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T-1906.Pdf (6.375Mb) UNIVERSIDAD MAYOR DE SAN ANDRÉS FACULTAD DE AGRONOMÍA CARRERA INGENIERÍA AGRONÓMICA TESIS DE GRADO DIVERSIDAD DE LA FAMILIA MELIACEAE EN RELACIÓN A FACTORES ABIÓTICOS EN LA REGIÓN MADIDI, BOLIVIA LIZETH SAMO CALLE La Paz – Bolivia 2013 UNIVERSIDAD MAYOR DE SAN ANDRÉS FACULTAD DE AGRONOMÍA CARRERA INGENIERÍA AGRONÓMICA DIVERSIDAD DE LA FAMILIA MELIACEAE EN RELACIÓN A FACTORES ABIÓTICOS EN LA REGIÓN MADIDI, BOLIVIA Tesis de Grado presentado como requisito parcial para optar por el Título de Ingeniera Agrónoma LIZETH SAMO CALLE Asesores: Ing. Luis Goitia Arze ………………………………… Lic. Maritza Cornejo Mejía ………………………………… Tribunales: Ing.Ph. D. David Cruz Choque ………………………………… Ing.Ph. D. Abul Kalam Kurban ………………………………… Ing. M. Sc. Félix Rojas Ponce ………………………………… Aprobada: Presidente Tribunal Examinador ………………………………… DEDICATORIA: Dedicado al amor de mí abnegada madre Gloria Placida y a mis padres Anastacio Félix (Q.E.P.D.) y Abdón Zenón Q.E.P.D.), por su confianza y apoyo incondicional en el logro de mis metas. A mis queridos hermanitos David y Emily por el cariño que me brindan. A mi novio Willy L. Escobar C., por el apoyo y amor que me brinda, motivo de inspiración constante. Agradecimientos Al Proyecto “Inventario Florístico de la Región Madidi” del Herbario Nacional de Bolivia (LPB) y el Missouri Botanical Garden (MO), por el apoyo económico, sin el cual este trabajo no hubiera sido posible. De manera especial Ph. D. Peter Jorgensen, Lic. Alfredo Fuentes, Lic. Maritza Cornejo Mejía y a la Ing. Leslie Cayola Pérez, por compartir sus conocimientos y dedicar su valioso tiempo para el desarrollo y culminación de la presente investigación. A mi asesor Ing. Luis Goitia Arze por su apoyo en el desarrollo y culminación de la presente investigación. A los miembros del tribunal revisor Ph. D. David Cruz, Ph. D. Abul Kalam, M. Sc. Félix Rojas, por las sugerencias y recomendaciones en la redacción final del documento. A la Lic. Tatiana Miranda, Lic. Ana Antezana, Lic. Isabel Loza, Lic. Fredy Zenteno, por las sugerencias y tiempo compartido. A los tesistas, Marcelo Reguerin, Laura Moya, Esteban Cachaca, Martha Villalobos, Pablo Navarro, Arturo Escalante, Priscila Calvi, Richard Villegas, Serena Acha, Daniel Alanes, por su apoyo en el trabajo de campo y escritorio, además de la amistad compartida. Agradezco a mi familia por su gran amor, comprensión, apoyó y aliento para alcanzar mis metas. Mamá Gloria, papá Anastacio (Q.E.P.D.), papá Abdón Zenón (Q.E.P.D.), hermanitos David y Emily, gracias por siempre. Gracias a mi novio Willy Escobar y a la familia Escobar por su apoyo. A todos ellos MUCHAS GRACIAS… CONTENIDO ÍNDICE GENERAL.............................................................................................. i ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS ....................................................................................... vi ÍNDICE DE CUADROS ..................................................................................... ix ÍNDICES DE ANEXOS .................................................................................... xii RESUMEN .......................................................................................................xiii ABSTRACT...................................................................................................... xv ÍNDICE GENERAL 1. INTRODUCCIÓN ........................................................................................ 1 1.1. Antecedentes .......................................................................................... 3 1.2. Justificación............................................................................................. 4 1.2.1. Justificación Técnica ............................................................................ 4 1.2.2. Justificación Económica ....................................................................... 4 1.2.3. Justificación Social .............................................................................. 5 2. OBJETIVOS ............................................................................................... 6 2.1. Objetivo General ..................................................................................... 6 2.2. Objetivos Específicos .............................................................................. 6 2.3. Hipótesis ................................................................................................. 6 3. REVISIÓN BIBLIOGRÁFICA ...................................................................... 7 3.1. Diversidad ............................................................................................... 7 3.1.1. Métodos de Medición de la Diversidad Biológica ................................. 7 3.1.1.1. Diversidad Alfa ................................................................................. 8 i 3.1.1.2. Diversidad Beta ................................................................................ 9 3.1.1.3. Diversidad Gamma........................................................................... 9 3.1.2. Factores que Determinan la Diversidad ............................................. 10 3.1.2.1. Agua .............................................................................................. 10 3.1.2.2. Temperatura................................................................................... 11 3.1.2.3. Clima .............................................................................................. 11 3.1.2.4. Topografía y Geomorfología ........................................................... 11 3.1.2.5. Suelo .............................................................................................. 12 3.1.2.6. Flora ............................................................................................... 12 3.2. Familia Meliaceae ................................................................................. 13 3.2.1. Taxonomía de la Familia Meliaceae................................................... 13 3.2.2. Características Morfológicas de la Familia Meliaceae ........................ 13 3.2.2.1. Corteza .......................................................................................... 13 3.2.2.2. Hojas .............................................................................................. 14 3.2.2.3. Inflorescencia ................................................................................. 15 3.2.2.4. Flores ............................................................................................. 15 3.2.2.5. Frutos y semillas ............................................................................ 16 3.2.3. Distribución de la Familia Meliaceae .................................................. 16 3.2.4. Importancia de la Familia Meliaceae .................................................. 17 3.3. Sistema Ecológico ................................................................................. 19 3.4. Relación Carbono:Nitrógeno ................................................................. 19 3.4.1. Los Factores que Influyen en la Relación C:N en el Suelo................. 20 3.5. Marco Histórico de la Región Madidi ..................................................... 21 3.6. Marco Legal de la Región Madidi .......................................................... 23 ii 4. METODOLOGÍA ....................................................................................... 25 4.1. Ubicación Geográfica ............................................................................ 25 4.1.1. Características de la Zona de Estudio ............................................... 26 4.1.1.1. Fisiografía ...................................................................................... 26 4.1.1.2. Hidrografía ..................................................................................... 26 4.1.1.3. Clima .............................................................................................. 27 4.1.1.4. Vegetación ..................................................................................... 27 4.1.2. Clasificación de los Sistemas Ecológicos en la Región Madidi .......... 28 4.2. Materiales ............................................................................................. 35 4.2.1. Material biológico ............................................................................... 35 4.2.2. Material de Campo ............................................................................ 35 4.2.3. Material de Escritorio ......................................................................... 36 4.2.4. Material de Gabinete ......................................................................... 36 4.3. Métodos ................................................................................................ 36 4.3.1. Método de Investigación .................................................................... 36 4.3.2. Tipo de Estudio .................................................................................. 37 4.3.3. Trabajo de Campo ............................................................................. 37 4.3.3.1. Instalación de parcelas temporales de muestreo............................ 37 4.3.3.2. Recolección de Datos (muestreo) .................................................. 38 4.3.3.3. Muestreo de Suelos ....................................................................... 40 4.3.4. Trabajo de Gabinete .......................................................................... 41 4.3.4.1. Identificación Taxonómica .............................................................
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