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Philosophical Transactions (A)
INDEX TO THE PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS (A) FOR THE YEAR 1889. A. A bney (W. de W.). Total Eclipse of the San observed at Caroline Island, on 6th May, 1883, 119. A bney (W. de W.) and T horpe (T. E.). On the Determination of the Photometric Intensity of the Coronal Light during the Solar Eclipse of August 28-29, 1886, 363. Alcohol, a study of the thermal properties of propyl, 137 (see R amsay and Y oung). Archer (R. H.). Observations made by Newcomb’s Method on the Visibility of Extension of the Coronal Streamers at Hog Island, Grenada, Eclipse of August 28-29, 1886, 382. Atomic weight of gold, revision of the, 395 (see Mallet). B. B oys (C. V.). The Radio-Micrometer, 159. B ryan (G. H.). The Waves on a Rotating Liquid Spheroid of Finite Ellipticity, 187. C. Conroy (Sir J.). Some Observations on the Amount of Light Reflected and Transmitted by Certain 'Kinds of Glass, 245. Corona, on the photographs of the, obtained at Prickly Point and Carriacou Island, total solar eclipse, August 29, 1886, 347 (see W esley). Coronal light, on the determination of the, during the solar eclipse of August 28-29, 1886, 363 (see Abney and Thorpe). Coronal streamers, observations made by Newcomb’s Method on the Visibility of, Eclipse of August 28-29, 1886, 382 (see A rcher). Cosmogony, on the mechanical conditions of a swarm of meteorites, and on theories of, 1 (see Darwin). Currents induced in a spherical conductor by variation of an external magnetic potential, 513 (see Lamb). 520 INDEX. -
RM Calendar 2019
Rudi Mathematici x3 – 6’141 x2 + 12’569’843 x – 8’575’752’975 = 0 www.rudimathematici.com 1 T (1803) Guglielmo Libri Carucci dalla Sommaja RM132 (1878) Agner Krarup Erlang Rudi Mathematici (1894) Satyendranath Bose RM168 (1912) Boris Gnedenko 2 W (1822) Rudolf Julius Emmanuel Clausius (1905) Lev Genrichovich Shnirelman (1938) Anatoly Samoilenko 3 T (1917) Yuri Alexeievich Mitropolsky January 4 F (1643) Isaac Newton RM071 5 S (1723) Nicole-Reine Étable de Labrière Lepaute (1838) Marie Ennemond Camille Jordan Putnam 2004, A1 (1871) Federigo Enriques RM084 Basketball star Shanille O’Keal’s team statistician (1871) Gino Fano keeps track of the number, S( N), of successful free 6 S (1807) Jozeph Mitza Petzval throws she has made in her first N attempts of the (1841) Rudolf Sturm season. Early in the season, S( N) was less than 80% of 2 7 M (1871) Felix Edouard Justin Émile Borel N, but by the end of the season, S( N) was more than (1907) Raymond Edward Alan Christopher Paley 80% of N. Was there necessarily a moment in between 8 T (1888) Richard Courant RM156 when S( N) was exactly 80% of N? (1924) Paul Moritz Cohn (1942) Stephen William Hawking Vintage computer definitions 9 W (1864) Vladimir Adreievich Steklov Advanced User : A person who has managed to remove a (1915) Mollie Orshansky computer from its packing materials. 10 T (1875) Issai Schur (1905) Ruth Moufang Mathematical Jokes 11 F (1545) Guidobaldo del Monte RM120 In modern mathematics, algebra has become so (1707) Vincenzo Riccati important that numbers will soon only have symbolic (1734) Achille Pierre Dionis du Sejour meaning. -
The Project Gutenberg Ebook #31061: a History of Mathematics
