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UNITED NATIONS Distr. GENENERAL A/AC.73/4 ASSEM BLY 30October1961 *, ORIGINAL: ENGLISH COMMITTEE ON Eighth session PETITIONS AND COUN2IMATIONS RELATING TO SOUTH WEST AFRICA DEALT WITH BY TYE COMMITTEE ON SOUTH WEST AFRICA IN ITS REPORT ON CONDITIONS IN THE TERRITORY SUBMITTED TO THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY AT ITS SIXTEENTH SESS:DN l_/ Circulated in accordance with the decision taken by the Committee on South West Africa at its 227th meeting on 31 October 1961 CONTENTS Page PETITIONS RAISING GENERAL QUESTIONS RELATING INTER ALIA nO THE STATUS OF SOUTH WEST AFRICA AND CONDITIONS IN THE TERRITORY 1. Petition, by letter dated 3 August 1960, from the Souh West Africa Peoples Organization, Windhcek, South West Africa, to the Secretary-General ...... 12 2. Petition, by letter dated 9 August 1960, and enclosure from the South West frica National Union, , South West 1frica, to the Chairman of the Committee on South West Africa ...... 14 3. Petition, by letter dated 30 August 1960, from Mr. S. Mifima, Chairman, South West Africa Peoples Organization, Cape nown, , to the Chairman of the Committee on South -Test Africa . 18 4. Petition, by letter dated 14 September 1960, from Chief Hosea and Chief Samuel Witbooi, South West Africa Peoples Organization, Windhcek, South West Africa, to the Secretary-General ...... 2C 5. Petition, by letter dated 17 September 1960, from Mr. Abraham Thomas, Acting Chief and Messrs. Ludwig Snewe, Hendrik Claasen, Simon Gertze, Edward Isaak and Willy Claasseh, Keetmanshoop, South West Africa, to the Secretary-General ...... 22 4/ See Official Records of the General Assembly, Sixteenth Session, Supplement No. 12 (A/4957), Part I. 61-25317 /""

A/AC.73/4 English Page 3 ,TENTS (continued) Page 17. Petition, by letter dated 1 August 1961, from the South West African United National Independence Organization and Chief H.S. Witbooi, Mariental, South West Africa, to the Secretary-General and the Committee on South West Africa ...... 41 18. Petition, by letter dated 12 August 1961, from Mrs. A.R. Salt, Otjwarongo, South West Africa, to the Chairman, United Nations Organization ...... 43 19. Petition, by letter dated 17 August 1961, from Chief H.S. Witbooi, Acting Chief A. Thomas and others, South West Africa United National Independence Organization, Keetanshoop, South West Africa, to the Secretary-General ...... 44 20. Petition, by letter dated 23 August 1961, from Mr. Sedekia Ngavirue and Mr. Nathanael Mbaeva, Representatives of the South West Africa National Union, Dar es Salaam, Tanganyika, to the Committee on 46 South West Africa ...... 21. Petition, by letter dated 23 August 1961, and enclosures from Chief and Chief Samuel Witbooi, South West Africa Peoples Organization, Windhoek, South West Africa, to the Secretary-General ...... 46 22. Petition, by letter dated 7 September 1961, from Mr. E.E. Mbumba, South West Africa Peoples Organization, Luderitz, South West Africa, to the Secretary-General ...... 58 23. Petition, by undated letter, from Mr. J. Swartbooi and Chief H.S. Witbooi, Maltahohe, South West Africa, to the Secretary-General ...... 59 24. Petition, by letter dated 11 September 1961, from Mr. P.J. Steyn, Sannieshof, Western Transvaal, Republic of South Africa, to the Secretary-General ...... 61 25. Petition, by telegram received on 21 September 1961, from Chief Hosea Kutako, Windhcek, South West Africa, to the Secretary-General ...... 62 26. Petition, by letter dated 24 August 1961, from Captain H.S. Witboci and Mr. Willem Fredrik, Gibeon, South West Africa, to the Chairman of the Committee on South West Africa ...... 62 27. Petition, by letter dated 10 October 1961, from Mr. Erasmus ja Erastus Mbumba, Secretary SWAPO, Luderitz, South West Africa, to the President of the General Assembly ...... 70

A/AC. 73/4 English Page 2 CONTENTS (continued) Page 6. Petition, by letter dated 26 September 1960, from Miss Mary Benson, London, to the Chaircan, Fourth Committee, United Nations ...... 23 7. Petition, by cablegram received on 1 November 1960, from Chief Hosea Kutako and Chief Samuel Witbooi, Windhoek, South West Africa, to the Secretary-General ...... 214 8. Petition, by letter dated 1 November 1960, from Chief Hosea Kutako and Chief Samuel Witbooi, Windhoek, South West Africa, to the Secretary-General ...... 24 9. Petition, by letter dated 2 November 1960, from Chief Hosea Kutako and Chief Samuel Witbooi, Windhoek, South West Africa, to the Secretary-General ...... 27 10. Petition, by letter dated 10 December 1960, from I Mr. John Garvey Muundjua, South West Africa National Union, Windhoek, South West Africa, to the Secretary-General ...... 28 11. Petition, by letter dated 22 February 1961, from Chief Hosea Kutako, Chief Samuel Witbooi and the South West Africa Peoples Organization, Windhoek, South West Africa, to the Secretary-General ...... 30 12. Petition, by letter dated 18 March 1961, from the Secretary, South West Africa Peoples Organization, Windhcek, South vTest Africa, to the Secretary-General ...... 36 13. Petition, by letter dated 19 March 1961, from Mr. B. Bode, Otavi, South West Africa, to the Chairman of the Committee on South West Africa ...... 37 14. Petition, by letter dated 17 April 1961, from Chief Hosea Kutako, Chief Samuel Witbooi, South West Africa Peoples Organization, Windhoek, South West Africa, to the Secretary-General ...... 39 15. Petition, by letter dated 17 April 1961, from Mr. Robert Jones, President, Student Senate, Colgate University, New York, to the Secretary-General ...... 16. Petition, by cablegram received on 7 June 1961, from Mr. , President, and Mr. Louis Nelengani, Vice-President, South West Africa Peoples Organization, , to the Chairran of the Committee on South West Africa ...... 41 A/AC. 73/4 English Page 4 CONTENTS (continued) Page PETITIONS RELATING, INTER ALIA, TO THE SITUATION IN THE WINDHOEK LOCATION 28. Petition, by letter dated 16 August 1960, and enclosures from Mr. C. Kapuuo for Chief Hosea Kutako, Windhoek, South West Africa, to the Secretary-General ...... 71 29. Petition, by letter dated 19 August 1960, from Chief Hosea Kutako, Windhoek, South West Africa, to the Secretary-General ...... 74 X30. Petition, by letter dated 24 September 1960, from Chief Hosea Kutako and Chief Samuel Witbooi, South West Africa Peoples Organization, Windhoek, South West Africa, to the Secretary-General ...... 75 31. Petition, by letter dated 5 December 1960, and enclosure, from Chief Hosea Kutako and Chief Samuel Witbooi, South West Africa Peoples Organization, Windhoek, South West Africa, to the Secretary-General ...... 76 32. Petition, by letter dated 17 December 1960, from the Reverend , Africa Bureau, London, to the Chairman of the Committee on South West Africa ...... 78 53. Petition, by letter dated 21 December 1960, from Mr. , New York, to the Chairman of the Committee on South West Africa .... 79 34. Petition, by cablegram received on 10 February 1961, from Mr. Kozonguizi, London, to the Committee on South West Africa ...... 80 35. Petition, by cablegram received on 12 April 1961, from Chief Hosea Kutako, Chief Samuel Witbooi, South West Africa Peoples Organization, Windhoek, South West Africa, to the Secretary-General 80 36. Petition, by letter dated 10 Mar 1961, from Chief Hosea Kutako, Chief Samuel Witbooi, South West Africa Peoples Organization, Windhoek, South West Africa, to the Secretary-General ...... 8c PETITIONS RELATING, INTER ALIA, TO CONDITIONS IN OVAMBOLAD 37. Petition, by undated letter, from the Ovamboland Peoples Organization, , South Africa, to the Secretary-General ...... 83 38. Petition, by letter dated 16 September 1960, from Mr. Simon Shivute, Acting Secretary-General, South West Africa Peoples Organization, Windhoek, South West Africa, to the Secretary-General ...... 84 I..'

A/AC.73/4 English Page 5 CONTENTS (continued) Page 39. Letter dated 26 September 1961, from Messrs. Sam Nujoma, President, South West Africa Peoples Organization, Mr. Jacob Kuhangua and Mr. Mburumba Kerina, New York, to the Committee on South Ilest Africa concerning the petition reproduced as No. 38 above ...... 86 40 Petition, by letter dated 24 October 1960, from the Acting Secretary, South West Africa Peoples Organization, Windhoek, South West Africa, to the Secretary-General ...... 87 PETITIONS RELATING, INTER ALIA, TO CONDITIONS IN THE WARMBAD NATIVE RESERVE 41. Petition, by letter dated 15 September 1960, from Mr. Johannes Christian and other inhabitants of the Warmbad Native Reserve, South West Africa, to Members of the United Nations ...... 89 42. Petition, by letter dated 17 September 1960, from Mr. Johannes Christiaan and others in Warmbad Native Reserve, South West Africa, to representatives of the South West Africa question in the United Nations and the GodOfices Commission ...... 90 PETITION RELATING, INTER ALIA, TO CONDITIONS IN THE HOACHANAS NATIVE RESERVE 43. Petition, by letter dated 9 January 1961, and enclosure from Mr. Johannes Dausab and others, Hoachanas, South West Africa, to the Committee on South West Africa ...... 91 PETITIONS REIWING, INTER ALIA, TO THE REHOBOTH GEBIET 44. Petition, byJletter dated 16 September 1960, and enclosures from Messrs. J.G. Diergaardt, F.C. Junius, J. Beukes, M. Dentlinger and C. Oliver, Rehoboth, South West Africa, to the Secretary-General . . . . 93 45. Petition, by letter dated 19 September 1960, from Mr. R.A. Alcock, Secretary, Rhenish Baster Community, Rehoboth, South West Africa .... 96 46. Petition, by cablegram received on 20 September 1960, from Mr. H. Olivier, Chairman, and Mr. R.A. Alcock, Secretary, Action Committee of the Rhenish Baster Community, Rehoboth, South West Africa, to the Secretary-General ...... 101 47. Petition, by radiogram received on 2 January 1961, unsigned, from Rehoboth, South West Africa, to the Secretary-General ...... 102 48. Petition, by letter dated 6 February 1961, from Mr. Jacobus Beukes and Mrs. Willimina Beukes, Rehoboth, South West Africa, to the United Nations ...... 103 ', /...

A/AC. 73/4 English Page 6 CONTENTS (continued) Page 49. Petition, by cablegram received on 10 February 1961, from Mr. R.A. Alcock, Rehoboth, South West Africa, to the Secretary-General . 103 50. Petition, by letter dated 19 February 1961, from Mrs. Wilhemina Beukes and Mr. Jacobus Beukes, Rehoboth, South West Africa, to the Secretary-General ...... 104 51. Petition, by telegram received on 23 May 1961, from Mr. H.C. Beukes, Rehoboth, South West Africa, to the Committee on South -est Africa . . . 105 52. Petition, by cablegram received on 31 May 1961, from Mr. Johannes Beukes, Rehoboth, South West Africa, to the United Nations ...... 105 53. Petition, by letter dated 5 August 1960, and enclosures from Mr. Jacobus Beukes, Rehoboth, South West Africa, to the Secretary-General ...... 105 54. Petition, by letter, dated 24 August 1960, and enclosures from Mr. Jacobus Beukes, Rehoboth, South West Africa ...... 107 55- Petition, by letter dated 1 September 1960, from Mr. Jacobus Beukes, Rehoboth, South West Africa, to the Secretary-General ...... 109 56. Petition, by letter dated 13 September 1960, and enclosures from Mr. Jacobus Beukes, Rehoboth, South West Africa, to the Secretary-General ...... 112 57. Petition, by cablegram received on 28 September 1960, from Mr. J. Beukes, Rehoboth, South West Africa, to the United Nations . . . 116 58. Petition, by letter dated 3 October 1960, from Mr. Jacobus Beukes, Rehoboth, South West Africa, to the Office of the High Cormissioner for the United Kingdom, , South Africa ...... 116 59- Petition, by letter dated 11 October 1960, from Mr. J. Beukes, Rehoboth, South West Africa, to the Secretary-General ...... 118 60. Petition, by letter dated 18 October 1960, from Mr. Jacobus Beukes, Rehoboth, South West Africa, to the Secretary-General ...... 121 61. Petition, by letter dated 27 October 1960, and enclosure, from Mr. Jacobus Beukes, Rehoboth, South West Africa, to the Secretary-General ...... 123 62. Petition, by cablegram received on 31 October 1960, from Mr. J. Beukes, Rehoboth, South West Africa, to the Secretary-General ...... 126

A/AC.73/4 English Page 7 CONTENTS (continued) Page 63. Petition, by cablegram received on 14 December 1960, from Mr. J. Beukes, Rehoboth, South West Africa, to the Secretary-General * 126 64. Petition, by cablegram received on 20 January 1961, from Mr. Jacobus Beukes, Rehoboth, South West Africa, to the Secretary-General ...... 126 65. Petition, by cablegram received on 15 February 1961, from Mr. Jacobus Beukes, Rehoboth, South West Africa, to the Secretary-General ...... 126 66. Petition, by cablegram received on 10 February 1961, from Mr. Jacobus Beukes, Rehoboth, South West Africa, to the United Nations ...... 127 67. Petition, by letter dated 2 February 1961, from Mr. Jacobus Beukes, Rehoboth, South West Africa, to the Secretary-General ...... 127 68. Petition, by letter dated 24 February 1961, and enclosures, from Mr. Jacobus Beukes, Rehoboth, South West Africa, to the United Nations ...... 129 69. Petition, by cablegram received on 7 March 1961, from Mr. Jacobus Beukes, Rehoboth, South West Africa, to the United Nations ...... 156 70. Petition, by cablegram received on 11 March 1961, from Mr. Jacobus Beukes, Rehoboth, South West Africa, to the United Nations ...... 137 71. Petition, by letter dated 13 March 1961, from Mr. Jacobus Beukes, Rehoboth, South West Africa, to the Secretary, Committee on South West Africa ...... 137 72. Petition, by letter dated 18 March 1961, and enclcure, frcm Mr. Jacobus Beukes, Rehoboth, South West Africa, to the Secretary, Committee on South West Africa ...... 138 73. Petition, by letter dated 5 April 1961, and enclosure, from Mr. Jacobus Beukes, Rehoboth, South West Africa, to the Committee on South West Africa ...... 74. Petition, by cablegram received on 12 April 1961, from Mr. Jacobus Beukes, Rehoboth, South West Africa, to the United Nations ...... 155

A/AC. 73/4 English Page 8 CONTENTS (continued) Page 75. Petition, by telegram received on 22 April 1961, from Mr. Jacobus Beukes, Rehoboth, South West Africa, to the Secfetary-General ...... 155 76. Petition, by letter dated 22 April 1961, and enclosure, from Mr. Jacobus Beukes, Rehoboth, South -est Africa, to the Secretary-General ...... 155 77. Petition, by letter dated 10 May 1961, from Mr. Jacobus Beukes, Rehoboth, South West Africa, to the Secretary-General, and enclosed memoranda from Mr. Beukes dated 11 May 1961 and Mr. Beukes and Mr. R.A. Alcock ...... 156 78. Petition, by cablegram received on 16 May 1961, from Mr. Jacobus Beukes, Rehoboth, South West Africa, to the Secretary of the Committee on South West Africa ...... 162 79. Petition, by undated letter, and enclosures, from Mr. Jacobus Beukes, Rehoboth, South West Africa, to the Committee on South West Africa . . 163 80. Petition, by letter dated 17 May 1961, and enclosures, from Mr. Jacobus Beukes, Rehoboth, South West Africa, to the Secretary-General ...... 165 81. Petition, by letter dated 21 May 1961, and enclosures, from Mr. Jacobus Beukes, Rehoboth, South West Africa, to the United Nations ...... 168 82. Petition, by telegram received on 24 May 1961, from Mr. Jacobus Beukes, Rehoboth, South West Africa, to the Secretary-General ...... 172 83. Petition, by letter dated 7 June 1961, and enclosures, from Mr. Jacobus Beukes, Rehoboth, South West Africa, to the Secretary-General ...... 173 84. Petition, by letter dated 20 June 1961, and enclosure, from Mr. Jacobus Beukes, Rehoboth, South West Africa, to the United Nations ...... 178 + 85. Petition, by letter dated 24 June 1961, from Mr. Jacobus Beukes, Rehoboth, South West Africa, to the United Nations ...... 181 86. Petition, by letter dated 12 July 1961, and enclosure, from Mr. Jacobus Beukes, Rehoboth, South West Africa, to the Secretary, United Nations ...... 182 /I.

A/AC. 73/4 English Page 9 CONTENTS (continued) Page 87. Petition, by letter dated 26 July 1961, from Mr. Jacobus Beukes, Rehoboth, South West Africa, to the Secretariat, United Nations . . . 184 88. Petition, by letter dated 30 July 1961, from Mr. Jacobus Beukes, Rehoboth, South West Africa, to the Secretary, House of Commons . . . 184 89. Petition, by letter dated 7 August 1961, and enclosures, from Mr. Jacobus Beukes, Rehoboth, South West Africa, to the United Nations ...... 186 90. Petition, by letter dated 15 August 1961, and enclosure, from Mr. Jacobus Beukes, Rehoboth, South West Africa, to the Secretary-General ...... 188 91. Petition, by letter dated 1 September 1961, and enclosure, from Mr. Jacobus Beukes, Rehoboth, South West Africa, to the British Embassy, Pretoria, South frica, received from Mr. Beukes ...... 190 92. Petition, by letter dated 12 September 1961, and enclosure, from Mr. Jacobus Beukes, Rehoboth, South West Africa, to the United Nations ...... 192 93. Petition, by letter dated 22 September 1961, and enclosure, from Mr. Jacobus Beukes, Rehoboth, South West Africa, to the British Embassy, Pretoria, South Africa ...... 194 PETITION CONCERNING THE DETENTION OF MR. 94. Petition, by cablegram received on 5 October 1960, from Mr. Hall, Lusaka, ...... 196 PETITION CONCERNING THE AFRICAN PUBLISHING COMPANY (PTY) LTD. 95. Petition, by letter dated 20 September 1960, and enclosures, from Mr. John G. Muundjua, Chairman of the Board of Directors, African Publishing Company (Pty.) Ltd., Windhoek, South West Africa, to the Chairman of the Committee on South West Africa ...... 197 COmmUNICATIONS RELATING TO SCUTH IEST AFRICA 96. Letter dated 1 August 1960, and enclosures, from Mr. Mururba Kerina, New York ...... 97. Telegram received on 30 September 1960, from Chief Hosea Kutako, Windhoek, South Wfest Africa, to the Secretary-General ...... 2C7

A/AC.73/4 English Page 10 CONTENTS (continued) Page 98. Letter dated 29 September 1960, from Chief Hosea Kutako and Chief Samuel Witbooi, South West Africa Peoples Organization, Windhoek, South West Africa, to the Secretary-General ...... 207 99. Letter dated 19 September 1960, from Messrs. Sam Nujoma, Jacob Kuhangua and Mburumba Kerina, South West Africa Peoples Organization, New York, to the Secretary-General ...... 207 1CO. Letter dated 7 October 1960, from Mr. Jariretundu Kozonguizi, London, to the Chairman, the Secretary-General, United Nations . ... 209 101. Telegram received on 14 October 1960, from the Secretary-General South West Africa National Union, Windhoek, South West Africa, to the Fourth Committee, United Nations ...... 210 102. Letter dated 4 January 1961, and enclosure, from Mr. Jariretundu Kozonguizi, South West Africa National Union, London, to the Secretary-General ...... 210 103. Letter dated 9 January 1961, from Miss Lorna Richmond, Africa Bureau, London, to the Chairman of the Fourth Committee ...... 215 104. Letter dated 21 March 1961, from Miss Lorna Richmond, Africa Bureau, London, to the Chairman of the Committee on South West Africa .... 216 105. Letter dated 24 March 1961, from Miss Lorma Richmond, Africa Bureau, London, to the Secretary of the Cormittee on South West Africa . . .. 216 106. Cablegram received on 18 March 1961, from the Reverend Michael Scott, London, to the Chairman of the Committee on South West Africa . . . . 217 107. Letter dated 30 May 1961, and enclosures, from Mr. Arlo Tatum, Secretary, World Peace Brigade, Enfield, England, to the Secretary and Chairman, Committee on South West Africa ...... 217 108. Letter dated 12 June 1961, from Mr. Arlo Tatum, Secretary to the Preparatory Committee of the World Peace Conference, England, to the Secretary of the Committee on South West Africa ...... 220 109. Letter dated 17 April 1961, from Mr. Alfred John Ferreira, Rehoboth, South West Africa, to the Secretary-General ...... 221 110. Letter dated 17 April 1961, frcm Mr. Jacobus Beukes, Rehoboth, South West Africa, to the Secretary-General ...... 222

A/AC. 73/4 English Page 11 CCUTENTS (continued) Page 111. Comunication dated 25 July 1961, from Chief Hosea Kutako, Windhoek, South West Africa ...... 223 112. Copy of a letter sent by Chief Hosea Kutako to the Editor, "Windhoek Advertiser", dated 14 August 1961, received from Chief Hosea Kutako, Windhoek, South West Africa ...... 226 113. Letter dated 11 August 1961, from Mr. Mburumba Kerina, New York, to the Chairman of the Committee on South West Africa ...... 228 114. Letter dated 1 September 1961, from Chief Hosea Kutako, Chief Samuel Witbooi and Mr. A. Nepala, South West Africa Peoples Organization, Windhoek, South West Africa, to the Secretary-General . 232 115. Letter dated 9 February 1961, from Mr. E.H. Kalundalali, Cape Town, South Africa, to the Secretary, Trusteeship Council, United Nations . 233 116. Letter dated 16 February 1961, from Mr. E.H. Kalundalali, Cape Town, South Africa, to the Secretary of the Committee on South I-est Africa . 234 ....

