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Distribution and Ecological Features Endangered Species Populus

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Distribution and Ecological Features Endangered Species Populus ﻓﺼﻠﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﻲ اﻛﻮﺳﻴﺴﺘ ﻢﻫﺎي ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ اﻳﺮان/ ﺳﺎل دوم/ ﺷﻤﺎره اول/ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﺰ 1390................................................................................... 41 ﭘﺮاﻛﻨﺶ و وﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎي اﻛﻮﻟﻮژي ﮔﻮﻧﻪ در ﺣﺎل اﻧﻘﺮاض ﺳﻔﻴﺪﭘﻠﺖ در ﺟﻨﮕﻠﻬﺎي ﻫﻴﺮﻛﺎﻧﻲ ﺣﺴﻦ ﻓﻼح1، ﻣﺴﻌﻮد ﻃﺒﺮي2، داوود آزادﻓﺮ3، ﺳﻴﺪ ﻏﻼﻣﻌﻠﻲ ﺟﻼﻟﻲ2 ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ درﻳﺎﻓﺖ: 12/7/90 ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﭘﺬﻳﺮش: 90/9/17 ﭼﻜﻴﺪه ﺳﻔﻴﺪﭘﻠﺖ (Populus caspica Bornm) ﮔﻮﻧﻪي ﻣﺨﺘﺺ و در ﺧﻄﺮ اﻧﻘﺮاض ﺟﻨﮕﻠﻬﺎي ﻫﻴﺮﻛﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. اﻳﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﭘﺮاﻛﻨﺶ و وﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎي اﻛﻮﻟﻮژي اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ در راﺳﺘﺎي اراﻳﻪ راﻫﻜﺎرﻫﺎي ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺘﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ و اﺻﻮﻟﻲ، ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ و ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ از روﻳﺸﮕﺎه ﻫﺎي در ﺣﺎل ﺗﺨﺮﻳﺐ اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ارزﺷﻤﻨﺪ، ﺻﻮرت ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺗﻌﺪادي از ﭘﺎراﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎي اﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ، اﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ و روﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺖ. ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﻛﻪ ﺳﻔﻴﺪﭘﻠﺖ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اي رﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﭘﺴﻨﺪ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ و از ﺗﺎﻟﺶ ﺗﺎ ﺟﻨﮕﻞ ﮔﻠﺴﺘﺎن ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ در ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺟﻠﮕﻪ اي ﺗﺎ ﻣﻴﺎن ﺑﻨﺪ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد. ﭘﺮاﻛﻨﺶ ﻏﺎﻟﺐ اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ در اﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﻫﺎي ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﺮﻃﻮب و ﻧﻴﻤﻪ ﻣﺮﻃﻮب ﺑﺎ زﻣﺴﺘﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻌﺘﺪل ﺗﺎ ﺳﺮد ﺑﺮ روي رﺳﻮﺑﺎت ﺑﺎﻓﺖ رﻳﺰ ﻛﻮارﺗﺮﻧﺮي ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ اراﺿﻲ ﺟﻨﮕﻠﻲ، وﺟﻮد دام و ﺗﺨﺮﻳﺐ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺮان ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺗﺨﺮﻳﺐ روﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎي ﺳﻔﻴﺪﭘﻠﺖ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. وﺟﻮد ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺷﺎﻳﻊ ﻟﻮﻣﻲ ﺳﻴﻠﺘﻲ (Silt loam) و ﺧﺎك ﻗﻠﻴﺎﻳﻲ(pH>7/5) و ﺣﺎﺻﻠﺨﻴﺰي ﺧﺎك از ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت ﺑﺎرز ﺧﺎﻛﻬﺎي ﺳﻔﻴﺪﭘﻠﺖ اﺳﺖ. ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﺗﻮده ﻫﺎي ﺳﻔﻴﺪﭘﻠﺖ دواﺷﻜﻮﺑﻪ و ﺳﻪ اﺷﻜﻮﺑﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺎج ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ و ﻧﻴﻤﻪ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. در ﻣﺠﻤﻮع 18 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ درﺧﺘﻲ و 8 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ درﺧﺘﭽﻪ اي از 15 ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ روﻳﺸﮕﺎه ﺳﻔﻴﺪﭘﻠﺖ ﻣﺎدرﺳﻮ ﺑﺎ داﺷﺘﻦ 20 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﭼﻮﺑﻲ، داراي ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻏﻨﺎي ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﭼﻮﺑﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ روﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. واژه ﻫﺎي ﻛﻠﻴﺪي: ﺳﻔﻴﺪﭘﻠﺖ، ﻧﻴﺎز اﻛﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻚ، ﺟﻨﮕﻠﻬﺎي ﻫﻴﺮﻛﺎﻧﻲ 1. داﻧﺶ آﻣﻮﺧﺘﻪ ﻛﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ارﺷﺪ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺗﺮﺑﻴﺖ ﻣﺪرس ٢. داﻧﺸﻴﺎر ﮔﺮوه ﺟﻨﮕﻠﺪاري داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺗﺮﺑﻴﺖ ﻣﺪرس، [email protected] ٣. داﻧﺸﻴﺎر ﮔﺮوه ﺟﻨﮕﻠﺪاري داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻋﻠﻮم ﻛﺸﺎورزي و ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﮔﺮﮔﺎن 42...............................................................................................