWRU/KNKVKCUCPFCTOGF LIBYA ITQWRUEQPVTKDWVGFVQVJGEQNNCRUGQH NCYGPHQTEGOGPVCPFVJGLWFKEKCT[D[ BACKGROUND State of Libya JCTCUUKPILWFIGUCPFNCY[GTU6JG[ 6JGUGEWTKV[UKVWCVKQPTGOCKPGFXQNCVKNG Head of state: Fayez Serraj (disputed) YGTGCNUQTGURQPUKDNGHQTMKFPCRRKPIU /KNKVKCUCTOGFITQWRUCPFUGEWTKV[ HQTTCPUQOCUYGNNCUCTDKVTCT[CTTGUVU HQTEGUCHƂNKCVGFVQVJGKPVGTPCVKQPCNN[ CPFCDFWEVKQPUQHVJQUGKFGPVKƂGFCU TGEQIPK\GF)QXGTPOGPVQH0CVKQPCN /KNKVKCUCTOGFITQWRUCPFUGEWTKV[ RQNKVKECNQRRQPGPVU6JQWUCPFUQH.KD[CP #EEQTF )0# KPVJGYGUVCPFVJGUGNH HQTEGUEQPVKPWGFVQEQOOKVYKVJ HCOKNKGUTGOCKPGFKPVGTPCNN[FKURNCEGF RTQENCKOGF.KD[CP0CVKQPCN#TO[ .0# KORWPKV[ETKOGUWPFGTKPVGTPCVKQPCNNCY 4GHWIGGUCU[NWOUGGMGTUCPFOKITCPVU KPVJGGCUVEQPVKPWGFVQQRGTCVGQWVUKFG CPFITQUUJWOCPTKIJVUXKQNCVKQPUCPF UWHHGTGFUGTKQWUJWOCPTKIJVUXKQNCVKQPU VJGTWNGQHNCY6JG)0#GUVCDNKUJGF CDWUGUKPENWFKPIYCTETKOGUVJTQWIJQWV CPFCDWUGUKPENWFKPITCRGCPFGZVQTVKQP WPFGTVJG70DTQMGTGF.KD[CP 2QNKVKECN#ITGGOGPVTGOCKPGFYGCMCU VJG[GCT%NCUJGUDGVYGGPEQORGVKPI CVVJGJCPFUQHUVCVGQHƂEKCNUOKNKVKCU KVEQPVKPWGFVQUVTWIINGVQGZGTVGHHGEVKXG OKNKVKCUTGUWNVGFKPCPKPETGCUGFPWODGT CPFUOWIINGTU6JGCWVJQTKVKGUHCKNGF EQPVTQNQPVJGITQWPF QHEKXKNKCPECUWCNVKGU6JQWUCPFUQH VQRTQVGEVYQOGPHTQOIGPFGTDCUGF RGQRNGYGTGJGNFKPFGƂPKVGN[YKVJQWV XKQNGPEGD[OKNKVKCUCPFCTOGFITQWRU (QWTOCKPOKNKVKCUQRGTCVKPIWPFGT CP[LWFKEKCNRTQEGUUHQNNQYKPICTDKVTCT[ CPFYQOGPCEVKXKUVUYGTGVCTIGVGF VJG/KPKUVT[QH+PVGTKQTFQOKPCVGFVJG CTTGUVKPENWFKPIOCP[FGVCKPGFUKPEG YKVJIGPFGTDCUGFXKQNGPEGCPFUOGCT ECRKVCN6TKRQNKECTXKPIQWVVGTTKVQTKCN 6QTVWTGCPFQVJGTKNNVTGCVOGPV ECORCKIPU%QWTVUJCPFGFFQYPFGCVJ KPƃWGPEGCPFRQYGTKPƂNVTCVKPI were widespread in state prisons and UGPVGPEGUDWVPQGZGEWVKQPU IQXGTPOGPVKPUVKVWVKQPUCPFDWKNFKPI FGVGPVKQPEGPVTGUEQPVTQNNGFD[OKNKVKCU were reported. GEQPQOKEUVTQPIJQNFU HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA 42 REVIEW OF 2018 Amnesty International 6JGRQNKVKECNUVCNGOCVGEQPVKPWGF 6JG+PVGTPCVKQPCN%TKOKPCN%QWTV +%% QRRQPGPVU(CTGU#N,QFJTCPCTGNCVKXGQH +PVGTPCVKQPCNECNNUHQT70DCEMGF EQPVKPWGFVQJCXGLWTKUFKEVKQPQXGTETKOGU +DTCJKO#N,QFJTCPYCUJGNFVJTQWIJQWV GNGEVKQPUCITGGFCVCUWOOKVKP2CTKU WPFGTKPVGTPCVKQPCNNCYEQOOKVVGFKP YKVJQWVEJCTIGKP/CVKICRTKUQP (TCPEGKP/C[YGTGQXGTUJCFQYGFD[ .KD[CUKPEG(GDTWCT[WPFGTC VJGQWVDTGCMQHEQPƃKEVKP6TKRQNKKP TGHGTTCNOCFGD[VJG705GEWTKV[%QWPEKN 1P/CTEJCPWPMPQYPOKNKVKC NCVG#WIWUV1VJGTKPVGTPCVKQPCNGHHQTVU KP1P,WN[VJG+%%KUUWGFC CDFWEVGF/CUQWF'TJQWOCVJGOKNKVCT[ KPENWFKPICEQPHGTGPEGJGNFKP2CNGTOQ UGEQPFCTTGUVYCTTCPVCICKPUV/CJOQWF RTQUGEWVQTQHVJG)0#KPHTQPVQHJKU +VCN[KP0QXGODGTOCFGNKVVNGRTQITGUU CN9GTHCNNKCHQTOGTƂGNFEQOOCPFGTQH JQWUGKP6TKRQNKoU5CNCJ'FFKPGCTGC+P YJKNGTGPGYKPIEQOOKVOGPVHQTGNGEVKQPU VJG5RGEKCN(QTEGU$TKICFG #N5CKSC #RTKNPGYUUQWTEGUTGRQTVGFVJCVJGJCF VQVCMGRNCEGKPVJGƂTUVJCNHQH CHƂNKCVGFVQVJG.0#HQTVJGYCTETKOG GUECRGF1P/CTEJCPWPKFGPVKƂGF +POKF/C[VJG.0#NGFD[)GPGTCN QHOWTFGTCHVGTJGYCUƂNOGFQP OKNKVKCCDFWEVGF#DFWNTCWH$GKVGNOCN -JCNKHC*CHVGTNCWPEJGFCPQHHGPUKXG ,CPWCT[GZVTCLWFKEKCNN[GZGEWVKPI JGCFQHVJG6TKRQNK/WPKEKRCNKV[%QWPEKN CICKPUVVJGGCUVGTPEKV[QH>PC RGQRNG6JGMKNNKPIUVQQMRNCEGLWUVJQWTU HTQOJKUJQOG*GYCUJGNFHQTCFC[ HQNNQYKPICDNQEMCFGKVJCFKORQUGFQP CHVGTVYQECTDQODUYGTGFGVQPCVGFCV DGHQTGDGKPITGNGCUGF VJGEKV[HQTC[GCT6JG.0#UQWIJVVQ VJG$KCC4CFYCPOQUSWGKPVJGEGPVTG consolidate its power and expel the Derna QHVJGGCUVGTPEKV[QH$GPIJC\K6JG 1P#RTKN5CNGO)JGTGD[CPF1OCT 5GEWTKV[(QTEG RTGXKQWUN[MPQYPCUVJG ƂTUVYCTTCPVHQTJKUCTTGUVYCUKUUWGFKP -JCNKHCDQVJHQTOGT)WCPV½PCOQ FGVCKPGGUYGTGFGRQTVGFHTQO5GPGICN >PC5JWTC%QWPEKN #WIWUV VQ.KD[CCHVGTYJKEJVJGKTYJGTGCDQWVU YGTGWPMPQYP0QQHƂEKCNEJCTIGUYGTG +P,WPG+DTCJKO#N,QFJTCPHQTOGT DTQWIJVCICKPUVVJGO EQOOCPFGTQHVJG2GVTQNGWO(CEKNKVKGU ARBITRARY ARRESTS, DETENTIONS )WCTFCOKNKVKCITQWRVJCVDGVYGGP AND ABDUCTIONS CPFEQPVTQNNGFVJG1KN %TGUEGPVTGIKQPsCEQCUVCNCTGCCPF /KNKVKCUCTOGFITQWRUCPFUGEWTKV[ FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION VJGUQWTEGQH.KD[CoUOCKPQKNGZRQTVUs HQTEGUCHƂNKCVGFVQVJGOKPKUVTKGUQH #TOGFITQWRUCPFOKNKVKCUCNKIPGFYKVJ NCWPEJGFCOKNKVCT[QRGTCVKQPVQTGENCKO KPVGTKQTCPFFGHGPEGWPFGTVJG6TKRQNK VJG)0#CPF.0#JCTCUUGFCDFWEVGF VJGTGIKQPHTQOVJG.0#.0#HQTEGU DCUGF70DCEMGF)0#CPFVJGGCUVGTP CPFCVVCEMGFLQWTPCNKUVUJWOCPTKIJVU SWKEMN[TGICKPGFEQPVTQNQHVJGCTGC DCUGF.0#EQPVKPWGFVQCTDKVTCTKN[CTTGUV FGHGPFGTUCPFQVJGTCEVKXKUVUHQTEKPI 1P5GRVGODGTVJG705GEWTKV[ CPFKPFGƂPKVGN[FGVCKPVJQWUCPFUQH OCP[VQƃGGVJGEQWPVT[ %QWPEKNKORQUGFUCPEVKQPUQP+DTCJKO RGQRNGYKVJQWVEJCTIG/CP[FGVCKPGGU #N,QFJTCPKORQUKPICVTCXGNDCPCPF JCFDGGPJGNFUKPEGCPFOQUV 1P,CPWCT[OGODGTUQHVJG$CD HTGG\KPIJKUCUUGVUHQTCUGTKGUQHCEVU YGTGJGNFYKVJPQLWFKEKCNQXGTUKIJVQT 6CLQWTCOKNKVKCCHƂNKCVGFVQVJG)0# KPENWFKPICVVGORVKPIVQGZRQTV.KD[CPQKN OGCPUVQEJCNNGPIGVJGNGICNKV[QHVJGKT CDFWEVGF/CTKCOCN6C[GDCLQWTPCNKUV detention. illegally and attacking oil installations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oU HQTEGFVQNGCXG.KD[CCNQPIYKVJJGTGPVKTG JWPFTGFUQHEKXKNKCPECUWCNVKGUKPENWFKPI GCUVGTPQWVUMKTVUTWPD[VJG5RGEKCN HCOKN[YJGPVJG.0#oU/KNKVCT[+PVGNNKIGPEG FGCVJUOQUVFWGVQCVVCEMUVJCVYGTG &GVGTTGPV(QTEGU 4CFCC COKNKVKC 7PKVUQWIJVVQCTTGUVJGTHQTJGTRQUVU KPFKUETKOKPCVGCPFOCFGKVFKHƂEWNVHQT ITQWRCHƂNKCVGFVQVJG)0#CPFQP RGQRNGVQCEEGUUDCUKEHCEKNKVKGUUWEJCU VJGIQXGTPOGPVoURC[TQNNYGTGJGNF 1P,WN[VJG)0#CHƂNKCVGF JQURKVCNUCPFUEJQQNU4GPGYGFEQPƃKEV KPFGƂPKVGN[YKVJQWVCLWFKEKCNRTQEGUU OKNKVKC#N0CYCUUKDTKICFGDCUGFKP KP6TKRQNKKPNCVG#WIWUVCPF5GRVGODGT They were kept in overcrowded cells with 6TKRQNKCTTGUVGFHQWTKPVGTPCVKQPCN EQUVEKXKNKCPUVJGKTNKXGUCEEQTFKPI KPUWHƂEKGPVHQQFCPFYCVGTCPFFGPKGF LQWTPCNKUVUs#JOGF'NWOCOK C VQ/KPKUVT[QH*GCNVJƂIWTGU6JG CEEGUUVQOGFKECNUGTXKEGU1P#RTKN 4GWVGTUEQTTGURQPFGPV *CPK#OCTC .0#oUCUUCWNVQP>PCKP/C[KPXQNXGF 4CFCCHQTEGUCTTGUVGF5WNGKOCP3CUJQWV C4GWVGTUECOGTCOCP CPFDTQVJGTU KPVGPUKXGCGTKCNCPFCTVKNNGT[DQODCTFOGPV CRTQOKPGPV68CPEJQTHQTQTICPK\KPIC /CJOQWF6WTMKCCPF*CO\C6WTMKC CPFNGFVQHGTQEKQWUƂIJVKPIQPVJG OGFKCCYCTFEGTGOQP[VJCVVJGOKNKVKC #(2RJQVQITCRJGTU sYJKNGVJG[YGTG ITQWPFYJGTGEKXKNKCPUYGTGMKNNGFQT perceived as contradicting their social EQXGTKPICUVQT[QPOKITCVKQPCV#DW5KVVC KPLWTGFCUCTGUWNVCPFGZCEGTDCVGFCP XCNWGU4CFCCHQTEGUCNUQWUGFCTDKVTCT[ naval base in Tripoli. 