A/AC. 73/4 English Page 12 PETITIONS RAISING GENERAL QUESTIONS RELATING INTER ALIA TO THE STATUS OF SOUTH WEST AFRICA AND CONDITIONS IN THE TERRITORY 1. Petition, by letter dated 3 August 1960, from the South West Africa Peoples Organization, Windhoek, South West Africa, to the Secretary-General This is to inform you that we have chosen Mr. Sam Nujoma and Mt. MbiArunmba Kerina as the representatives for our Scuth West African Peoples Organisation. Furthermore, we would like to inform the United Nations Organisation regarding the latest news in South West Africa a follows: Today, the 3rd. day of August. 1960, our Vice-President, Mr. Louis Nelengani, was given 24 hours to leave Windhoek, for Ovamboland, because he is the leader of the organisation being a opposition to the Union Government. The reason for Mr. Louis Nelengani's deportation was, that he sent a petition to the United Nations Organisation, forwarded a copy to the Union Government, which applys to rule XXXI of the rules of procedure of the committee on South West Africal' When the Union Government received his letter, he in return notified the Native Commissioner to DEPORT Mr. Nelengani as soon as possible. Now in the case of Mr. Ja Toiva, our Ovamboland representative, who were arrested in Ovamboland more than 2 months ago are as follows: When Mr. Tuhaleni our Secretary for Ovamboland was arrested in Ovamboland, Mr. Ja Toiva informed us about his arrest by telegram. Then the Union Government EXILED Mr. Tuhaleni, Mr. Ja Toiva informed us again by telegram, these two telegrams were forwarded to the United Nations Organisation by our representatives, Mr. Sam Nujona and Mr. MFburumba Kerina. The Union's representative informed his government about the two telegrams which he saw at the U.N.O. then Mr. Ja Toiva was arrested, and is still in jail today, enclosed please find telegram. Mr. Tuhaleni was given 5 tins of water and 3 bags of food then locked up at a concentration camp for political prisoners, which is situated between the border of Angola and Ovamboland at the north eastern side. Regarding the wives, children and babies of the mentioned deportees, who will take care of them? Remember that the deportees were the bread-winners of these families. Even today I spoke to Mrs. Louis Nelengani, telling her "Do not worry, deporting your husband, will mean freedom to thousands of our people". ...

A/AC. 73/4 English Page 13 With this we appeal to the U.N.O. to DEMAND that the Union Government stop deporting our members. If the Union Government does not want to surrender the "Sacred Trust" revoke it, as we want S.W.A. under the trusteeship of the United Nations this year. If I sign my name, I will probably be deported soon, so I appeal that the Secretary-General that after reading this letter, eraise my name please. I remain, (Signed) Illegible Secretary-General. S.W.A.P. Organisation. Enclosure Extract from The Windhoek Advertiser, 4 August 1960 ALL THIS AND BANNING TOO IN TROUBLED TIMES Only One Side Amid all the problems which are facing South West Africa at the moment, a Native now alleges that he has been banned from the country. Knowing that such an incident, if correct, will be exploited by the United Nations, the "Advertiser" tried yesterday to obtain the true facts in order that the outside world might see both sides of the case. This is what happened: The Vice-President of the Overamboland People's Organisation, Louis Nelengani, alleged that he had been told by the Assistant Native Commissioner in Windhoek, Mr. W.S.G. Malherbe, that he had been banished to the Northern border of Ovamboland. In an interview, Louis Nelengani said that he had been told by Mr. Malherbe that he would have to leave Windhoek by Friday, when he would be escorted to the Angola side of Ovamboland, despite the fact that he claims that he was born on the South West side of Ovamboland. I...

A/AC 73/4 English Page 14 ALLEGATION He said that he had come to work in Windhoek in 1957, and had absolutely no connections with Angola. He alleged that when he was called in by Mr. Malherbe, he was simply told: "You have worked against us - you have misused your rights, and for these reasons you are being banned from Scuth West". NO-CO-OPERATION Yesterday a staff reporter of the "Advertiser" called on Mr. Malherbe in his office at the Magistrate's Court, for the purpose of asking him to explain or deny the allegation. When the reporter mentioned the name Louis Nelengani, Mr. Malherbe jumped up from his chair, threw a ruler on to his desk, and said: "I am not prepared to discuss this matter. You can go and see the Chief Native Commissioner". NOTHING KNOWN Later in the day, the reporter called on the Native Affairs Information Officer, Mr. Grobler, with the purpose of verifying his information. All Mr. Grobler could say, was: "I am sorry, but I know nothing about this matter". BUSY The "Advertiser" tried to contact the Administrator, Mr. D. Viljoen, by telephone, but he was busy. The "Advertiser" believes that Native organisations have already made their own report to the United Nations. 2. Petition,by letter dated 9 August 1960, and enclosure, from the South West Africa National Union, Windhoek, South West Africa, to the Chairman of the Committee on South West Africa We noted with great appreciation the recommendations made by the Committee on South West Africa since its establishment: and at the same time noted with great regret the inactionness of the General Assembly. But with due respect to members of this organisation. ..

A/AC. 73/4 English Page 15 The South African standpoint in regard to the mandated territory of S.W.A. is indisputably clear locally and internationally and will continue as such unless some steps are taken legally or otherwise. While the Committee on S.T.A. has just accepted a recommendation to the General Assembly calling on the Govt. of South frica to stop deporting Africans and all indirect methods of intimidation, an Exco. member or rather the vice-President of SWAPO has been ordered to leave the capital of S.W.A. within 2 days whether it suited him or not. Reasons as per a press cutting attached herewith. Mr. Nelengani has a wife with a 6 months old baby. Despite, he is not deported to Ovamboland, but to Angola where he knows no one or rather where one could hardly be expected to make a living particularly in a case where one had leave unprepared in such a modicum of time. These deportations of African political leaders are aimed at retarding the progress of the organisation concerned, having they realised that these bodies have made the aspirations of the African people in the Territory of a more remarkable nature. Besides, on the part of the authority Mr. Nelengani's deportation is a paving of minister de it Nel's mission to Ovamboland this week, where the poor people will be told of the Indians, Russians, Ghananians and all those countries with an unstringed or diplomatic sympathy as trying to deprive them of their country. This being the sympathy as presented to the people of Ovamboland by the officials of the Bantu Administration Department. Therefore, it would be of interest to challenge the competency of those who are alleged to be pro-union Govt. by asking Chief Kambonde to address the Committee on S.W.A. in order to test the verity of the Union Govt. Gentlemen, I think it is of interest to remind you of the remark by the Haitian delegate at the last session who said "the members of this organisation will in the future be taking over a territory which no longer existed." In fact, the mandated of S.W.A. is theoretically existing but practically has already been incorporated. Thus the killing, deportation, discharge from employment and etc. are indisputable manifestation of the stage which the govt. of South Africa has reached in modifying the international status of our territory and, if the United Nations regard this as being still insignificant to

A/AC. 73/4 English Page 16 act upon then I would venture to warn this organisation of being in the danger of becoming a mere training college or rather an International arena for the display and test of the philosophical profundity of member states rather than an organisation dedicating for peace, promotion of universal brotherhood the recognition of human dignity. Therefore if this organisation declares itself to stand for the abovementioned objects, then I should say, the time is already overdue, despite the international legal implications in this matter; when it should have taken positive actions against South Africa in order to bring the govt. of South Africa in conformity with the charter of UNO. Because South Africa did not subscribe to this body with a view to becoming an International delinquent but of rendering services as states in the charter to which the govt. of South Africa owes obedience. Moreover, South Africa has not only challenged the relevancy of the U.N. jurisdiction over SWA by even disregarding the opinion of the World Court, but has gone to the extent of killing people when they refused being removed to the concentration camp of - this is what Mr. Luvenstein describe as being beyond pale of human comprehension and I verily verify. Further I hardly believe whether the South African tacit silence in regard to the request after the riots calling on South Africa to stop forceful removal as a favourable response. This is simply so, because of the growing tensity of the situation. However it is of vital interest to know whether the U.N. have still something new to offer upon the subject which the govt. of South Africa hasn't done that could prove to the U.N. as a real indication in evaporation or modification of the International status of cur territory. No, Sir, South Africa had everything that an aggressor could have done to show his aggressiveness. Nhat is left now is for the U.N. to surrender or resort to some actions instead of the incessant resolutions which bear no fruitful result. Bearing in mind that 13 years under killings, deportations, and etc., without U.N. security is the highest degree of human patience and confidence in the United Nations. Again, I deem it of vital importance to remind you as my President did at the last session that patience and confidence are not limitless. Therefore it is difficult in the light of the Nationalist political slogan of "it is taken

A/AC. 73/4 English Page 17 with blood it must be taken away with blood" to judge as to how long my people's patience will enqure. We therefore call on the U.N. most urgently to do something about the situation before it is too late: in order to prevent the danger of my people resorting to some help outside the circle of the U.N. as this might jeopardize any future changes of the U.N. in matter like this. Because cur situation has reached a stage of no furtherance. In fact, the South African policy of APARTHEID did not only constitute a pitiable state of misery amongst the Africans, neither is it only an International delinquent, but also a peril of human dignity. With these words I applaud and endorse the attitude of Ghana and Malaya as justifiable; for which any attack on them such as that of Minister Louw should be regarded as nothing else than a mere suffering from political dementia. (Signed) Propaganda and Organising Secretary (SWANU) (South West African National Union. Enclosure Extract, from the South West News, 6 August 1960 DEPORTATIONS! DEPORTATIONS! A Reign of Terror characterzed by arrests, pass refusals, dismissals from jobs, prohibition and deportation orders, is now prevalent in the main towns of South West Africa. The Government through its local Authorities is now quite determined to hasten the drive of fricans out of the urban areas. The all-white-labourers policy at the new State hospital is only an indication of the new direction, while the real measures vary from strict control of influx into towns to deportations. The latter has culminated in the deportation from Windhcek of Mr. Louis Nelegani, Vice President of the South West Africa Peoples Organisation. Mr. Nelengani informed us that he was called to the office of the Assistant Native Commissioner where he was instructed to ready himself for his removal from Windhcek on Friday morning. -W1hen he asked

A/AC .73/4 English Page 18 the reason for the action, he was told, "you are working against the government", and nothing more. "South Uest News" phoned the Assistant Commissioner for information about the deportation and the reply was, "I am sorry I can't discuss departmental matters with you" and bang' went the telephone receiver. Mr. Nelengani is married and has a baby of about six months old. "South U-est News" is in possession of a statement released by a special committee of people who inquired into the effects of the new measures in the Windhoek location. Following are some facts taken from the statement: Municipal employees dismissed from their jobs for refusing to move to Katatura: Ewald Kamapunga, Emmanuel Katjinamunene, Felix Nguzerua, Bernhard Uaendere, Fritz Oxurub and Thimon Katjerungu. People who were refused permits to reside in Windhoek: Alestarkus Tjivikua, Prieska Kanhaa and Cleophas Mbura (an old resident who had his permit revoked). The above are only the extraordinary cases of people who were either divorced from their families or jobs without any reasons. Normal cases are said to run in several scores within a period of one month. Some people were refused permits to seek work in Windhoek, e.g. Two boys Kandjou and Alphons Kutako. Others were arrested for refusing to report at the Pass Office immediately they arrived in UTindhoek, e.g. Kambangene Ndjoze, Nauro Tjombe and Arnold Kamupingene. 3. Petition, by letter dated 70 August 1960, from Mr. S. Mifima, Chairman, South est Africa Peoples Organization, Cape Town, South Africa, to the Chairman of the Committee on South U'est Africa .,e people of S.W.A.P.O. want to bring to your notice once again the ruthlessness of Apartheid to which our people are subjected day by day by the Authorities in the mandated territory of South West Africa. Such things as banishments, deportations and refusal of permits to seek work are the order of the day. ...

A/AC.73/4 English Page 20 THIS YEAR, 1960, U.N.O. MUST TAKE DECISIVE ACTION TO PUT S.W.A. UNDER TRUSTEESHIP AS -E VISH, OR U.N.O. MUST LEAVE US FOREVER UNDER OUR HEAVY YOKE OF SUFFERING UNDER APARTHEID. If U.N. abandons us, we will of course carry on our struggle with other means and seek new help from anywhere prepared to free us from this deadly apartheid oppression. We want nothing but equality in economic and educational fields, and freedom for all inhabitants of our country South West Africa. (Signed) S. Mifima (Chairman, S.W.A.P.O.) 4. Petition by letter dated 14 September 1960, from Chief Hosea and Chief Samuel !Witbooi, South Wvest Africa Peoples Organization, Windhoek, South 7est Africa, to the Secretary-General In continuance of our petition of the 19 August, 1960,1/ we wish to inform you that an African woman of the Bushman tribe and her two children were shot and killed by a European farmer. The farmer escaped. The incident occurred between Abenab and in the north of South V-est Africa. An African convict who escaped from the W7indhoek prison was shot and killed by the Police while he was being pursued by the police last month. '.Thile we are grateful to the United Nations for its efforts during the past fourteen years to help the people of South West Africa, it is important for the United Nations to understand that South West Africa is administered by the people who grew up in an atmosphere of racial discrimination and colour prejudice. This practice has become their way of life. Being a people who have been blinded by colour prejudice, they despise and neglect the indigenous population. They work in the interests of the European community. It is therefore easy to understand that when dealing with such a people, the mere passing of resolutions by the United Nations condemning their brutality will have very little or no effect. The situation demands effective measures and this can only be done by bringing the United Nations' presence to South 'est Africa. l_/ See No. 29 below. I. .

A/AC.73/4 English Page 21 In order to ensure that political rights remain in the hands of the European minority, all Africans and all dark-skinned people are kept voteless during their life time and they have no representatives in all the councils of the state. The Government resorts to all kinds of methods no matter how distasteful or how irresponsible those methods are as long as those methods exclude Africans from the Government of the country. This policy is being intensified by the introduction of Bantu Education in all African primary schools in South V-est Africa next year. Bantu Education has already been introduced in the one only African school for higher education: viz. Augustineum at . The object of Bantu education is to indoctrinate African children from childhood that Africans are inferior to Europeans. The Government thinks that when Africans have been indoctrinated in this way, they will be so ignorant that they will not demand political rights or equality with the Europeans. The President of the South West Africa African Teachers Association Mr. G.G. Mbuende said at a meeting that a school where Bantu education is taught is like a big tombstone. Now the question is this: whose wards are we? The period of fourteen years during which the United Nations has been waiting for a change of heart from the Union of South Africa is long enough. The present period is for actions on the part of the United Nations that will put a stop to the exploitation which is going on in South West Africa. We further ask the United Nations to allow our representatives - the Reverend Michael Scott, Messrs. Mburumba Kerina, Jariretundu , Sam Nujoma and Rev. Marcus Kooper to speak at the forth coming session of the General Assembly of the United Nations on our behalf. (Signed) Chief Hosea Kutako Chief Samuel Witbooi Secretary for the South West Africa Peoples Organisation /.

A/AC .73/4 English Page 22 LO 5. Petition, by letter-/ dated 17 September 1960, from Mr. Abraham Thomas, Acting Chief and Messrs. Ludwig Snewe, Hendrik Claasen, Simon Gertze, Edward Isaak and W

A/AC .73/4 English Page 23 6. Petition, by letter dated 26 September 1960, from Miss Mary Benson, London, to the Chairman, Fourth Committee, United Nations Petition re: South West Africa I write as a South African, and a friend of Chief Hosea Kutako of the Hereros, whom I have twice visited in Windhoek. On the first occasion, in 1951, I had discussions with him and his councillors, and with representatives of the Nama, and I assisted them in applying for passports to attend the United Nations in response to the invitation Dr. Bunche had sent them. As you know, their applications were turned down by the South African Government. In February of this year when I briefly visited Chief Hosea and his councillors I was impressed by the continuance of their trust in the United Nations, and by the depth of that trust. But I believe that the United Nations will forfeit that trust, and will condemn all the people of South West Africa to chaos, unless it acts, promptly and constructively. Year after year African leaders there have encouraged their people to look to the U.N. for what is, to them, literally, salvation from the South African Government's harsh, inhuman and unjust policies. Year after year, bold resolutions are passed in the General Assembly while in South -est Africa itself, Africans only suffer greater oppression. They hear their rulers taunting them about the ineffectualness of their friends and even, on occasion, learn that great countries they had revered before have voted with South Africa. (It is with sorrow that they learn that some statesmen regard the noble ideals implied in the Mandate system with a sophistry that amounts to hypocrisy: they themselves take those ideals seriously). When I saw the Herero leaders in February, they were still suffering from the grief and shock caused by the police shooting in December. Again there had been discussions in the U.N., but in Windhoek itself there were only more deportations, more removals after intimidation to the remote and barren location of Katutura, and the introduction of Bantu education. All these and other afflictions are described in detail in other petitions; I want just to emphasize how near despair these people must be. The fine feelings and resolutions of the U.N. are appreciated, but the U.N. must now interpret them into action in South Jest Africa, and must bring to an end the barbarous policy of apartheid there.

A/AC .73/4 English Page 24 In doing so, it will have the support of the African and Coloured peoples of South WTest Africa, and of the vast majority of South Africans (and this includes all races for there are thousands of other whites who feel as I do). I therefore petition the United Nations to revoke the Mandate once entrusted through Britain to the South African Government, and to establish a just administration that will enable the people of South West Africa to reach selfgovernment in due course. (Signed) Mary Benson 7. Petition, by cablegram received on 1 November 1960, from Chief Hosea Kutako and Chief Samuel Witbooi, Windhoek, South West Africa, to the SecretaryGeneral 1ST OCTOBER 1960 AN AFRICAN LADY KILLED BY EUROPEAN FARMER STOP 23RD OCTOBER 196o T0 AFRICAN BABIES DIED OF THIRST IN FIELD AFTER PARENTS SHOT AT BY EUROPEAN FARMER STOP AN AFRICAN LADY CRITICALLY ILL FRIGHTENED WITH RIFLE BY EUROPEAN EMPLOYER WINDHOEK 21ST OCTOBER 1960 STOP AN AFRICAN LADY RAPED BY EUROPEANS 28TH OCTOBER 1960 STOP AN AFRICAN MAN KILLED BY EUROPEAN WINDHOEK STOP LETTER TO FOLLOW STOP CHIEF HOSEA KUTAKO CHIEF SAMUEL VITBOOI 8. Petition, by letter dated 1 November 1960, from Chief Hosea Kutako and Chief Samuel Witbooi, indhoek, South W1est Africa, to the Secretary-General An African lady (Herero) born in 1936, has been murdered by Europeans on the 1st of October 1960, at a farm of a certain Mr. Dannie Holstuyzen near Buurman School; a distance of 5 miles. The lady and two of her younger sisters walked to a place to fetch water with the deceased in front of others. Three Europeans, all or one with rifle walked alongside these ladies. One of the Europeans pointed with his rifle to the lady who was not aware of what was being done. One of her sisters stopped heresaying that the Europeans pointed with a rifle to her. When she turned to look to the three Europeans a shot went off striking her through the head. She fell dead. Murdered. The matter was reported at Kamanjab Police Station. The I...

A/AC. 73/4 English Page 25 same took the body of the deceased to Otjikondo Police Station for post mortem on Sunday the 2nd October 1960. An African Police with the name of Eward Tjipepa at Kamanjab Police Station was one of the police who brought the corpse to Otjikondo Police Station. The body was taken back to the farm that same Sunday, the 2nd October 1960, for burial. As far as we can report this matter was never been to any court in the country, nor does the public know anything about this murder by cold blood. The deceased left a small baby. No compensation of any kind has been given to her father or her small baby. The same Europeans threatened to shoot the father of the deceased some days before this murder at the same farm. On the 20th October 1960, Chief Hosea Kutako went to the Chief of the C.I.D. in Windhoek who called him (Chief Hosea Kutako) in connection with an another murder case which has been already reported to the United Nations. The murder of an African lady with her two children in Grootfontein district. In the same meeting the C.I.D. officer boasted that the South African Police have the finest record in the world and nothing can be done which the police will not report the to the press for publication. This might be so but it did not happen in the murders of the above cases and others which are to be reported hereunder. Two African men (Bushmen) working on a farm called Erindiroura of a certain European Mr. Jappie Smit, in the district of Otavi claimed to have worked for some months without being paid their wages. For some time back these men demanded their wages and were dismissed with threats. On 23rd October 1960 they decided to go to the boss to claim their wages and at the same time to ask permits to leave the work. ',hen they brought the matter to the boss, the same who became very angry took the two imployees and locked them up in a backyard room. He then went in and took his rifle and made to the cotages of the imployees where their women were sitting watching the whole drama. On seeing him (The boss) approaching with a rifle in his hand, the two ladies with their four children ran into the bush. The farmer fired a shot in their direction missing one of them only by a few inches. The ladies scattered and fled into the bushes, leaving their babies and children behind. One of the ladies ran to the ?,aterberg Native Reserve Welfare Officer to report the matter or incident. She was badly bruised by thorns and branches.