ﭘﺮاﻛﻨﺶ و وﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎي اﻛﻮﻟﻮژي ﮔﻮﻧﻪ در ﺣﺎل اﻧﻘﺮاض ﺳﻔﻴﺪﭘﻠﺖ در ﺟﻨﮕﻠﻬﺎي ﻫﻴﺮﻛﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ در ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت داﺧﻞ ﻛﺸﻮر اﺑﺮاﻫﻴﻤﻲ و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻫﺎي اﺧﻴﺮ ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻲ دﻫﺪ در ﺣﺎل ﺣﺎﺿﺮ (1383) ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻧﻴﺎز روﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻟﺮگ در ﺑﻴﺶ از 900 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ي درﺧﺘﻲ در ﺳﺮاﺳﺮ ﺟﻬﺎن ﺑﺮ ﺟﻨﮕﻞ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺗﻲ واز ﻣﺎزﻧﺪران ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻨﺪ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ آﻧﻬﺎ اﺳﺎس ﺿﻮاﺑﻂ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺷﺪه در ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ Red) ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﻛﻪ درﺧﺘﺎن ﻟﺮگ ﺑﺮ روي ﺧﺎﻛﻬﺎي رﺳﻲ Book) IUCN ﺑﺎ ﺧﻄﺮ اﻧﻘﺮاض ﻣﻮاﺟ ﻪ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻣﺮﻃﻮب و ﻋﻤﻴﻖ، ﺷﻴﺐ 5 ﺗﺎ 20 درﺻﺪ، ﺟﻬﺖ (IUCN, 1994 ; Oldfield et al., 1998). ﻫﺎي ﺷﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ زﻳﺎد در ﺣﺎﺷﻴﻪ و اراﺿﻲ ﻛﻢ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮات اﺻﻠﻲ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي درﺧﺘﻲ در ﺣﺎل ﺷﻴﺐ ﺑﺴﺘﺮ رودﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ و دره ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ اﻧﻘﺮاض، اﺧﺘﺼﺎص و ﺗﺨﺮﻳﺐ ﺟﻨﮕﻞ ﺑﺮاي ﭼﻮن ﺗﻮﺳﻜﺎي ﻳﻴﻼﻗﻲ، ﭘﻠﺖ، ﻣﻤﺮز، ﺳﻔﻴﺪﭘﻠﺖ، ون ﻛﺸﺎورزي، ﭼﺮاي دام، ﺑﻬﺮه ﺑﺮداري ﺑﻴﺶ از ﺣﺪ و و ﮔﺮدو دﻳﺪه ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد. ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت (رﺳﺘﻤﻲ ﻛﻴﺎ و آﺗﺶ ﺳﻮزي ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﺪ (Oldfield, 1999). ﻫﻢ ﻫﻤﻜﺎران، 1388) ﺑﺮ روي ﺑﻨﻪ، (رﺟﺎﻣﻨﺪ و ﻣﺮوي اﻛﻨﻮن ﺑﺮاي ﺑﺴﻴﺎري از درﺧﺘﺎن در ﺣﺎل اﻧﻘﺮاض ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮ، 1379) ﺑﺮ روي ﺳﻔﻴﺪ ﻛﺮﻛﻮ و (ﺷﻬﺮﻳﺎري و اﻃﻼﻋﺎت دﻗﻴﻘﻲ در ﻣﻮرد ﭘﺮاﻛﻨﺶ، ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺖ ﻫﻤﻜﺎران، 1386) ﺑﺮ روي ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﮔﻴﻼس وﺣﺸﻲ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﺪه و وﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻫﺎي اﻛﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻜﻲ آﻧﻬﺎ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي دﻳﮕﺮي از اﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ. وﺟﻮد ﻧﺪارد ﻛﻪ اﻳﻦ اﻃﻼﻋﺎت اﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﺳﻔﻴﺪﭘﻠﺖ .Populus caspica Bornm درﺧﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ي اﺳﺘﺮاﺗﮋي ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﻣﻮﺛﺮ ﺑﺮ اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﭘﻬﻦ ﺑﺮگ از ﺟﻨﺲ ﺻﻨﻮﺑﺮ (Populus)، ﺑﺨﺶ دارد (Leuce) 2000; Newton et al., 1999)، زﻳﺮ ﺑﺨﺶ (Albide) و از ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده ,Soeharono & Newton). ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ اﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺑﻴﺪﻳﺎن (Salicaceae) اﺳﺖ (ﺿﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺿﻴﺎﺑﺮي، زﻳﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ اﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ ﺑﺮ 1371). ﺳﻔﻴﺪﭘﻠﺖ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ي ﻣﺨﺘﺺ (Endemic) روي ﭘﺮاﻛﻨﺶ و وﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻫﺎي روﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ و ﺑﻮم (ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮ ﻣﺮو ي، 1384) و در ﺧﻄﺮ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ در ﺧﻄﺮ اﻧﻘﺮاض اﻧﻘﺮاض (Endangered species) ﺟﻨﮕﻠﻬﺎي ﺧﺰري اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪ. (Eduardo & Ventosa, 2007) ﺑﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ (Jalili & Jamzad, 1999). ﺳﻔﻴﺪﭘﻠﺖ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﭘﺮاﻛﻨﺶ و وﻳﮋﮔﻲ روﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ در ﺧﻄﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮاه اﻧﺠﻴﻠﻲ، ﻟﻴﻠﻜﻲ و ﺑﻠﻨﺪﻣﺎزو از ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي اﻧﻘﺮاض Trichilia triacantha از ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده ﻣﺨﺘﺺ ﺟﻨﮕﻠﻬﺎي ﻫﺎي ﻫﻴﺮﻛﺎﻧﻲ و ﺑﺠﺎ ﻣﺎﻧﺪه از (Meliaceae) ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻨﺪ. ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ آﻧﻬﺎ ﻧﺸﺎن داد اﻳﻦ دوران ﺳﻮم زﻣﻴﻦ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ Tertiary ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ در ﺟﻨﮕﻠﻬﺎي ﺧﺸﻚ ﻧﻴﻤﻪ اﺳﺘﻮاﻳﻲ در ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺑﺮﺧﻲ از آﻧﻬﺎ در ﻓﺴﻴﻠﻬﺎي ﺟﻨﮕﻠﻬﺎي از ﻣﺤﺪوده ي ارﺗﻔﺎﻋﻲ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ از 175 ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺮ روي ﺑﻴﻦ رﻓﺘﻪ اروﭘﺎ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ (ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮ ﻣﺮوي، ﺧﺎﻛﻬﺎي ﺑﺎ زﻫﻜﺸﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻲ روﻳﺪ. ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت 1384). درﺧﺘﻲ دوﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎﻗﻪ ﻣﻨﻔﺮد، ﺧﺰان (Williams et al., 2007)ﺑﺮ روي ﮔﻮﻧﻪ Fagus ﻛﻨﻨﺪه و داراي ﺑﺮﮔﻬﺎي ﻣﺘﻨﻮع ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ et al., 2007) ،grandifolia var Mexican در ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺑﻨﺪ و ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪودي ﻣﻴﺎن ﺑﻨﺪ Anthelme) ﺑﺮ روي ﮔﻮﻧﻪ Olea europaea ﺟﻨﮕﻠﻬﺎي ﺷﻤﺎل ﭘﺮاﻛﻨﺶ داﺷﺘﻪ و ﺑﻪ دﻟﻴﻞ Kanetani et a l., 2001) subsp. Laperrinei) ﺑﺮ ﻓﺸﺎرﻫﺎي اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي- اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺣﺎﻛﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺪت در روي ﮔﻮﻧﻪ در ﺧﻄﺮ اﻧﻘﺮاض Pinus armandii ﻣﻌﺮض ﺗﺨﺮﻳﺐ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ (اﺳﺪي و .Franch.var. amamiana ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي دﻳﮕﺮي از ﻫﻤﻜﺎران، 1384). ﺗﺨﺮﻳﺐ ﺟﻨﮕﻠﻬﺎي ﺟﻠﮕﻪ اي در اﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﻓﺼﻠﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﻲ اﻛﻮﺳﻴﺴﺘ ﻢﻫﺎي ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ اﻳﺮان/ ﺳﺎل دوم/ ﺷﻤﺎره اول/ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﺰ 1390................................................................................... 43 ﻧﻴﻢ ﻗﺮن اﺧﻴﺮ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺳﻜﻮﻧﺖ، واﮔﺬاري ﺟﻨﮕﻠﻬﺎي ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺳﻔﻴﺪﭘﻠﺖ، ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﻮرد اﻧﺘﺸﺎر اﻳﻦ ﺟﻠﮕﻪ ﺑﻪ روﺳﺘﺎﻳﻴﺎن، ورود دام، ﻗﻄﻊ ﺑﻲ روﻳﻪ، از ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﮔﺰارﺷﺎت و ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ و ﺑﻴﻦ رﻓﺘﻦ زادآوري و ﻋﺪم ﺟﻨﮕﻠﻜﺎري و اﺣﻴﺎي ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺪ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ روﻳﺸﮕﺎه اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ (ﺟﻠﻴﻠﻮﻧﺪ، 1367) ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺗﺨﺮﻳﺐ (Eduardo & Ventosa, 2007) ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻗﺮار روﻳﺸﮕﺎه و ﺗﻜﻪ ﺗﻜﻪ ﺷﺪن روﻳﺸﮕﺎه Habitat) ﮔﺮﻓﺖ و ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺣﺪود ﭘﺮاﻛﻨﺶ (fragmentation و ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﺷﺪن ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ اﻳﻦ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺷﺪ. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ 5 روﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎي ﺷﺎﺧﺺ اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ و از ﺑﻴﻦ رﻓﺘﻦ ﺑﺨﺶ ﻋﻈﻴﻤﻲ از ذﺧﺎﻳﺮ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻓﺎﻛﺘﻮرﻫﺎي اﻛﻮﻟﻮژي ﻣﻮرد ژﻧﺘﻴﻜﻲ اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ و آﻧﺮا در ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺷﺪﻧﺪ. ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﻮرد درﺧﺘﺎن در ﺧﻄﺮ اﻧﻘﺮاض IUCN ﻗﺮار داده اﺳﺖ. ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ در ﺟﺪول و ﺷﻜﻞ (1) آﻣﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﺑﺎ وﺟﻮد ﻣﺨﺘﺺ ﺑﻮدن، در ﺧﻄﺮ اﻧﻘﺮاض ﺑﻮدن و اﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ: در ﻣﺠﻤﻮع، داده ﻫﺎي 18 اﻳﺴﺘﮕﺎه ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﻮدن اﻳﻦ ذﺧﻴﺮه ارزﺷﻤﻨﺪ ﺟﻨﮕﻠﻬﺎي ﺳﻴﻨﻮﭘﺘﻴﻚ، اﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ و ﺑﺎران ﺳﻨﺠﻲ در ﺣﻮزه ﻫﻴﺮﻛﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت اﻧﺪﻛﻲ در ﻣﻮرد ﭘﺮاﻛﻨﺶ و ﭘﺮاﻛﻨﺶ اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻮرد ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺖ. اﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ اﻛﻮﻟﻮژي ﻓﻌﻠﻲ ﺣﺎﻛﻢ ﺑﺮ روﻳﺸﮕﺎه ﻫﺎي اﻳﻦ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﻮرد اﻧﺘﺸﺎر اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ روش ﮔﻮﻧﻪ وﺟﻮد دارد. ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻤﺎم اﻳﻦ ﻣﻮارد و ﻧﻘﺶ آﻣﺒﺮژه اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪ. 2 2 اﺳﺎﺳﻲ اﻃﻼﻋﺎت اﻛﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻜﻲ و روﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﺑﻌﻨﻮان ( Q2=2000P/(M -m P= اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ رﻳﺰي ﺣﻔﻆ و اﺣﻴﺎء ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﺑﺎرﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﺳﺎﻟﻴﺎﻧﻪ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ آﻣﺒﺮژه =Q2 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي در ﺧﻄﺮ اﻧﻘﺮاض و اﻧﺠﺎم ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ in ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ دﻣﺎ در ﮔﺮﻣﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﺎه ﺳﺎل ﺑﺮ situ و ex situ اﻧﺠﺎم ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺗﻲ ﺑﺎ اﻫﺪاف ﺣﺴﺐ ﻛﻠﻮﻳﻦ =M ﻓﻮق ﺿﺮوري ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲ رﺳﺪ. ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ دﻣﺎ در ﮔﺮﻣﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﺎه ﺳﺎل ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻛﻠﻮﻳﻦ =m ﻣﻮاد و روش روش ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﭘﺮاﻛﻨﺶ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ: ﺟﻬﺖ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﭘﺮاﻛﻨﺶ ﺟﺪول1. ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ و ﭘﻮﺷﺸﻲ روﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎي ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻧﺎم روﻳﺸﮕﺎه ﺳﺪﺗﺎرﻳﻚ رودﺑﺎر ﺻﻔﺮاﺑﺴﺘﻪ آﺳﺘﺎﻧﻪ اﺷﺮﻓﻴﻪ ﭘﺎرك ﺟﻨﮕﻠﻲ ﻧﻮر اﺳﺘﺨﺮﭘﺸﺖ ﻧﻜﺎ ﭘﺎرك ﺟﻨﮕﻠﻲ ﮔﻠﺴﺘﺎن ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺖ (ha) 3 198 270 14 22 ارﺗﻔﺎع 130 15- 10- ﺗﺎ 70 530 520 ﻋﺮض ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ 37º 23 ´ 16 ″ 36º 35 ´ 07 ″ 36 º 34 ´52″ 37 º 23 ´10″ 36º 58 ´50″ ﻃﻮل ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ 55º 54 ´08″ 52º 38 ´12″ 52º 02 ´53″ 49º 57 ´13″ 49º 33 ´93″ 44...............................................................................................ﭘﺮاﻛﻨﺶ و وﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎي اﻛﻮﻟﻮژي ﮔﻮﻧﻪ در ﺣﺎل اﻧﻘﺮاض ﺳﻔﻴﺪﭘﻠﺖ در ﺟﻨﮕﻠﻬﺎي ﻫﻴﺮﻛﺎﻧﻲ ﭘﺎرك ﺟﻨﮕﻠﻲ ﺳ ﺪﺗﺎرﻳﻚ رودﺑﺎر ﮔﻠﺴﺘﺎن ﺻﻔﺮاﺑﺴﺘﻪ آ ﺳﺘﺎﻧﻪ اﺷﺮﻓﻴﻪ اﺳﺘﺨﺮﭘﺸﺖ ﻧﻜﺎ ﭘﺎرك ﺟﻨﮕﻠﻲ ﻧﻮر ﺷﻜﻞ 1- ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ روش ﺧﺎك ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ: ﺟﻬﺖ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ وﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺧﺎك زﻣﻴﻦ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ (ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن ﻧﻘﺸﻪ ﺑﺮداري ﻛﺸﻮر، روﻳﺸﮕﺎه ﺳﻔﻴﺪﭘﻠﺖ در ﻫﺮ روﻳﺸﮕﺎه ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ 1382و ﻣﻮﺳﺴﻪ ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ و ﻛﺎرﺗﻮﮔﺮاﻓﻲ، 1388) وﺳﻌﺖ و ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻌﺪاد ﻳﻚ اﻟﻲ دو زﻣﻴﻦ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﻮرد اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﭘﺮوﻓﻴﻞ ﺣﻔﺮ ﺷﺪ. در ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ و ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ، ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺖ. ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺧﺎك ﺑﺎ روش ﻫﻴﺪروﻣﺘﺮي ,Bouyoucos) وﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﺟﻨﮕﻞ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ و ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺗﺨﺮﻳﺐ: ﺑﻌﺪ ﺟﻨﮕﻞ (1962، ﻛﺮﺑﻦ آﻟﻲ ﺑﺎ روش ,Wackley & Black) ﮔﺮدﺷﻲ و ﺛﺒﺖ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﭼﻮﺑﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻧﻘﺸﻪ (1943، ﻣﺎده آﻟﻲ از ﺣﺎﺻﻠﻀﺮب ﻛﺮﺑﻦ آﻟﻲ در ﻋﺪد ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ و ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪات 72/1 (زرﻳﻦ ﻛﻔﺶ، 1372)، ﻧﻴﺘﺮوژن (N) از روش ﺻﺤﺮاﻳﻲ اﺷﻜﻮب ﺑﻨﺪي ﺗﻮده ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﺪ. ﺗﺎج Jackson, 1962) Kjeldahl)، اﺳﻴﺪﻳﺘﻪ ﮔﻞ اﺷﺒﺎع ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺗﺎج ﭘﻮﺷﺶ اﺷﻐﺎل ﺷﺪه (PH) ﺑﺎ روش ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻮﻣﺘﺮي (زرﻳﻦ ﻛﻔﺶ، 1372)، درﺧﺘﺎن ﺑﺮ روي زﻣﻴﻦ ﺑﺮ آورد ﺷﺪ (ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮ ﻣﺮوي، ﭘﺘﺎﺳﻴﻢ (K) ﺑﺎ روش اﺳﺘﺎت آﻣﻮﻧﻴﻮم ﻧﺮﻣﺎل ﺑﺎ 1384) (ﺟﺪول 2). ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻃﻲ ﺟﻨﮕﻞ ﮔﺮدﺷﻲ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از دﺳﺘﮕﺎه ﻓﻠﻢ ﻓﺘﻮﻣﺘﺮي ,Jackson) و ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎن ﺟﻨﮕﻞ ﻧﻮاﺣﻲ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ (1962، ﺷﻮري ﺧﺎك (EC) ﺗﻮﺳﻂ دﺳﺘﮕﺎه ﻫﺪاﻳﺖ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺗﺨﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ. اﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺳﻨﺞ (زرﻳﻦ ﻛﻔﺶ، 1372)، ﻓﺴﻔﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺟﺬب ﺑﺎ روش اوﻟﺴﻦ ﺑﺎ دﺳﺘﮕﺎه اﺳﭙﻜﺘﺮوﻓﺘﻮﻣﺘﺮ اﻧﺪازه ﮔﻴﺮي ﺷﺪ. روش زﻣﻴﻦ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ: ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت زﻣﻴﻦ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ در ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ و ﻧﻘﺸﻪ ﻓﺼﻠﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﻲ اﻛﻮﺳﻴﺴﺘ ﻢﻫﺎي ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ اﻳﺮان/ ﺳﺎل دوم/ ﺷﻤﺎره اول/ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﺰ 1390................................................................................... 