The Project Gutenberg EBook of A History of Mathematics, by Florian Cajori This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org Title: A History of Mathematics Author: Florian Cajori Release Date: January 24, 2010 [EBook #31061] Language: English Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A HISTORY OF MATHEMATICS *** Produced by Andrew D. Hwang, Peter Vachuska, Carl Hudkins and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net transcriber's note Figures may have been moved with respect to the surrounding text. Minor typographical corrections and presentational changes have been made without comment. This PDF file is formatted for screen viewing, but may be easily formatted for printing. Please consult the preamble of the LATEX source file for instructions. A HISTORY OF MATHEMATICS A HISTORY OF MATHEMATICS BY FLORIAN CAJORI, Ph.D. Formerly Professor of Applied Mathematics in the Tulane University of Louisiana; now Professor of Physics in Colorado College \I am sure that no subject loses more than mathematics by any attempt to dissociate it from its history."|J. W. L. Glaisher New York THE MACMILLAN COMPANY LONDON: MACMILLAN & CO., Ltd. 1909 All rights reserved Copyright, 1893, By MACMILLAN AND CO. Set up and electrotyped January, 1894. Reprinted March, 1895; October, 1897; November, 1901; January, 1906; July, 1909. Norwood Pre&: J. S. Cushing & Co.|Berwick & Smith. -
Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand Von Helmholtz
105 Please take notice of: (c)Beneke. Don't quote without permission. Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz (31.08.1821 Potsdam - 08.09.1894 Berlin) und zur Geschichte der russischen Studentinnen und Studenten in Heidelberg im letzten Jahrhundert Klaus Beneke Institut für Anorganische Chemie der Christian-Albrechts-Universität der Universität D-24098 Kiel [email protected] Aus: Klaus Beneke Biographien und wissenschaftliche Lebensläufe von Kolloidwis- senschaftlern, deren Lebensdaten mit 1996 in Verbindung stehen. Beiträge zur Geschichte der Kolloidwissenschaften, VIII Mitteilungen der Kolloid-Gesellschaft, 1999, Seite 106-150 Verlag Reinhard Knof, Nehmten ISBN 3-934413-01-3 106 Helmholtz, Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von (31.08.1821 Potsdam - 08.09.1894 Berlin) Hermann Helmholtz wurde als ältestes von sechs Kindern geboren. Dem Sohn Hermann folgten die Töchter Maria und Julie, zehn Jahre später Otto und danach noch zwei Söhne, die bereits nach wenigen Jahren starben. Sein Vater August Ferdinand Julius Helmholtz (1792 - 1858), Professor der Philosophie am Potsdamer Gymnasium, hatte eine starke Neigung für die Philosophie des deutschen Idealismus sowie für Kunst, Musik und Poesie. Er hatte während seiner Studienzeit Vorlesungen bei Johann Gott- lieb Fichte (1762 - 1814) gehört, der ihn lebens- lang beeinflußte. Dessen Sohn Immanuel Her- mann Fichte (1796 - 1879), ebenfalls ein ein- Hermann Helmholtz (1848) flußreicher Philosoph, wurde der Taufpate von Hermann Helmholtz. Der Vater heiratete im Oktober 1820 Caroline Auguste, geb. Penne (1797 - 1854), Tochter des Königlich preußischen Hauptmann der Artillerie Johann Carl Ferdinand Penne (1769 - 1812) und der Juliane Margarethe Moser (1768 - 1822). Die Familie Penne war mit dem Quäker William Penn (1644 - 1718), dem Gründer des Staates Pennsylvanien (Penns-Waldland) und der Stadt Philadel- phia (Stadt der Bruderliebe) in den USA, verwandt (Turner, 1972; Heidelberger, 1997). -
Mathematics and Statistics at the University of Vermont
MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF VERMONT: 1800–2000 Two Centuries of Achievement March 2018 Overleaf: Lord House at 16 Colchester Avenue, main office of the Department of Mathematics and Statistics since the 1980s. Copyright c UVM Department of Mathematics and Statistics, 2018 Contents Preface iii Sources iii The Administrative Support Staff iv The Context of UVM Mathematics iv A Digression: Who Reads an American Book? iv Chapter 1. The Early Years, 1800–1825 1 1. The Curriculum 2 2. JamesDean,1807–1814and1822–1825 4 3. Mathematical Instruction 20 4. Students 22 Chapter2. TheBenedictineEra,1825–1854 23 1. George Wyllys Benedict 23 2. George Russell Huntington 25 3. Farrand Northrup Benedict 25 4. Curriculum 26 5. Students 27 6. The Mathematical Environment 28 7. The Williams Professorship 30 Chapter3. AGenerationofStruggle,1854–1885 33 1. The Second Williams Professor 33 2. Curriculum 34 3. The University Environment 35 4. UVMBecomesaLand-grantInstitution 36 5. Women Come to UVM 37 6. UVM Reaches Out to Vermont High Schools 38 7. A Digression: Religion at UVM 39 Chapter4. TheBeginningsofGrowth,1885–1914 41 1. Personnel 41 2. Curriculum 45 3. New personnel 46 Chapter5. AnotherGenerationofStruggle,1915–1954 49 1. Other New Personnel 50 2. Curriculum 53 3. The Financial Situation 54 4. The Mathematical Environment 54 5. The Kenney Award 56 i ii CONTENTS Chapter6. IntotheMainstream:1955–1975 57 1. Personnel 57 2. Research. Graduate Degrees 60 Chapter 7. Statistics Comes to UVM 65 Chapter 8. UVM in the Worldwide Community: 1975–2000 67 1. Reorganization. Lecturers 67 2. Reorganization:ResearchGroups,1975–1988 68 3. -
RM Calendar 2013
Rudi Mathematici x4–8220 x3+25336190 x2–34705209900 x+17825663367369=0 www.rudimathematici.com 1 T (1803) Guglielmo Libri Carucci dalla Sommaja RM132 (1878) Agner Krarup Erlang Rudi Mathematici (1894) Satyendranath Bose (1912) Boris Gnedenko 2 W (1822) Rudolf Julius Emmanuel Clausius (1905) Lev Genrichovich Shnirelman (1938) Anatoly Samoilenko 3 T (1917) Yuri Alexeievich Mitropolsky January 4 F (1643) Isaac Newton RM071 5 S (1723) Nicole-Reine Etable de Labrière Lepaute (1838) Marie Ennemond Camille Jordan Putnam 1998-A1 (1871) Federigo Enriques RM084 (1871) Gino Fano A right circular cone has base of radius 1 and height 3. 6 S (1807) Jozeph Mitza Petzval A cube is inscribed in the cone so that one face of the (1841) Rudolf Sturm cube is contained in the base of the cone. What is the 2 7 M (1871) Felix Edouard Justin Emile Borel side-length of the cube? (1907) Raymond Edward Alan Christopher Paley 8 T (1888) Richard Courant RM156 Scientists and Light Bulbs (1924) Paul Moritz Cohn How many general relativists does it take to change a (1942) Stephen William Hawking light bulb? 9 W (1864) Vladimir Adreievich Steklov Two. One holds the bulb, while the other rotates the (1915) Mollie Orshansky universe. 10 T (1875) Issai Schur (1905) Ruth Moufang Mathematical Nursery Rhymes (Graham) 11 F (1545) Guidobaldo del Monte RM120 Fiddle de dum, fiddle de dee (1707) Vincenzo Riccati A ring round the Moon is ̟ times D (1734) Achille Pierre Dionis du Sejour But if a hole you want repaired 12 S (1906) Kurt August Hirsch You use the formula ̟r 2 (1915) Herbert Ellis Robbins RM156 13 S (1864) Wilhelm Karl Werner Otto Fritz Franz Wien (1876) Luther Pfahler Eisenhart The future science of government should be called “la (1876) Erhard Schmidt cybernétique” (1843 ). -
Green's Function in Some Contributions of 19Th Century