A/AC .73/4 English Page 26 The European farmer went back and open the men out who not knowing the fate of their wives went to work for that day. The following day they asked permission to look for their wives which was granted them. They set out to spore them only to find that the two small babies who were twins died of thirst in the field where the mother left them. This incident has been in the hands of the police at Grootfontein. Like the other cases above neither the public nor the press know anything about it despite the boast of the C.I.D. officer of the good record of his police. On 28th October 1960, two African ladies, sisters (Hereros) walked from a farm Teufelspach to a railway station of the same name, a distance of about 3 miles. On crossing the big Windhoek - Okahandja highway they were met by a car with Europeans all men. The car stopped and distinguished lights. A European man came out of the car and came to the two ladies. Seing him coming they started running away. The elder sister was not so swift as the other one. She fell into the hands of this man. The man took her behind a bush assaulted and raped then left her. The European farmer, a German, reported the incident to the police at Okahandja. Nothing to this effect has appeared in the press. On 21st October 1960, a number of African ladies working at a wool firm known as F.C.U. in 7indhoek were receiving their wages. An European imployer at the firm charged that they were making noise. The ladies did not pay attention. The European went in and took his rifle. He shot at the ladies of whom two fainted on the place. It is not reported that any of them was hurt or wounded but one of the two fainted because so critical that she had to be treated by a doctor. There has been no press report about the incident. Sir, the above murders and criminal acts give us nothing but the impression that the talks that Europeans will exterminate Africans before the United Nations take over the territory, spoken by so many irresponsible elements among Europeans are no mere talk. Also the fact that so many Europeans, even women and youths are allowed to handle firearms, creates in us the fear, and we think that that fear is justified, that the longer this question is delayed by the United Nations, the more we are exposed to brutal acts and murders such as these. /

A/AC.73/4 English Page 27 To delay the question of South -;est Africa for a year without guaranteeing the lives of the Africans by the United Nations will be a great danger. le request the United Nations to send to S.W. Africa a Supervising Commission, while the case is discussed at UNO and the International Court of Justice. I7e trust and hope that the United Nations will consider steps towards this end. (Signed) Hosea Kutako Hosea Kutako 9. Petition, by letter dated 2 November 1960, from Chief Hosea Kutako and Chief Samuel 7.itbooi, Windhoek, South West Africa, to the Secretary-General On the 17th of July 1960, an African young men, Willifriend Nanllneb was murdered by an European, Frans Schubandt, at a Windhoek outskirshes shop. The incident has been reported to the police. A court is being conducted but no press statements have ever been made about the murder. The parents of the deceased are not allowed to attend the proceeding of the court while those of the murderer are allowed to attend. This murder has already been reported to the United Nations in our last cable. On the 31st October 1960, three young Africans were strwling in one of the streets in Jindhoek. An European man called them to stop to which the Africans paid no attention. The European drew near and shot and wounded one of the men with his revolver, upon which the other two Africans came to their fellow mants rescue and caught the European while the wounded man went to call for the police assistance. The man (European is said to be under arrest. 5e are of the belief Sir, that nothing short of a United Nations presence in the territory could stop this terror. It is the duty of the United Nations to put an end to these murders which are in the increase in the Territory. The wounded Africants name is Frans Kamanja. The Native Commissioner at Ohopuho, Mr. Van Zyl, has taken away an African young man Mr. Birijoro to an unknown destination after accusing him (Birijoro) that he wrote a petition to the United Nations. It is believed that the

A/AC .73/4 English Page 28 African has been taken to one of the concentration camps in Portuguese Angola or he has been shot dead. 'hen the parents of the young ask about him they are being told that he shall come one day. This matter has-been reported to the Chief Native Commissioner, Mr. B. Blignaut, just before his departure to the UNITED NATIONS. This kidnapping took place in 1959 at Ohopuho. We ask the United Nations to urge upon the Union Government to find and make the fate of this young man known to the world and also to his parents. (Signed) Hosea Kutako Hosea Kutako Samuel Witbooi * ,Is 7 . ' 10. Petition, by letter dated 10 December 1960, from Mr. John Garvey Muundjua, South -Vest Africa National Union, Windhoek, South West Africa, to the Secretary-General It is really surprising the way the United Nations act, and we are thus left to wonder as to what we should do, because no practical reaction is forthcoming from the United Nations , while the Union Govt. was doing everything in its power not only to modify the international status of the territory but to relegate the African people to a status worse than that of a "Beast of burden". As we are writing this letter a proclamation has been issued by the Chief Magistrate of Windhoek preventing the Africans not only from holding meetings, but any group of Africans, this has been declared as illegal. Therefore, as a result of this proclamation the is being patrolled by the police every night. This provocative attitude of the facist govt. has again caused an enormous degree of unrest and bitterness among the residents of the old location, as it reminds them of the 10th and llth Dec., 1959, when lives were lost. It is because of this ever growing oppression that our petitioners called upon the United Nations to send a commission to the territory in order that they may verify what the petitioners have been telling them. This being what the people of 3.r.A. have alllong been waiting for, but not the phylosophical euphony of people such as Mr. E. Kennedy who maintains that sending a commission would make the situation more tense. In repudiation of such a view. we would

A/AC .73/4 English Page 29 venture to warn the United Nations of the danger of being turned into an international arena for the display and test of the phylosophical profundity of member states, than being an organisation dedicated towards the promotion of peace and recognition of human rights , a task that will never be achieved by inactiveness and passive resolutions. We therefore agree whole-heartedly with the United States delegate who said, that the only answer to the South African disapproval of the petitioners statements should be "will you allow us to go to the territory". Sir, the situation has really reached a stage of no furtherance and tolerance and if the United Nations fail to show its competence, a situation might erupt that will jeopardise the future of the United Nations in this matter. Again Mr. E. Kennedy was reported to have said that the people of S.W.A. are not ready for self- government, but being not ready for self-government does not mean that we are not ready for trusteeship. Those people who think that the time has not yet come for the United Nations to intervene, are giving us the impression that they first want to see a situation similar to the Congo before they can consider the possibility for a United Nations intervention. What will the United Nations gain from such a situation if they have so far not solved the first one. Besides, we do not want to see a situation similar to the Congo in our territory. Therefore we urgently call upon the United Nations to intervene before any crisis of that nature is born. 'Ye are in favour of a United Nations Commission to visit our plundered territory, and if any country dare say that this was contrary to the sub judice rule, then we would regard it as attempting to keep a white intransparent screen before the United Nations. This is the time when the United Nations should come and see things for itself, because the South African Govt. is busy with its programme and measures of oppressing the indigenous people of this territory. John Carvey Muundjua (Signed) J.G. Muundjua ACTING-VICE-PRESIDENT. (SWANU)

A/AC .73/4 English Page 30 P.S.: In conclusion may I point out that some members are playing the factual dishonesty of treating our case as a mere subject of discussion rather than being a matter of burning urgency. To this effect I would again warn that 15 years was the highest degree of human patience and confidence and neither is limitless. Therefore, we earnestly call upon you and in your capacity as General-Secretary to accelerate the coming of the commission under consideration. 11. Petition, by letter dated 22 February 1961, from Chief Hosea Kutako Chief Samuel itbooi and the South -Test Africa Peoples Organization, Tindhoek, South est Africa, to the Secretary-General l/ Attached find our petition to the United Nations. 1: (Signed) Hosea Kutako 2: (Signed) Samuel Witbooi 3. South West African Peoples Organ. Enclosure 1 A PETITION FROM SOUTH WEST AFRICA: TO THE UNITED NATIONS, NEW YORK. Africans in the old Location in Windhoek are not allowed to build or to enlarge their houses. They are not allowed to build houses on the plots where there were houses of those people who moved to "Katutura" or on new plots which had been intended for the construction of houses in the old Location or to build additional houses or houses on one's existing plot, or even to renovate the existing houses in the old Location. This is an indirect pressure to force the Africans to move to new segregated Location - "Katutura". Refuse in the old Location has not been cleared since the killing of the twelve Africans by Union Government in December 1959, although they pay taxes. The Government says that those Afrisans who do not want to move do not want cleanliness that is why they refuse to move to Katutura. The Government says further that a person who does not want the refuse should go to "Katutura". Africans who built houses as from 1958, have been told to demolish their houses failing to do that would be an offence. 1/ A copy of this petition was also received from the Reverend Michael Scott, London, under cover of a letter dated 28 February 1961.

A/AC .73/4 English Page 31 The Government says that the removal is not compulsory. Our desire is that those people who do not want to move to Katutura be allowed to build houses or to enlarge or renovate their houses in the old Location in accordance with their desire. The construction of new houses in new segregated Locations is continuing in all the towns in South West Africa. This is bound to have serious consequences as the Africans are opposed to the removals based on racially discriminatory laws. The present practice in Windhoek is that when the Pass Offices are closed and Africans want to go to attend funerals at places outside Windhoek, they have to obtain Travelling passes from the Charge Office. Nowadays, Africans who live in the Old Location are not provided with such passes. Such Travelling passes are only issued to Africans who live in the new segregated LocationKatutura. This is an indirect compulsion to force the Africans to move to Katutura. According to the Uindhoek Advertiser of the 27th January, 1961, seventeen Africans who were present when the police opened fire and killed twelve innocent Africans on the 10th December 1959, are to be charged in the Windhoek Magistrate's Court with public violence as you will see from the attached newspaper cutting. This is an attempt by the Government to put the blame for the killings on the Africans. At Gobabis African graves at Gobabis in an old cemetery which is adjacent to the European cemetery are in the process of being disintered and the remains are collected into sacks and buried in one mass grave in a new African cemetery. This is done without informing the relatives of the deceased. The European cemetery and the old African cemetery were close to each other. The African cemetery was the first there. .We are under the impression that the African cemetery is being removed there to facilitate the implementation of the Apartheid Policy. It is clear from the action of the Government that the Apartheid Policy is applied to the living as well as to the dead.

A/AC .73/4 English Page 32 Hoachanas Native Reserve: The Hoachanas Native Reserve is regarded by the Government as a black spot in a white area which has to be moved away. The inhabitants have refused to be moved. The Government has now resorted to indirect methods to move those Africans. The Africans who live in Hoachanas are not allowed to leave the Reserve to seek work or to leave the Reserve under any circumstances despite the fact that many of them suffered stock losses as a result of the long drought. This is tantamount to a house arrest. The Native Reserves: Africans in the reserves pay grazing fees. Large stock is paid 6d per head per month. Small stock is paid 2d per head per month. This money is intended to provide water, fuel and services. But the Africans are often compelled to pay money for the fuel and services. This means that Africans pay double tax for the same purpose. Large stock such as donkeys and oxen are often used to pump water from the wells. Some Africans have been compelled by circumstances to buy their own water Engines, yet they are compelled to pay grazing fees and services. Aminius Native Reserve: Several years ago the Government told the Inhabitants of Aminius that there were no funds in Aminius Reserve Fund for the maintenance of the Government school in Aminius. The school therefore had co be closed. The people of Aminius did not want the school to be closed and they therefore decided that each person who was a brand owner in the Aminius Reserve should pay £1. 4. Od, per annum for the maintenance of the school. The above sum was later reduced to 12/- per annum. This was a temporal tax, pending the increase of funds in the reserve fund. -,hen the reserve fund became strong, the Africans requested the Government to discontinue this additional tax, but the Government refused and this has now become a permanent school tax. Owing to the drought which prevailed in the territory the Africans find it very difficult to pay this tax. !..

AIAC .73/4 English Page 33 Nowadays, many Africans find it very difficult to find employment. When they seek work they are told by Europeansf firms that they should go and seek work at the United Nations. They are also told that Chief Hosea Kutako, Sam Nujoma and other representatives of UNO should provide employment for the Africans in South West Africa. The Oppressive Laws: The Pass Laws have become more oppressive. An African must have a pass in his possession. It is an offence if an African left his pass in his coat which is six feet away from him. If an African cannot produce his pass on demand by the police he will be convicted and even if he tells the police that the pass is in his coat which is beyond six feet away from him he will be arrested and convicted and fined from £3. 0. 0 to £6. 0. 0 or 14 days to one month in jail. Mr. Reinhardt Maekopo headman of the Otjituuo Native Reserve and a prominent member of Chief Hoseats Council was assaulted by a European farmer on the 24th December 1960, at his house. The European farmer came into the reserve armed with a rifle and said to Mr. Maekopo; "You and Hosea are the people who report our doings to the United Nations." He (farmer) struck Mr. Maekopo in the face. Africans who were present prevented the fight and took away his rifle. The matter was reported to the Grootfontein police. The European farmer never appeared in court. In our previous petitions and cables to the United Nations we reported the killings of Africans by Europeans in South West Africa. These murders have also been reported to the police in South 4est Africa. Up to now no European has been punished for killing an African. The Situation in Ovamboland: The situation in Ovamboland is so explosive, that it is bound to have far reaching consequences if the United Nations does not act in time. A police force has already been sent to that area. The Government is trying to suppress the political movement in Ovamboland by placing political leaders in detention and by refusing to renew their trading licences. The suppression of political movements is carried in the territory. ..

A/AC. 73/4 English Page 34 School for the Ovambo tribe at Katutura: Although the Hereros and Ovambos are two sister tribes and have been attending the same schools in harmony for years, the Government decided to build a school for the Ovambos at Katutura, so as to separate the Ovambos from the Hereros. This move is intended to bring about disunity and discord between the two tribes, and to facilitate the implementation of Bantu Education. Bantu Education was to have been introduced into all African schools in South West Africa in January 1961, but owing to strong opposition from the Africans, it was postponed until in 1962. The object of Bantu Education is (a) to indoctrinate African children from childhood that Africans are inferior to Europeans, (b) that that inferiority is a God created status which no man has the right to change. Dr. Verwoerd, the then Minister of Native Affairs in Union of South Africa in his book on Bantu Education Policy wrote in 1954, "By blindly producing pupils trained on a European model, the vain hope was created among Natives that they could occupy posts within the European community despite the country's policy of Apartheid. This is what is meant by the creation of unhealthy white colour "ideals" and the causation of widespread frustration among the so-called educated Natives." When he introduced the Bantu Education Bill in the house of Assembly in 1953, Dr. Verwoerd said that when he had control of Native Education he would reform it so that Natives would be taught from childhood to realize that equality with the Europeans was not for them. In the light of statements made by Dr. Verwoerd, former Minister of Native Affairs in the Union of South Africa which form the basis of Bantu Education; we appeal to the United Nations to place Zouth Uest Africa under the United Nations so as to prevent the entry of Bantu Education into the territory. Health: The death rate among the Africans in South West Africa is still very high owing to the shortage of Medical doctors. When the Africans asked the Government to provide doctors the Government replied that it could not obtain doctors. it added that the Government gets Medical Doctors only from certain

AIAC. 73/4 English Page 35 selected countries. The Government is of course indifferent to the health of the Africans. Such a Government is unsuited to continue as a Mandatory Power. Corridor: The desputed Corridor (the area between Aminius Native Reserve and Bechuanaland) is now inhabited by Europeans without consultation with the Africans although it was proclaimed as part of Aminius Native Reserve. Arms: A dangerous situation exists in South West Africa owing to the fact that the Europeans are armed while the Africans are unarmed. This resulted in the Africans being shot and killed by Europeans such as the Africans who were killed by Europeans recently of whom we informed the United Nations by cable. .We request the United Nations to disarm all the inhabitants of South West Africa, and remove all Union Government forces from South T'est Africa immediately. These forces are a great danger to the Africans. The real object to these forces being stationed here is to suppress Africans. Visit of United Nations Commission: The visit of the United Nations Committee to South WIest Africa was refused permission to visit South West Africa, because the Union Government feared that the Commission might see the shocking and shameful conditions under which the Africans are compelled to live. It also feared that the Commission might see the Union Government forces which are stationed in a Mandated territory. Finally we ask the United Nations to protect the Africans in South West Africa while the case is pending at the International Court of Justice. Europeans in the country say that they will exterminate the Africans before the United Nations take over the country. 1That they say is being done, judging from the many Africans they kill in the country. 1. (Signed) Hosea Kutako Chief Hosea Kutako 2. (Signed) Samuel Witbooi Chief Samuel Witbcoi 3. S.7. African People's Organization I...

A/AC.73/4 English Page 36 Enclosure 2 Extract from the " indhoek Advertiser" Dated 21 January 1961 SEVENTEEN TO FACE CHARGE SEQUEL TO RIOTS Seventeen of the non-Europeans who took part in the 10th of December riots in 1959, when 11 non-Europeans lost their lives after the police had been forced to open fire on the screaming, stoning mobs in the location, are to be charged it the - indhoek Magistrates' Court with public violence. It was learnt from reliable sources yesterday that the Attorney-General had given instructions for their prosecution, but no further information could be obtained about the date on which they will appear in Court. The date will only be available once the indictments have been drawn up, and the accused persons summoned. 12. Petition, by letter dated 18 March 1961, from the Secretary, South West Africa Peoples Organization, Yindhoek, South West Africa, to the SecretaryGeneral 71e appeal to the United Nations and the whole world to take over South West Africa before the Union of South Africa becomes a republic outside the Commonwealth. The news that the Government of the Union of 'outh Africa decided to withdraw its application for membership into the Commonwealth of Nations came just as we expected. This can be described as a very good example of the determination of the South African Government not to change its policy of APARTHEID in South Africa and South West Africa and to continue to exploit the African peoples even more than before. There is no more doubt that this Government will now try everything in its power to exterminate the African people entirely. It is now up to the world to rescue the African people of South West Africa who are International wards, from the hands of the Union Government. I...

A/AC. 73/4 English Page 37 The mandate over South W7est Africa has been originally entrusted to Her Britanic Majesty and to be administered by the Government of the Union of South Africa on her behalf - and even so, while the Union Government ws under the shadow of the Commonwealth of Nations it went to an extent of pr cticing Apartheid, shQotings and treating the African people in an inhuman way in an International territory. Now as this Government has decided to glt out of the Commonwealth and if South West Africa is left in its hands, what ould one still expect from its administration over South West Africa? Surely, this present illtreatment upon the African people will be replaced by a Nation Wide extermination of the African people of the mandated Territory of So~th West Africa. Now is the last chance for the United Nations to take over South\West Africa and to place it under its Trusteeship system before it is too late. The firm stand adopted by the Commonwealth Prime Ministers is a cl ar evidence that they really want real democracy to be enjoyed equally by all human beings and this should carry the strongest support of the whole wor d by taking immediate action to bring an end to the administration of the Unio of South Africa over the Mandated Territory of South Test Africa before the 11frican people have been ccmpletely wiped off. The United Nation's presence to b.sent immediately to South U(est Africa before May 31, 1961 to protect the lives the African people is most essential. (Signed) illegible SECRETARY FOR SWAPO 13. Petition, by letter dated 19 March 1961, from Mr. B. Bode,. Otavi, South West Africa, to the Chairman of the Committee on South West Africa I have just read the statements made by the petitioners from South West Africa and as these are so completely contrary to actual facts, I would be grateful if you could inform me, whether persons appearing before your Committee as witnesses are placed under oath. If this should be the case, I can assure you that every one of the petitioners is committing perjury of the most primitive kind. I. A/AC .73/4 English Page 38 You may rest assured that our Bantu people are not subjected either to physical or mental cruelty of any kind and that those who come into conflict-with the law are treat d no differently than they would be in any other country and certainly better san in Ghana, Nigeria or the'Congo. Disturbances ever occurred in our country until the naive Rev. Scott allowed his imagation to run away with his feelings and, by his agitation, encouraged the B~ntu to revolt against the paternal authority exercised over them. / The Bantu $ill require at least another generation to bridge the gap between their primitiv/ culture and the requirements of present day life, but I can assure you that trem ndous efforts are being made to help them to rise to the cultural level of the hites. In fact I am convinced that they will have achieved cultural equality wi Europe when the subjects of the other African states are still struggling along under the incompetent rule of dictatorial and highly privileged upper clqdses as is the case in Liberia and Ethiopia - or they will have turned communisi. You may also be certain that the whites in South West Africa fully realise their mr Ial responsibilities and would be the first to object to any action by our Government of which we as a people would be ashamed. I/fully agree with our Government's policy of not allowing outside interierence to jeapardise the steady progress which is being made under the experienced guidance of our Bantu Affairs Department. I also sincerely hope that those politically mature countries upon whom the western world must rely for protection against the threat of communism will soon realise the devastating consequences of their pandering to the political "ducktailism" of the new "adolescent" states. Thanking you in anticipation. (Signed) Bruno Bode P.S. I am a farmer and am in no way connected with the Government or any other organisation.