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oUCWVQPQOQWU VQ/QTQEEQCHVGTVJG[ETQUUGFKPVQVJG FGEKUKQPOCMKPI+PCNNQVJGTECUGU 5RCPKUJGPENCXGUQH%GWVCCPF/GNKNNC YQOGPUGGMKPIQTWPFGTIQKPICDQTVKQP POLISARIO CAMPS /QTQEECPCWVJQTKVKGUHQTEKDN[TGVWTPGF CPFJGCNVJRTQHGUUKQPCNUCNKMGTKUM FQ\GPUQHVJQUGCTTGUVGFCPFGZRGNNGF KORTKUQPOGPVCPFQVJGTRGPCNVKGU 6JG2QNKUCTKQ(TQPVCICKPHCKNGFVQJQNFVQ HTQO5RCKPVQVJGKTEQWPVTKGUQHQTKIKP CEEQWPVVJQUGTGURQPUKDNGHQTEQOOKVVKPI KPENWFKPI%COGTQQP%ÐVGFo+XQKTG JWOCPTKIJVUCDWUGUKPVJGUCPF )WKPGCCPF5GPGICNKPUQOGECUGU RIGHTS OF LESBIAN, GAY, UKPVJGECORUVJCVJCXGDGGP KPXKQNCVKQPQHVJGRTKPEKRNGQHnon- BISEXUAL, TRANSGENDER AND WPFGTKVUEQPVTQNUKPEGVJCVRGTKQF refoulement. INTERSEX (LGBTI) PEOPLE 1P5GRVGODGTVJG/QTQEECPPCX[ 5COGUGZUGZWCNTGNCVKQPUTGOCKPGFC intercepted a boat with at least 15 ETKOKPCNQHHGPEGRWPKUJCDNGD[WRVQ Moroccan nationals in Moroccan waters VJTGG[GCTUKPRTKUQPWPFGT#TVKENGQH ENQUGVQVJGPQTVJGTPVQYPQH(PKFGS6JG[ VJG2GPCN%QFG.)$6+RGQRNGEQPVKPWGF UJQVCVVJGOVQOCMGVJGOUVQRVJGDQCV VQHCEGRQNKEGJCTCUUOGPV8KEVKOUQH HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA 48 REVIEW OF 2018 Amnesty International %QPUVTWEVKQPYQTMGTUUVQRVQYCVEJVJG6QWTQH1OCPCMOTQCFTCEGHTQO$C[V#N0COCP%CUVNGVQ#N9WVC[[CQP(GDTWCT[KP/WUECV1OCP $T[P.GPPQP)GVV[+OCIGU VJGIQXGTPOGPVVQVGORQTCTKN[HTGG\G VJGCN5JWJWJVTKDGCPFKPENWFKPIC OMAN TGETWKVOGPVQHHQTGKIPYQTMGTUKPVJG PCVKQPCNQHVJG7PKVGF#TCD'OKTCVGU RTKXCVGUGEVQTCPFNCWPEJCRNCPVQ were arrested in May and April and held Sultanate of Oman UGEWTGUQOGLQDUHQTPCVKQPCNU KPEQOOWPKECFQHQTUGXGTCNOQPVJU Head of state: Qaboos bin Said Al Said +VYCTPGFKVYQWNFRTQUGEWVGRTKXCVG 6JGCWVJQTKVKGUFKFPQVFKUENQUGVJG Head of government: Qaboos bin Said Al Said GUVCDNKUJOGPVUVJCVHCKNGFVQEQORN[YKVJ NGICNDCUKUHQTVJGKTCTTGUVEKVKPIQPN[ VJGIQXGTPOGPVoUp1OCPK\CVKQPqRQNKEKGU XCIWGpPCVKQPCNUGEWTKV[qITQWPFU6JG 6JGCWVJQTKVKGUEQPVKPWGFVQWPFWN[ ƂXGOGPoUVTKCNUDGICPKP,WN[6JG 1OCPOCKPVCKPGFCPGWVTCNUVCPEGKP TGUVTKEVHTGGFQOQHGZRTGUUKQPD[ CEEWUGFYGTGPQVRGTOKVVGFVQURGCM VJGTGIKQPCNETKUKUKPYJKEJ$CJTCKP CTTGUVKPIFGVCKPKPICPFJCTCUUKPI to their lawyers or receive or review any 'I[RV5CWFK#TCDKCCPFVJG7PKVGF#TCD CEVKXKUVUCPFIQXGTPOGPVETKVKEU#PGY FQEWOGPVUTGNCVKPIVQVJGECUGDGHQTG 'OKTCVGUUGXGTGFTGNCVKQPUYKVJ3CVCT penal code contained harsh penalties VTKCNXKQNCVKPIKPVGTPCVKQPCNUVCPFCTFUQH HQTVJGRGCEGHWNGZGTEKUGQHCTCPIGQH HCKTPGUU$GVYGGP#WIWUVCPF1EVQDGTC JWOCPTKIJVU9QOGPEQPVKPWGFVQHCEG EQWTVKP/WUECVUGPVGPEGFVJGƂXGOGP FKUETKOKPCVKQPKPNCYCPFRTCEVKEG6JG ARBITRARY DETENTIONS AND VQNKHGKORTKUQPOGPVQPEJCTIGUVJCV FGCVJRGPCNV[TGOCKPGFKPHQTEG PQ UNFAIR TRIALS KPENWFGFpWUKPIKPHQTOCVKQPVGEJPQNQI[ GZGEWVKQPUYGTGTGRQTVGF VQRTGLWFKEGVJGUGEWTKV[CPFWPKV[QHVJG 6JGCWVJQTKVKGUECTTKGFQWVYCXGU EQWPVT[CPFKVUVGTTKVQTKGUq QHCTDKVTCT[CTTGUVUQHTGUKFGPVUKP /WUCPFCORTQXKPEG$GVYGGP#RTKNCPF ,WN[VGPUQHTGUKFGPVUYGTGUWOOQPGF FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION BACKGROUND HQTKPVGTTQICVKQPHQTGNGEVTQPKECNN[ +P,CPWCT[JWPFTGFUQH1OCPKUVQQMVQ EKTEWNCVKPIKPHQTOCVKQPCDQWVVJGJKUVQT[ +P,CPWCT[CPGYRGPCNEQFGGPVGTGF VJGUVTGGVUVQRTQVGUVRGCEGHWNN[CICKPUV QHVJGRTQXKPEG/CP[YGTGTGNGCUGF KPVQHQTEG+VUWDUVCPVKCNN[KPETGCUGF JKIJWPGORNQ[OGPVTCVGURTQORVKPI UGXGTCNFC[UNCVGT(KXGOGPCNNHTQO LCKNVGTOURTGUETKDGFHQTVJGGZGTEKUGQH HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA 49 REVIEW OF 2018 Amnesty International UQOGTKIJVUCPFEQPVCKPUXCIWGN[YQTFGF FREEDOM OF ASSOCIATION AND DETENTION CONDITIONS provisions that give sweeping powers to ASSEMBLY VJGCWVJQTKVKGU(QTKPUVCPEG#TVKENG #OPGUV[+PVGTPCVKQPCNTGEGKXGFUGXGTCN EQPUKFGTUURGGEJCICKPUVVJGUWNVCPVJG The new penal code also threatens to EQPUKUVGPVTGRQTVUQHOKUVTGCVOGPV JGCFQHUVCVGCETKOGCICKPUVPCVKQPCN UVCORQWVEKXKEURCEGD[ETKOKPCNK\KPI KPFGVGPVKQPKPENWFKPIDGCVKPIUCPF UGEWTKV[CPFRWPKUJCDNGYKVJDGVYGGP HQTOUQHCUUQEKCVKQPpCKOGFCVEQODCVKPI OGFKECNPGINGEV5GXGTGRJ[UKECNCDWUG VJTGGCPFUGXGP[GCTUoKORTKUQPOGPV VJGRQNKVKECNGEQPQOKEUQEKCNQTUGEWTKV[ KPENWFKPIDGCVKPIUYKVJOGVCNRKRGU 5KOKNCTN[#TVKENGRTQXKFGUHQT RTKPEKRNGUQHVJGUVCVGq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ƂTOGFKVYQWNFVCMG GZGTEKUGQHVJGTKIJVUVQDQVJHTGGFQO NGICNOGCUWTGUCICKPUVVTKDCNCUUGODNKGU QHGZRTGUUKQPCPFHTGGFQOQHTGNKIKQP CPFCP[QPGYJQCUUKUVUQTRTQOQVGU MIGRANT WORKERS VJGUGQPUQEKCNOGFKC CPFDGNKGH /KITCPVYQTMGTUEQPVKPWGFVQHCEG GZRNQKVCVKQPCPFCDWUGCUCTGUWNVQHVJG +P#RTKNVJG+PVGTPCN5GEWTKV[(QTEGU WOMEN’S RIGHTS restrictive kafala URQPUQTUJKR U[UVGO FGVCKPGFQPNKPGCEVKXKUV;QWUUGH5WNVCP VJCVVKGUVJGOVQVJGKTGORNQ[GTU/KITCPV CN#TKOKHQTVYQYGGMUHQTXKGYUJG 9QOGPEQPVKPWGFVQHCEGFKUETKOKPCVKQP YQTMGTUFGRGPFQPVJGKTGORNQ[GTUYJQ RWDNKUJGFQPUQEKCNOGFKC1P#RTKN in law and practice. They are not CNUQCEVCUVJGKTURQPUQTUVQGPVGTVJG KPVGTPGVCEVKXKUV*CUUCPCN$CUJCO CEEQTFGFGSWCNTKIJVUKPNCYKPTGNCVKQP EQWPVT[CPFECPPQVEJCPIGLQDUYKVJQWV YJQUGVJTGG[GCTRTKUQPUGPVGPEG VQOCVVGTUUWEJCUFKXQTEGEJKNF