Historia Mathematica 28 (2001), 232–252 doi:10.1006/hmat.2001.2315, available online at http://www.idealibrary.com on Green’s Function in Some Contributions CORE of 19th Century Mathematicians Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector Rossana Tazzioli Dipartimento di Matematica e Informatica, Universita` di Catania, Viale A. Doria, 6, 95125 Catania, Italy Many questions in mathematical physics lead to a solution in terms of a harmonic function in a closed region with given continuous boundary values. This problem is known as Dirichlet’s problem, whose solution is based on an existence principle—the so-called Dirichlet’s principle. However, in the second half of the 19th century many mathematicians doubted the validity of Dirichlet’s principle. They used direct methods in order to overcome the difficulties arising from this principle and also to find an explicit solution of the Dirichlet problem at issue. Many years before, one of these methods had been developed by Green in 1828, which consists in finding a function—called a Green’s function—satisfying certain conditions and appearing in the analytical expression of the solution of the given Dirichlet problem. Helmholtz, Riemann, Lipschitz, Carl and Franz Neumann, and Betti deduced functions similar to Green’s function in order to solve problems in acoustics, electrodynamics, magnetism, theory of heat, and elasticity. C 2001 Academic Press Molte questioni fisico matematiche conducono a una soluzione in termini di una funzione armonica in una regione chiusa con dati valori continui al contorno. Questo problema `enoto come problema di Dirichlet, la cui soluzione si basa su un principio di esistenza, il cosiddetto principio di Dirichlet. -
Die Albertus-Universität Zu Königsberg Und Ihre Professoren
Die Albertus-Universität zu Königsberg und ihre Professoren Aus Anlaß der Gründung der Albertus-Universität vor 450 Jahren herausgegeben von Dietrich Rauschiiing Donata v. Neree ••!<i W .V-lliH DUNCKER & HUMBLOT • BF.RLIN INHALT Vorwort: Zum Gedenken an die Albertus-Universität aus Anlaß ihrer Gründung vor 450 Jahren 11 Anfange der Wissenschaft in Königsberg Georg Sabinus (1508-1560). Ein Poet als Gründungsrektor Von Dr. Dr. h.c. Heinz Scheible, Heidelberg 17 Andreas Osiander d. Ä. und der Osiandrischc Streit. Ein Stück preußischer Landes- und relorrnatorischer Thcologicgcschichte Von Prof. Dr. Gottfried Seebaß, Heidelberg 33 Königsberger Theologieprofessoren im 17. Jahrhundert Von PD Dr. llwmas Kaufmann, Göttingen 49 Christoph Jonas und Levin Buchius. Die Anfänge der Rechtswissen- schaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Königsberg im 16. Jahrhundert Von Dr. Rudolf Meyer, Göttingen 87 Simon Dach (1605-1659) Von Prof. Dr. Karl Eibl, München 103 Philosophie Immanuel Kant (1724—1804). Ein biographischer Abriß Von Prof. Dr. Rudolf Maller (t) , Mainz 1.09 Christian Jakob Kraus (1753-1807) Von Prof. Dr. Kurt Röttgers, Hagen 125 Johann Friedrich Herbart (1776-1841) als Philosoph des 19. Jahr- hunderts Von Prof. Dr. Ernst Wolfgang Orth, Trier 137 Karl Rosenkranz (1805-1879). Aufklärer zwischen Vormärz und Kaiserreich Von Prof. Dr. Steffen Dietzsch, Hagen : 153 Inhalt Germanistik Karl Lachmann (1783-1851) Von Prof. Dr. Karl Eibl, München 163 Eberhard Gottlieb Graff (1780-1841) Von Prof. Dr. Uwe Meves, Oldenburg 167 Oskar Schade (1826-1906) Von Matthias Janßen, Oldenburg 185 Wnh.her Zicscmer (1882-1951) Von Jelko Peters, Oldenburg 203 Adalbert Bezzenberger (1851-1922) Von Prof. Dr. Wolf gang P. Schmid, Göttingen 215 Geschichtswissenschaft Historiker der Albertus-Universität Königsberg im 19. -
Die Entwicklung Des Faches Mathematik an Der Universität