A/AC .73/4 English Page 39 14. Petition, by letter dated 17 April 1961, from Chief Hosea Kutako, Chief Samuel Witbooi, South West Africa Peoples Organization, Winfhcik, 'South West Africa, to the Secretary-General On 31st March 1961, there was a tribal meeting in Ovamboland at Oukuanjama, under the auspices of the South West Africa Peoples Organization (SWAPO). The Native Commissioner at Oukuanjama appeared at the meeting without being invited and told the meeting to disperse. The people refused to disperse. Later two Advisory Board men appeared (Africans) there and joined the Native Commissioner. The chairman, a Mr. Eliezer Tuhandeleni pleaded that they should leave the meeting in peace and go away. On his request the Commissioner reluctantly left the meeting and immediately after his departure police armed with sub-machine guns appeared on the scene and man-handled the people at the gathering. There were no shootings. African houses in Ovamboland are being constantly searched for arml and munitions. There are regular police force movements in Ovamboland. A large force of police who have come from all parts of the territory is in this area deployed everywhere. We regard this as a threat to peace in that area and in the whole of the territory, and also a danger to the inhabitants of South West Africa. On 29 March, 1961, two Europeans, Le Gransies, of farm Hatzion No. 2 chased a young African employee with their motorcar and overrcde him to the ground. While the African was lying on the ground the farmers got ctt of the car and got the man by his leg. One of the farmers rode over his right leg with the wheel of his motorcar while the other European held his other leg away from the other. They fastened his arms behind his back. One of the farmers gripped the African by the neck pressed his face to the ground saying, "I gave my blood for this country and now, I demand it from you, don't you know that I kill hotnots, where is Samuel Beukes?" This matter was reported to the police at Gideon. On 12th April, 1961, the municipal police were sent out by the Superintendent of Locations to tell the inhabitants of the old Location (Hereros and Namas) that their houses at Katutura have been ccmpleted and that they must move there to

A/AC. 73/ 4 English Page 40 occupy those houses, as they cannot remain empty. The people are still determined not to move to Katutura. This is intimidation exercised to move the people to Katutura. (Signed) Hosea Kutako Samuel Witbooi SWAPO 15. Petition. by letter dated 17 April 1961, from Mr. Robert Jones. President, Student Senate. Colgate University. New York. to the Secretary-General The following is taken frcm the Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted by the United Nations: "Whereas, the development and maintenance of human dignity and of equal and inalienable rights of all human beings is necessary to a world of freedom, justice, and peace; Whereas, all men are born free and equal in dignity and rights; Whereas, all men have the right to life, liberty, and the security of person, and shall not be held in )slavery or servitude; i Whereas, every individual has the right to be recognized as a person before the law and to be protected by that law; Whereas, all men have the right to freedcm of thought, conscience, religion, assembly, and association; Whereas, all men have the right to take part in the government of their ccuntry, to participate in the public service of their country, and to select the government of their country; Whereas, all men have the right to work, to choose their work, and to proper conditions of work; Whereas, all men have the right to proper living standards with regard to health, shelter, clothing, medical care, social services, and education; and Whereas, the peoples of the United Nations have in the Charter reaffirmed their faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person, and in the equal rights of men and wcmen, and have determined to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom." In the light of the violations by the Union of South Africa of the Lnternational responsibilities under the mandate of the League of Nations, and the I...

A/AC. 73/4 English Page 41 Union's refusal to accept the responsibilities of Trusteeship under the United Nations, we, of the Student Senate of Colgate University in Hamilton, New York, representing the undergraduate body, urge the United Nationsilr-eccord with its beliefs as stated in its Charter and in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, to take immediate action to grant to the people of South-West Africa selfgovernment under the United Nations supervision. (Signed) Robert Jones, President 16. Petition. by cablegram received on 7 June 1961, from Mr. Sam Nujoma, President, and Mr. Louis Nelengani, Vice-President, South West Africa Peoples Organization, Cairo. to Chairman of the Committee on South West Africa MORE THAN T,O HUNDRED PERSONS .RRESTED STOP SITUATION REMAIN CRITICAL REQUIRE IMMEDIATE UNITED NATIONS INTERVENTION STOP URGE CC YIITTEE EXRCISE ITS RIGHTS TO ENTER S.W. AFRICA SAM NUJCMA PRESIDENT SWAPO LOUIS NELENGANI VICE PRESIDENT 5 AEMAD HISMAT ST. SOUTH AFRICAN OFFICE CAIRO 17. Petition. by letter dated 1 August 1961, from the South West African Unit d National Independence Organization and Chief H.S. Witbooi. Mariental. South West Africa, to the Secretary-General and the Committee on South West Africa P E T I T I 0 N. We beg to submit our Petition to the UNO once more. And we request all the members of the UNO to take these petitions as serious as you can into consideration. TREATMENT We, the indigenous inhabitants of the SWA Mandate are living in a very cruel or inhuman position. Jre are the most hated creatures by our white brethren. Unbearable (apartheid) laws of segregation are passed on through which we must live. We are treated with inferiority throughout. Now and then, we are terrified by the armed police troops. Even our non-European ministers of religion were surrounded by these armed Police Forces. W,.e are kept in a very terrible position. How can one enjoy life as prescribed by the UNO, when at any time our death may ccme.

A/AC .73/4, English Page 42 We have no voice at all as far as the Law is concerned through which we have to plead. Inw* ad of helping the poor and unarmed non-Europeans, they are considered as communists and are banned by our Administration. Housing scheme In every town the Nationalist Government are busy to build locations for us, but without consulting the non-Europeans. And afterwards the poor people are usually forced to occupy these houses and to pay that high rent which we are not able to pay. And if someone give reasons for his or her refusal then the government is ready to shed blood. Discriminative Pass-Laws The Pass-Laws are prohibiting us to move freely in our fatherland. Even people who are exempted from the pass-Laws are arrested and fined. Every mcnth the police men are making investigations about the pass. You have to carry a pass from house to house. The non-Europeans have no right to visit their Chief and he has no privilege to visit his people and to address them. We ask the UNO to take over the Administration over South West Africa so that the inhabitants may enjoy freedom with all races on earth. 1. S.W.A.U.N.I.O. Indigenous inhabitants SWA. 2. Chief (Signed) H.S. Witbooi EDUCATION The education of the inhabitants of South West Africa is neglected a great deal and it is sad that the Administration who is responsible is a derisive laughter at the non-European illiteracy. It is to such Administration the certain A.M.E. Church applied for the recognition of their schools. The Church now waits for the period of 13 years on the recognition of their schools. It means that we are deprived our educational rights. Moreover, the people are prohibited to attend schools in the Union of South Africa and elsewhere, while the Europeans have all rights and facilities. I... J;

A/AC .73/4 English Page 43 It must be understood that the present Administration is enslaving our non- European people in South West Africa. Therefore we refer the United Nations Assembly to the Human Righ-s6 compiled by the UNO in Paris on 10th December 1948. We hereby apply also for financial help for the education of our people and teachers. The South African Government cannot be held responsible for the Administration over South West Africa. It is our earnest request that the Mandate of South West Africa be placed under the direct control and Administration by the United Nations Organization. We ask that Revd. Marcus Cooper be recognized as the representative of the South West Africa United National Independence Organization. We regret that the Committee on South West Africa could not be able to enter South West Africa. 1. The South West Africa United National Independence Organization 2. (Signed) H.S. Witbooi 18. Petition, by letter dated 12 August 1961 from Mrs. A.R. Salt Otjwarongo, South West Africa, to the Chairman, United Nations Organization Some time ago I read in our local papers, that your Committee while in Rhodesia, was approached and heard evidence from a woman, who has been a nurse in this country. In her evidence she quoted, that the starvation amongst African children was 99 - if not 100 percent. I feel that this is throwing a rather bad light on us all, and I would like to rectify this unfairness. To prove this, I had some snap shots taken when all we farmers, - we are farming in this country since 1920 - took the children of our African workmen to town, for the Anti- PolioCampaign. On snap No. 1 you can see for yourself, there are 3 Herero women with 5 children each, the smallest carried on the back. Two of these women are expecting their 6th child. All three women are of a farm belonging to a German neighbour of ours, while children of snap No. 2 are of our own workmen.i/ 1/ Five snapshots were enclosed with the letter, and are available for /... reference in the files of the Secretariat.

A/AC .73/4 English Page 44 Please forgive me for taking up your valuable time, but I feel, that these wild statements should be corrected. I would be pleased to hear, if you received my letter with the inclosure. (Signed) A.R. Salt 19. Petition, by letter--3ated .17 August 1961, from Chief H.S.Witbooi, Acting Chief A. Thomas and others, South West Africa United National Independence Organization, Keetmanshoop, South West Africa, to the Secretary-General PETITION The United Nations General Assembly, Committee on South West Africa and Trusteeship Council - respected authorities - ever since the former League of Nations entrusted the mandate to the Government of South Africa on 17 December 1920, the administration of this Government has been odious, and we therefore appeal in all earnestness to the United Nations General Assembly to give this matter its undivided attention. The following are the matters which induce us to seek aid. HUMAN PRIVILEGES 1. Although we are the indigenous inhabitants of this Mandated Territory of South West Africa, we do not enjoy any human privileges. The situation is such that we cannot take a step without a permit, which is referred to as a pass. This is required even for a corpse. EDUCATION 2. The Government of South Africa declares at every session of the United Nations that we, the indigenous inhabitants, are incapable of being educated. W'hose fault is this, since the South African Government denies this to us, the indigenous inhabitants, and takes it away from us and makes us unskilled instruments? MINERAL RESCURCES 3. We have no share in these and are entitled to nothing. The South African Government alienates us frcm our mineral wealth and everything which it contains. The Government exposes us, the indigenous inhabitants, to every most dangerous system. 1/ Original in IIIC

A/AC .73/4 English Page 45 TREATMENT 4. Our treatment here in South West Africa is worse than bad. Here in hospital we are treated with medicines of a kind which the Whites even spit from their mouths. In the treatment of tuberculosis, this is even worse, for when people ask for better treatment, they are turned over by the Superintendent of the Hospital to the Police, to be beaten. On August 12, this was the same case; when the people asked for better treatment, the Superintendent turned them over to the Police to be beaten, and this almost caused a riot. From whom must we seek help when this happens? Is there no help for us from the United Nations? If the United Nations does not help us in this regard, then who will? We therefore most earnestly ask that attention be given to the testimony which Mrs. Appolus supplied to the United Nations Committee on South West Africa in Tanganyika. What does the United Nations propose to do with regard to such an unjust oppressor as the South African Government, the mandatory? Is the United Nations waiting until the South African Government exterminates the indigenous inhabitants? What scale of values is the United Nations waiting for? What better alternative is it awaiting? We earnestly appeal to the United Nations to give the most serious attention to the report which the Committee on South West Africa is to submit to the United Nations. We have seen the cbvious manner in which the United Kingdom supports the South African Government by refusing to grant visas. On 12 and 13 October, twenty-seven deruties attended the Tribal Assembly, at which the honorable Chairman of the Committee was asked on behalf of Mr. J. J. v.d. Wath, to place South West Africa under trusteeship. We make the same request of the United Nations. (Signed) H. S. Witbooi, Chief (Signed) A. Thomas, Acting Chief (Signed) H. Classen, Counsel (Signed) J. D. Gertze, President of South West African UNI Organization (Signed) Isaak Paul (Signed) Hans Hendrik (Signed) Willem Plaatjies (Signed) Johannes Stewe

A/AC. 73/14 English Page 46 20. Petition, by letter dated 25 August 1961, from Mr. Sedekia Ngavirue and Mr. Nathanael Mbaeva, Representatives of the South West Africa National Union, Dar es Salaam, Tanganyika. to the Committee on South West Africa We followed with great interest your moves since you left Dar es Salaam. We noted with appreciation the job you did in Cairo as well as the cable that you sent from there. However we regret the absence of a positive action on the part of the United Nations. Trusting that you are now working hard on the means whereby the U. N. General Assembly will be made to realize the urgency of the case of South West Africa, we have only to re-emphasize how grave the situation is: It is reported that the joint police and military forces which were posted at the South West Africa Bechuanaland border to bar you from entering the territory have now been withdrawn only to divert their aggression to the innocent Africans. Reports are reaching us here that those intimidating and provocative police are raiding and arresting Africans on a national scale. Residents of the Klein-Windhoek Location have been removed during this state of insecurity to Katutura. THIS EXPLOSIVE SITUATION CAN ONLY BE REMEDIED BY THE PRESENCE OF A U.N. POLICE FORCE IN THE MANDATED TERRITORY. WE DEMAND THAT THE SOUTH AFRICAN ADMINISTRATION OVER SOUTH WEST AFRICA BE REVOKED IYMDIATELY AD THAT SOUTH WEST AFRICA BE GRANTED FULL INDEPENDENCE. : (Signed) Z. Ngavirue Nathanael Mbaeva: (Signed) N. Mbaeva REPRESENTATIVES OF TEE SOUTH WEST AFRICA NATIONAL UNION 21. Petition. by letter dated 23 August 1961, and enclosures from Chief Hesea Kutako and Chief Samuel Witbooi. South West Africa Peoples Organization, Windhoek. South West Africa. to the Secretary-General The situation in South West Africa is grave and can lead to war. We are convinced that only United Nations intervention will save the situation. A young man named Mbirijoro Uerimunga was taken by the Superintendent Mr. Van Zyl, at Ohopuho, Ckaokoveld Native Reserve. His whereabouts is not known. He must have been sold or murdered by the Superintendent. We ask the United Nations to tell the South African Republic to investigate the matter and report to the United Nations immediately.

A /AC .73/4 English Page 47 Fear: Africans are living in a state of fear as a result of the presence of troops from the South African Republic, threatening forcible removals, deportations and police raids. Armed trocps are from time to time also staticned in Aminius Native Reserve and the Africans are not told what the troops are brought for. Police Brutality: Africans are cruelly treated and beaten up by the police. African homes are raided day and night, and African men and women are made to stand sometimes naked, while their homes are being searched. These police raids take place at inconvenient hours sometimes when Africans are in beds. An armed police force was sent to the Herero Tribal Meeting at Otjinene Native Reserve on the 2nd August 1961, and questioned the leaders there what the meeting was about. The presence of this police force was one of the reasons why Chief Hosea Kutako called off the meeting. Journalists: Foreign journalists are not allowed to interview non-whites unless they are accompanied by Government officials. Their rooms in the hotels are searched and their documents are seized by the police. The aim is to prevent information on conditions in the territory from reaching the outside world. Killing of Africans: Early this year we reported to the United Nations about Africans who were killed by Europeans. Up to now the Eurcpeans who killed the Africans have not yet been charged. 17 Innocent Africans charged: Last year the General Assembly of the United Nations passed a resolution ordering the South African Republic to punish the officials and the police who were responsible for the death of 12 Africans and wounding more than 40 Africans on the 1Cth December, 1959. The South African Republic instead of punishing these officials, charged 17 innocent Africans and they are now being tried. A/AC .73/4 English Page 48 The maintenance of the orphans, widows and the wounded as a result of the shooting by the police and troops is being borne by the Africans themselves. £500 has been raised and distributed among them. Money for the defence of those who are being tried is also borne by the Africans themselves. £300 so far has been raised and paid for the defence of the accused. Africans disposed of their lands: Some lands in the Okaokoveld Native Reserve which originally belonged to the Africans have been taken away from them and have been sold to European farmers and some of them (lands) have been reserved for European settlements. If African livestock have strayed into these lands, such livestock are shot by the police. Owners of these animals are not compensated for the loss of their stock. The inhabitants asked for the return of their lands but the Government refuses. The inhabitants of the Native Reserve have been disposed of their land - Corridor between Aminuis Native Reserve and Bechuanaland Protectorates and it has been given to European farmers. The Europeans who live in the Corridor shoot the livestock of the Africans who stray into the Corridor. They sometimes drive the livestock into the kraals and do not give them water with the result that they die of starvation. They do not inform the owners that their livestock is in the Corridor and that they should come and fetch them. Some land has been taken away from the Waterberg East Native Reserve and has been sold to European farmers. Some land has also been taken away from the Otjituuo Native Reserve and has been sold to European farmers. Restrictions of Movements: The pass laws which restrict the movements of Africans have been intensified. An African is not allowed to travel frcm one place to another unless he is in possession of a pass (Travelling Pass) which is very difficult to obtain. An African has to have more than nine different passes. ...

A/AC .73/4 English Page 49 They are: (a) Travelling Pass (b) Night Pass (c) Service Contract Pass (d) Hut Tax Pass (e) Burial Pass (f) Pass to seek work (g) Visitors Permit (h) Permit to be in the proclaimed area for the purpose other than seeking work (i) Certificate of Registration These many passes have placed the Africans on the level of slaves. Divide and Rule: The Government creates disunity among the African tribes by preventing them from holding joint meetings although they have common problems. Education: The standard of Education for Africans is extremely low. In addition to the education being low the schools for Africans are far too few. The result is that about 80 per cent of African children of school going age do not attend schools. To make matters worse the Government decided to introduce Bantu Education South West Africa under another name, "Geamendeerde Leerplan" Amended Syllabus which object it is to teach the Africans from the childhood that they are inferior to Europeans. There are no universities and technical schools. A disappointing thing is that Africans are not allowed to leave the country for further studies. There are no schools of any kind in the Okaokoveld Native Reserve. Living Conditions: While the standard of living of the Europeans is very high, the Africans are living in grinding poverty. There are legalized limitations in respect to wages for Africans.

A/AC .73/4 English Page 50 There are no markets for the livestock, milk, butter, skins and other products in Okaokoveld Native Reserve. The result is that the inhabitants are very poor. The inhabitants of Okaokoveld Native Reserve are not allowed to come into the police zone to seek work except on contract in which case they are first taken to Ovamboland from where they come to the police zone as Ovambos. Health: Health services are still the same as was reported in previous petitions the Africans die from minor illnesses on account of the shortage of doctors. Infant mortality among Africans is very high. In the Okaokoveld Native Reserve there are missionaries of the Dutch Reformed Church who give medicine to the people but they do not give medicine to the Africans who do not belong to the Dutch Reformed Church. The inhabitants have been asking the Government for many years to provide Doctors but up to now the Government has not yet granted their request. The result is that the death rate in the Okaokoveld is very high. The T.B. Hospital at Kub: There is a T. B. Hospital at Kub in South West Africa. The full address is: "Staats Nedersetting" (State Settlement) Kub via Kalkrand, South West Africa. The T. B. patients there complain that they are given hard work to do as if they were healthy people. They work every day. Their work consists of planting, sowing, painting houses, chopping wood, sawing wood, polishing floors and sweeping the rooms. The women patients do washings and ironing. They start work in the morning at 9 o'clock a.m. until 12.30 p.m. They start again in the afternoon at 5 o'clock p.m. until 5 o'clock p.m. Their wages range from 12/6 to 13/6 per month. Before the T.B. patients are sent to Kub for treatment, they are told that they are going to do light work voluntarily but when they get to Kub they are compelled to work. They are told that they have to work so as to pay for the treatment. When the T.B. petients complain of hard work they are told that they are ungrateful to the Government. When the patients die there the bodies are wrapped in sacks, the Government dces not provide coffins. I...

A/AC .73/4 English Page 51 The British Government: We were greatly disappointed by the action of the British Government in siding with the South African Republic for refusing visas to members of the United Nations Committee on South West Africa to enter Bechuanaland in order to come to South West Africa. The British Government said that the members of the Committee should come to South West Africa with the approval of the South African Republic. The South African Republic requested the British Government to prevent the entry of UNO Committee into Bechuanaland and the British Government acceded to that request. The British Government wanted the approval of the South African Republic which is criminal on account of her record of suppressing and denying human rights to the non-whites. Where on earth can criminals agree to the investigation of their crimes? Crimes must be investigated without the consent of the criminals. We commended the decision of the United Nations to send UNO investigating Committee to South West Africa but we were bitterly disappointed that the Committee were unable to enter South West Africa. Our view is that although the Committee was determined to come to South West Africa they vere not given the necessary power and protection to enter the territory. The Committee was prevented by force from entering the territory. It is our earnest hope that the United Nations will this time send the Committee with the necessary power so that it can implement the decision of the General Assembly. We totally reject the proposal made by the South African Republic that a person of international standing should be appointed by the United Nations and South African Republic who will investigate the allegations that the situation here is a threat to international peace and security. Our view is that such a person will be one sided favouring the South African Republic such as the Good Officers Committee of the United Nations which sided with the South African Republic in 1958, and which suggested the partition of South West Africa. A/AC .73/4 English Page 52 In conclusion we repeat that the situation in South West Africa is explosive and can lead to war. We ask the United Nations to consider the gravity of the situation and to intervene without delay. 1. (signed) Hosea Kutako 2. (signed) Samuel Witbooi 3. South West Arrican Peoples Organization Chief Hosea Kutako P.O. Box 1034 Windhoek, S.W.A. 17th July, 1961 The Right Hon. Harold Macmillan The British Prime Minister No. 10 Downing Street London, England Dear Sir, The suspension by the British Government of visas for the United Nations Committee on South West Africa to enter Bechuanaland came as a great shock to many Africans in the territory and on the whole continent. While the United Nations Committee on South West Africa attempts to enter the territory to find out what is meted out to the Africans in this international territory, Britain was the first major power that has come out to jeopardize the mission of this Committee. We may claim that we are international wards for whom the British Government is also responsible. As such it is the duty of the British Government to see to it that such a resolution as was passed by the United Nations General Assembly with an overwhelming majority is carried out. It is a disappointing thing for us to see that the British Government is dealing cold handedly with our case. When we go back to the early of South West Africa it is clear that successive British Governments failed to fulfil their obligations towards the Africans in the territory. Britain failed to protect the Africans from other colonial powers after such an agreement was concluded with the late Chief of the Hereros in 1876.

A/Ac .73/4 Engli sh Page 53 In 1876, Commissioner W. C. Palgrave, was sent into South West Africa to interview African chiefs about British protection. They were very ready and protection agreements were concluded. The protection agreement drew up by Maharero read as follows: "We want to live at peace, with each other, and with our neighbours. We want to have our country kept for us. We want to see our children grow up more civilized than we have been and so, after many meetings amongst ourselves, we have agreed most humbly to ask that Your Excellency send some one to rule us, and be the head of our country. We also most humbly ask that Your Excellency will everywhere make it known that the sea boundary to our country is in your possession, and that we have given you the right to such ground as may be required for its protection, as well as for the building of towns and villages in the vicinity of all landing places." But in 1904, when Germany attacked the Hereros, Britain did not even rule a finger to Irctect the Africans when it was asked to do so the reason being that the position could not be challenged and that to do so would involve Great Britain in war with Germany, a vague excuse indeed. In 1920, when the Principal Allied and Associated Powers won the First World War against Germany, the British Government was given the Mandate over South West Africa. Instead, Britain gave the Mandate to the Government of the Union of South Africa. This (Union) Government was well known for its notorious colour policy. This is Britain's second sell-out of the Africans of South West Africa by Britain. At the United Nations in 1946, the British Government supported the Union Government for its claim to annex South West Africa. In 1950, when the International Court of Justice gave its Advisory Opinion in regard to the international status of South West Africa, the British Judge again was amongst those who voted against the ruling, cf course, not in all the clauses. In 1960, the British delegation did not support that part of the resolution which sponsored the send of a United Nations Commission to South West Africa to investigate conditions in the territory - the reason given being the sub-judice not taking into account the obstinacy of the South African Government which refuses to work with the United Nations to solve the prcblem of the status of the territory.