VJGKTRGTOKUUKQP6JKUUGXGTGN[NKOKVU YCUEQPƂTOGFD[CEQWTVQHCRRGCNKP EWUVQF[KPJGTKVCPEGCPFRCUUKPIVJGKT VJGKTCDKNKV[VQGUECRGCDWUKXGYQTMKPI 0QXGODGTQPEJCTIGUTGNCVGFVQ PCVKQPCNKV[QPVQVJGKTEJKNFTGP)GPFGT EQPFKVKQPUCPFHCEKNKVCVGUGZRNQKVCVKQP QPNKPGGZRTGUUKQPFKGFKPRTKUQPCHVGT DCUGFXKQNGPEGCPFOCTKVCNTCRGCTGPQV &QOGUVKEYQTMGTUEQPVKPWGFVQDGCT JKUJGCNVJFGVGTKQTCVGF+P,WPGVJG prohibited by law. VJGDTWPVQHVJKUU[UVGOCPFTGOCKPGF CWVJQTKVKGURCTFQPGFCPFTGNGCUGFYTKVGT GZENWFGFHTQOVJGRTQVGEVKQPQHVJG CPFEKPGOCETKVKE#DFWNNCJ*CDKDYJQ NCDQWTNCY YCUKORTKUQPGFKP#RTKNHQTpDNCURJGO[q RIGHTS OF LESBIAN, GAY, CPFpWUKPIVJGKPVGTPGVHQTYJCVYQWNF BISEXUAL, TRANSGENDER AND RTGLWFKEGRWDNKEQTFGTq INTERSEX PEOPLE DEATH PENALTY 6JGCWVJQTKVKGUCNUQJKPFGTGFLQWTPCNKUVUo 5COGUGZUGZWCNTGNCVKQPUEQPVKPWGFVQ The new penal code retained the death CEEGUUVQKPHQTOCVKQPQPJWOCPTKIJVU DGETKOKPCNK\GFWPFGTVJGPGYRGPCN RGPCNV[HQTCTCPIGQHETKOGU0Q KUUWGU EQFGKUUWGFKP,CPWCT[ GZGEWVKQPUYGTGTGRQTVGFFWTKPIVJG[GCT HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA 50 REVIEW OF 2018 Amnesty International Palestinians clash with policemen during a demonstration to protest against a decision by the Palestinian authorities to grant public land to the Russian church, in the West Bank city of Hebron, on 4 February 2017. © Hazem Bader / AFP / Getty Images KPVJG9GUV$CPMWUGFGZEGUUKXGHQTEG KPVJG)C\C5VTKRFGGRGPGFHQNNQYKPI PALESTINE YJKNGEQPFWEVKPICTTGUVUCPFFKURGTUKPI CPCUUCUUKPCVKQPCVVGORVQP2CNGUVKPKCP RGCEGHWNRTQVGUVU6JG2CNGUVKPKCP 2TKOG/KPKUVGT4COK*COFCNNCJQP CWVJQTKVKGUDCUGFKP4COCNNCJEQPVKPWGF (STATE OF) /CTEJFWTKPICXKUKVVQ)C\C'HHQTVU VQKORQUGRWPKVKXGOGCUWTGUCICKPUV D['I[RVVQTGEQPEKNGVJGTKXCNRQNKVKECN Palestine (State of) RGQRNGKP)C\CVJCVGZCEGTDCVGFVJG Head of state: Mahmoud Abbas FKTGJWOCPKVCTKCPETKUKUTGUWNVKPIHTQO RCTVKGUQH(CVCJCPF*COCUDTQMGFQYP Head of government: Rami Hamdallah +UTCGNoU[GCTKNNGICNDNQEMCFG9QOGP KPDQVJVJG9GUV$CPMCPF)C\CHCEGF +P#RTKNVJG%GPVTCN%QWPEKNQHVJG 6JG2CNGUVKPKCPCWVJQTKVKGUKPVJG FKUETKOKPCVKQPCPFXKQNGPEG%QWTVUKP 2CNGUVKPKCP.KDGTCVKQP1TICPK\CVKQP 2.1 9GUV$CPMCPFVJG*COCUFGHCEVQ )C\CEQPVKPWGFVQJCPFFQYPFGCVJ EQPXGPGFHQTVJGƂTUVVKOGKP[GCTU CFOKPKUVTCVKQPKPVJG)C\C5VTKR UGPVGPEGU.GUDKCPIC[DKUGZWCN KPTGURQPUGVQVJG75#oUTGEQIPKVKQPQH VTCPUIGPFGTCPFKPVGTUGZ .)$6+ RGQRNG EQPVKPWGFVJGKTETCEMFQYPUQPHTGGFQO ,GTWUCNGOCU+UTCGNo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mnesty International #PGYUQEKCNUGEWTKV[NCYCRRTQXGFD[ KNNVTGCVOGPVFWTKPIKPVGTTQICVKQP (CVCJCPF*COCUKPENWFKPID[DGCVKPI VJG2CNGUVKPKCPIQXGTPOGPVKP4COCNNCJ EQPƂ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in which he said that he did not pledge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open an investigation. RQRWNCVKQPFGRGPFUQPCKF CWVJQTKVKGU1PVJGKTTGNGCUG+DTCJKO CN/CUTK*WVJKHC#DW,COQWU*WUUGKP )C\CTGOCKPGFWPFGTCP+UTCGNKCKT 5JGLCK[CCPF)JCUUCP#VCYPGJYGTG TORTURE AND OTHER ILL- UGCCPFNCPFDNQEMCFGKPHQTEGUKPEG VQNFVJCVCEVKQPYQWNFDGVCMGPCICKPUV 'I[RVEQPVKPWGFVQGPHQTEGCP VJGOWPFGTVJG'NGEVTQPKE%TKOGU.CYKH TREATMENT CNOQUVVQVCNENQUWTGQHVJG4CHCJDQTFGT VJG[FKFPQVUKIPCRNGFIGVQTGHTCKPHTQO 9JKNGVJG5VCVGQH2CNGUVKPGoUTCVKƂGF ETQUUKPIYKVJ)C\CEQORQWPFKPI KPEKVKPIQRRQUKVKQPVQVJG4COCNNCJDCUGF VJG1RVKQPCN2TQVQEQNVQVJG%QPXGPVKQP VJGFKTGGEQPQOKECPFJWOCPKVCTKCP CWVJQTKVKGUQPUQEKCNOGFKC CICKPUV6QTVWTGCPFQVJGT%TWGN+PJWOCP UKVWCVKQPHQT)C\CoUOKNNKQPKPJCDKVCPVU QT&GITCFKPI6TGCVOGPVQT2WPKUJOGPVQP 6JG701HƂEGHQTVJG%QQTFKPCVKQPQH &GEGODGT2CNGUVKPKCPUGEWTKV[ *WOCPKVCTKCP#HHCKTUYCTPGFVJCV)C\C EXCESSIVE USE OF FORCE HQTEGUKPDQVJVJG9GUV$CPMCPF)C\C YCUQPVJGDTKPMQHCJWOCPKVCTKCP EQPVKPWGFVQWUGYKFGURTGCFVQTVWTGCPF catastrophe. 5GEWTKV[HQTEGUKPVJG9GUV$CPMCPF QVJGTKNNVTGCVOGPVYKVJKORWPKV[6JG )C\CEQPVKPWGFVQWUGGZEGUUKXGHQTEGVQ +PFGRGPFGPV%QOOKUUKQPHQT*WOCP FKURGTUGRGCEGHWNFGOQPUVTCVKQPUCPF 4KIJVU +%*4 TGEGKXGFCNNGICVKQPU FREEDOMS OF EXPRESSION, FWTKPICTTGUVU QHVQTVWTGCPFQVJGTKNNVTGCVOGPVQH FGVCKPGGUJGNFKPVJG9GUV$CPMCPF)C\C ASSOCIATION AND ASSEMBLY 1P,WPGVJG9GUV$CPMDCUGF 9KVJVJG2CNGUVKPKCP.GIKUNCVKXG%QWPEKN UGEWTKV[HQTEGUSWCUJGFCFGOQPUVTCVKQP 1P#WIWUV#JOCF#DW*COCFCCNUQ UVKNNFQTOCPV2TGUKFGPV/CJOQWF QTICPK\GFD[2CNGUVKPKCPCEVKXKUVUKP MPQYPCUp HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA 52 REVIEW OF 2018 Amnesty International WOMEN’S RIGHTS DEATH PENALTY ABUSES BY ARMED GROUPS 9QOGPCPFIKTNUEQPVKPWGFVQHCEG +P,WPGVJG5VCVGQH2CNGUVKPGCEEGFGF 2CNGUVKPKCPCTOGFITQWRUKP)C\C FKUETKOKPCVKQPKPNCYCPFRTCEVKEGCPF VQVJG5GEQPF1RVKQPCN2TQVQEQNVQVJG QEECUKQPCNN[ƂTGFKPFKUETKOKPCVGTQEMGVU YGTGKPCFGSWCVGN[RTQVGEVGFCICKPUV +PVGTPCVKQPCN%QXGPCPVQP%KXKNCPF KPVQ+UTCGNMKNNKPIQPG2CNGUVKPKCP UGZWCNCPFQVJGTIGPFGTDCUGFXKQNGPEG 2QNKVKECN4KIJVUCKOKPICVVJGCDQNKVKQPQH EKXKNKCP9JKNGVJG*COCUCWVJQTKVKGU KPENWFKPIUQECNNGFpJQPQWTqMKNNKPIU#V VJGFGCVJRGPCNV[*QYGXGTPGKVJGTVJG RTGXGPVGFTQEMGVƂTKPIOWEJQH NGCUVYQOGPCPFIKTNUYGTGTGRQTVGF 2CNGUVKPKCPCWVJQTKVKGUKPVJG9GUV$CPM VJGVKOGVJG[HCKNGFVQRTQUGEWVG VQJCXGDGGPMKNNGFKPVJG9GUV$CPM PQTVJG*COCUFGHCEVQCFOKPKUVTCVKQP VJQUGTGURQPUKDNG9JKNGOQUVQHVJG CPF)C\COCKPN[D[OCNGTGNCVKXGUKP KP)C\CVQQMCP[UVGRUVQVTCPUNCVGVJKU 2CNGUVKPKCPCVVCEMGTUTGURQPUKDNGHQT pJQPQWTqMKNNKPIUCEEQTFKPIVQEKXKN EQOOKVOGPVKPVQRTCEVKEG UVCDDKPIUJQQVKPICPFECTT[KPIQWVQVJGT UQEKGV[QTICPK\CVKQPU CVVCEMUQP+UTCGNKUKPVJG9GUV$CPMCPF +P)C\C*COCUCFOKPKUVGTGFEQWTVU 1P/CTEJKPCYGNEQOGUVGR +UTCGNYJKEJMKNNGFGKIJV+UTCGNKEKXKNKCPU 2CNGUVKPKCPCWVJQTKVKGUTGRGCNGF#TVKENG sentenced at least 12 people to death. FWTKPIVJG[GCTYGTGPQVOGODGTUQH QHVJG2GPCN%QFGVJCVJCF 2CNGUVKPKCPCTOGFITQWRUVJGUGITQWRU CNNQYGFKPFKXKFWCNUUWURGEVGFQHTCRGVQ HTGSWGPVN[RTCKUGFVJGCVVCEMU CXQKFRTQUGEWVKQPCPFKORTKUQPOGPVKH RIGHTS OF LESBIAN, GAY, VJG[OCTTKGFVJGKTXKEVKOU BISEXUAL, TRANSGENDER AND INTERSEX (LGBTI) PEOPLE JUSTICE SYSTEM ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL 'XGPVJQWIJUCOGUGZTGNCVKQPUJKRU 1P5GRVGODGTQHVJGLWFIGU RIGHTS YGTGPQVETKOKPCNK\GFKPVJG9GUV$CPM QPVJG2CNGUVKPKCP5WRTGOG%QWTV CN3CYUHQT5GZWCNCPF)GPFGT&KXGTUKV[ TGUKIPGFKPRTQVGUVCVVJGCOGPFOGPV Despite increasing protests both in KP2CNGUVKPKCP5QEKGV[CEKXKNUQEKGV[ QHVJGLWFKEKCNCWVJQTKV[NCYD[VJG )C\CCPFVJG9GUV$CPMVJG2CNGUVKPKCP QTICPK\CVKQPFQEWOGPVGFƂXGECUGU ,WUVKEG5GEVQT&GXGNQROGPV%QOOKVVGG CWVJQTKVKGUDCUGFKP4COCNNCJEQPVKPWGF QH.)