Army Lists GREECE AND MACEDON Contents Classical Greek 670 to 275 BCE Thracian Hill Tribes 670 BCE to 25 CE Spartan 668 to 394 BCE Early Macedonian 500 to 357 BCE Illyrian 500 BCE to 20 CE Mercenary Greek 401 to 298 BCE Later Spartan 393 to 228 BCE Alexandrian Macedonian 356 to 323 BCE Alexandrian Expeditionary 334 to 324 BCE Macedonian Successor 323 to 280 BCE Thraco-Macedonian 323 to 281 BCE Coalition against Antigonus 302 to 301 BCE Pyrrhic 294 to 272 BCE Later Macedonian 279 to 168 BCE Hellenistic Greek 275 to 146 BCE Hellenistic Spartan 227 to 195 BCE Version 2020.01: 1st January 2020 © Simon Hall Creating an army with the Mortem et Gloriam Army Lists Use the army lists to create your own customised armies using the Mortem et Gloriam Army Builder. There are few general rules to follow: 1. An army must have at least 2 generals and can have no more than 4. 2. You must take at least the minimum of any troops noted and may not go beyond the maximum of any. 3. No army may have more than two generals who are Talented or better. 4. Unless specified otherwise, all elements in a UG must be classified identically. Unless specified otherwise, if an optional characteristic is taken, it must be taken by all the elements in the UG for which that optional characteristic is available. 5. Any UGs can be downgraded by one quality grade and/or by one shooting skill representing less strong, tired or understrength troops. If any bases are downgraded all in the UG must be downgraded. So Average-Experienced skirmishers can always be downgraded to Poor-Unskilled. Where allies are allowed, they must conform to the following rules: 1. They must be a minimum of 2 and a maximum of 4 UGs. 2. They must take enough UGs to get them to at least 50% of the minimums in the list being used. 3. They can thereafter take any troops up to the maximum to create the rest of the allied contingent. 4. Unless specified in the notes, the general must be the same type as the army commander in the main list but cannot be legendary. Usually this results in 1-3 UGs being compulsory and you having full flexibility on the rest. Where an internal ally is allowed, and no contingent is specified they must conform to the following rules: 1. They must be a minimum of 2 and a maximum of 4 UGs. 2. The total number of troops taken of each type in the entire army must not exceed the maxima for that troop type. 3. They must take enough UGs to get them to at least 50% of the minimums in the list if there is enough allowance for a UG after the core army itself has taken the minimum. For example: An army has 4-12 cavalry (UG size 4,6) and 18-32 spearmen (UG size 6,8,9) as compulsory troops with 2 internal allies. The core army must take 4 cavalry and at least 18 spearmen. The first ally must take 4 cavalry and at least 9 spearmen. The second ally must take 4 cavalry but cannot take the 9 spearmen as this would exceed the 32 spearmen limit for the army. 4. They can thereafter take any troops up to the maximum to create the rest of the allied contingent. Usually this results in 1-3 UGs being compulsory and you having full flexibility on the rest. As a courtesy to your opponent, when you deploy your troops you should describe it fully; type, training, quality, protection, melee weaponry, shooting skill and weaponry, characteristics and which ally if appropriate. You should also explain how any unusual troop types in your army function and any special rules including Stakes, Caltrops, Barricades and Obstacles and troop types such as Battle Wagons. Version 2020.01: 1st January 2020 © Simon Hall Historical Introduction In the 8th century BCE, Greece began to emerge from the Dark Ages which followed the fall of the Mycenaean civilization. Rapidly increasing population in the 8th and 7th centuries resulted in emigration of many Greeks to form colonies across the Mediterranean. In Sparta, the Messenian Wars resulted in the conquest of Messenia and enserfment of the Messenians. The subjugated population, farmed and laboured for Sparta, whilst every Spartan male citizen became a soldier of the Spartan Army in a permanently militarized state. By the 6th century BCE four cities had emerged as dominant in Greek affairs: Athens, Sparta, Corinth, and Thebes. The intervention of Sparta in 510 BCE in the affairs of Athens led to a revolution and Athens became a “democracy”. Around 540 BCE the Persians conquered the Greek cities of Ionia in Asia Minor. In 499 BCE the Greek cities revolted against the rule of Darius I. The cities received help from Athens and Eretria. After supressing the revolt in 493 BCE. Darius decided to