A/AC .73/4 English Page 54 We are aware of the fact that it is because of the pressure from the South African Government that the British Government was induced to suspend visas for the members of the UNO Committee on South West Africa barring them from entering Bechuanaland. It is quite legal the members of this Committee (UNO Committee) to enter South West Africa from whatever country they cross the border even if the South African Government has been refusing to let them in so as to see conditions for themselves in the territory. The Committee has been charged by the General Assembly to come to South West Africa without the co-operation of the South African Government if necessary. The present action and the voting record at the United Nations indicate that the British Government has been and is still a great supporter of the South African Government. The British Government is much concern about British money in South Africa. Though Britain i not supporting the policy of the South African Government, she is supporting a ,overnmen which policy is contrary to any democracy and human dignity. We appeal to the British people and all freedom and peace loving nations of the world to do all they can to facilitate the United Nations Committee on South West Africa to enter the territory so as to investigate conditions in the territory. We hope that your Government may reconsider its action and restore the visas to the members of this Committee to come and to complete its task in the territory. I am humbly yours, (Signed ) Hosea Kutako Admiralty House Whitehall, S.W. 1 August 4, 1961 Dear Sir, The prime Minister has asked me to acknowledge the receipt of your letter to him of July 17 about the suspension by the United Kingdom Government of the facilities which had been arranged by them for the proposed visit to Bechuanaland Protectorate of the United Nations Committee on South West Africa. I...

A/AC .73/4 English Page 55 When the United Nations Committee requested visas and facilities to visit Bechuanaland, the visit was stated to be for the purpose of gathering information, especially from Herero residents in Bechuanaland originally from South West Africa and also from any South West Africans who might contact the Committee. The visas and facilities were granted on the understanding, which was made plain to the Chairman of the Committee that they were required for this purpose. The United Kingdom Government went to considerable trouble to ensure that the Committee would receive every facility in Bechuanaland for the purpose described, and the facilities which were in fact offered to them were such as to allow the Committee to do there all that they had said they intended to do. Unfoitunately certain statements on the part of members of the Committee in Accra gave rise to some doubt whether in fact the Committee really intended to confine their activities in Bechuanaland to the interviewing of Hereros and refugees and this compelled the United Kingdom Government to ask the Chairman of the Committee for a definite assurance on this point. This assurance was not given. In these circumstances the United Kingdom Government could not be certain that the Committee did not intend, while in Bechuanaland, to attempt to enter South West Africa. Since the Administering Power had expressly refused permission for the Committee to enter South West Africa any such attempt would have constituted an illegal action. The United Kingdom Government's action in suspending, in the absence of any firm assurance about the Committee's intentions, the visas and facilities offered, was based on their direct responsibility for the welfare of the inhabitants of Bechuanaland. The people and the economy of Bechuanaland are closely interdependent with those of the neighbouring territories and the United Kingdom Government would not have been carrying out their responsibilities if they had acquiesced in any activities which might have adversely affected the livelihood and welfare of the people of the Protectorate. There is no substance in the suggestion that the United Kingdom Government's action in this matter was in any way influenced by pressure from the Government of the Republic of South Africa. As stated above, the United Kingdom Government's action was based entirely upon the consideration of the well-being of the inhabitants of a territory for which they are themselves responsible.

A/AC .73/4 English Page 56 The United Kingdom Government's offer to provide visas and facilities for the Committee to visit Bechuanaland for the purpose they originally stated remains open. The Prime Minister does not consider that any useful end would be served by commenting in detail on your account of the earlier history of South West Africa. It should be said, however, that the passage in your letter relating to events in 1920 appears to have been written under a misapprehension. The Mandate was in fact conferred upon the Government of the Union of South Africa and no special rights or responsibilities in respect of South West Africa were conferred upon the United Kingdom Government at that time, nor was there any question of transferring any such rights or responsibilities to the South African Government. The position of the United Kingdom in relation to South West Africa differs in no way from that of any other member of the United Nations which was also a permanent member of the League of Nations. The views of the United Kingdom Government upon the policies of the Soutl African Government in racial matters are well known and have been made clear on many occasions, not least by the Prime Minister in his speech in the South African Parliament on February 5, 1960. The Prime Minister therefore is quite unable to accept the implication in your letter that the United Kingdom Government's action over the facilities for the United Nations Committee has been in any way due to a desire to support the racial policies of the South African Government. Yours truly, (signature not clear) Chief Hosea Kutako. (Signed)

A/AC 73/4 English Page 57 Chief Hosea Kutako P.O. Box 1034 Windhoek, S.W.A. 8th Aug. 1961 Mr. S. Davis Sapas Correspondent Windhoek Dear Sir, I received your letter of the 7th August 1961. In reply to your first question;- 1. "What is meant by critical situation in South West Africa?" 1. The continued denial of political rights to the Africans who constitute 90 per cent of the population makes the situation critical. 2. The presence of troops in a Mandated territory which the South African Republic usually uses to suppress the Africans had made the situation critical among the defenceless Africans. These troops were brought to South West Africa without the consent of the African people. 3. The African people are faced with the most critical situation the removal to Katutura by force and they are also rrevented from building houses for themselves in the old Location. It is the intention of the Government to remove all the Africans Locations in South West Africa against their will to new segregated Locations. 4. An armed police force in five trucks (motor trucks) was sent to Epukiro Native Reserve on August the 1st 1961 and it proceeded to the Herero Tribal Meeting which took place at Otjinene on the 2nd August 1961. 2. Question: I was physically indisposed that was why I was not present at the meeting. Yours faithfully, (Signed) Hosea Kutako

A/AC .73/4 English Page 58 S. DAVIS PRESS CORRESPONDENT - ADVERTISING CONSULTAhT: P. 0. Box 117 WINDHOEK, S.W.A. 7TH AUGUST, 1961 MEMO TO: CHIEF HOSEA KUTAKO FROM: WINDHOEK. S. Davis-South African Press Association. With reference to the copy of the telegram despatched to the Secretary-General, United Nations, New York, I shall be glad if you will kindly let me have answers in writing to the following questions: 1. "What is meant by 'Critical situation in South West Africa'"I? 2. Is there any special reason why you are not at the Herero Tribal gathering of Headmen presently taking place at Epukiro Reserve? (Signed) S. Davis. 22. Petition, by letter dated 7 September 1961, from Mr. E. E. Mbumba, South West Africa Peoples Organization, Luderitz, South West Africa, to the Secretary-General My Peoples demand to apply to you for: (1) That in the half of my Peoples, that is, Hereros, Damars, Ovamdos, Namas, Fist, (1) end the S. A. Government in our Territory. (2) an Election this Year, the righten of Cur Petitioners at UNO, New York. Independence not later than 1963. There is no more peace here in South West Africa. Pleace pay an attention to those petitioners at UNO General Assembly on the 19th September. We are not demand to South West Africa. But to all Africa State, such as, Angola, Algeria, Kenya, Rhcdesias, SA, Uganda. These Africa State must get Self Government by 1962. The second, we demand the righten of Our SWAPO, Saving Bank Book, Application form, Membership Cards, which was taken frcm our Office by The South Africa Police on the date of 3rd May 1961. Our hope is In the Resolution of 18th December 1960 and the Resolution of 7th March 1961.

A/AC.73/4 English Page 59 This Year we would like to send this Petitioners, that is Messrs. Herman ja Toivo, Chief Hosea Kutako and Samuel Witboiiy. Long live Independence of South West Africa, 1962. Long live Dag Hammarskjold. Long live Africa. Yours in Suggle, Erasmus ja Erastus Mbumba (Signed) E. E. MBUMBA 23. Petition, by undated letter, from Mr. J. Swartbooi and Chief. H.S. Witbooi, Maltahohe, South West Africa, 1/to the Secretary-General PETITION TO THE UNITED NATIONS FROM THE INHABITAITS OF MALTAHOHE, SOUTH WEST AFRICA The following is the petition from the inhabitants of Maltahohe, South West Africa, a little village in the west of the Territory of South West Africa. This is supported by the chiefs WITBOOI and KUTAKO and also by the new political body SWAUNIO, which was recently established. 1. Pass laws. The non-White inhabitants of the Mandated Territory of South West Africa are almost daily experiencing difficulties with the various pass laws in general. The situation is such that even women and children from the age of fourteen years onwards are being arrested because of the passes and are being punished by fines up to R 8.00 and imprisonment for terms of thirty days. There is no prospect of any relief from the pass laws so long as the Rejublic of South Africa has jurisdiction over the Territory. Even the so-called exemption certificates which must be carried by teachers and clergymen are so limited that a person experiences difficulties in travelling with them. The many pass laws which have been made applicable to the non-Whites deprive us of all freedom of movement. (This does not affect the Coloured people). The South African Police and the Special Division of the Investigation Service are almost daily stopping the non-Whites and without any reason searching them even for their own amusement. 2. Education. The education of the non-Whites is generally so low in quality that the children are used as skilful boys as soon as they can understand 1/ Original in Afrikaans

A/AC .73/4 English Page 60 anything at all. For the past fifteen years, a particular group of people have been wilfully denied education simply because they left an established White-Church denomination. All requests in this connexion have so far fallen upon deaf ears. In addition, the Republic is attempting to impose the Bantu system of education upon us. 3. Advancement. It is asserted that the advancement of the non-Whites (Coloureds excepted) cannot be effected in any other manner than through a Bantu Education Act and the so-called Tribal Fund. These are the appropriate instruments for driving the non-Whites apart so that they will be unable to act on behalf of their common interests. 4. Wages. The wages of the ordinary non-White range between R 3.0 - R 5.00 on the average per month, and the workers on the farms are even worse off. 5. Assault. This is an ordinary occurrence, especially on the farms against the shepherds, and the South African Police are helpful to the farmers in this regard. In the villages, the municipal and village authorities drive out the inhabitants of the Locations for minor acts of negligence or a delay of one month in paying their taxes. In the Reserves, old persons must sometimes walk about hungry, and nothing is done to remedy the situation resulting from the prevailing drought. 6. Apartheid. This is very strictly applied, and the fines on this account are high. All these reasons and others besides have made it necessary to send this petition to you, and you are very earnestly asked to give your undivided attention to the case of South West Africa so that during this year's session of the United Nations an urgent decision will be taken and the administration of the Mandated Territory of South West Africa will be taken away from the Republic of South Africa. This is a very serious request and, in addition, represents the general opinion of the non-White inhabitants of the Territory as a whole; otherwise there will be chaos and bloodshed, and the non-Whites will gradually vanish. The adherents of SWAUNIO and the inhabitants of the Territory as a whole request the highly respected NATIONS to allow petitioners such as M. Kocper, M. Scott, Kerina, Kozonguizi, Nujoma and others to speak on behalf of the non-Whites of South West Africa in the United Nations Committees.

A/AC .73/4 English Page 61 Gentlemen, take the decision this year - otherwise the non-Whites in the Territory will perish - and place the administration of the Territory under the trusteeship of the United Nations until such time as the inhabitants of the Territory become independent and, when this becomes necessary, send you another request. NOT LATER THAN THIS YEAR! On behalf of those who long for freedom, (Signed) J. Swartbooi Co-Signer (Signed) H. S. Witbooi CHIEF 24. Petition, by letter dated 11 September 1961, from Mr. P.J. Steyn, Sannieshof, Western Transvaal, Republic of South Africa, to the Secretary-General Because it is very clear to me that your world organization pays attention only to letters and other evidence directed towards the slandering and adverse criticising of my country and my government, I doubt whether this letter will get any further than the first office in your building. Seeing that so many unauthorised persons have succeeded in giving evidence to you on their own initiative, I also claim the right to do the same. I would like to draw your attention especially to the evidence submitted to the committee for South West Africa. In the first place you must keep in mind that all the evidence submitted was obtained from political refugees. Which country in the world is there, that is in the enviable position of not having political refugees?, or at least political adversaries? You know better than anyone else what stupendous political awakening there has been amongst the coloured races of Africa. Do you also realize that many of the aspiring leaders of the liberty movements, have been encouraged and even trained by countries, hostile to the Republic of South Africa, but at the same time, countries that have frequently displayed their communist sympathies and inclinations? However, I don't want to enlarge upon the Western policy in Africa. The committee that visited Ghana, Bechuanaland and others, had only the evidence of about twenty political refugees to go upon, they were willing to base their conclusions on that, while the statements of my country and its officials,

A/AC .73/4 English Page 62 were completely disregarded. The committee was prepared to call for an emergency session of U.N.O. in order to declare that the situaticn in Scuth West Africa is explosive, that an armed uprising is imminent, and other such rubbish. Would it be of any avail if I declare here solemnly, that for every single person who made similar declarations to your committee, I could find scores who could prove the opposite? Would you believe me if I declare that the inhabitants of South West Africa, are all mcre prosperous and more satisfied than the average inhabitant of my country's critics, viz. India, Pakistan, Ceylon, Ghana and other, in some of which there is severe discrimination on grounds of colour, religion and language? I cordially invite any impartial member of your Organization to visit me privately, and I shall ask the permission of my Government to take such a person to any place which he may choose to see, so that he can reach his own conclusions, and submit his impartial evidence' to you. I request that my letter be distributed amongst all members in U.N.O. (Signed) P. J. Steyn 16-7 25. Petition, by telegram received on 21 September 1961, from Chief Hosea Kutako, Windhoek, South West Africa, to the Secretary-General GOVERNMENT HAS TAKEN ANOTHER PART OF OUR LAND IN WATERBERG NATIVE RESERVE AND IS SOLD TO EUROPEAN FARMER STOP GOVERNMENT SAYS WE CAN TELL UNITED NATIONS IF WE WANT TO STOP WE ASK FOR IMMEDIATE UNITED NATIONS INTERVENTION CHIEF HOSEA KUTAKO 26. Petition, by letter-/ dated 24 August 1961, from Captain H. S. Witbooi and Mr. Willem Fredrik, Gibeon, South West Africa, to the Chairman of the Committee on South West Africa In the first place accept our sincere thanks to you and to your colleagues for the efforts which you have made so far about this country and its people. We wish in the meantime to express our profound diappointrent and grief that the government of the Republic of South Africa has not allowed the Committee on South West Africa which was on its way to come to this country. q/ Original in Nama; translated into English by the Reverend .

A/AC.73/4 English Page 63 Those are the kind of situations which destroy the confidence that we have in the United Nations Organisation as an organisation of nations. It is evident to us that efforts are being made to help countries and peoples who are also under foreign domination like ourselves who, while we have been complaining and petitioning all along are submitting their complaints. This proves to us that the United Nations underestimates the seriousness of the situation that obtains in this country. The many complaints and petitions that were submitted to the United Nations by us two chiefs and other petitioners, and particularly by those sons of this country who came over there and testify, not from what they were told by someone else, but from their personal knowledge and experience as genuine sons of this soil, the conditions under which their parents were born and grew old, and in which they themselves were born and grew up and in which their children have also been born and grew up are sufficient evidences that an action should be taken against this situation if only there was a spirit of willingness to rescue this situation on the part of the distinguished organisation of the United Nations. Our new experience about the United Nations taught us only that the UN does not fully believe our petitions, and that the word of this regime who says that our petitions are "lies" are being given preference above our petitions by the UN. The situation at Hoachanas, apart from the regular conditions which obtain in the country, the seriousness of which have been submitted in so many petitions to the UN, and of which the Rev. M. Kooper himself, who personally went through the humiliations and degradations during the process of that crisis, which unfortunately still continues in that unfortunate place, presented personally to the UN, remains unchanged and as critical and acute as before as if the UN was never told about it at all. Petitions, dealing with instances where the indigenous inhabitants of this country lost their lives at the hands of settler farmers were submitted to the UN. Petitions, dealing in particular with the case of how the indigenous inhabitants lost their lives at the hands of this regime at Windhoek on the 10-11th December 1959, and how the investigation to that case, and the judicial proceedings of that murder were conducted, were all submitted to the UN. I...

A/AC. 73/4 English Page 64 Petitions related to the houses which brought about the above mentioned deaths houses that are being built almost in all the towns in the country without the consent of the people but which the unwilling people are forced to occupy - were all submitted to the UN. We, the indigenous inhabitants of this country red and black, are named BANTU, but not with our happiness. We informed this regime under which we are kept that we rejected being called Bantus, since we know ourselves only as NAMA, HERERO, DAMARA, OVAMBO and SAN, and also because of the fact that we do not want the laws which are being imposed upon those people who are named Bantus to be inflicted upon us. These laws severely suppress all Human Rights and privileges that a person possibly could have. It is this kind of government which imposes such harsh laws upon human beings which entirely deprive one even from the freedoms of thought, speech and movement which says that we are free under its rule. The curriculum of the Bantu Education System devised for the indigenous children is a clear testimony that the devisers of that Syllabus had no intention at all in their minds that even in time to come independence will be granted to the indigenous people of this country. It is a well known fact that any illiterate person has no feeling of frankness and freedom among educated people and that his awareness of his own backwardness leads to the result that such person usually considers himself as inferior to the educated one. This spirit of one considering himself backward in comparison to the next person, and of that complex of inferiority which is not driven into a person by an immediate use of a whip has been implanted deceitfully deep into the veins of our people at a very early stage of contact by the Europeans through European Church Missions by way of suppressing our education. For the benefit of those who implanted it and for the damage and loss of those in whom it was implanted, this spirit is today deeply rooted in our people. This spirit of fear, which is the fruit of the systematically implanted complex of inferiority, has suppressed bravery so that the victim should not have the slightest valiantness even to seek clarity or to inquire into any matter, or to defend himself, or to prove, insofar as the sense of truth and justice that is within him compels him to, that he too is able to do this or that thing as a

A/AC. 73/4 English Page 65 human being. If, by virtue of his education, one has this valiantness, such person is immediately branded as a Communist and as one who investigates the indigenous masses against the whites and the regime, and his movements are severely restricted as it practically happened to one of our sons, Johannes David Gertze at Gibeon on the 12th August 1961, where he was threatened as a Communist by the Welfare Officer at Tses Native Reserve and the police at Gibeon. It is because of the above stated fear that is deeply ingrained in the masses of our people that some people fear to denounce in public as others do the situation in which we all without exception live and of which all of us complain when we are alone by ourselves. This fear of some of us to denounce it, is used by the regime as a piece of propaganda to weaken the truth of those of us who denounce it, and their silence which is the result of the fear of what might be done to them if they speak openly against it, is falsely interpreted as meaning that they are satisfied with the Administration and that those who expose the Administration do so only to incite the others, and that what we say is not true. This is the kind of information that is being given by the Europeans to the overseas countries. If we therefore remain quiet, we do so only because we do not even have the right to reject the falseness of such publicised distorted information. As this cunningly implanted fear is so deeply rooted in some of our prople that they are even afraid to testify against the evils of which they know and talk about only when we are by ourselves it must be understood that as long as this country is under the rule of the South African government this situation will never change among the black and red races of this country. For many years we have informed and complained to the United Nations about these situations created by a Government which we are fully aware will never grant us independence. This is the Government which only and unceasingly stops, suppresses, divides and prevents us on all sides of our social life, but which in the meantime wants us to ask things from it, pretending that it is prepared and willing to give if we ask, but which only keeps us awaiting on never-fulfilled promises of things which we have asked from it for many years. Each time when the question of this country is debated in the United Nations, the South African Government comes up with an argument of "Domestic (Household) Afairs" and ignores any discussion and action concerning the situation by the UN.

A/AC.73/4 English Page 66 We therefore feel inclined to ask:- Are we dead material that is located in his house which he will treat in any manner he likes and in any way he thinks? Are we his children's playground or playmates in whose cry and suffering nobody else will have a say or make an inquiry or have the right to see? Our own and only knowledge about the norms of human society is as follows:If a man shuts the doors of his house and metes out unjust punishment, or tortures his wife, children, or any one under his with the purpose of causing physical injury, the tortured person will cry and the people of the society outside the house have the right by virtue of the fact that the tortured one is a human being, to go there and reprove that man for his cruel action and if he refuses to give heed to such reproof to take further steps against him with the purpose of rescuing the life of the tortured one. And it is through such action of wards by the members of the society outside the house that not only the life of the tortured person is rescued but the owner as well of that house is rescued from the blunder which he was about to commit. This is all we know about an owner of a house and his household if, however, our country is a household of this regime. It is therefore a great surprise to us that the petitions and sighs of so many years which the people sent out from this closed house of our country in which we unfortunately find ourselves is a small matter in the hearts of other nations. Further more:- How far does the United Nations intend to harden our life? What is the deadline the United Nations has set for itself where it will say, it is enough, so far and not any further? Why is the United Nations aggravating our life by merely expecting and collecting reports from a Government, according to what it tells us the United Nations has no right to expect reports from it? What are the kind of nations whose complaints alone move the United Nations to take action? Will the United Nations Organisation regret only on the day when the confidence which we had in it is completely destroyed that it has not make use of the long time that was available to it? And shall it ever be that the destruction of such confidence of many years will grow again quickly? We remember very well that the British Government - which our grant-parents told our parents was a country which recognised the principle of liberty for all

A/AC.73/4 English Page 67 people, and one which was not pleased by unjust treatment of man by man, the sole reason for which they made Treaty with it - kept quiet at our cries, and rather sided with those which abstained if it did not side with those which opposed our course when the question is discussed in the assembly of nations. When is she going to prove the truth of what our grandparents told us about her? Nations which were under her direct rule are granted Independence year after year. But what more can we expect from the British Government after we have seen clearly that it remained so quiet during those years it could have said something when this regime was under the British Crown now that this regime has broken away from her and stands alone by itself? Many have already died without the slightest enjoyment of liberty and shall we also die in that situation? Shall we pass all the years of our life through this oppression where we cannot even move freely unless we have a pass which we are given in many cases only after hard struggle? As far as health is concerned, the cemetries of the yellow, black and white races who live in this country will eloquently witness and speak for themselves which section of the population is given good medical treatment and treated with proper medicine. There is no denying the fact that good medicine is expensive. It is therefore obvious that if the people are denied proper education from the beginning the chances to find and perform jobs that pay are, and will always be, closed to them. They therefore do not earn enough money to be able to buy those expensive medicines which bring health and life even though they desire health and life. They cannot be given the medicine on credit because they will not be able to pay for it even afterward. These are all premeditated things. When we tell these things to the United Nations it is said that we are blackening the white race. As all people are not necessarily by accident like-mannered, if a Doctor or a Nurse, a regular Police or a Sergeant, a Magistrate, a Location Superintendent or a Welfare Officer of reserves make us feel as human beings by way of his or her treatment or approach, such person is usually removed within two or three months. But those who are extremely brutal and do not look at us as human beings stay on for years. We do not know why these things are happening but they are so in truth.