$6+CEVKXKUVUYJQYGTGCTDKVTCTKN[ GUVCDNKUJGFD[2TGUKFGPV#DDCUD[FGETGG VQKORQUGRWPKVKXGOGCUWTGUCICKPUV)C\C CTTGUVGFCPFKNNVTGCVGFD[2CNGUVKPKCP QP5GRVGODGT6JG2CNGUVKPKCP VJGUGKPENWFGFFGETGCUKPIGNGEVTKEKV[CPF UGEWTKV[HQTEGUKPVJG9GUV$CPM CNN ,WFIGUo%NWDUCKFVJCVVJGCOGPFOGPV YCVGTUWDUKFKGUTGUVTKEVKPIVJGGPVT[QH YGTGTGNGCUGFCHVGTCHGYJQWTU6JG YQWNFDTKPIVJGLWFKEKCNUGEVQTHWNN[WPFGT OGFKEKPGCPFFGETGCUKPIQTHTGG\KPI QTICPK\CVKQPCNUQTGRQTVGFVJCVCPWODGT VJGEQPVTQNQHVJGGZGEWVKXG UCNCTKGUVQIGVJGTYKVJEWVVKPIQHHƂPCPEKCN CUUKUVCPEGVQJWPFTGFUQHHCOKNKGU(QT QHQVJGT.)$6+KPFKXKFWCNUYGTGCTDKVTCTKN[ GZCORNGKP/C[VJG9GUV$CPMCWVJQTKVKGU CTTGUVGFCPFSWGUVKQPGFD[UWEJHQTEGU 6JG2CNGUVKPKCPCWVJQTKVKGUKPVJG9GUV KORQUGFPGYUCNCT[EWVUVQUQOG $CPMTGEGKXGFLWFKEKCNDCEMKPIVQ EKXKNUGTXCPVUKP)C\CYKVJQWVYCTPKPI /GCPYJKNG5GEVKQPQHVJG2GPCN EQPUKFGTVJGRQNKEGCUCOKNKVCT[TCVJGT QTLWUVKƂECVKQP VJGKTUCNCTKGUFTQRRGF %QFGCRRNKECDNGKP)C\CEQPVKPWGFVQ VJCPCEKXKNKCPKPUVKVWVKQP#UCTGUWNV VQQHVJGKTXCNWGKPUGXGTGN[ ETKOKPCNK\GJQOQUGZWCNCEVUCPFEQPUKFGT RQNKEGQHƂEGTUEQWNFQPN[DGVTKGFKP KORCEVKPIVJGKTCPFVJGKTHCOKNKGUoTKIJV VJGORWPKUJCDNGD[WRVQ[GCTUo OKNKVCT[EQWTVUOCMKPIKVJCTFGTHQT VQCPCFGSWCVGUVCPFCTFQHNKXKPI KORTKUQPOGPV XKEVKOUQHRQNKEGCDWUGVQCEEGUULWUVKEG HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA REVIEW OF 2018 Amnesty International #EQPUVTWEVKQPYQTMGTVCMGUCDTGCMCVCDWKNFKPIUKVGKP&QJC3CVCTQP/C[ 9CTTGP.KVVNG)GVV[+OCIGU PCVKQPCNKV[/QTGIGPGTCNN[YQOGP VJG'NKOKPCVKQPQH#NN(QTOUQH4CEKCN QATAR EQPVKPWGFVQHCEGFKUETKOKPCVKQPKP &KUETKOKPCVKQP+P,WN[VJGEQWTVKUUWGF NCYCPFRTCEVKEG%QWTVUKUUWGFFGCVJ RTQXKUKQPCNQTFGTUHQTVJG7#'VQCNNQY State of Qatar UGPVGPEGU PQGZGEWVKQPUYGTGTGRQTVGF HQTOGT3CVCTKTGUKFGPVUVQEQORNGVG Head of state: Tamim bin Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani CECFGOKEUVWFKGUCEEGUUEQWTVUCPF Head of government: Abdullah bin Nasser bin Khalifa Al Thani TGWPKVGYKVJHCOKN[OGODGTUKPVJG7#' 5GXGTCNJWPFTGFOGODGTUQHVJG 3CVCTCEEGFGFVQVYQOCLQTKPVGTPCVKQPCN BACKGROUND CN)JWHTCPENCPQHVJGCN/WTTCVTKDG JWOCPTKIJVUVTGCVKGUDWVKPENWFGF 6JGFKRNQOCVKEETKUKUDGVYGGP3CVCT TGOCKPGFUVCVGNGUU6JG[EQPVKPWGFVQ TGUGTXCVKQPUVJCVNKOKVGFVJGKTGHHGEV CPFKVU)WNHPGKIJDQWTUQH5CWFK HCEGUGXGTGUQEKQGEQPQOKEOCTIKPCNK\CVKQP RCTVKEWNCTN[YKVJTGICTFUVQVJGTKIJVU #TCDKC$CJTCKPCPFVJG7PKVGF#TCD and their children were born stateless. QHYQOGPCPFOKITCPVU+VCNUQRCUUGF 'OKTCVGU 7#' RGTUKUVGF5CPEVKQPU CRQNKVKECNCU[NWONCY6JGIQXGTPOGPV KORQUGFD[VJGUGUVCVGUCICKPUV3CVCT OCFGUQOGRQUKVKXGTGHQTOUKPTGNCVKQP UGRCTCVGFOWNVKPCVKQPCNHCOKNKGUEWV LEGAL DEVELOPMENTS VQOKITCPVYQTMGTUKPENWFKPIVJG UJQTVKPVGTPCVKQPCNUVWFGPVUoGFWECVKQP 3CVCTCEEGFGFVQVJG+PVGTPCVKQPCN RCTVKCNTGOQXCNQHVJGTGSWKTGOGPVHQT GNKOKPCVGFETQUUDQTFGTLQDUCPFECWUGF %QXGPCPVQP%KXKNCPF2QNKVKECN4KIJVU CPGZKVRGTOKVCPFVJGKPVTQFWEVKQPQH CTKUGKPHQQFRTKEGUKP3CVCTVJCVYCU +%%24 CPFVJG+PVGTPCVKQPCN%QXGPCPV CNCDQWTFKURWVGOGEJCPKUO*QYGXGT FGVTKOGPVCNHQTNQYKPEQOGENCUUGU QP'EQPQOKE5QEKCNCPF%WNVWTCN4KIJVU OKITCPVYQTMGTUEQPVKPWGFVQDGCVTKUM GURGEKCNN[OKITCPVYQTMGTU +%'5%4 KP/C[*QYGXGTKVUKPENWUKQP QHGZRNQKVCVKQPCPFCDWUG(TGGFQOQH QHTGUGTXCVKQPUUKIPKƂECPVN[TGFWEGF GZRTGUUKQPTGOCKPGFWPFWN[TGUVTKEVGF# 3CVCTEQPVGUVGFDGHQTGVJG+PVGTPCVKQPCN VJGUEQRGQHVJGVTGCVKGUoJWOCPTKIJVU PGYNCYYCUKUUWGFCNNQYKPIVJGEJKNFTGP %QWTVQH,WUVKEGUCPEVKQPUKORQUGFD[ RTQVGEVKQP5QOGQHVJGUGTGUGTXCVKQPU QH3CVCTKYQOGPOCTTKGFVQPQP3CVCTKU VJG7#'CTIWKPIVJCVVJG7#'oUQTFGTHQT WPFGTOKPGFVJGQDLGEVCPFRWTRQUG VQCESWKTGRGTOCPGPVTGUKFGPE[DWV CNN3CVCTKUVQNGCXGVJGEQWPVT[XKQNCVGF QHVJGUGVTGCVKGU(QTGZCORNG3CVCT VJG[YGTGUVKNNWPCDNGVQCESWKTG3CVCTK KVUQDNKICVKQPUWPFGTVJG%QPXGPVKQPQP TGLGEVGF#TVKENGQHVJG+%%24QPpVJG HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA 54 REVIEW OF 2018 Amnesty International GSWCNTKIJVQHOGPCPFYQOGPKPVJG EQQRGTCVKQPCITGGOGPVWPFGTYJKEJVJG NKXKPIKPUSWCNKFEQPFKVKQPUYKVJQWV GPLQ[OGPVQHCNNEKXKNCPFRQNKVKECNTKIJVUq 3CVCTKIQXGTPOGPVEQOOKVVGFVQTGXKUKPI OQPG[CHVGTVJGEQORCP[HCKNGFVQRC[ DGECWUGKVpEQPVTCXGPGUqVJGRTQXKUKQP KVUNCYUKPNKPGYKVJKPVGTPCVKQPCNNCDQWT VJGO6JGYQTMGTUOCP[QHYJQO QHVJG%QPUVKVWVKQPVJCVUVCVGUVJCV UVCPFCTFUCPFYKVJVJGIWKFCPEGQH JCFCEEWOWNCVGFNCTIGFGDVUFWGVQ QPN[OCNGFGUEGPFCPVUQHVJG#N6JCPK +.1GZRGTVU GZRNQKVCVKQPD[TGETWKVOGPVCIGPVUYGTG F[PCUV[OC[KPJGTKVTWNGQXGTVJGUVCVG UVKNNYCKVKPIHQTVJGKTWPRCKFYCIGUCVVJG 5KOKNCTN[KVTGLGEVGF#TVKENGQHVJG 1P1EVQDGT.CY0QQH GPFQHVJG[GCT +%'5%4QPpVJGGSWCNTKIJVQHOGPCPF GPVGTGFKPVQHQTEG+VRCTVKCNN[TGOQXGF YQOGPKPVJGGPLQ[OGPVQHCNNGEQPQOKE VJGGZKVRGTOKVTGSWKTGOGPVCNNQYKPI UQEKCNCPFEWNVWTCNTKIJVUqCPF#TVKENG VJGXCUVOCLQTKV[QHOKITCPVYQTMGTU FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION QHVJG+%%24QPpGSWCNKV[QH EQXGTGFD[VJG.CDQWT.CYVQNGCXGVJG TKIJVUCPFTGURQPUKDKNKVKGUqKPOCTTKCIG EQWPVT[YKVJQWVUGGMKPIVJGKTGORNQ[GTUo (TGGFQOQHGZRTGUUKQPTGOCKPGF 