UNIVERSITATS-¨ Heidelberger Texte zur BIBLIOTHEK HEIDELBERG Mathematikgeschichte Die Entwicklung des Faches Mathematik an der Universit¨at Heidelberg 1835 – 1914 von Gunter¨ Kern Elektronische Ausgabe erstellt von Gabriele D¨orflinger Universit¨atsbibliothek Heidelberg 2011 Kern, Gunter:¨ Die Entwicklung des Faches Mathematik an der Universit¨at Heidelberg 1835 – 1914 / vorgelegt von Gunter¨ Kern. – Heidelberg [1992]. – III, 167 Bl. Heidelberg, Univ., Wissenschaftl. Arbeit, [ca. 1992] Signatur der Bereichsbibl. Mathematik + Informatik: Kern Der Text der oben genannten Arbeit, die ca. 1992 als wissenschaftliche Arbeit im Fach Geschichte fur¨ das Lehramt an Gymnasien vorgelegt wurde, wurde mit Hilfe von Text- erkennungsprogrammen aus einer Xeroskopie wiedergewonnen. Die Publikation steht bei den Fachbezogenen Informationen / Mathematik der Universit¨atsbibliothek Heidelberg un- ter http://ub-fachinfo.uni-hd.de/math/htmg/kern/text-0.htm in HTML-Formatierung zur Verfugung.¨ Die Erlaubnis des Autors zur Ver¨offentlichung auf den Internetseiten der Universit¨atsbi- bliothek Heidelberg und das Einverst¨andnis des Landeslehrerprufungsamtes¨ Baden-Wurt-¨ temberg liegen vor. Die neue Druckausgabe des Werkes wurde mit dem Satzsystem LATEX erzeugt, das den Seitenumbruch des Originals nicht erhielt; die Originalseitenz¨ahlung ist jedoch am Rand in runden Klammern vermerkt. Die auf jeder Seite getrennt gez¨ahlten Fußnoten der Originalarbeit wurden fur¨ die Neu- ausgabe in Endnoten umgesetzt und als Anmerkungen bezeichnet. Der Z¨ahlung der Fußno- ten wird die Seitennummer des Originals vorangestellt. Auf diese Weise konnten s¨amtliche Querverweise ubernommen¨ werden. Gabriele D¨orflinger Fachreferentin fur¨ Mathematik Universit¨atsbibliothek Heidelberg Inhaltsverzeichnis I.1. Einleitung 5 I.2. Zur Quellenlage . 5 II. Die Mathematik in Heidelberg im 19. Jahrhundert 6 II.1. Die Phase der Stagnation — Das Ordinariat Schweins (1827 – 1856) . -
Some Milestones in History of Science About 10,000 Bce, Wolves Were Probably Domesticated
Some Milestones in History of Science About 10,000 bce, wolves were probably domesticated. By 9000 bce, sheep were probably domesticated in the Middle East. About 7000 bce, there was probably an hallucinagenic mushroom, or 'soma,' cult in the Tassili-n- Ajjer Plateau in the Sahara (McKenna 1992:98-137). By 7000 bce, wheat was domesticated in Mesopotamia. The intoxicating effect of leaven on cereal dough and of warm places on sweet fruits and honey was noticed before men could write. By 6500 bce, goats were domesticated. "These herd animals only gradually revealed their full utility-- sheep developing their woolly fleece over time during the Neolithic, and goats and cows awaiting the spread of lactose tolerance among adult humans and the invention of more digestible dairy products like yogurt and cheese" (O'Connell 2002:19). Between 6250 and 5400 bce at Çatal Hüyük, Turkey, maces, weapons used exclusively against human beings, were being assembled. Also, found were baked clay sling balls, likely a shepherd's weapon of choice (O'Connell 2002:25). About 5500 bce, there was a "sudden proliferation of walled communities" (O'Connell 2002:27). About 4800 bce, there is evidence of astronomical calendar stones on the Nabta plateau, near the Sudanese border in Egypt. A parade of six megaliths mark the position where Sirius, the bright 'Morning Star,' would have risen at the spring solstice. Nearby are other aligned megaliths and a stone circle, perhaps from somewhat later. About 4000 bce, horses were being ridden on the Eurasian steppe by the people of the Sredni Stog culture (Anthony et al. -
RM Calendar 2021