A/AC.73/4 English Page 68 A step taken by a great many number of parents who, as a result of failure of their request and expectation that better education will be given to their children, finally decided to break away from the former white Church Mission and join the world-over known African Methodist Episcopal Church, but who temporarily left their children behind in the previous Mission Schools for 2 and one-half years with the hope that the situation would change, only after which they opened the A.M.E. Private Schools, is interpreted by the regime and the white section as a serious crime against the white race, and for that reason these schools are not subsidized by the Administration until this day. A condition that is being offered to them, while the teachers are not paid, and the children pay full prices for their books, is that if they appoint a European manager for their schools and indicate their preparedness to accept the Bantu Curriculum for their schools, their schools will be recognised. All these difficulties too have been already submitted to the United Nations. As far as franchise right and other related privileges are concerned, it is said that we are stupid (incapable) to exercise such rights, and that for that reason these rights cannot be given to us. But why should it be said of us today that we are stupid or incapable to exercise such rights? What then is the product of the 40 years of the South African Government's RULE after the Mandate was given to it in addition to the German Administration? If therefore after its rule of so many years this regime should say today that we are stupid to enjoy this or that privilege then it is only obvious that nothing whatsoever can be expected from this regime, because through the same breath with which it says that we are foolish it also testifies that it has done nothing and that it has ruled our country and its people with the intention that they will not enjoy these privileges. It is with considered determination that we, the Nama leaders, representing the entire Nama race, have unanimously requested the South African Government in a meeting which we had recently to surrender the administration of our country to the United Nations Organization. It is our burning desire and request that the administration of our country be taken over from the South African Government, bunot to be given to an organisation which gave this country to the South African

A/AC.73/4 English Page 69 Government as a Mandatory but which was unable to z;iiiervise its administration but that it be given to such countries which will within a time of a few years place the people of our country on an equal footing with our black sister nations. If what has been said here becomes known to the regime it will turn to us as death. With these complaints we have added to the aggravation of the situation under which we live. We sincerely hope that the distinguish organisation shall at this session bring this question to an immediate and satisfactory end. We remaia yours on behalf of all who wish to associate themselves with you. (Signed) H.S. Witbooi Willem Fredrik Please recognise without hesitation our sons who are over seas and the Reverend as our duly authorised spokesmen. *

A/AC.73/4 English Page 70 27. Petition, by letter dated 10 October 1961, from Mr. Erasmus ja Erastus Mbumba, Secretary SWAPO, Luderitz, South West Africa, to the President of the General Assembly My peoples thier are Damaras, Ovambos, Hereros, Namas, are demand, 1. end of SA Government in our Territory, 2. the righten of our Petitioners this time, 3. Election this Year. Independence 1962. For more than 40 years we live under the Slave law of and racial discrimination known as apartheid. We will never forget, the massacre of Windheek where our Brothers and Sisters was shot dead by the SA Police on the night of 10th. and llth. December 1959, 11 dead and more than 50 wounded. The arrest, deportations and detention of the Leaders and Members of SWAPO, are well known in the whole SWA. We also demand of the righten of our Saving Bank Book application forms membership card of 3rd. May, 1961. This African States must get Independence, Uganda, Kenya, Rhodesia Nyasaland, Algeria, South West Africa, South-Africa, Angola, and many others as well. Please pay an attention to those Petitioners at UN, we send them there for the case of our country. I am hoping to hear from you Sir, Long Live Tndependence of EWA, 1962, Long live Africa as a whole, Yours in struggle, (SWAPO Secretary) Erasmus ja Erastus Mbumba. /..

A/AC. 73/4 English Page 71 PETITIONS RELATING, IhTER ALIA, TO THE SITUATION IN THE WINDHOEK LOCATION t 28. Petition, by letter dated 16 August 1960, and enclosures, from Mr. C. Kapuuo for Chief Hosea Kutako, Windhoek, South West Africa, to the Secretary-General Enclosed please find copies of letters from the South West Africa Administration, the Union of South Africa and a copy of a statement of the Advisory Board meeting. (Signed) C. Kapuuo for Chief Hosea Kutako. Enclosure A. COPY No. P.13 UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, Private Bag 114, Union Buildings, PRETORIA. 25 July 1960. Mr. Hosea Kutako, P.O. Box 1034, WINDHOEK. S.W.A. Sir, I have to refer to your letter of the 22nd June, 1960, addressed to the Honourable the Administrator of South West Africa, and to inform you that as the Rev. Michael Scott has been declared a prohibited immigrant the Department is unable to accede to your request. Yours faithfully, (Signed) SECRETARY FOR ThE INTERIOR. LP. /AN.

A/AC.73/4 English Page 72 Enclosure B. COPY No. A.S.50/2/3/2. SUIDWES-AFRIKA/SOUTH WEST AFRICA Kantoor van die Administrateur, Office of the Administrator, WINDHOEK. 28/7/60. Senior Headman Hosea Kutako, P.O. Box 1054, WINDHOEK. Greetings, 1. With reference to your letter of the 25th July, 1960, I return herewith copy of the petition forwarded under cover thereof and at the request of the Prime Minister have to inform you that the Union Government cannot concede that the inhabitants of South West Africa have the right to address petitions to the United Nations Organisation or that there is any obligation on the Union Government to forward petitions to the Organisation. 2. The petitioners have, of course, in common with other South African citizens, the subject's right of petition to the highest legislative and administrative authority in the land. 3. If this right is correctly exercised, the proper procedure would be to address a petition to the Union Government through His Honour the Administrator. Although this is the correct procedure, it would not be insisted upon if any petitioner preferred to forward a petition direct to the Union Government. 4. The Administration is in agreement with the views of the Union Government in this regard. Greetings, (Signed) Acting SECRETARY FOR SOUTH TEST AFRICA. ..

A/AC.73/4 English Page 73 Enclosure C. The following statement was made at a meeting held on Sunday the 24th July, 1960 where there were 556 people. At this meeting only two people voted in favcur of the reopening of the Beer Hall, Bus and Cinema. Their names are: 1. Willem Kahere, 2. Johannes Henguva. Last year the Africans decided to boycott the Beer Hall, Bus and Cinema the Bioscope because certain people were assaulted by Municipal Police for refusing to have their houses evaluated. The African people are still being indirectly forced to move to Katututra They are being forced in the following ways: Municipal employees have been dismissed because they refused to reside at Katutura. Their names are: Ewald Kamapunga Leonhardt Kazondina Emmanuel Katjinamunene Alex Nguzerua Felix Kokati Benhardt Uaendere Johannes Kamubanga Fritz Oxurub Alex Nowoteb. Thimon Katjerungu. Alex Zemuundja The white Municipal employer who dismissed them was Mr. 0.V. Plichter. A qualified African tailor Mr. Alestarkus Tjivikua who was trained at the Augustineum at Okahandja was not allowed to reside in Windhoel: because his parents are in the old Location. Ujhen Alestarkus arrived in Windhoek, Mr. Potgieter the Superintendent of Locations told him to go and seek work before he could be allowed to reside in -Uindhoek. He was also told to come with his parents to Mr. Potgieter. After he got a job, he came with his parent (Mr. Theodore Tjiriange) to Mr. Potgieter. Mr. Potgieter asked the parent whether he had moved to Katutura or whether he had his house evaluated. Theodore replied no. Mr. Potgieter said, "You are the people who refuse to go to Katutura and I can therefore not help you." Prieska Kanjaa (Herero Section 2). Her terporal employer was told by Mr. Potgieter Superintendent of Locations that her servant Tculd be allowed to reside in Windhcek only if she agreed to reside at Xatutura. I...

A/AC .73/4 English Page 74 Some residents of the old Location who have been outside Windhoek on a visit were not allowed to return to Windhoek and they have been ordered to leave permanently. e.g. Cleophas Mbura. Some residents of the old Location who ask for permits to seek work are denied such permits and they are ordered to leave Windhoek with no charge against them. e.g. Alphons Kutako, Twoboy Kandjou. Some of the regulations which were intended for Katutura and to which we objected were introduced into the old Locations. Some of them demands that a visitor from outside Windhoek should report immediately on his arrival to the Pass Office even in the middle of the night. Names of Africans who were arrested for failing to report at the Pass Office are: Kambangane Ndjoze, Nauro Ndjombe and Arnold Kamupingens. The Government says that the people are not compelled to move to Katutura and that they move voluntarily, but in practice they are forced to move. So the people feel that the boycott must continue because they are still being forced to go to Katutura. -hile the Beer Hall itself is a bad sight to see such as seeing thousands of men and women being under the influence of liquor, it is inhuman for a decent person to sit and drink in a place where his people have been shot and killed. Further-more, we observe today that the closing of the Beer Hall is a relief because there are almost no fights and drunkenness such as those which existed when the Beer Hall was open. /71 VJ 29. Petition, by letter dated 19 August 1960, from Chief Hosea Kutako, Windhoek, South West Africa, to the Secretary-General I wish to inform you that between seven and eight hundred Africans of the old location will be deported from Windhcek shortly. The object of the deportation is to break the power of the Africans in South West Africa who refused to be removed from their homes to the new segregated Locations such as Katutura. We appeal to you to take immediate action to prevent these deportations. Meanwhile the Africans are not allowed to built houses in the old location. Africans who were building houses in the old 7,indhcek location were threatened with arrest by the Police. /I.

A/AC. 73/4 English Page 75 The Government is determined to remove the Africans to Katutura in accordance with her racial discriminatory laws and we are equally determined never to succumb to APARTHEID - that to move to Katutura. So the situation is very critical and is bound to have serious consequences. It can only be saved by the PRESENCE of the United Nations in South West Africa. The presence of the United Nations in South West Africa is now absolutely necessary. It should be uppermost in the minds of member states and should be brought into effect without further delay. It is our firm believe that the Union Government's humiliation of Africans and the defiance of United Nations resolutions are caused by the absence of the United Nations in South West Africa. Although the passing of resolutions condeming the Union of South Africa is important, the United Nations should not overlook the importance of establishing its presence in South West Africa. It is no wonder that after the killing of the twelve Africans by the Government forces on the 10 December 1959 the common question put to the Africans by the Europeans was, "Did you think the United Nations wculd help you?" The entire African population in South West Africa has no vote and has no rights in their country. Political rights are in the hands of the Europeans although they are in the minority and the decision to deport the eight hundred Africans was taken by the Europeans. One is bound to ask the question, "What right have the Europeans to decide matters affecting the Africans in the absence of the Africans?" It is our earnest hope that the necessity of bringing the United Nations presence to this country will be considered by the General Assembly during the coming session. (Signed) Hosea Kutako 50. Petition, by letter dated 24 September 1960, from Chief Hosea Kutako and Chief Samuel Witbooi, South I,1est Africa Peoples Organization, Windhoek, South West Africa, to the Secretary-General Further to our petition of the 14th September, 1960,11 we wish to state that the Government of the Union of South Africa is going ahead with its direct _/ See iTo. 4 above. A/AC 73/4 English Page 76 methods of forcing the Africans to move from their homes to the hated Katutura Location. One of these methods is to cause the present African residential area to be a dirty place. Nowadays refuse is not cleared from the present African residential area although the Africans pay taxes for this purpose. Refuse in the African residential area has accumulated so much that the whole area has become a very dirty and unhealthy place. Mr. Esau Kandji an African, was deported-from Windhcek yesterday in accordance with the Government scheme to deport 800 Africans from Windhoek. Cur numerous petitions to the United Nations and the reports of the United Nations Committee on South West Africa contain the state of affairs of the situation in South West Africa. This policy has not been in existence for a year or some years, but it has been in existence ever since South West Africa became a Mandate under the Union of South Africa. The practice has become the way of life of the Apartheid - minded European rulers of South West Africa. It stands to reason that such a policy cannot be changed by resolutions merely condemning or calling upon the Union Government to change those policies. It is our earnest hope that the present session of the United Nations will embark upon an entirely new approach and will pass resolutions that will bring the United Nations presence to South West Africa immediately. (Signed) Hosea Kutako 31. Petition, by letter dated 5 December 1960, and enclosure, from Chief Hosea Kutako and Chief Samuel Witbooi, South West Africa Peoples Organization, Wqindhoek, South West Africa, to the Secretary-General We wish to draw your attention to some new developments in South West Africa. 1s from the 21st November, 1960 armed Police are patrolling the old Windhcek Location clay and night. On the 1st December, 1960 the Windhoek Chief Magistrate declared that he had reasons to apprehend that the public peace would be seriously endangered by the assembly of public gatherings of Africans groups in public places (we enclosed a copy of his declaration). On cur -art we have no intention of breaking the peace or of creating violence of any sort. On the contrary, the Government is creating dangerous situation which the Chief agistrate interpreted as being created by African gatherings.

A/AC. 73/4 English Page 77 The patrolling of the Police in the location and around the location is very dangerous and threatening to the African public. As a result, the Africans are so restless and are expecting the same shootings as that of last December at any moment. As we can guage from the movement of the Police and armed Forces of the Union Government in the territory, the situation is explosive. For many times we have been asking the United Nations to take some immediate steps to rescue us from being killed - but the killing of Africans by Europeans and the Government is continuing day by day. ,e still ask the United Nations to send a commission to South -West Africa to bring an end to these shootings and killings. We ask you to treat this matter as very urgent. (Signed) Hosea Kutako P.S. Following the declaration of the state emergency on 21st Nov. 1960, units of Union Defence Force carried on maneauvres on Saturday night 3rd December 1960 to the South of the town. Enclosure PROHIBITION BY THE MAGISTRATE, WINDHOEK, OF PUBLIC GATHERINGS IN TERMS OF SECTION l(1) OF ORDINANCE 9 OF 1930. XHEREAS, I, CARL LOUIS HAGER, Magistrate of the district of Windhoek, have reason to apprehend that the public peace would be seriously endangered by the assembly of public gatherings of Bantu groups in public places within the limits of Jurisdiction of the Municipality of Uindhoek; NOv THREFORE, by virtue of the special authority of His Honour the Administrator of South West Africa and the powers vested in me by the provisions of sub-section (1) of section one of the Riotous Assemblies and Criminal Law Amendment Ordinance, 1930 (Ordinance 9 of 1930), I do hereby prohibit the assembly of public gatherings by the Bantu groups concerned in any public places within the limits of jurisdiction of the Municipality of Uindhoek, as follows:(a) for conducting any Memorial Service during the month of December, 1960; (b) any gathering on the 10th December, 1960. I...

A/AC. 73/4 English Page 78 TAKE NOTICE that any person who, after publication of this prohibition and in contravention thereof, convenes a public meeting in a public place, or who presides at or addresses a public gathering the assembly whereof in a public place has been prohibited under this prohibition, shall be guilty of an offence, unless he satisfies the Court that he had no knowledge of the prohibition, a~d shall be liable on conviction to imprisonment for a period not exceeding three months, and on second and subsequent conviction to imprisonment not exceeding six months. (Signed) C.L. HAGER CHIEF MAGISTRATE, ',INDHOEK DISTRICT 32. Petition, by letter dated 17 December 1960, from the Reverend Michael Scott, Africa Bureau, London, to the Chairman of the Committee on South West Africa I should be grateful for an opportunity of making a statement to your Committee when it meets and before it leaves for South West Africa on the mission entrusted to it by the Fifteenth session of the Assembly. May I quote from a letter I have received from Chief Hosea Kutako dated at Windhoek Dec. 6th 1960 and enclosing a copy of a prohibition against meetings of African by the Magistrate of Uindhoek under sec 1(1) of 1930 which you will also have received directly from him. The relevant extracts from the Chiefs letter addressed to me as follows:"Thanks very much for the letter and documents which reached me safely here. The communications came in my absence while I went to attend a Government Tribal meeting at K:aterberg Native Reserve presided over by Mr. D. Blignaut on his return from the U.N.O. Assembly. I was delighted to have these informations from you. As I write to answer to your letter the situation is tense in the country. I do not know where it will lead us. A state of emergency has been declared in Windhoek by the Chief Magistrate Mr. Hager. Armoured cars are patrolling the Locations during night hours. The Units of the Defence Force are manoeuvring with automatic weapons and guns to the south of the town. Here is an undeclared war of extermination which the United Nations treat at their own time. A crushing death - like that in the Congo - and a slow death - like the one in South West Africa are both death; they must be treated in the same way. I...

A/AC . 73/4 English Page 79 Mr. B. Blignaut told the tribal meeting that killings of the Africans by Europeans and vice versa occur because each section does not trust the other. And that there came word to the Government and the Europeans that the Hereros are preparing to attack the Europeans in the country, and that Europeans are living in great fear. It might be true but the fact is that no African ever killed an European by cold blood, with the exception of Mr. Sande (a criminal 19 years) who was hanged recently for shooting a European; while for the past six months almost a dozen African were shot at, killed or wounded by Europeans. May I bring to your knowledge that your friend Festus Kandjou passed away after a very short illness. May God's choicest blessings keep you redounding to His glory on &arth. With good wishes and prayers, Yours signed:Hosea Kutako" I will forward a copy of the Magistrate's prohibition referred to above if this has not yet been received by you. I trust this will receive the urgent attention of the Committee and be made the subject of recommendation to the present session of the Assembly, after investigation if possible during its forthcoming visiting mission to South West Africa. (Signed) Michael Scott Reverend Michael Scott. P.S. I note that to-Days date is the fortieth anniversary of that on which South Africa was entrusted with the Mandate as a sacred trust by the League Council. 33. Petition, by letter dated 21 December 1960, from Mr. Mburumba Kerina, New York, to the Chairman of the Committee on South Uest Africa Your Petitioners have since their appearance before the Committee on South West Africa and the Fourth Committee of the Fifteenth General Assembly stated that the situation has deteriorated in South Uest Africa, that the presence of the United Nations has to be established to restore peace and security in our country. ..

A/AC. 73/4 English Page 80 Enclosed find copy of the declaration of the state of emergency in our country-/ for the Committee's immediate consideration. (Signed) Mburumba Kerina Mburumba Kerina 34. Petition, by cablegram received on 10 February 1961, from Mr. Kozonguizi, London, to the Committee on South West Africa PRESS REPORT SEVENTEEN AFRICAN SA TO BE CHARGED W-ITH PUBLIC VIOLENCE FOR 1959 ::INDHOEK RIOTS PLEASE INVESTIGATE KOZONGUIZI I7I4 35. Petition, by cablegram received on 12 April 1961, from Chief Hosea Kutako, Chief Samuel WTitbooi, South Uzest Africa Peoples Organization, Windhoek, South W.est Africa, to the Secretary-General POLICE ;ERE SENT TODAY TO TELL AFRICANS OF OLD LOCATION TO MOVE TO KATUTURA STOP WE ARE DETERMINED NOT TO MOVE STOP TAKE IMMEDIATE ACTIONS BEFORE IT IS TOO LATE STOP CHIEF HOSEA KUTAKO CHIEF SAMUEL WITBOOI SOUTHWESTAFRICA PEOPLES ORGANIZATION 36. Petition, by letter dated 10 May 1961, from Chief Hosea Kutako, 1-73 Chief Samuel Witbooi, South }Test Africa Peoples Organization, Windhoek, South West Africa, to the Secretary-General Further to our cable of the 3rd May 1961, we wish to inform you that 30 to 50 police armed with automatic weapons raided the old Location on the 3rd of May 1961. They searched the homes of some Africans and removed documents and letters. l/ The enclosure entitled "Prohibition by the Magistrate, Windhoek, of Public gatherings in terms of section I(1) of Ordinance 9 of 1930" is identical with that contained in the letter from the South West Africa People's Organisation reproduced as No. 31 above.

/ A/AC.73/4 English Page 81 The Africans whose homes were raided and searched were: Mr. Lucas Nepela President of the South W ,est Africa Peoples Organization, Mr. Clement Kapuuo Deputy Chief of the Herero tribe, the Reverend Bartholomew Karuaera national Secretary of the Chiefs' Council and tribal Secretary of the Herero tribe. Mr. Levy Nganjone a teacher and also a member of the Chiefs' Council, Mr. David.Meroro a member of the Chiefs' Council, Zedekia Ngavirue, and Mr. John Muundjua. On the 4th May, 1961, a convoy comprising police in saracens and pick-up vans armed with automatic weapons and revolvers travelled through the old Location and Katutura. The situation in South West Africa is still critical. The people of South 7. est Africa were very much pleased with the decision of the United Nations to send a Commission to South West Africa to make an on the spot investigation. But the reports that the Commission intends to visit Bechuanaland and Angola in the event of the Union of South Africa not giving visas were received with great disappointment. 7e fail to see the reason why an international Commission should decide to go to Bechuanaland and Angola instead of coming to South West Africa because the Government of the Union of South Africa continues to ignore and defy the world organization. 7e strongly advise the Committee to come direct to South Iest Africa. We are quite certain that the Commission will not be able to meet with people from South Vest Africa if it limits its visit to neighbouring territories because the Government does not allow or grant travelling documents to Africans who intend to visit territories outside South West Africa. The Africans of South West Africa have no access to the neighbouring territories and the boundaries of South West Africa are strongly guarded by the police. The United Nations should not think that the situation in South W-est Africa is similar to that which existed in Hungary io 1956, where the United Nations Commission could meet with Hungarians in the countries near Hungary. I...