3CVCTCNUQUVCVGFWRQPCEEGUUKQPVJCV RGTOKUUKQP*QYGXGTVJGNCYTGVCKPGF TGUVTKEVGFKPNCY(QTGZCORNG#TVKENG KVYQWNFKPVGTRTGVCUKVEJQUGRTQXKUKQPU UQOGGZEGRVKQPUKPENWFKPIVJGCDKNKV[ QHVJG2GPCN%QFGUVKNNRTQXKFGFHQT EQPEGTPKPIKPJWOCPVTGCVOGPVHTGGFQO QHGORNQ[GTUVQTGSWGUVGZKVRGTOKVUHQT VJGRWPKUJOGPVYKVJKORTKUQPOGPVQH QHEQPUEKGPEGCPFVJGTKIJVQHTGNKIKQWU WRVQQHVJGKTYQTMHQTEGFGRGPFKPI CP[QPGKPUWNVKPIVJGƃCIQH3CVCTQTQPG OKPQTKVKGUVQRTCEVKUGVJGKTHCKVJ#PQVJGT QPVJGPCVWTGQHVJGKTYQTM'ZKVRGTOKVU QHKVUCNNKGUCPF#TVKENGDKUQHVJG TGUGTXCVKQPEQPEGTPKPIOKITCPVYQTMGTUo YGTGUVKNNTGSWKTGFHQTGORNQ[GGUYJQ NCYEQPVKPWGFVQCWVJQTK\GVJGENQUWTG TKIJVVQWPKQPK\GKORKPIGFQPHTGGFQO HGNNQWVUKFGVJGTGOKVQHVJG.CDQWT QHPGYURCRGTUTWPPKPIHWPFTCKUKPI QHCUUQEKCVKQP .CYKPENWFKPIQXGTFQOGUVKE CFXGTVKUGOGPVUD[ITQWRUYKVJQWVC workers in Qatar and all those working in HWPFTCKUKPIRGTOKV 3CVCTRCUUGFCRQNKVKECNCU[NWONCYKP IQXGTPOGPVGPVKVKGU 5GRVGODGTCRQUKVKXGOQXGYGCMGPGF +P,CPWCT[VYQOGODGTUQHVJG D[RTQDNGOCVKECURGEVUUWEJCUVJG &QOGUVKEYQTMGTUOQUVN[YQOGP (GFGTCVKQPQH0GRCNK,QWTPCNKUVU broad discretion granted to the Minister EQPVKPWGFVQDGRCTVKEWNCTN[CVTKUM CVVGPFKPICPGXGPVKP&QJCQPHTGGFQOQH QH+PVGTKQTQXGTCU[NWOCRRNKECVKQPUVJG QHGZRNQKVCVKQPCPFCDWUGFGURKVGVJG the press were arrested and deported. TKUMQHKORWPKV[CUUQEKCVGFYKVJVJGNCYoU FQOGUVKEYQTMGTUNCYRCUUGFKP GZENWUKQPRTQXKUKQPUCPFVJGRQYGTQHVJG 6JGNCYHCKNGFVQRTQVGEVFQOGUVKE 0CLGGDCN0WCKOKCNCY[GTYJQ /KPKUVGTQH+PVGTKQTVQFGRQTVTGHWIGGUKH YQTMGTUCFGSWCVGN[DQVJKPVGTOUQH TGRTGUGPVGFVJGYTKVGT/QJCOOGF they engage in “political activity” in Qatar. HCNNKPIUJQTVQHKPVGTPCVKQPCNUVCPFCTFU CN#LCOKYJKNGJGYCUKORTKUQPGFHQT CPFRQQTGPHQTEGOGPV5QOGFQOGUVKE CRQGOETKVKECNQHVJGTWNKPIHCOKN[ YQTMGTUYGTGCDNGVQUWEEGUUHWNN[ENCKO TGOCKPGFDCPPGFHTQOVTCXGNNKPI MIGRANTS’ RIGHTS VJGKTWPRCKFYCIGUCVVJGNCDQWTFKURWVG TGUQNWVKQPEQOOKVVGGU 6JGIQXGTPOGPVKPVTQFWEGFUQOGRQUKVKXG WOMEN’S RIGHTS TGHQTOUKPTGNCVKQPVQOKITCPVYQTMGTU 7PNKMG3CVCTKPCVKQPCNUOKITCPV YJQOCFGWROQTGVJCPQH3CVCToU YQTMGTUYGTGUVKNNWPCDNGVQHQTOQTLQKP 9QOGPEQPVKPWGFVQHCEGFKUETKOKPCVKQP YQTMHQTEG*QYGXGTVJG[EQPVKPWGFVQDG VTCFGWPKQPUCPFVJGIQXGTPOGPVoU KPNCYCPFRTCEVKEG(COKN[NCY CVTKUMQHGZRNQKVCVKQPCPFCDWUG&GURKVG TGUGTXCVKQPUVQVJG+%%24CPF+%'5%4 FKUETKOKPCVGFCICKPUVYQOGPKPENWFKPI PGYNGIKUNCVKQPTGNCVKPIVQGZKVRGTOKVU UWIIGUVGFVJCVVJKUYCUWPNKMGN[VQ D[OCMKPIKVOWEJJCTFGTHQTYQOGP VJGURQPUQTUJKRU[UVGOEQPVKPWGFVQ EJCPIGKPVJGPGCTHWVWTG VJCPOGPVQUGGMCFKXQTEGCPF VKGOKITCPVYQTMGTUVQVJGKTGORNQ[GTU RNCEKPIYQOGPCVCUGXGTGGEQPQOKE D[NKOKVKPIVJGKTCDKNKV[VQEJCPIGLQDU 1P1EVQDGTVJG'OKTGUVCDNKUJGFVJG FKUCFXCPVCIGKHVJG[UQWIJVCFKXQTEGQT YKVJQWVVJGGORNQ[GToURGTOKUUKQPFWTKPI 9QTMGTUo5WRRQTVCPF+PUWTCPEG(WPF VJGKTJWUDCPFNGHVVJGO VJGRGTKQFQHVJGKTEQPVTCEVYJKEJEQWNF VQRTQXKFGCOQPIQVJGTVJKPIUHWPFUVQ DGWRVQƂXG[GCTU RC[YQTMGTUYJQYQPVJGKTECUGUDGHQTG +P5GRVGODGTCPGYNCYYCUKUUWGF NCDQWTFKURWVGTGUQNWVKQPEQOOKVVGGU CNNQYKPIVJGEJKNFTGPQH3CVCTKYQOGP 1P/CTEJNCDQWTFKURWVGTGUQNWVKQP DWVHCKNGFVQTGEQXGTVJGOQPG[HTQO OCTTKGFVQPQP3CVCTKUVQCESWKTG EQOOKVVGGUCHCUVVTCEMLWFIGNGF EQORCPKGU6JGHWPFYCUPQV[GV RGTOCPGPVTGUKFGPE[*QYGXGTVJG[YGTG OGEJCPKUODGECOGQRGTCVKQPCN9JKNGKV QRGTCVKQPCND[VJGGPFQHVJG[GCT UVKNNWPCDNGVQCESWKTG3CVCTKPCVKQPCNKV[ KPETGCUGFVJGURGGFYKVJYJKEJYQTMGTUo DGECWUGQHFKUETKOKPCVQT[RTQXKUKQPUKP NCDQWTEQORNCKPVUYGTGEQPUKFGTGFECUGU 6JKTFRCTV[CWFKVQTUQHRTQLGEVUHQT the nationality law. YGTGPQVUGVVNGFYKVJKPVJGVJTGGYGGM HQQVDCNNoU9QTNF%WRKPKP3CVCT RGTKQFURGEKƂGFKPVJGNCYYKVJJWPFTGFU UJQYGFVJCVCDWUGUUWEJCUEQPVTCEV 9QOGPTGOCKPGFKPCFGSWCVGN[RTQVGEVGF QHECUGUVCMKPIQXGTVJTGGOQPVJUVQDG UWDUVKVWVKQPUCPFGZEGUUKXGYQTMKPI CICKPUVXKQNGPEGKPENWFKPIYKVJKPVJGHCOKN[ ƂPCNK\GF9QTMGTUYJQUGEQORCPKGUYGTG JQWTUTGOCKPGFRTGUGPVKPCUKIPKƂECPV HCEKPIƂPCPEKCNVTQWDNGYGTGUVKNNWPCDNG OCLQTKV[QHEQPVTCEVQTUVJG[KPXGUVKICVGF VQTGENCKOWPRCKFYCIGU #VNGCUVOKITCPVYQTMGTUHTQO+PFKC DEATH PENALTY 0GRCNCPFVJG2JKNKRRKPGUGORNQ[GFD[ 1P#RTKNVJG+PVGTPCVKQPCN.CDQWT /'0#/GTEWT[CPGPIKPGGTKPIEQORCP[ 0GYFGCVJUGPVGPEGUYGTGKUUWGFCICKPUV 1TICPK\CVKQP +.1 QRGPGFCPQHƂEGKP YQTMKPIQPRTQLGEVUNKPMGFVQVJG9QTNF HQTGKIPPCVKQPCNUEQPXKEVGFQHOWTFGT0Q &QJCCURCTVQHCVJTGG[GCTVGEJPKECN %WRYGTGUVTCPFGFHQTOQPVJUKP3CVCT GZGEWVKQPUYGTGTGRQTVGF HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA 55 REVIEW OF 2018 Amnesty International 5CWFK#TCDKCPJWOCPTKIJVUFGHGPFGTUCPFCEVKXKUVU6QRTQY NGHVVQTKIJV 5COCT$CFCYK#\K\CCN;QWUGH.QWLCKPCN*CVJNQWN$QVVQOTQY NGHVVQTKIJV +OCPCN0CHLCP Nassima al-Sada, Mohammad Salih al-Bajadi. © Private %QWTV 5%% #5CWFK#TCDKCPLQWTPCNKUV SAUDI ARABIA YCUGZVTCLWFKEKCNN[GZGEWVGFKPVJG 5CWFK#TCDKCPEQPUWNCVGKP+UVCPDWN BACKGROUND Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Head of government: Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud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ƃKEVUVTKEMGPEQWPVTKGU6JG75# KPENWFKPIYQOGPoUTKIJVUCEVKXKUVU VQFTKXGYQOGPHCEGFU[UVGOCVKE CPF5CWFK#TCDKCUGCNGFCOWNVKDKNNKQP YGTGCTDKVTCTKN[FGVCKPGF6JGRWDNKE FKUETKOKPCVKQPKPNCYCPFRTCEVKEGCPF FQNNCTYGCRQPUFGCNFWTKPI%TQYP2TKPEG RTQUGEWVKQPECNNGFHQTVJGGZGEWVKQP YGTGKPCFGSWCVGN[RTQVGEVGFCICKPUV /QJCOOCFDKP5CNOCPoUXKUKVVQVJG75# QH5JKoCCEVKXKUVUCPFTGNKIKQWUENGTKEU UGZWCNCPFQVJGTXKQNGPEG&KUETKOKPCVKQP HQTGZRTGUUKPIFKUUGPV/CP[CEVKXKUVU CICKPUVVJG5JKoCOKPQTKV[TGOCKPGF 6JG5CWFKCWVJQTKVKGUHCEGFNKVVNG YGTGUGPVGPEGFVQNGPIVJ[RTKUQPVGTOU GPVTGPEJGF6JGCWVJQTKVKGUEQPVKPWGFVQ KPVGTPCVKQPCNETKVKEKUOHQTVJGEQPVKPWGF KPENWFKPIWPFGTEQWPVGTVGTTQTKUO CTTGUVFGVCKPCPFFGRQTVHQTGKIPYQTMGTU ETCEMFQYPQPJWOCPTKIJVUFGHGPFGTU NGIKUNCVKQPHQNNQYKPIITQUUN[WPHCKT