45 ﺟﺪول 2. ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺑﻨﺪي ﺗﻮده ﻫﺎي ﺟﻨﮕﻠﻲ ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس درﺟﻪ ﺗﺎج ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﺗﺎج ﭘﻮﺷﺶ درﺻﺪ ﺗﺎج ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﺧﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺗﻬﻲ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ از 50 درﺻﺪ 2045.4 ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ در ﭘﻠﻴﻤﺒﺮا رﺿﻮاﻧﺸﻬﺮ ﺗﺎ 428 ﺑﺎز ﻳﺎ ﻧﻴﻤﻪ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ 50 ﺗﺎ 90 درﺻﺪ ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ در زردﮔﻞ ﺳﻮادﻛﻮه در ﻧﻮﺳﺎن ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﻳﺎ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﺶ از 90 درﺻﺪ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﺗﻌﺪاد ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ روزﻫﺎي ﺑﺎ ﺑﺎرش ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ آﺳﺘﺎرا (ﻧﺰدﻳﻜﺘﺮﻳﻦ اﻳﺴﺘﮕﺎه ﺑﻪ ﻟﻴﺴﺎر ﺗﺎﻟﺶ) ﺑﺎ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ 148.3 روز در ﺳﺎل و ﻛﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ رﻳﻨﻪ ﭘﺮاﻛﻨﺶ ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻻرﻳﺠﺎن ﺑﺎ 52 روز در ﺳﺎل ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﭘﺮاﻛﻨﺶ اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ در ﺟﻨﮕﻠﻬﺎي ﻫﻴﺮﻛﺎﻧﻲ از ﻃﻮاﻟﺶ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ روزﻫﺎي ﺑﺎ ﺑﻴﺶ از 10 ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ ﺗﺎ رودﺳﺮ و از ﭼﺎﻟﻮس ﺗﺎ ﺟﻨﮕﻞ ﮔﻠﺴﺘﺎن در ﺑﺎرش در ﺳﺎل ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﭘﻠﻴﻤﺒﺮا ﺑﺎ 61 روز در ﺳﺎل ﻣﺤﺪوده اي ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮل ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ// 56/ 39 550 در و ﻛﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﺎه ﺑﻴﺸﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ14.4 ﻟﻮه ﮔﺮﮔﺎن ﺗﺎ // 03 / 54 480 در ﻟﻴﺴﺎر ﺗﺎﻟﺶ، روز ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﻋﺮض ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ// 56/ 56 370 در ﻟﻴﺴﺎر ﺗﺎﻟﺶ ﺗﺎ// ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ رﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﻲ ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ 03/52 350 در ﻻرﻳﺠﺎن و آب اﺳﻚ و ارﺗﻔﺎع از ﭘﺴﻴﺨﺎن رﺷﺖ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ 91 درﺻﺪ در ﺳﺎل و ﺳﻄﺢ درﻳﺎ 1857 در ﻻرﻳﺠﺎن و آب اﺳﻚ ﺗﺎ -15 ﻛﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ آن 63 درﺻﺪ ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﺎه ﺑﻴﺸﻪ ﻣﻲ در آﺳﺘﺎﻧﻪ اﺷﺮﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺖ.
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  • Distribution and Habitat Characteristics of Trichilia Triacantha (Meliaceae) in Puerto Rico
    Vol. 3: 267–271, 2007 ENDANGERED SPECIES RESEARCH Printed December 2007 doi: 10.3354/esr00051 Endang Species Res Published online October 10, 2007 Distribution and habitat characteristics of Trichilia triacantha (Meliaceae) in Puerto Rico Eduardo A. Ventosa-Febles* Puerto Rico Department of Natural and Environmental Resources, Bureau of Fish and Wildlife, PO Box 3665, Marina Station, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico 00681-3665 ABSTRACT: The distribution and habitat characteristics of the endemic and endangered plant spe- cies Trichilia triacantha Urb. (Meliaceae) were studied in the southwestern region of Puerto Rico. Searches for populations and individuals started in 1992 and ended in 1996. These searches were done in areas where the species had been previously reported and at other potential population sites. We found 109 ind. distributed in 10 populations. This represents an increase of 172% in the number of individuals and 25% in the number of populations previously reported. Four populations were on private lands; 2 of them consisting of isolated individuals. The number of plants found in grouped populations varied from 2 to 35, with an average of 13.4. All the plants occurred in the Subtropical Dry Forest Life Zone, at an altitude of 175 m or less, and were growing on well-drained soils, such as those derived from limestone. Most individuals were found on the more mesic side of hills. KEY WORDS: Endangered · Guánica · Trichilia · T. triacantha · Bariaco · Puerto Rico Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisher INTRODUCTION 1903–1911). The original material studied by Urban was destroyed during World War II (Vivaldi & Wood- Trichilia triacantha Urb.