A/AC .73/4 English Page 82 Ue are looking forward to meet the United Nations Commission in South vest Africa. (Signed) Hosea Kutako 1. Chief Hosea Kutako 2. Chief Samuel Witbooi 3. South West Africa Peoples Organization.

A/AC. 73/4 English Page 83 PETITIONS RELATING, INTER ALIA, TO CONDITIONS IN OVAMBOLAND 37. Petition, by undated letter, from Ovamboland Peoples Organization, Cape Town, South Africa, to the Secretary-General Much Greetings. With honour and humility before you and saying, As we had heard your forthcoming to S. Africa near future. However, YTe hereby beg you with question whether your visiting will have ended here in Union of S. Africa or will be continuing as far as S.'-. Africa, as well as to a Native reserve called Ovamboland. But in that case Kindly let us know immediately as we want to anticipate and prepare by emphasizing most of our people who are in future prospect and are expecting to be freed from Union Government which enslaving we Natives of S..A. and Y-e therefore require If We could be fall under U.N. Trusteeship Committee. from U. Government however, Y-e Should like to give you this information that, If you will be calling on a such Native reserve which mentioned in this letter, and calling on the chiefs thereof for questioning them, it pays nothing, but young people it will be the best of all. Because our chiefs are the Government appointed chiefs, and are even in very ignorance and being influenced by Government officials in territory, Who are now even acting in Ovamboland persuading the chiefs by fobbing them off with bribes, on behalf of this reason not to pay attention to any visitor from foreign Government, as Europe but particularly America. But there are some of Chiefs want to take part to us but afraid of authorities to acting against them and to take even their possessions away from them. However, even 'e Ovambos herein Cape Town have smuggled by writing you this letter and posting it to you through in the name of a Kindly and Gentleman Mr. Patrick Duncan, a Leader of Liberal party in S. African politics, who always tries to aid or help us, by his kindness onto us. however, as le have no so much to tell you we could believe that, you know more much better about the gist of S.A. Government policy. SIR", ',hat can more we say. (Signed) Illegible

A/AC. 73/4 English Page 84 V Igo 38. Petition, by letter dated 16 September 1960, from Mr. Simon Shivute, Acting Secretary-General, South West Africa Peoples Organization, 7indhoek, South West Africa, to the Secretary-General Regarding the statement issued by headman Nehemia of the Ukuanjama Tribe to the Union Minister of Bantu Administration and Development Mr. D. de Wet Nel in Ovamboland last month, the South W.est Africa Peoples Organisation would like to make it known that it is not strange whatsoever that Nehemia has said that. In the first place Mr. Nehemia was never of the Royal family nor is he an elected chief of the Ukuanjama Tribe. He was formally a policeman of the South African Government. Owing to the fact that he became a very strong supporter of the Government of the Union of South Africa in its illtreatment of the African people, he was then promoted to what is being regarded as the higher rank - that of an Official Interpreter. Under this position as well, Nehemia never showed a sympathetic attitude towards his fellow Africans but he continued to favour the evil treatment meted out to the African people by the Government of the Union of South Africa. This again resulted in him being appointed by the Government as headman against the will of the Ukuanjawa people. The Tkuanjama people do not regard Nehemia as their chief or representative in any way and he therefore has no backing of anybody except Government Officials who use him as a tool with which to suppress the Ovambo people. The Ukuanjama people are powerless to discharge him because they are even denied the right to choose their own representatives or chiefs from among the people whom they trust. Since Chief Mandume of the Ukuanjama Tribe has been disthroned and killed by Union Government and Portuguese Government forces on the 7 February 1917, the Ukuanjama Tribe has not a chief or any other National representative elected by themselves. They are being ruled by Government appointed headmen who carry out decisions dictated to them by the Government officials and which the people have no authority to disapprove. Secondly, a month before Mr. de -et Nel could visit South est Africa, Nehemia and the other headmen in Ovamboland were warned by Government officials that a big boss was due to visit them and that they must not show any opposition to -is visit because he was very dangerous and that if they happened to sow opposition to this visit or deliver unfavourable speeches, they might land themselves into an unfavourable situation.

A/AC. 73/4 English Page 85 Nehemia and the other headmen in the Ukuanjama area, despite the fact that they were Government puppets, did not quite grasp the meaning of being landed in an unfavourable situation. Shortly afterwards, a Union Government's aircraft carrying armed police arrived in Ovamboland. This aircraft and the armed police thereon, threatened the people in Ovambolaiid to realise the meaning of the said funfavourable situation' and the strength of the GROOT BAAS (Big Boss). After the departure of the Union Government's Armed Police, the headmen were told by the Welfare Officer that they should not allow people whom they know of opposing the Government policy to attend the meeting. These warnings were succeeded by the arrest of one of the strong men of the South Vest Africa Peoples Organisation in Ovamboland Mr. Elieser Tuhadelini. He was handcuffed and sent to a remote place in the extreme north of Ovamboland just near the border and is being kept there under arrest. Most of the people who attended the Mr. de Wet Nel's meeting were unable to challenge the speech delivered by Nehemia on account of fear of being ill-treated in the same manner in which Mr. Tuhadelini has been treated by the Government of the Union of South Africa. Finally, the South 'est Africa Peoples Organisation would like to make it clear that the Ovambo people in Ovamboland like all the other indigenous population of the Mandated Territory of South West Africa are not in favour of the Government of the Union of South Africa and they are being intimidated by the Union Government in many inhuman ways such as the compulsion of being represented by Government appointed chiefs and headmen whom the people distrust. 77e strongly appeal to the United Nations to take immediate steps during the forthcoming session of the General Assembly of the United Nations to rescue us from this oppressive Government of the Union of South Africa and to place the Mandated Territory of South "est Africa under the Trusteeship System of the United Nations so that the distressed African people of South -est Africa can gain assistance from the various specialised agencies of the United Nations and to bring to an end these inhuman and unnecessary deportations of our leaders before all of our people have been completely deported out of their country and to bring to an end these intimidations by which our fellow men are turned to become co- oppressors of their fellow Africans. ...

A/AC. 75/4 English Page 86 ,e furthermore request the United Nations to allow the Rev. Michael Scott, Messrs. Mburumba Kerina, Sam Nujoma, Phanuel Kozonguizi and Jacob Kuhangua to give evidence before the General Assembly of the United Nations on behalf of the South West Africa Peoples Organisation.i/ Yours faithfully, (Signed) Simon Shivute ACTING SECRETARY-GENERAL OF THE SOUTH WEST AFRICA PEOPLES ORGANISA. 39. Letter dated 26 September 1961, from Messrs. Sam Nujoma, President, South West Africa Peoples Organization, Mr. Jacob Kuhangua and Mr. MLurumba Kerina, New York, to the Committee on South WTest Africa concerning the petition reproduced as No. 38 above I hereby transmit the enclosed petition-/ from SPAFO of which I have been informed that a copy has been dispatched to the Committee. I wish to make known to the United Nations through the Committee on South est Africa that the only authorized spokesmen for SWAPO are Messrs. Mburumba Kerina, Jacob Kuhangua and Sam Nujoma. An error has been made in the petition now under consideration namely, that Mr. Fanuel Kozonguizi is not a member of SWAFO and as such could not be a spokesman for SWAPO. Kindly omit his name when recording the said petition. The last paragraph of the said petition shouLd be read as corrected. (Signed) Sam Nujoma, President for S.YJ.A.P.O. (Signed) Jacob Kuhangua \Signed) Mburumba Kerina I See also letter reproduced as No. 39 below. 2I The authors enclosed a photostat copy of the petition reproduced as No. 18 above, except that a blank space replaced the name of Mr. Kozonguizi. A/AC.73/4 English Page 87 jgz 40. Petition, by letter dated 24 October 1960, from the Acting Secretary, South 'lest Africa Peoples Organization, V.Tindhoek, South West Africa, to the Secretary-General We wish to inform you that the Union Government has taken some Headmen and their Secretaries from Ovamboland and the Okavango to Pretoria in the Union of South Africa and nobody knows what was the real object of their visit to Pretoria. They are Headmen Nehemia Shovaleka, Elia Ueyulu, Vilho Ueyulu, Johannes Shikuza, Varombola Kalomo, Gabriel Kautuima (Tribal Secretary for the Ukuanyama) and their private Secretaries from the Ukuanyama. Uillipard Ushona and 8 other men from Ongandjele and 14 men from the Okavango. These men are all Government appointed Headmen and their Secretaries and they do not represent the real will of the African people in their respective areas. We are suspicious that they might possibly be forced to sign any agreement with the Union Government while in Pretoria wether to partition South West Africa or to declare that the African people of South West Africa have faith in the Government of the Union of South Africa as Headman Nehemia of Ukuanyama has already done in his speech to Mr. De wet Nel the Union Minister of Bantu Administration and Development. Refer to our previous letter of September 1960. We would therefore like to emphasise that if they happen to sign any such agreement with the Union Government the United Nations should not regard such an agreement as valid because even the people whom they pretend to represent know nothing about their yourney to Pretoria. Y.e further would like to inform you that there were two European Veterinarians in the Ukuanyama area and one day during September, 1960, they went out for work in the area and in the course of the day one of them came back to their camping place and found Mr. Jeremia Nangolo an Ovambo who wa6 their cook already having prepared their meals. The vetrinarian ate all the food without leaving something for his companion and went out again. WIhen the other man came he asked Jeremia about his meal. Jeremia explained to him that the other man ate the food but the Veterinarian would not listen to Jeremia and accused him of stealing the food. He then took a piece of iron and beat Jeremia with it and took him to Hosrital where he !'Jeremia) died three days later. After the death of Jeremia, the Chief Welfare Officer of Cshikango in the /. .

A/AC,73/4 English Page 88 Ukuanyama area Mr. Strydom went to Etomba where the two Veterinarians camped and took the Veterinarian who was responsible for the death of Jeremia and nothing is known to the Ovambos about the whereabout of that man. Another incident we wish to bring to your notice is the dismissal of Mr. Thomas H.S. Nepaya who was a Secretary for the late Chief Kambonde in the Telfare Office at Ondangua in Ovamboland. Mr. Bepaya was found with a membership card of the South West Africa Peoples Organisation in his possession by the 7,,elfare Officer of. Ondangua Mr. C.B. Richter and was dismissed from his job merely because he was found with a SWAF0O membership card while in a Union Government service. e earnestly ask the United Nations to take immediate steps to place South West Africa under the Trusteeship System of U.N. and to bring its presence to South r est Africa which is the only way to end these killings and intimidations by the Union Government upon our people. ACTING SECRETARY FOR THE SOUTH WEST AFRICA PEOPLES ORG. ...

A/AC. 73/4 English Page 89 PETITIONS RELATING, INTER ALIA, TO CONDITIONE IN THE WARMBAD NATIVE RESERVE 41. Petition, by letter dated 15 September 1960, from Mr. Johannes Christian and other inhabitants of the Warmbad Native Reserve, South W1est Africa, to Members of the United Nations PETITION We beg to send this petition on behalf of the non-white inhabitants of the Uarmbad Reserve in South West Africa. The lamentable situation of the oppression in which we are living is not so easy to describe. The present position is too sad and that is that the white farmers and even the whites of the towns nearby are always on guard in the field and at the ports of the road in order to kill us while we are on journey. They are fully armed against us and their Pass-Laws are so strict and prevent to move freely. It is terrible for us to find us in such a position. Many instances may be named. But we ask the UNO that the land be given back to us robbed by the German Government. Please help us and place the land under the guardianship of the United Nations Organisation very soon. (Signed) Johannes Christian V illem Christian Jan Veldskeen Stephanus Christian Jacob Christian Jacobus Christian l_ This petition was enclosed in the same envelope as the petition reproduced as No. 5 above. I...

A/AC. 73/4 English Page 90 42. Petition, by letter dated 17 September 1960, from Mr. Johannes Christiaan and others in Warmbad Native Reserve, South West Africa, to representatives of the South West Africa question in the United Nations aLd the Good Offices Commission ';e are a beloved people of Africa. We request this international Organization to place our country South vest Africa under the United Nations without delay and without placing us in the hands of the Union. ,e want to be put under United Nations trusteeship immediately. In thus expressing our wish, we state that we are deeply worried about the situation in our country. The Red Nation of the Warmbad District want their country back. (Signed) on behalf of Johannes Christiaan Willem Christiaan Jacobus Christiaan Johannes Stefanus Christiaan Jan Veldskoen Jacob Christiaan fe are the true leaders of our people in !armbad District South West Africa. Transmitted to the United Nations by letter dated 5 October 1960 from Mr. Jariretundu Kozonguizi, President, South Lest Africa National Union, London. I..

A/AC. 73/4 English Page 91 PETITION RELATING, INTER ALIA, TO CONDITIONS IN THE HOACHANAS NATIVE RESERVE 45. Petition, by letter dated 9 January 1961, and enclosure from Mr. Johannes Dausab and others, Hoachanas, South West Africa, to the Committee on South West Africa PETITION URGENT REQUEST Unchangeable persecution to us from the Administration and of the Government of the territory, we urgent your voices and action immediately. The situation at Hoachanas continually do not change. On the 15th day of Nov. 1960, a Police at DERM Mr. Hemelton brought a message of the sergeant at DERM Mr. Allwagen (both are newcomers to that station) for the pass-issuer Mr. Matheus Kooper said, That he Mr. Mat. Kooper should not issue any pass no more. But we let him wrote, for there was no reason of the refusal given. Two days ago, we heard what the sergeant had to say. He said, That if he meet one of us without the pass he certainly will arrest him, according to the law and vice versa. The pass-issuer shall then put into the gaol or ejected as they did with Rev. Kooper. It means that we will be force to take the pass of the BantuSystem and in that way, this is a plotting of the farmers and the Administration against us, and also to contemplate the evidences of Rev. Kooper at the UNO. When they saw that the pas was continualy written, they wrote a so-called official letter from the Administrator through the Magistrate of Rehoboth to the Derm's Office and the sergeant Mr. Allwagen serve a letter the 29th of Dec., 1960 on Mr. Mat. Kooper. The paper is an Official Paper, but the words are of peculiaridy ploting at all. Because no reason of the withdrawal was given we asked the Administrator in a letter what the matter is. But so far we receive no answer from. The most important sentence of the letter is, Any pass may not issue-by you but its refer not to some one. What a cunning? And what are all these things from the side of the Administration means. Sirs, Let the Administration give us back our properties and our human-rihts belonging to us and every creature.

A/AC .73/4 English Page 92 Hoping Your cooperation to safeguard us from this intolerable case. A copy of the Magistrate's letter in Africans is hereto annex. Signed Joh. Dausab Gert Pienaar Simon Kooper Franz Nakhon Ernst Amon Taseb Daniel Dausab E.P. Afrikaner J. Nakhom J. Decnas Johannes F. Kooper Frans Goakeb "t illegible J. Nuganab A copy of this letter is also submitted through the Administration for resubmitting. Enclosure-' No. N 1/10/4 SOUTH WEST AFRICA OFFICE OF THE MAGISTRATE REHOBOTH 1 December 1960 Matheus Kooper HOACHi-NAS. Greetings, Please be informed that the Administrator has cancelled, with effect from 21 November 1960, your authority to issue passes. Consequently no further passes may be issued by you. Greetings, (Signed) (illegible) MAGISTFATE REHOBOTH, SOUTH WEST AFRICA _/ Original copy of the letter in Afrikaans.

A/AC.73/4 English Page 93 PETITIONS RELATING, INTER ALIA, TO THE REHOBOTH GEBIET 44. Petition, by letter dated 16 September 1960, and enclosures from Messrs. J.G. Diergaardt, F.C. Junius, J. Beukes, M. Dentlinger and C. Oliver, Rehoboth, South West Africa, to the Secretary-General As a sovereign people, we have enjoyed self-rule and equality during the regime of German Occupationi of S.W.A. These rights were recognized in the early years of the Mandate by the Union Government, when they had taken the administration under the League of Nations. Our rights under Paragraph 22 of the Mandate and our Paternal Laws have gradually been impaired, and those of the white Kaptein, the representative of the Union Government, increased, with the result that Apartheid is today being enforced on us. This is a flagrant denial of the injunction "to safeguard the sacred trust of civilisation through the maintenance of effective international supervision of the Administration of the Mandated Territory" of S.W.A., of which we are a part. We are perturbed at this imposition, that we have to suffer as direct descendants of the Europeans of South Africa, for we are against the discriminatory policy of the Union which is unconsistent with the spirit of the Mandate and with the principles of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Deputations to the Administrator have brought no improvement. His Honour declares that he is to refer our petitions to the Executive Committee, who has no jurisdiction over us, and being elected solely by the white electors, serve to protect their interests. We appeal to you, Sir, to support us in our request that Apartheid in any form be not imposed in our Gebiet, as the enclosed correspondence will indicate. Signed on the original. Members of the Council 1. J.G. Diergaardt, 2. F.C. junius, 3. J. Beukes 4. M. Dentlinger, 5. C. Olivier I ...

A/AC.73/4 English Page 94 P.O. Box 33, Rehoboth, 12 September 1960 His Hon. The Administrator of S.W.A. WINDHOEK. Re: Introduction of Apartheid in Rehoboth. Dear Sir, We acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 7th. September 1960 and herewith express our thanks. Your referring of our request about the removal of apartheid from Rehoboth to the Executive Committee is, as your Honour already knows, not recognised by us. We still await a speedy reply from you as the only guardian over us, in accordance with our agreement with the Union Government in 1925. in reply to your direct request, we wish to clarify our position: We have already informed you as to cur attitude definitely and clearly in our letter of the 29th. August. Apartheid in the true sense of the word has never been, as far back as our knowledge goes, accepted or applied in the Rehoboth Gebiet by the Council. We, the present Council, do not acknowledge Apartheid, based on colour or race in the Gebiet. We have, until now enjoyed FREEDCM in our Gebiet:- everyone sits, stands or moves whenever he desires without limitations and obstructions like boards and poles. Throughout all the years, because of the practical application of human freedom, without walls and poles of separation, we have had no racial troubles:inside as well as outside the old Administrative offices. Cn the strength of this evidence, we demand therefore that the same free movement, that we have jealously and happily enjoyed until recently be put into operation in the new offices. The indignity that we have to suffer outside the Gebiet as a people who have known equality is terrible enough. But there outside is foreign land and we respect it as such. This is our Gebiet and we cannot remain silent in our own homeland to be insulted. We therefore appeal to you again: Remove Apartheid frcm Rehoboth forthwith root and branch. Respectfully yours, Signed by the members of the Council: 1. J.G. Dier-aardt. 2. F.C. Junius. 2. J. Beukes. 4. M. Dentlinger. 5 . C. Olivie r. /.

A/AC 73/4 English Page 95 Suidwes-Afrika/ South West Africa. Kantoor van die Administrateur Office of the Administrator Windhoek 7 September 1960 Councillor J.G. Diergaardt, P.O. Box 33, Rehoboth. Dear Councillor Diergaardt, On instruction of His Honourable, the Administrator I acknowledge your letter of the 29th. August 1960, and want to inform you that the request, as put by the Council, will be referred to the Executive Committee at its next sitting on the 20th. September. His Honour would like to know, however, before he puts the request to the Executive Committee, if it will still be your policy, as in the past, to apply apartheid, as far as you possibly can, in your own way without notice-boards. A speedy reply will be appreciated. Yours, Private Secretary P.O. Box 33, Rehoboth 29 August 1960 His Hon. The Administrator of S.W.A. WINDHOEK Re: Introduction of Apartheid in Rehoboth. Your Honour, On the 3rd. of August 1960, we, the undersigned, the elected members of the Rehoboth Advisory Council, met the "Kaptein" of Rehoboth specifically on request about the introduction of Apartheid in Rehoboth, that we viewed with grave concern. The subject was in connection with the above in the new administrative building on the parcel of land in Rehoboth, designated as Plot 212. This building has been erected without consultation, or agreement with the Baster Advisory Council on the plot of ground that the Administration just arbitrarily expropriated, in spite /. .

A/AC .73/4 English Page 96 of the fact that the Council lodged strong ccmplaints against such methods. The Council enjoined the Kaptein to inform you Sir, about their unanimous decision. On the 26th. August 1960, we reiterated this decision, Sir, during the interview, which you so gracious granted us. In spite of our unmistakable and unequivocal rejection of Apartheid in the Gebiet, the Administrative building was out into use unchanged, while we were busy remonstrating with you in our interview in Windhoek. Apartheid is not in use, and is absolutely unknown to Rehoboth. We, therefore, request you, Sir, respectfully, yet urgently that all the signs of Apartheid in the new Administrative Building be removed in eight days forthwith: i.e. (i) that all the boards with "Bantoes", "Burgers" and "Blankes" on the separate doors of the new offices be removed, (ii) that all the iron and wooden partitions serving as apartheid symbols be also removed so that anyone, whatever his race or colour, be free to go and stand where he chooses. We do believe in reciprocal co- operation, therefore we earnestly appeal to you to accede to our very important request. The Council will, as stated quite clearly to you, not use the building until Apartheid has been removed totally. Very respectfully yours Signed by the memoers of the Council: 1. J.G. Diergaardt, 2. F.C. Junius, 3. J. Beukes, 4. M. Dentlinger, 5. C. Olivier 45. Petition, by letter-/dated 19 September I9E0, from Mr. R.A. Alccek, Secretary, Rhenish Baster Community, Rehoboth, South West Africa SUBJECT: CHURCH DISPLTE, REHCBCTH, SCUTH WEST AFRICA I hereby confirm the cable which was sent to you today. The attached summaries, which give an account of developments in the church dispute, will, we hope, give you an idea of what is being done here under the cloak of religion. For further information: The church and school buildings - the pivot round which everything turns was erected by cur forefathers and ourselves at our own expense. Our ancestors bought two plots of land in order to erect the church building here. The Rhenish Missionary Society - a white foreign corporation - has now seized these buildings. l/ Original in Afrikaans.