VQEQWPVTKGUYJGTGVJG[YGTGCVTKUMQH CPFQVJGTUQTVJGYCXGQHCTDKVTCT[ VTKCNUDGHQTGVJG5RGEKCNK\GF%TKOKPCN JWOCPTKIJVUXKQNCVKQPU FGVGPVKQPUQHRTQOKPGPVYQOGPoUTKIJVU HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA 56 REVIEW OF 2018 Amnesty International CEVKXKUVUKP/C[6JGQPN[EQWPVT[VJCV 'EQPQOKEUYTKVGT'UUCOCN HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA REVIEW OF 2018 Amnesty International EQPUWNCVG+P0QXGODGT6WTMG[oUEJKGH TGEWTTKPIECNNUHQTVJGGZGEWVKQPQH QPGJCFFKGFKPEWUVQF[CPFCV RTQUGEWVQTUCKFVJCV,COCN-JCUJQIIK UGXGTCN5JKoCCEVKXKUVUCPFTGNKIKQWU NGCUVPGGFGFJQURKVCNVTGCVOGPVCHVGT was strangled as soon as he entered the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oU TKUMQHVJGFGCVJRGPCNV[CHVGTVJGRWDNKE UGZWCNN[JCTCUUGFCPFQVJGTYKUGKNN DQF[$[[GCToUGPF5CWFK#TCDKCJCF RTQUGEWVKQPECNNGFHQTJKUGZGEWVKQPQP VTGCVGFFWTKPIKPVGTTQICVKQP1PGQHVJG PQVUGVWRCPKPFGRGPFGPVKPXGUVKICVKQP EJCTIGUTGNCVGFVQCOQPIQVJGTVJKPIU CEVKXKUVUTGRQTVGFN[CVVGORVGFVQVCMGJGT into the killing. JKUCHƂNKCVKQPVQVJG/WUNKO$TQVJGTJQQF QYPNKHGTGRGCVGFN[KPUKFGVJGRTKUQP CPFJKUECNNUHQTIQXGTPOGPVTGHQTOU CPFTGIKOGEJCPIGKPVJG#TCDTGIKQP DEATH PENALTY (KXG5JKoCCEVKXKUVUKPENWFKPI+UTCCCN WOMEN’S RIGHTS )JQOIJCOCNUQHCEGFVJGFGCVJRGPCNV[ %QWTVUEQPVKPWGFVQKORQUGFGCVJ HQTEJCTIGUTGNCVGFVQVJGKTRCTVKEKRCVKQP 1P,WPGVJGTQ[CNFGETGGNKHVKPIVJG UGPVGPEGUHQTCYKFGTCPIGQHETKOGU KPRTQVGUVUHQTITGCVGTTKIJVUCPFTGHQTOU FTKXKPIDCPQPYQOGPKP5CWFK#TCDKC KPENWFKPIFTWIQHHGPEGUCPFEQPFWEV KPVJG5JKoCOCLQTKV['CUVGTP2TQXKPEG GPVGTGFKPVQHQTEGCNNQYKPIYQOGPVQ VJCVKUPQVTGEQIPK\GFCUETKOGUWPFGT FTKXGKPVJGEQWPVT[#OQPVJGCTNKGT KPVGTPCVKQPCNNCYCPFUVCPFCTFUUWEJCU +P#WIWUVVJGMKPIKUUWGFVJG.CYQP YQOGPoUTKIJVUCEVKXKUVUCPFVJGNGCFKPI pUQTEGT[qCPFpCFWNVGT[q6JGCWVJQTKVKGU ,WXGPKNGU6JKUUVKRWNCVGFCOCZKOWO ECORCKIPGTUHQTYQOGPoUTKIJVVQFTKXG IGPGTCNN[HCKNGFVQCDKFGD[KPVGTPCVKQPCN RTKUQPUGPVGPEGQH[GCTUHQTLWXGPKNGU YGTGCTDKVTCTKN[FGVCKPGF UGGCDQXG UVCPFCTFUQHHCKTVTKCNCPFUCHGIWCTFU KPECUGUYJGTGVJG[OKIJVQVJGTYKUGDG HQTFGHGPFCPVUKPECRKVCNECUGU5WEJ UGPVGPEGFVQFGCVJGZEGRVHQTETKOGU +P(GDTWCT[VJG/KPKUVT[QH%QOOGTEG ECUGUYGTGQHVGPJGNFKPUGETGVCPFVJGKT RWPKUJCDNGD[FGCVJWPFGT5JCTKo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pEQPHGUUKQPUqYJKEJFGHGPFCPVU NGCUVHQWTLWXGPKNGQHHGPFGTUTGOCKPGFCV OCNGIWCTFKCPHQTCP[UGTXKEGUWPNGUU UCKFYGTGGZVTCEVGFWPFGTVQTVWTG TKUMQHKOOKPGPVGZGEWVKQPCVVJGGPFQH UVKRWNCVGFKPGZKUVKPITGIWNCVKQPUVJCV the year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oURGTOKUUKQP VJGKTUGPVGPEGUJCFDGGPTCVKƂGFD[VJG YKFGURTGCFRCTVKEWNCTN[VQGZVTCEV VQYQTM#UCTGUWNVYQOGPYGTGUVKNN MKPIDGHQTGVJGGPFQHVJG[GCT pEQPHGUUKQPUq+PJKU,WPGTGRQTVVJG TGSWKTGFVQJCXGRGTOKUUKQPHTQOCOCNG HQTOGT705RGEKCN4CRRQTVGWTQPVJG IWCTFKCPsVJGKTHCVJGTJWUDCPFDTQVJGT 6JGCWVJQTKVKGUTQWVKPGN[HCKNGFVQKPHQTO RTQOQVKQPCPFRTQVGEVKQPQHJWOCP QTUQPsVQGPTQNKPJKIJGTGFWECVKQP HCOKNKGUQHVJGKTTGNCVKXGUo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oU QHƂEKCNUCPFDWUKPGUUOGPKP0QXGODGT OCTMGVKPKVUEQPENWFKPIQDUGTXCVKQPUQP HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA 58 REVIEW OF 2018 Amnesty International 5CWFK#TCDKCoUVJKTFCPFHQWTVJRGTKQFKE DGNKGHUCPFCEEGUULWUVKEGCUYGNNCUVJG TGUKFGPVKCNDQTFGTUGEWTKV[CPFNCDQWT TGRQTVU+VCNUQPQVGFYKVJEQPEGTPVJCV TKIJVVQYQTMKPCPWODGTQHRWDNKEUGEVQT TGIWNCVKQPUCPFNCYU6JGCWVJQTKVKGU CEEGUUVQGFWECVKQPHQTFKUCFXCPVCIGF RTQHGUUKQPUCPFCEEGUUUVCVGUGTXKEGU FGRQTVGFVJQWUCPFUQH;GOGPKYQTMGTUVQ ITQWRUQHIKTNUGURGEKCNN[OKITCPVIKTNU ;GOGPYJGTGVJG[YGTGCVTKUMQHJWOCP girls with disabilities and girls living in 5JKoCCEVKXKUVUCEEWUGFQHUWRRQTVKPIQT TKIJVUXKQNCVKQPUKPEQPVTCXGPVKQPQHVJG TWTCNCPFTGOQVGCTGCUCPFKPRQXGTV[ VCMKPIRCTVKPFGOQPUVTCVKQPUKP'CUVGTP RTKPEKRNGQHnon-refoulement. TGOCKPGFNKOKVGF 2TQXKPEGQTGZRTGUUKPIXKGYUETKVKECNQH VJGUVCVGYGTGRWVQPVTKCNCPFKPUQOG +P,WPGVJG%QOOKVVGGQPVJG'NKOKPCVKQP 6JG5JWTC%QWPEKNFGDCVGFCRTQRQUCN ECUGUHCEGFVJGFGCVJRGPCNV[HQNNQYKPI QH4CEKCN&KUETKOKPCVKQPPQVGFYKVJ VQTGIWNCVGCPFNKOKVEJKNFOCTTKCIGU WPHCKTVTKCNU EQPEGTPVJCVFQOGUVKEYQTMGTUVYQVJKTFU D[UVKRWNCVKPIUVTKEVEQPFKVKQPUVQVJG QHYJQOYGTGOKITCPVYQOGPEQPVKPWGF OCTTKCIGQHIKTNUWPFGTVJGCIGQH VQHCEGCDWUKXGYQTMKPIRTCEVKEGUUWEJ YJKEJURGEKCNK\GFLWFIGUOWUVGPUWTG MIGRANTS’ RIGHTS CUNQPIYQTMKPIJQWTUPQPRC[OGPV CTGHWNƂNNGF*QYGXGTYQOGPCPFIKTNU QHYCIGUTGVGPVKQPQHRCUURQTVUCPF 6JGCWVJQTKVKGUEQPVKPWGFVJGKT TGOCKPGFKPCFGSWCVGN[RTQVGEVGFHTQO RJ[UKECNCPFUGZWCNCDWUG ETCEMFQYPQPKTTGIWNCTOKITCPVU UGZWCNCPFQVJGTHQTOUQHXKQNGPEG CTTGUVKPIFGVCKPKPICPFFGRQTVKPIQXGT OKNNKQPHQTGKIPYQTMGTU+P1EVQDGT VJG/KPKUVT[QH+PVGTKQTCPPQWPEGFVJCV DISCRIMINATION – SHI’A MINORITY CDQWVOKNNKQPRGQRNGJCFDGGP 5JKoC/WUNKOUEQPVKPWGFVQHCEG CTTGUVGFCPFFGRQTVGFKPC FKUETKOKPCVKQPDGECWUGQHVJGKTHCKVJ ECORCKIPVJCVDGICPKP0QXGODGT NKOKVKPIVJGKTTKIJVVQGZRTGUUTGNKIKQWU VQCTTGUVOKITCPVUCEEWUGFQHXKQNCVKPI HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA 59 REVIEW OF 2018 Amnesty International Men wait by the side of the road for casual labour in Raqqa, Syria, on 5 February 2018. Many labourers end up clearing partially destroyed or damaged buildings, a very risky endeavour; in many of them, the Islamic State armed group placed mines, which frequently kill and injured civilians. © Amnesty International RQRWNCVGFCTGCUTGUVTKEVKPICEEGUU 6JGIQXGTPOGPVXKQNCVGFVJGTKIJVVQ SYRIA VQJWOCPKVCTKCPCPFOGFKECNCKFVQ JQWUKPI#TOGFQRRQUKVKQPITQWRUYKVJ VJQWUCPFUQHEKXKNKCPU)QXGTPOGPV VJGUWRRQTVQH6WTMG[UWDLGEVGFEKXKNKCPU Syrian Arab Republic HQTEGUNKHVGFVJGUKGIGQH'CUVGTP KP#HTKPVQCYKFGTCPIGQHCDWUGU Head of state: Bashar al-Assad Head of government: Imad Khamis )JQWVCKP#RTKN VJKUYCUHQNNQYGFD[ KPENWFKPIEQPƂUECVKQPCPFNQQVKPI TGUVTKEVKQPUVJCVKORGFGFUQOGQHVJG QHRTQRGTV[CPFCTDKVTCT[FGVGPVKQP FKURNCEGFEKXKNKCPUHTQOTGVWTPKPIVQVJG VQTVWTGCPFQVJGTKNNVTGCVOGPV6JG 2CTVKGUVQVJGCTOGFEQPƃKEVEQPVKPWGFVQ HQTOGTN[DGUKGIGFCTGCU5GEWTKV[HQTEGU 75NGFEQCNKVKQPHCKNGFVQCEMPQYNGFIG EQOOKVYKVJKORWPKV[UGTKQWUXKQNCVKQPU CTTGUVGFCPFEQPVKPWGFVQFGVCKPVGPUQH QTKPXGUVKICVGVJGNCTIGUECNGQHEKXKNKCP QHKPVGTPCVKQPCNJWOCPKVCTKCPNCY VJQWUCPFUQHRGQRNGKPENWFKPIRGCEGHWN FGCVJUCPFFGUVTWEVKQPECWUGFD[VJGKT KPENWFKPIYCTETKOGUCPFITQUUJWOCP CEVKXKUVUJWOCPKVCTKCPYQTMGTUNCY[GTU DQODKPIECORCKIPQP4CSSC TKIJVUCDWUGU)QXGTPOGPVCPFCNNKGF CPFLQWTPCNKUVUUWDLGEVKPIOCP[VQ CICKPUVVJGCTOGFITQWRECNNKPIKVUGNH HQTEGUECTTKGFQWVKPFKUETKOKPCVGCVVCEMU GPHQTEGFFKUCRRGCTCPEGCPFVQTVWTGQT +UNCOKE5VCVG +5 $[VJGGPFQH and direct attacks on civilians and QVJGTKNNVTGCVOGPVCPFECWUKPIFGCVJUKP VJGEQPƃKEVJCFECWUGFVJGFGCVJU EKXKNKCPQDLGEVUWUKPICGTKCNCPFCTVKNNGT[ FGVGPVKQP)QXGTPOGPVHQTEGUFKUENQUGF QHOQTGVJCPRGQRNGCPF DQODKPIKPENWFKPIYKVJKPVGTPCVKQPCNN[ VJGHCVGQHUQOGQHVJGFKUCRRGCTGF FKURNCEGFOQTGVJCPOKNNKQPRGQRNG DCPPGFYGCRQPUMKNNKPICPFKPLWTKPI DWVHCKNGFVQRTQXKFGVJGHCOKNKGUYKVJ YKVJKPCPFQWVUKFG5[TKC JWPFTGFUQHRGQRNG)QXGTPOGPVHQTEGU TGOCKPUQTKPHQTOCVKQPCTQWPFVJG OCKPVCKPGFNGPIVJ[UKGIGUQPFGPUGN[ EKTEWOUVCPEGUQHVJGFKUCRRGCTCPEGU HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA 60 REVIEW OF 2018 Amnesty International 6WTMG[sCKOGFVQCFFTGUUVJGKUUWG HCEKNKVKGUKPENWFKPICTVKNNGT[UJGNNKPICPFCKT QHFGVGPVKQPUCPFCDFWEVKQPUKP5[TKC UVTKMGUQHVGPWUKPIWPIWKFGFYGCRQPUUWEJ BACKGROUND CUYGNNCUVJGUKVWCVKQPKP+FNKD+P CUDCTTGNDQODUKPEGPFKCT[YGCRQPUCPF 6JGCTOGFEQPƃKEVKP5[TKCGPVGTGFKVU 5GRVGODGTVCNMUDTQMGTGFD[4WUUKCCPF KPVGTPCVKQPCNN[DCPPGFENWUVGTOWPKVKQPU GKIJVJ[GCT)QXGTPOGPVHQTEGUCPF 6WTMG[TGUWNVGFKPCMOFGOKNKVCTK\GF (QTGZCORNGQP/CTEJ4WUUKCP VJGKTCNNKGUKPENWFKPI4WUUKCCPF+TCP \QPGQPVJGUQWVJGTP+FNKDHTQPVNKPG HQTEGUECTTKGFQWVCPCKTUVTKMGWUKPI ECRVWTGFCTGCURTGXKQWUN[JGNFD[CTOGF #URCTVQHVJGFGCNCTOGFQRRQUKVKQP an incendiary weapon on a residential QRRQUKVKQPITQWRUKP'CUVGTP)JQWVC ƂIJVGTUCPFIQXGTPOGPVHQTEGUYKVJFTGY DWKNFKPIDWTPKPIVQFGCVJEKXKNKCPU VJGPQTVJGTPRCTVQH*QOUIQXGTPQTCVG HTQOVJG\QPGRCXKPIVJGYC[HQT sOCKPN[YQOGPCPFEJKNFTGPsKPCPCKT and Daraa governorate. This led to the 4WUUKCPCPF6WTMKUJHQTEGUVQOQPKVQTVJG TCKFUJGNVGTKP#TDKP'CUVGTP)JQWVC GXCEWCVKQPVQ+FNKDQHCTOGFƂIJVGTU FGCNo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ƂXG GN HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA 61 REVIEW OF 2018 Amnesty International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detention in poor conditions. 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According to research QHVJGKTOCNGTGNCVKXGUVJCVYQWNFCNNQY TGEGKXGFPQKPHQTOCVKQPCDQWVVJGKT D[VJG0QTYGIKCP4GHWIGG%QWPEKNDCTGN[ VJGOVQCEVQPDGJCNHQHVJGFGGFJQNFGTU YJGTGCDQWVUQTHCVGUKPEGVJG[YGTG QPGKPƂXG5[TKCPTGHWIGGUJCUVKVNGFGGFU HQTEKDN[FKUCRRGCTGFKPHQWPF KPVJGKTRQUUGUUKQP9JKNGVJGNGIKUNCVKQP QWVVJG[YGTGFGCFYJGPVJGCWVJQTKVKGU RTQXKFGFUQOGRTQXKUKQPUVJCVGPUWTG DEATH PENALTY WRFCVGFVJGEKXKNUVCVWUTGEQTFU+PUWEJ VJGTKIJVQHJQOGQYPGTUKPFGUKIPCVGF ECUGUVJGCWVJQTKVKGUHCKNGFVQRTQXKFG \QPGUVQCRRN[HQTCNVGTPCVKXGJQWUKPICPF 6JGFGCVJRGPCNV[TGOCKPGFKPHQTEGHQT VJGHCOKNKGUYKVJTGOCKPUQTKPHQTOCVKQP ƂPCPEKCNEQORGPUCVKQPKVHGNNUJQTVQH OCP[QHHGPEGU6JGCWVJQTKVKGUFKUENQUGF CDQWVVJGEKTEWOUVCPEGUQHVJGGPHQTEGF RTQVGEVKPIVJGTKIJVUQHRGQRNGYJQNKXGF NKVVNGKPHQTOCVKQPCDQWVFGCVJUGPVGPEGU disappearance and death. KPKPHQTOCNUGVVNGOGPVUYJQNCEMUGEWTKV[ RCUUGFCPFPQKPHQTOCVKQPQPGZGEWVKQPU HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA REVIEW OF 2018 Amnesty International #YQOCPCVVGPFUVJGƂTUVUGUUKQPQHCVTKCNDGHQTGVJGURGEKCNK\GFETKOKPCNEJCODGTKP)CHUC6WPKUKCQP5GRVGODGT6JGVTKCNHQNNQYGFKPXGUVKICVKQPUECTTKGFQWVD[ VJGEQWPVT[oU6TWVJCPF&KIPKV[%QOOKUUKQP #OPGUV[+PVGTPCVKQPCN%CNNWO(TCPEKU4GFHGTP DWVEQORNCKPVUJCTFN[GXGTTGCEJGF RTQVGUVURCTVKEWNCTN[KPVJGJQVVGUV TUNISIA VTKCN6JGCWVJQTKVKGUCTDKVTCTKN[CTTGUVGF OQPVJUQHVJG[GCT&GCVJUGPVGPEGU RTQVGUVGTUCPFRTQUGEWVGFRGQRNGHQT YGTGJCPFGFFQYPDWVVJGTGYGTGPQ Republic of Tunisia VJGRGCEGHWNGZRTGUUKQPQHVJGKTXKGYU GZGEWVKQPU Head of state: Béji Caïd Essebsi Head of government: Youssef Chahed 2QNKEGCPFQVJGTUGEWTKV[HQTEGUCV VKOGUWUGFGZEGUUKXGHQTEGFWTKPINCY GPHQTEGOGPVQRGTCVKQPU6JG.CYQP 6JG6TWVJCPF&KIPKV[%QOOKUUKQP 'NKOKPCVKPI8KQNGPEGCICKPUV9QOGP BACKGROUND +8& ƂPCNK\GFKVUYQTMKPXGUVKICVKPI ECOGKPVQGHHGEV2TQRQUGFNGICNTGHQTOU 6JGCWVJQTKVKGUTGPGYGFVJGPCVKQPYKFG RCUVJWOCPTKIJVUXKQNCVKQPUFGURKVGCP VQGUVCDNKUJGSWCNKV[DGVYGGPOGPCPF UVCVGQHGOGTIGPE[ƂXGVKOGU GOGTIGPE[ CVVGORVD[VJGRCTNKCOGPVVQGPFKVUYQTM YQOGPKPOCVVGTUQHKPJGTKVCPEGCPFVQ OGCUWTGUJCFDGGPKPRNCEGUKPEGNCVG RTGOCVWTGN[6TCPUKVKQPCNLWUVKEGVTKCNU FGETKOKPCNK\GUCOGUGZUGZWCNTGNCVKQPU 2TQVGUVUCICKPUVWPGORNQ[OGPV QPITCXGRCUVJWOCPTKIJVUXKQNCVKQPU YGTGUWDOKVVGFVQVJGRCTNKCOGPV poor living conditions and water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mnesty International GEQPQOKEEQPFKVKQPU2TQVGUVGTUENCUJGF FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT WPVKNVJGCEEWUGFQHƂEGTUYGTGTGNGCUGF YKVJUGEWTKV[HQTEGUHQTVJTGGEQPUGEWVKXG 6JGUCOGFC[CTOGFUGEWTKV[HQTEGU PKIJVUFWTKPIYJKEJRQNKEGWUGFVGCTICU 6JGCWVJQTKVKGUEQPVKPWGFVQKORQUG RTQVGUVGFKPUKFGVJGEQWTVVQRWVRTGUUWTG to disperse protesters allegedly throwing GOGTIGPE[OGCUWTGUQHVGPKPCP QPVJGKPXGUVKICVKXGLWFIGVQTGNGCUGVJGKT UVQPGUCPFDWTPKPIV[TGU CTDKVTCT[OCPPGT6JG/KPKUVT[QHVJG