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  • Puerto Rico Comprehensive Wildlife Conservation Strategy 2005
    Comprehensive Wildlife Conservation Strategy Puerto Rico PUERTO RICO COMPREHENSIVE WILDLIFE CONSERVATION STRATEGY 2005 Miguel A. García José A. Cruz-Burgos Eduardo Ventosa-Febles Ricardo López-Ortiz ii Comprehensive Wildlife Conservation Strategy Puerto Rico ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Financial support for the completion of this initiative was provided to the Puerto Rico Department of Natural and Environmental Resources (DNER) by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) Federal Assistance Office. Special thanks to Mr. Michael L. Piccirilli, Ms. Nicole Jiménez-Cooper, Ms. Emily Jo Williams, and Ms. Christine Willis from the USFWS, Region 4, for their support through the preparation of this document. Thanks to the colleagues that participated in the Comprehensive Wildlife Conservation Strategy (CWCS) Steering Committee: Mr. Ramón F. Martínez, Mr. José Berríos, Mrs. Aida Rosario, Mr. José Chabert, and Dr. Craig Lilyestrom for their collaboration in different aspects of this strategy. Other colleagues from DNER also contributed significantly to complete this document within the limited time schedule: Ms. María Camacho, Mr. Ramón L. Rivera, Ms. Griselle Rodríguez Ferrer, Mr. Alberto Puente, Mr. José Sustache, Ms. María M. Santiago, Mrs. María de Lourdes Olmeda, Mr. Gustavo Olivieri, Mrs. Vanessa Gautier, Ms. Hana Y. López-Torres, Mrs. Carmen Cardona, and Mr. Iván Llerandi-Román. Also, special thanks to Mr. Juan Luis Martínez from the University of Puerto Rico, for designing the cover of this document. A number of collaborators participated in earlier revisions of this CWCS: Mr. Fernando Nuñez-García, Mr. José Berríos, Dr. Craig Lilyestrom, Mr. Miguel Figuerola and Mr. Leopoldo Miranda. A special recognition goes to the authors and collaborators of the supporting documents, particularly, Regulation No.
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  • Guide to Theecological Systemsof Puerto Rico
    United States Department of Agriculture Guide to the Forest Service Ecological Systems International Institute of Tropical Forestry of Puerto Rico General Technical Report IITF-GTR-35 June 2009 Gary L. Miller and Ariel E. Lugo The Forest Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture is dedicated to the principle of multiple use management of the Nation’s forest resources for sustained yields of wood, water, forage, wildlife, and recreation. Through forestry research, cooperation with the States and private forest owners, and management of the National Forests and national grasslands, it strives—as directed by Congress—to provide increasingly greater service to a growing Nation. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, disability, and where applicable sex, marital status, familial status, parental status, religion, sexual orientation genetic information, political beliefs, reprisal, or because all or part of an individual’s income is derived from any public assistance program. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD).To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, 1400 Independence Avenue, S.W. Washington, DC 20250-9410 or call (800) 795-3272 (voice) or (202) 720-6382 (TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. Authors Gary L. Miller is a professor, University of North Carolina, Environmental Studies, One University Heights, Asheville, NC 28804-3299.
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  • Volumes 1 to 10, 2004–2010)
    ENDANGERED SPECIES RESEARCH Vol. 10: 369–382 Endang Species Res Published online March 3, 2010 COMBINED AUTHOR AND TITLE INDEX (Volumes 1 to 10, 2004–2010) A Arai N, see Okuyama J et al. (2010) 10:181–190 Arcese P, see Gutowsky S et al. (2009) 9:247–254 Abe O, see Okuyama J et al. (2010) 10:181–190 Ar Gouilh M, see Puechmaille SJ et al. (2009) 8:15–23 Abreu-Grobois FA, see Cuevas E et al. (2008) 10:123–133 Arlettaz R, see Weinberger IC et al. (2009) 8:41–48 Adamantopoulou S, see Karamanlidis AA et al. (2008) 5: Arlettaz R, see Zbinden JA et al. (2007) 3:305–312 205–213 Arocha F, see Beerkircher L et al. (2009) 9:81–90 Agazzi S, see Bearzi G et al. (2008) 5:1–12 Arzoumanian Z, see Holmberg J et al. (2009) 7:39–53 Aihartza J, see Almenar D et al. (2009) 8:69–78 Austin TJ, see Bell CD et al. (2006) 2:63–69 Albareda DA, see Shepard ELC et al. (2008) 10:47–60 Austin TJ, see Blumenthal JM et al. (2006) 2:51–61 Alba-Zúñiga A, Enríquez PL, Rangel-Salazar JL (2009) Popu- Avens L, Taylor JC, Goshe LR, Jones TT, Hastings M (2009) lation density and habitat use of the threatened Balsas Use of skeletochronological analysis to estimate the age of screech owl in the Sierra de Huautla Biosphere Reserve, leatherback sea turtles Dermochelys coriacea in the west- Mexico. 9:61–66 ern North Atlantic. 8:165–177 Alexander-Garner J, see Eguchi T et al.