conquer the whole of Greece. Thrace and Macedonia were conquered and an expedition sent against Athens. This expedition was defeated at the battle of Marathon in 490 BCE. Ten years later Xerxes I, son and successor of Darius attempted a second invasion. Leonidas with 300 Spartans and various allies attempted to hold the pass at Thermopylae which was bypassed. The Spartans were surrounded and died fighting to the last man. The Persians were able to march unimpeded through Boeotia and Attica, but the Persian navy was defeated at Salamis. The following year the Greeks defeated the Persians at Plataea and the Persian threat was eliminated. The following 50 years saw the dominance of Athens and the creation of the Athenian Empire. The dominant position of Athens was a threat to Sparta and led to the Peloponnesian War. This lasted from 431 to 404 BCE. A disastrous expedition to Syracuse (415 to 413 BCE) weakened the Athenian position and in 404 BCE they sued for peace. Sparta dominated Greek affairs for the next thirty years until they were defeated by the Thebans at the battle of Leuctra in 371 BCE. A further battle at Mantinea in 362 BCE was won by the Thebans but their leader, Epaminondas, was killed. The Greeks remained divided for the next thirty years. Power was now to shift to the northern kingdom of Macedon. In 359 BCE Philip II came to the throne and set about reforming the army. He conquered the surrounding territories. In 338 BCE he defeated an alliance of Thebans and Athenians at the battle of Chaeronea. His son, Alexander, played a prominent part in the battle. Philip planned to lead an invasion against the Persians. He was however assassinated in 336 BCE and was succeeded by Alexander. Alexander defeated the Persians in three major battles, conquered the Persian Empire and reached as far as India. Alexander died in 323 BCE at the age of 32. Version 2020.01: 1st January 2020 © Simon Hall Almost immediately the Greeks attempted to throw off Macedonian rule, but were defeated in the Lamian War. Alexander’s generals fought for control of his Empire. In the next forty years a series of wars were fought on Greek and Macedonian territory. In 281 BCE Celtic tribes, invaded Macedonia, killed the current king Ptolemy Ceraunus and devastated Macedonia, Thrace and northern Greece. Some were invited by the king of Bithynia to Asia Minor where they established a kingdom in Phrygia which was subsequently known as Galatia. Antigonus Gonatus, grandson of one of Alexander’s generals, defeated a group of Celts that had remained in Europe and seized the throne of Macedon. Hiring more Galatians as mercenaries he established stability. His successors ruled Macedon until 168 BCE. Antigonus also controlled Corinth and Chalcis and was thus able to influence affairs in Greece. Greek affairs became dominated by the Aetolian and Achaean leagues. In 235 BCE a Spartan king, Cleomenes III, came to the throne of Sparta. He reformed the Spartan state which had been short of manpower ever since Leuctra. From 229 BCE he fought a war against the Achaean League until he was defeated by an allied army of Macedon and the Achaean League at Sellasia in 222 BCE. The end of the Second Punic War saw the Romans turn their attention to Greece. During the Second Punic War, Philip V of Macedon had offered an alliance to the Carthaginians. Invited by the Aetolian League, the Romans declared war on Macedon and defeated Philip at the battle of Cynoscephelae in 197 BCE. A further war against Macedonia resulted in the Macedonian defeat at Pydna in 168 BCE. Roman rule of Greece and Macedon was established permanently after the sack of Corinth in 146 BCE. Carthage was sacked in the same year. Greece and Macedonia remained under Roman rule for the next six centuries until the collapse of the Western Roman empire. Troop Notes At the start of our period the dominant troop type in Greece was the hoplite. The hoplite was equipped with helmet, a large round shield, metal or linen body armour, greaves and a long spear 8 foot in length. Formed in a rigid formation typically 8 ranks deep known as a phalanx they dominated Greek warfare. Hoplites were supported by peltasts, javelinmen carrying a pelta shield and psiloi, equipped with bows and slings. During the Peloponnesian War, larger numbers of troops were required. Not all troops could afford full hoplite panoply so hoplite equipment generally became lighter. The role of the peltast became more important. In the 4th century BCE Iphicrates introduced reforms, doubling the length of the spear and replacing the hoplon shield with a smaller pelte shield.