Rudi Mathematici x3 – 6’147x2 + 12’594’419 x – 8’600’917’233 = 0 www.rudimathematici.com 1 F (1803) Guglielmo Libri Carucci dalla Sommaja RM132 (1878) Agner Krarup Erlang Rudi Mathematici (1894) Satyendranath Bose RM168 (1912) Boris Gnedenko 2 S (1822) Rudolf Julius Emmanuel Clausius RM240 (1905) Lev Genrichovich Shnirelman (1938) Anatoly Samoilenko 3 S (1917) Yuri Alexeievich Mitropolsky January 1 4 M (1643) Isaac Newton RM071 5 T (1723) Nicole-Reine Étable de Labrière Lepaute (1838) Marie Ennemond Camille Jordan (1871) Federigo Enriques RM084 Putnam 2006, A1 (1871) Gino Fano Find the volume of the region of points ( x, y, z) such 6 W (1807) Jozeph Mitza Petzval that (1841) Rudolf Sturm (x2 + y2 + z2 + 8) 2 ≤ 36( x2 + y2). 7 T (1871) Felix Edouard Justin Émile Borel (1907) Raymond Edward Alan Christopher Paley Math’s Jokes 8 F (1888) Richard Courant RM156 Maths Teacher: Now suppose the number of sheep is (1924) Paul Moritz Cohn x... (1942) Stephen William Hawking Student: Yes sir, but what happens if the number of 9 S (1864) Vladimir Adreievich Steklov sheep is not x? (1882) Pavel Aleksandrovič Florenskij RM252 (1915) Mollie Orshansky 10 S (1875) Issai Schur The Ways of the Statisticians (1905) Ruth Moufang Statisticians do it continuously but discretely. 2 11 M (1545) Guidobaldo del Monte RM120 (1707) Vincenzo Riccati Histories make men wise; poets, witty; the mathematics, (1734) Achille Pierre Dionis du Sejour subtle; natural philosophy, deep; moral, grave; logic and 12 T (1853) Gregorio Ricci-Curbastro rhetoric, able to contend. (1906) Kurt August Hirsch Francis Bacon (1915) Herbert Ellis Robbins RM156 13 W (1864) Wilhelm Karl Werner Otto Fritz Franz Wien One of the endlessly alluring aspects of mathematics is (1876) Luther Pfahler Eisenhart that its thorniest paradoxes have a way of blooming into (1876) Erhard Schmidt beautiful theories. -
Science by Paul Ziche, Joppe Van Driel
Science by Paul Ziche, Joppe van Driel "Science" is a key concept of modern culture. It is characterized in a unique way both by the adherence to strict princi- ples and by a large degree of openness. Science produces knowledge that is supposed to meet the highest epistemo- logical standards, while at the same time science is undergoing constant change and transformation. The history of sci- ence, the history of the concept of science, and the influence of science in history, therefore, can only be understood by investigating the interconnectedness of the field of science with concepts and practices that serve to delimit this field. The sciences and their genesis have to be studied together with the institutional contexts of universities, academies, so- cieties, journals and conferences, in which science has been conducted and institutionalised. These concepts and prac- tices are themselves subject to historical processes. The nature and function of science has to be investigated as a complex history of differentiation and interconnection, which is described in broad outlines in this article. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Histories of the Concept of "Science" 2. Definitions and Classifications: Tendencies in the Theoretical Clarification of "Science" 3. Scientific Institutions: Sites of the Stabilization of Science 1. Overview: Specialization in the Spectrum of Faculties of Universities (up to 1890) 4. Institutions of Scientific Communication 1. Overview: Important Scientific Conferences 5. Science, Popularization, Weltanschauung: Blurring of Boundaries and Radicalized Demarcation 6. Science, Standardization and the Institutionalization of Reflection on Science 7. Appendix 1. Sources 2. Notes Indices Citation Histories of the Concept of "Science" "Science" is one of the defining concepts of modern history and culture.