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  • Biogeography and Ecology in a Pantropical Family, the Meliaceae
    Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 71(Suppl. 2):335-461. 2019 335 doi: 10.26492/gbs71(suppl. 2).2019-22 Biogeography and ecology in a pantropical family, the Meliaceae M. Heads Buffalo Museum of Science, 1020 Humboldt Parkway, Buffalo, NY 14211-1293, USA. [email protected] ABSTRACT. This paper reviews the biogeography and ecology of the family Meliaceae and maps many of the clades. Recently published molecular phylogenies are used as a framework to interpret distributional and ecological data. The sections on distribution concentrate on allopatry, on areas of overlap among clades, and on centres of diversity. The sections on ecology focus on populations of the family that are not in typical, dry-ground, lowland rain forest, for example, in and around mangrove forest, in peat swamp and other kinds of freshwater swamp forest, on limestone, and in open vegetation such as savanna woodland. Information on the altitudinal range of the genera is presented, and brief notes on architecture are also given. The paper considers the relationship between the distribution and ecology of the taxa, and the interpretation of the fossil record of the family, along with its significance for biogeographic studies. Finally, the paper discusses whether the evolution of Meliaceae can be attributed to ‘radiations’ from restricted centres of origin into new morphological, geographical and ecological space, or whether it is better explained by phases of vicariance in widespread ancestors, alternating with phases of range expansion. Keywords. Altitude, limestone, mangrove, rain forest, savanna, swamp forest, tropics, vicariance Introduction The family Meliaceae is well known for its high-quality timbers, especially mahogany (Swietenia Jacq.).
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  • Puerto Rico State Wildlife Action Plan: Ten Year Review
    Puerto Rico State Wildlife Action Plan: Ten Year Review Puerto Rico Department of Natural and Environmental Resources. September 2015. Puerto Rico State Wildlife Action Plan Page TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................................................... 4 LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................................................... 6 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .............................................................................................................................. 7 SUMMARY OF CHANGES ........................................................................................................................ 11 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 13 CHAPTER 2. SPECIES OF GREATEST CONSERVATION NEED ..................................................................... 19 AMPHIBIANS .......................................................................................................................................... 21 SPECIES AND ACTIONS FOR PRIORITIZATION ........................................................................................................ 21 STATUS AND PROTECTION OF SPECIES OF GREATEST CONSERVATION NEED ............................................................... 23 FOREST COMPOSITION, STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION (FROM DRNA 2010). ..............................................................
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  • Federal and State Endangered and Threatened Species Expenditures Fiscal Year 2001
    U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Federal and State Endangered and Threatened Species Expenditures Fiscal Year 2001 January 1998 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...........................................................................................................................ii What is the purpose of this report?........................................................................................................ii What expenditures are reported? ..........................................................................................................ii What expenditures were formerly not included?....................................................................................ii What are the expenditures reported for FY 2001? ................................................................................ii How does the FY 2001 expenditure report compare to other years?...................................................iii ENDANGERED SPECIES EXPENDITURES FISCAL YEAR 2001 .................................................. 1 PURPOSE ............................................................................................................................................ 1 BACKGROUND.................................................................................................................................... 1 What does "Reasonably Identifiable Expenditures" mean?......................................................... 1 What is not included in the report? .............................................................................................
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  • U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Refuges and Other Nearby Reserves in Southwestern Puerto Rico
    United States Department of U.S. Fish and Wildlife Agriculture Forest Service Service Refuges And Other Nearby Reserves In Southwestern Puerto Rico International Institute of Tropical Forestry General Technical Peter L. Weaver and Joseph J. Schwagerl Report IITF-40 Front cover Top, Cabo Rojo National Wildlife Refuge. The Cabo Rojo Salt flats, critical wildlife habitat at the southwestern tip of Puerto Rico, boast a long history of wildlife use and human activity (Photo by Jorge Salivia). Bottom, Laguna Cartagena National Wildlife Refuge. Farming and water diversion measures around the Cartagena Lagoon in southwestern Puerto Rico have modified its water quality and regimen (Photo by Peter L. Weaver) . Top, Wildlife refuge. Welcome to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service’s Cabo Rojo National Wildlife Refuge via Mariano Rodríguez Lane (Photo by Peter L. Weaver). Bottom, Headquarters. First constructed to monitor regional communications, the original headquarters was the home of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service for 35 years (Photo by Peter L. Weaver). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Refuges And Other Nearby Reserves In Southwestern Puerto Rico Peter L. Weaver International Institute of Tropical Forestry U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service Río Piedras, Puerto Rico and Joseph J. Schwagerl U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service U.S. Department of the Interior Cabo Rojo, Puerto Rico June 2009 International Institute of Tropical Forestry Jardín Botánico Sur 1201 Calle Ceiba San Juan, PR 00926-1119 Contents Page Abstract ..............................................................................................................................
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  • What Is the Evidence That Invasive Species Are a Significant Contributor to the Decline Or Loss of Threatened Species?