EQNNGCIWGUYJKEJKUYJCVQEEWTTGFNCVGT +PVGTKQTWUGFDQTFGTEQPVTQNQTFGTU that day. 6JGRCTNKCOGPVCICKPHCKNGFVQGNGEVVJG MPQYPCU5QTFGTUVQWPNCYHWNN[ Ƃ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pJCTOKPIRWDNKEQTFGTqCHVGTJGUJCTGF +P/CTEJVJGRCTNKCOGPVXQVGFCICKPUV TGUVTKEVKQPUKPEQWTVQTUGGMLWUVKEG (CEGDQQMRQUVUVJCVWTIGFRGQRNGVQ CFGEKUKQPD[VJG+8&VQGZVGPFKVU HQTXKQNCVKQPUUWHHGTGF6JGOGCUWTGU take to the streets to protest against the OCPFCVGD[UGXGPOQPVJUKPQTFGTVQ PGICVKXGN[CHHGEVGFKPFKXKFWCNUo IQXGTPOGPVoUGEQPQOKERQNKEKGU.CVGT EQORNGVGKVUƂPCNTGRQTVCPFTGHGTTCNU NKXGNKJQQFUCPFUQOGVKOGUNGFVQCTDKVTCT[ VJCVOQPVJVJGKPVGTKQTOKPKUVGTUCKF QHECUGUQHRCUVJWOCPTKIJVUXKQNCVKQPU CTTGUVCPFUJQTVVGTOFGVGPVKQP+P VJGOKPKUVT[YQWNFRTQUGEWVGDNQIIGTUKH VQURGEKCNK\GFETKOKPCNEJCODGTU 0QXGODGTVJGURQMGURGTUQPQHVJG VJG[OKUNGFRTQVGUVGTU6JGUCOGOQPVJ *QYGXGTVJGIQXGTPOGPVCPPQWPEGF 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TGURQPUKDNGHQTJWOCPTKIJVUXKQNCVKQPU EQPFWEVRTQVGEVGFD[VJGTKIJVVQHTGGFQO VJGTGCUQPUWPFGTN[KPIITCXGXKQNCVKQPU TORTURE AND OTHER ILL- QHGZRTGUUKQP+P,CPWCT[VJGEQWTVQH CPFTGEQOOGPFCVKQPUVQGPUWTGPQP TREATMENT ƂTUVKPUVCPEGKPVJGEKV[QH,GPFQWDCKP TGEWTTGPEGQHUWEJXKQNCVKQPU PQTVJYGUV6WPKUKCUGPVGPEGF#DFGNC\K\ 6QTVWTGCPFQVJGTKNNVTGCVOGPVQH #NLCTKFKCPF#DFGNC\K\#NMJC\TKVQ $GVYGGP/CTEJCPF&GEGODGTVJG FGVCKPGGUEQPVKPWGFOQUVN[FWTKPICTTGUV UKZOQPVJUoKORTKUQPOGPVGCEJHQT +8&TGHGTTGFECUGUVQVTKCNDGHQTG CPFKPRTGEJCTIGFGVGPVKQP6JGXCUV FGHCOKPIVJGRTGUKFGPVD[CNNGIGFN[ URGEKCNK\GFETKOKPCNEJCODGTU OCLQTKV[QHEQORNCKPVUƂNGFD[NCY[GTU URTGCFKPITWOQWTUCDQWVJKUFGCVJ 6JGUGKPENWFGFECUGUQHGPHQTEGF HCKNGFVQTGCEJVTKCN 1P&GEGODGTCOKNKVCT[EQWTVQH FKUCRRGCTCPEGFGCVJWPFGTVQTVWTG appeal increased the sentence against WPPGEGUUCT[QTGZEGUUKXGWUGQHHQTEG +P(GDTWCT[HQWTRQNKEGQHƂEGTUCNNGIGFN[ RCTNKCOGPVCTKCPCPFDNQIIGT;CUUKPG CICKPUVRGCEGHWNRTQVGUVGTUCPFMKNNKPIU DGCVWRCOCPKPCRQNKEGUVCVKQPKP$GP #[CTKKPJKUCDUGPEGVQVYQOQPVJUo 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Amnesty International EXCESSIVE USE OF FORCE RTQVGEVKPIYQOGPCPFIKTNUHTQOIGPFGT CTVKENGUQHVJG2GPCN%QFGKPENWFKPI based violence. 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Seven families, with more than 20 children, are squatting VJGTGJCXKPIDGGPFKURNCEGFHTQO;GOGPoUYGUVGTP*QFGKFCJIQXGTPQTCVG6JG70GUVKOCVGUVJCVOQTGVJCPRGQRNGYGTGFKURNCEGFKPCITQWPFCPFCKTQHHGPUKXG between December 2017 and May 2018 in which Yemeni government forces (backed by the Saudi Arabia-led coalition) attempted to oust control of the strategic port city of Hodeidah from Huthi forces. © Amnesty International EKXKNKCPU#NNRCTVKGUVQVJGEQPƃKEVGPICIGF YEMEN KPKNNGICNRTCEVKEGUKPENWFKPICTDKVTCT[ FGVGPVKQPGPHQTEGFFKUCRRGCTCPEGCPF BACKGROUND Republic of Yemen VQTVWTGCPFQVJGTKNNVTGCVOGPV6JQUG Head of state: Abd Rabbu Mansour Hadi 6JGFKXKFGFVGTTKVQTKCNEQPVTQNQH;GOGP Head of government: /CGGP#DFWNOCNKM5CGGF TGRNCEGF VCTIGVGFKPENWFGFLQWTPCNKUVUJWOCP YCUGPVTGPEJGFCUVJGEQPƃKEVEQPVKPWGF Ahmed Obeid bin Daghr in October) TKIJVUFGHGPFGTUCPFOGODGTUQHVJG DGVYGGPVJGKPVGTPCVKQPCNN[TGEQIPK\GF $CJCoKEQOOWPKV[6JG5CWFK#TCDKCNGF IQXGTPOGPVQH2TGUKFGPV#DF4CDDW EQCNKVKQPEQPVKPWGFVQKORQUGGZEGUUKXG 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The cases involved ARBITRARY ARRESTS AND GITGIKQWUXKQNCVKQPUKPENWFKPIGPHQTEGF *WVJKƂIJVGTUƂTGFOQTVCTUTGRGCVGFN[ FKUCRRGCTCPEGUCPFVQTVWTGCPFQVJGT KPVQEKXKNKCPCTGCUQH*QFGKFCJCEEQTFKPI DETENTIONS KNNVTGCVOGPVCOQWPVKPIVQYCTETKOGU VQRGQRNGYJQJCFƃGFVJGEKV[#OQTVCT *WVJKHQTEGUVJG;GOGPKIQXGTPOGPV 5QOGQHVJGOGPYGTGTGNGCUGFDGVYGGP JKVVJGEQWTV[CTFQH*C[U4WTCN*QURKVCN VJG5CWFK#TCDKCNGFEQCNKVKQPCPF ,WPGCPF#WIWUVDWVOCP[TGOCKPGF QP/CTEJMKNNKPICRJCTOCEKUVCPFC 7#'DCEMGF;GOGPKHQTEGUGPICIGFKP CTDKVTCTKN[FGVCKPGFCPFQXGTCFQ\GPYGTG PWTUGCPFKPLWTKPIC[GCTQNFDQ[ arbitrary detention practices. 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KPENWFKPILQWTPCNKUVUCPFCECFGOKEU HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA REVIEW OF 2018 Amnesty International HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA REVIEW OF 2018 This report documents the state of human rights in the countries of the Middle East and North Africa during 2018. It is composed of a regional overview and 19 country entries, subdivided by key human rights themes. The killing of Palestinian protesters by Israeli forces in Gaza and the murder of journalist Jamal Khashoggi in a Saudi Arabian consulate glaringly illustrated the unaccountability of Middle Eastern and North African states that resorted to lethal and other violence to repress dissent. The crackdown on civil society CEVQTUCPFRQNKVKECNQRRQPGPVUKPETGCUGFUKIPKƂECPVN[KP'I[RV Iran and Saudi Arabia. Across the region, authorities used arbitrary detention, excessive force against protesters and administrative measures to restrict civil society. Armed hostilities in both Iraq and Syria decreased. As a result, fewer civilians were killed, but many continued to suffer the impact of serious violations, including war crimes, committed by CNNRCTVKGUVQVJGEQPƃKEVUKP.KD[C5[TKCCPF;GOGPRCTVKEWNCTN[ as well as the devastating humanitarian situations that arose from or were exacerbated by their actions. Despite the repression, 2018, like 2017, saw limited positive developments at a legislative and institutional level with respect VQYQOGPoUTKIJVUCPFXKQNGPEGCICKPUVYQOGP5KIPKƂECPV developments aimed at addressing past violations occurred in Lebanon and Tunisia. Index: MDE 01/9433/2019 Original language: English amnesty.org