    What is the evidence that invasive species are a significant contributor to the decline or loss of threatened species? Philip D. Roberts1* ([email protected]), Hilda Diaz-Soltero2 ([email protected]), David J. Hemming1 ([email protected]), Martin J. Parr1 ([email protected]), Richard H. Shaw3 ([email protected]), Nicola Wakefield1 ([email protected]), Holly J. Wright1 ([email protected]), and Arne B.R. Witt4 ([email protected]). Abstract Background: The Convention on Biological Diversity has reported invasive species as 2nd greatest cause of species extinction (COP10). However few efforts have been made to collate the evidence to support or contest the impact of invasive species on the decline and/or extinction of threatened species across large taxonomic or geographical scales. This Systematic Review was commissioned by the United States Department for Agriculture (USDA) Invasives Causing Extinction (ICE) programme to determine if the COP10 statement was based on scientific evidence. The evidence needs to be systematically reviewed and mapped to determine the importance and relevance of any such effects in order to develop national and international policies addressing the loss of threatened species, and to prioritise research and mitigation efforts. Methods/design: The searching of online publication databases, grey literature and other resources, such as recovery plans of endangered species, aims to gather existing evidence on whether invasive species are a significant contributor to the decline and/or extinction of threatened
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  • T-1906.Pdf (6.375Mb)
    UNIVERSIDAD MAYOR DE SAN ANDRÉS FACULTAD DE AGRONOMÍA CARRERA INGENIERÍA AGRONÓMICA TESIS DE GRADO DIVERSIDAD DE LA FAMILIA MELIACEAE EN RELACIÓN A FACTORES ABIÓTICOS EN LA REGIÓN MADIDI, BOLIVIA LIZETH SAMO CALLE La Paz – Bolivia 2013 UNIVERSIDAD MAYOR DE SAN ANDRÉS FACULTAD DE AGRONOMÍA CARRERA INGENIERÍA AGRONÓMICA DIVERSIDAD DE LA FAMILIA MELIACEAE EN RELACIÓN A FACTORES ABIÓTICOS EN LA REGIÓN MADIDI, BOLIVIA Tesis de Grado presentado como requisito parcial para optar por el Título de Ingeniera Agrónoma LIZETH SAMO CALLE Asesores: Ing. Luis Goitia Arze ………………………………… Lic. Maritza Cornejo Mejía ………………………………… Tribunales: Ing.Ph. D. David Cruz Choque ………………………………… Ing.Ph. D. Abul Kalam Kurban ………………………………… Ing. M. Sc. Félix Rojas Ponce ………………………………… Aprobada: Presidente Tribunal Examinador ………………………………… DEDICATORIA: Dedicado al amor de mí abnegada madre Gloria Placida y a mis padres Anastacio Félix (Q.E.P.D.) y Abdón Zenón Q.E.P.D.), por su confianza y apoyo incondicional en el logro de mis metas. A mis queridos hermanitos David y Emily por el cariño que me brindan. A mi novio Willy L. Escobar C., por el apoyo y amor que me brinda, motivo de inspiración constante. Agradecimientos Al Proyecto “Inventario Florístico de la Región Madidi” del Herbario Nacional de Bolivia (LPB) y el Missouri Botanical Garden (MO), por el apoyo económico, sin el cual este trabajo no hubiera sido posible. De manera especial Ph. D. Peter Jorgensen, Lic. Alfredo Fuentes, Lic. Maritza Cornejo Mejía y a la Ing. Leslie Cayola Pérez, por compartir sus conocimientos y dedicar su valioso tiempo para el desarrollo y culminación de la presente investigación. A mi asesor Ing.
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  • Keel, S. 2005. Caribbean Ecoregional Assessment Puerto Rico. The
    CARIBBEAN ECOREGIONAL ASSESSMENT PUERTO RICO A view of forest interior near Rio Grande, the Caribbean National Forest Reserve (Photo by Julio Figueroa-Colón) CARIBBEAN ECOREGIONAL ASSESSMENT PUERTO RICO Terrestrial Biodiversity May 2005 Shirley Keel With contributions from Christopher Kernan, Allison Leidner, Steve Schill, Dan Morse, Richard Jeo, Julio Figueroa-Colón, Matthew McPherson, Vicente Quevedo, Olga Ramos, Alexis Dragoni, Leopoldo Miranda-Castro, Frank Wadsworth and Susan Koenig Contents Acknowledgements -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Executive Summary ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 Introduction ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4 Terrestrial Biodiversity Overview ------------------------------------------------------ 4 Method ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5 General Approach ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 5 Biodiversity Assessment: Conservation Targets ------------------------------------- 6 Viability Analysis ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 7 Threat Assessment ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 8 Fragmentation Analysis ----------------------------------------------------------------- 8 Connectivity Analysis ------------------------------------------------------------------- 8 Gap Analysis
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  • United States Department Ofthe Interior
    United States Department ofthe Interior FISH & WILDLIFE SERVICE· Boqueron Field Office Carr. 301, KM 5.1, Bo. Corozo P.O. Box 491 Boqueron, PR 00622 AUG 2 3 2011 In Reply Refer To: FWSJR4JCESF0172LPO 12 Col. Alfred A. Pantano, Jr. District Commander Jacksonville District Corps ofEngineers 701 San Marco Boulevard. Jacksonville, FL 32207-0019 RE: Biological Opinion Via Verde Project, Puerto Rico SAJ 2010-02881 (IP-EWG) Dear Col. Pantano: This document is the biological opinion ofthe U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's (Service) based on our review ofthe proposed Via Verde Project and its effects on the Puerto Rican boa (Epicrates inomatusy; Puerto Rican broad-winged hawk (Buteo platypterus brunnescens), and Puerto Rican sharp-shinned hawk (Accipiter striatus venator) in accordance to section 7 ofthe Endangered Species Act (Act) of 1973, as amended (16 United States Code [U.S.C.] 1531 et seq.); in response to your request ofJuly 11, 2011 for formal consultation. In your letter, you also determined that the project may adversely affect the Puerto Rican boa, Puerto Rican broad-winged hawk and Puerto Rican sharp-shinned hawk, but would not likely adversely affect four (4) animal species [Puerto Rican parrot (Amazona vittata vittatay; Puerto Rican nightjar (Caprimulgus noctitherus), Puerto Rican crested toad (Peltophryne lemur), and coqui llanero (Eleutherodactylusjuanariveroi)]; and 27 plant species [Aurodendron pauciflorum, Banara venderbiltii, Buxus vahlii, Calyptronoma rivalis, Catesbaea melanocarpa, Chamaecrista glandulosa var. mirabilis, Cordia bellonis, Cordia rupicola, Cornutia obovata, Cyathea dryopteroides, Daphnopsis helleriana, Eugenia woodburyana, Goetzea elegans, Juglans jamaicensis, Myrcia paganii, Ottoschulzia rhodoxylon, Pleodendron macranthum, Polystichum calderonense, Schoepfia arenaria, Solanum drymophilum, Stahlia monosperma, Tectaria estremerana, Thelypteris inabonensis, Thelypteris verecunda, Thelypteris yaucoensis, Thichilia triacantha, and Zanthoylum thomasianum].
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