A/AC. 73/4 English Page 97 The Ancestral Laws, which were made by the first Baster Captain of Rehoboth and are still in force today, provide inter alia that no white may own property in the Gebiet. Although the Captain and Board have given us, the Rhenish Baster Community, documentary evidence (copy attached) that the church and school buildings are placed at our exclusive disposal, the Evangelical Lutheran (new Church) missionaries refuse to hand over to us our rightful property. Representations concerning this matter have already been addressed to the Administrator of South West Africa and to the Prime Minister of the Union of South Africa, but without success. We therefore address to you this urgent request to intervene and restore our rights; for the present situation - that approximately 98 per cent of the Baster population are shut out of their own church - cannot persist any longer. We feel convinced that the Evangelical Lutheran White missionaries are not in the least concerned with the spiritual welfare of the Basters in the Rehoboth Gebiet, but are in fact being used simply as tools in order to undermine our independence and gradually deprive us of our property rights. In expectation of a prompt acknowledgement of receipt of this letter, and with thanks in advance for your help. (Signed) R.A. Alcock SUMMARY OF FACTS CONCERNING THE CHURCH DISPUTE, REHOBOTH 1. Our representatives stated in plain terms at the Synod meeting at Okahandja on 4 October 1957 that the Rehoboth Community VWculd fall apart" if they took any other name than Rhenish. 2. As early as 22 November 1957, and right through 1958, it was demonstrated clearly and publicly, through large mass meetings of the Community, that the latter would not accept the name of Evangelical Lutheran Church. The last gathering in this series was held on 22 August 1959, with Rev. R. Vollmer in the Chair. A certain Rev. Bitzer was also present at this meeting. 3. Cn 27 August 1959 the Church Administration of the Evangelical Lutheran Church at Windhoek decided to deliver to the elders and officers of the Community a threatening letter stating that, if an officer was unwilling to I.e.

A/AC 73/4 English Page 98 take the name of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, he must leave Rev. Vollmer's building and also the church building, which were "White property"; so that they could say: "You have walked out of the church.' 4. On 28 September 1959 the Action Committee was nominated from among the members of the Community, and its members were elected and confirmed by the Rhenish Baster Community at a large Community meeting on 4 September Lic/. 5. The date of 11 September 1959 is of great significance in the church dispute. It was on this date that Rev. R. Vollmer first tried to refuse to admit to a meeting, which had been arranged beforehand, more than ten members of the Action Committee, which had from the outset a membership of thirteen. In addition he rejected, on the same day, the PRAYER which was requested by the members of the Action Ccmmittee. On this date, Rev. H.K. Diehl disowned the Action Committee and also the Rhenish Baster Community and wished to read a statement to the members of the Action Committee in their personal capacity. 6. On 12 September 1959 the Pastors, Rev. H.K. Diehl, Rev. 0. Milk and Rev. R. Vollmer, drove out the elders of the Community. Those who elected to remain Rhenish had to leave Rev. R. Vollmer's private residence. They did so, moreover, and have never returned there. On the same date the Action Committee asked the Baster Board to intervene between the two sides for the sake of peace in the community. The Captain and Board deferred the case but, at the same time, arranged for a meeting with the two Communities on 22 September 1959. 7. On 13 September the Rhenish Baster Community began holding separate services, which are still being held. It was everywhere asserted that the Government would not interfere in a church dispute, but on this date the Rehoboth police plainly interfered, by coming and causing a disturbance at the Community religious service, at Rev. Vollmer's request. On the same date, the white minister came to remove the Bible from the church and made two attempts to drive the Community out of the church building. 8. On 16 September 1959 someone else took a hand in the church dispute. The Prime Minister maintains that they cannot interfere in a church dispute. At this point Dr. W.H. Weder, the President of the Legislative Assembly, threw his weight into the case and rationed the services of the Rhenish Baster Community in their own church building by having them informed that I.

A/AC.- 73/4 English Page 99 they might use the church building for their separate services only from l.p.m. onwards, naturally as legal representative of the Rhenish Missionary Society. Unhappily, this is the same Dr. W.H. Weder who has been in the service of the Administration. 9. On 20 September 1960 we were accordingly obliged to obey the lawyer and hold our services at 3 p.m., at the hottest time of the day. 10. The day which dawned on 27 September was to be of even greater significance. When, as on 20 September, we went to the Church at 3 p.m. for our service, we found ourselves before closed doors. Rev. Vollmer refused to hand over to us the keys of the church building. He also refused categorically to carry out the orders of our Baster Board and said very clearly: "I do not take orders from the Baster Board. I take orders from my lawyers!" 11. On 11 November 1959 we went with the Baster Board to meet the representatives of the Rhenish Mission Church in the Administration buildings. Mr. Marrais presided over the meeting. Dr. Weder was again present, having - without our knowledge - been invited to attend. Our Magistrate told us that the Chairman would not act as arbitrator. But to our disillusionment we must reveal that he did not tell us the truth, for according to Berichte der Rheinischer Mission a definite decision was in fact given; it was made public in Germany. 12. On 12 July another meeting was arranged with the representatives of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in South est Africa, with the aim of instituting peaceful co-operation. This meeting, like so many others, was unsuccessful because the buildings which, as the case developed, had been closed to the Rhenish Baster Community could not be released for use. 13. On 23 August 1960 arrangements were made for a deputation from the Community to attend a meeting with the Education Department in order to ash the Department to appoint a non-white administrator for the Community's schools in the Gebiet. The Department has no power to do this because the law forbids it. We, for the Community's part, have thus done everything in our power to resolve this church dispute in a peaceful manner, but have not succeeded in doing so. The Administration has not done so much to settle the case for us. They

A/AC. 73/4 English Page 100 are willing only to urge us everywhere to take the case to the Supreme Court. Now, is this a peaceful solution? The facts which appear in this report are true and correct. There is noa single misrepresentation of fact. All dates are correct and accurate. (SECRETARY) P.O. Box 87, Rehoboth, South West Africa In reply please refer to No ..... REHOBOTH BASTER COIiNNITY Telephone ...... Inquiries ...... Magistrate REHOBTH ...... 19.... TO 1HOM IT MAY CONCERN The following is a decision adopted during the Board meeting held on 15 March 1960: "l. The Board declares that the land and buildings hereinafter designated were placed at the sole disposal of, or bestowed solely upon, the Rhenish Baster Commnity, which has no connexion with or affiliation to the Evangelical Lutheran Church in South West Africa (Rhenish Mission Church): "(i) The following parcels of land in Rehoboth village: the parsonage building and plot; the Lind Memorial Hall, with buildings on the surrcunding land; and the plot which was purchased from the Du Toits. "(ii) The land and buildings on the Kwa was, Kobos, Noates, Rietoog, Grcendraai, Schlip, Usib, Aub and Bloukrans properties. "2. i. The Board certifies that only the old-established Rhenish Baster Ccncunity, which has no connexion with or affiliation to the Evangelical Lutheran Church in South West Africa (Rhenish Mission Church), is recognized by the Bcard ard registered as such at the Baster Office. "ii. The following are recognized as officers of the aforesaid Church: Pastor: Rev. P.F. Lindeboom. and such persons as nay denoutize for him;

A/AC. 73/4 English Page 101 Secretary: Mr. R.A. Alcock, P.O. Box 87, RehobotLh; Treasurer: Elder J. Klazen, P.O. Box 56, Rehoboth; Evangelists: Bernard de Klerk and Daniel Cloete; Finance Conmmittee: D.W. Hermanus (Chairiran), C.D. Olivier (Secretary), J. Klazen (Treasurer), E. Alexander, Mrs. K. Carew and Mrs. P. Beukes. "iii. Recognition is granted to the following rembers of the Action Committee as the lawful and proper elected representatives of the aforesaid Community and Church, and the said Action Committee has the right to co-opt additional members at any time: R.A. Alcoch (Chairman), H. Olivier (Vice-Chairman), R.G. Britz (Secretary), J.C. Maasdorp (Assistant Secretary), and the following members: M. Olivier, J. Olivier, N. Olivier, A.J. Beukes, A.C. Cloete, H. Olivier (Schlip), J. Beues, H. van Wyk (Snyman), J. Klazen and S. Beukes (hobos). "iv. The elders now serving on the Church Board are recognized as the lawful elected members from the Conmmnity." CERTIFIED A TRUE COPY. A. Chatwind MAGISTRATE CAPTAIN, REHOBOTH BASTER COMMUNITY REVENUE STAMP 1/- Date: 24 March 1960 REHOBOTH, SOUTH iEST AFRICA 46. Petition, by cablegram received on 20 September 1960, from Mr. H. Olivier, Chairman, and Mr. R.A. Alcock, Secretary, Action Committee of the Rhenish Baster Community, Rehoboth, South West Africa, to the Secretary-General RYNS BASTER CHURCH'REHOBOTH REPPESENTATIVE OF 98 PERCENT OF BASTER PEOPLE REQUEST EAPRNESTLY YOUR ATTENTION AND IMMEDIATE ACTION IN THE NE! EVANGELICAL LUTHERAN APARTHEIDS CHURCH INTRODUCED IN THE GEBIET AGAINST THE SPIRIT OF ARTICLE 22 X USE OF CHURCH AND SCHCOL BUILDINGS GRANTED BY STATUTORY BODY KAPTIN AND BASTER RAAD FOR USE BY RYNSE BASTER CHURCH X BASTER RAAD DOES NOT RECCGNISE EVANGELICAL LUTHERAN CHURCH IN GEBIET X NET. CIURCH REFUSES ADMISSICN

A/AC. 73//4 English Page 102 IN BUILDINGS GRANTED TO RYNSE CHURCH X ALL REPRESENTATION FOR SOLUTION FRUITLESS X NO CONFIDENCE IN MANDATOR X TIMELY INTERVENTION ILL ASSUREDLY AVOID POSSIBLE BLOODSHED CHAIRMAN H OLIVIER SECRETARY R A ALCOCK 47. Petition, by radiogram received on 2 January 1961, unsigned, from Rehoboth, South West Africa, to the Secretary-General THE SECRETARY GENERAL UNITED NATIONS ORGANISATION NEWYORK EXPECTED EXPLOSION IN CONNECTION WrITH STRIFE IN RENISH MISSION CHURCH BROKE OUT ON MONDAY NIGHT TWENTY SIX THELVE SIXTY STOP UMBRAGE BETW'EEN TWO REHOBOTHIAN PARTIES OF CHURCH STOP HUNDREDS OF AFRICANS TOOK PART ON EVANGELIST LUTHERAN SIDE ON REQUEST OF MEMBER OF E L CHURCH STOP HORRIBLE SPILLING OF BLOOD PREVENTED MIRACULOUSLY STOP REQUEST UNITED NATIONS ORGANISATION THAT WHEN GENERAL SECRETARY VISITS SOUTHAFRICA HE CALLS ON REHOBOTH X AWAITING EXPEDITIOUS REPLY X VERY URGENT X

A/AC. 73/4 English Page 103 I CO 48. Petition, by letter1/ dated 6 February 1961, from Mr. Jacobus Beukes and Mrs. Willimina Beukes, Rehoboth, South West Africa, to the United Nations In the serious unrest which threatens the people, I seek protection as a population under mandate. The following has occurred: - The attack by the Lutherans on the Rhenish Community was launched in secret like an ASSASSINATION. The attack took place in the evening of 26 December 1960. This is a very delicate matter. We ask the United Nations Committee on South West Africa to come and investigate the case impartially. Fortunately, the Rhenish congregation awoke in time, otherwise a cruel massacre would have mysteriously occurred. It is our urgent request that, without delay this time, a commission should be sent to investigate before there is any recurrence of the violence which still threatens every day. Here is visible evidence that the Government is siding with the Lutherans against the Rhenish. Our urgent request is that you communicate with the Administrator of South West Africa so that the case may be held in abeyance until the investigating commission arrives. (Signed) Jacobus Beukes (signed) W. Beukes (Mr. and Mrs. JACOBUS and WILLIMINA BEUKES) 49. Petiticn, by cablegram received cn 10 February 1961, from Mr. R.A. Alcock, Rehoboth, South West Africa, to the Secretary-General INVITE SOUTHWEST AFRICA COMMITTEE OF UNITED NATIONS ORGANISATION TO REHOBOTH WITH THE VIEW TO CONSOLIDATE OUR LAST COMMUNICATION IN DEC 1960 R.A. ALCOCK l/ Original in Afrikaans. I.

A/AC .73/4 English Page 104 50. Petition, by letter-/ dated 19 February 1961, from Mrs. dilhemina Beukes and Mr. Jacobus Beukes, Rehoboth, South West Africa, to the Secretary-General With all respect, may I ask you to consider the following matters which are of interest to us, the people of Rehoboth: 1. The Union Government has committed the following grave offence against world opinion: 2. It is a very serious matter that the Union Government, which accepted the obligations of the Mandate, should claim the right to prevent or obstruct the coming of the United Nations Committee of inquiry. The Union Government has already contemptuously neglected its obligations and has thereby violated moral commitments and human rights, deliberately making it clear that it also contemptuously rejects the Bible, as is borne out by the events here in Rehoboth. I respectfully ask you to regard my two letters of 2 and 6 February 1961 as a serious matter. This will be remembered with gratitude when the United Nations decides what attitude to take towards the Rehoboth people in order that its land and people may be preserved, for we are threatened daily, just as in the case of Katukura. We are not a conquered people. We are among the Allied Powers. 3. The Union Government presented us with alternatives which are an affront to all morality and human rights. For the proposed college or university, the Administration wants, as a gift, twenty hectares of land on which the buildings for our schools are to be constructed. The Union Government no longer consults the United Nations. If the people cast a favourable vote it is certain that the Group Areas Act will come into force and that the aid fund will also be drawn upon. Is there no help for us, the people of Rehoboth, so that we may keep our dearly won rights? The Union Government demonstrates by its conduct that it regards the old League of Nations and the United Nations as false. We are under the Mandate, but we do not enjoy our rights under the Mandate. The criminal provocation is now becoming worse every day. We can no longer bear the oppression of Katukura. Britain, as the Mandatory Power, must be asked: "What has happened to our rights?" In previous letters I have already referred to Cameroun. l Original in Afrikaans.

A/AC.73/4 English Page 105 We, the people of Rehoboth, have made heavy sacrifices to help build up civilization, yet now human rights and civilization are denied to us. The danger to our property is worse than Katukura. As you already know, the members of the Women's League have asked whether there is now no way of saving us from the Katukura system. We humbly ask what is the reason why we must lose our sworn property rights. We ask how long we must suffer in this way. This proves to us that all officials treat us arbitrarily. (Signed) Mrs. Wilhelmina Beukes (Signed) Jacobus Beukes For the Women's League 51. Petition, by telegraml/ received on 23 May 1961, from Mr. H.C. Beukes, Rehoboth, South West Africa to the Committee on South West Africa Union Government uses International Court of Justice case as an excuse to delay the coming of the Committee while putting pressure on the Baster Board to conclude an agreement. Please stop Government immediately. H.C. Beukes 52. Petition, by cablegram received on 31 May 1961, from Mr. Johannes Beukes, Rehoboth, South West Africa, to the United Nations THE BASTERRAAD OF REHOBCTH HEREBY CORDIALLY INVITE THE SOUTH WEST COMMISSION TO VISIT REHOBOTH GEBIET DURING THEIR TOUR OF INVESTIGATION. JOHANNES BEUKES 53. Petition, by letter'/ dated 5 August 1960, and enclosures from Mr. Jacobus Beukes, Rehoboth, South West Africa, to the Secretary-General "Petition" I beg to refer to the state of affairs here in Rehoboth, as follows: First of all, the office building here in Rehoboth is now completed and bears these inscriptions: a. Whites, b. Citizens, c. Bantu. Neither the Baster Board nor the citizens reccgnise apartheid in our Territory. The Baster Board absolutely l/ Original in Afrikaans. /.

A/AC.73/4 English Page 106 refuses to participate in the work of that office in order to serve Rehoboth's cause there. This absolute refusal has been communicated in writing to the Administrator. Rehoboth takes its stand alongside world opinion against apartheid. I ask what attitude the Board must take. Prevent violence, get in touch with the Administrator of South West Africa. I attach two letters for purposes of clarification. The fee demanded for a petition is striking; no fee was charged for previous petitions. I feel that this constitutes a discriminatory challenge to free human rights. I ask for clarification. (Signed) Jacobus Beukes In replying please refer to: No.A.S.81/21 SOUTH WEST AFRICA Office of the Administrator Windhoek Sir, Your petition to the Captain and members of the Advisory Board has been submitted to the Office of the Prime Minister. On instructions from the Prime Minister I would inform you that the Secretary-General of the United Nations is coming to the Union for discussions with the Union Government and that it is not in any case the intention that he should visit South West Africa. Furthermore it must again be brought to your attention that the Union Government does not agree that the former League of Nations has been replaced by the United Nations. It would consequently be entirely inappropriate for the Secretary-General to go to Rehoboth for the purpose you propose. The Administration shares the view of the Union Government. I have the honour to be, etc. (Signed) (illegible) ACTING SECRETARY OF SOUTH WEST AFRICA Mr. J. Beukes P.O. Box 46 REHOBOTH

A/AC. 73/4 English Page 107 SOUTH WEST AFRICA Office of the Administrator Windhoek 1 August 1960 Sir, On the instructions of Mr. D.T. du P. Viljoen, the Administrator, I am to acknowledge receipt of your letter of 29 July 1960. The Administrator regrets that he is unable to grant your request, but he has already decided to uphold the decisions of the Baster Board so far as possible. The Administrator assumes that the Board had a good reason for collecting the fee of five shillings, and you are therefore advised to send your application through your Board, which you yourself elected. I have the honour to be, etc. (Signed) Mariush Maru Citizen Jacobus Beukes PRIVATE SECRETARY P.O. Box 46 REHOBOTH 54. Petition by letter,1J dated 24 August 1960, and enclosures from Mr. Jacobus Beukes, Rehoboth, South West Africa "Urgent petition" This has now become necessary again as a result of the state of affairs here in Rehoboth. As the attacked statement will show, our people now stand on the threshold of violence; this is a challenge. We are afraid that our letters to the United Nations will be kept back; I therefore respectfully ask whether my latest letters, of 25 July 1960 and 5 August 1960, have arrived. If these two letters have arrived, please reply urgently. Our people are in a critical situation; we do our best to keep our people calm, but we are persecuted where we are. Since the case has begun here, I respectfully request you to get in touch with the Administrator at once. Please reply as quickly as possible. (Signed) Jacobus Beukes lj Original in Afrikaans,. /i. .

A/AC. 73/4 English Page 1c8 Enclosure "Negotiations on our people's historical existence, held at Rehoboth, 1905" P.O. Box 46 Rehoboth 24 August 1960 Sir, With reference to my previous letter, I continue as follows. "Clarification." Before the departure of the Rev. F. Heidmann, who was succeeded by A. Blecher, a synod took place here at Rehoboth in 1905. "Opening" Mr. Eich, the headmaster, took the Chair. The purpose of the negotiations was to place everything on a proper footing before the Rev. F. Heidmann's departure. (a) The rights possessed by the missionary. (b) The transfer of the rights by F. Heidmann. (c) The building of a new church. With regard to (a), the missionary's rights are limited to those enjoyed by the Rev. Mr. Heidmann, and no others. The pastoral duties were handed over to A. Blecher. The erection of the new church was rejected on the ground that the church would have had to be built in the name of the congregation. Although the building materials were ready and preparations had been made for a collection, the community unanimously cancelled the building of the church. After the session, the Rev. Mr. Heidmann expressed his views; it so happened that I had to deliver a telegram to the Reverend; on that occasion the Reverend told Mr. Sovichen: "I shall not do what the synods expect of me. My Community has had a hard time, and will have an even harder one." In the initial period from 1870 onwards, when Rehoboth took possession of its property, there existed between Hermanus van Wyk and the members of his Council a Reverend H.K. Diehl Pastor in charge Rhenish Mission P.O. Box 21 Windhoek

A/AC. 73/4 English Page 109 mutual trust, founded in Christ, under which no matter concerning the community was to be disputed without the co-operation of the Rev. Mr. Heidmann. This mutual trust and co-operation were so strong that the small population was kept safe in the face of superior numbers of the enemy, namely, Jan , and the wars which following in 1881, 1882, 1894, 1896, 1903, 1904, 1914 and 1925. The sacrifices firmly established our land and our people's rights through God's grace. Reverend Mr. Diehl, I ask you most respectfully, in your profession in which you bear the name of pastor-in-charge in virtue of your religious learning, by what right you drive us out of our deeded property? As the foregoing shows, it has now become necessary to refer the case of the church and school to the International Court of Justice and to make the case known throughout the world. I have the honour to be, etc. (signed) Jacobus Beukes 55. Petition, by letteri/ dated 1 September 1960, from Mr. Jacobus Beukes, Rehoboth, South West Africa, to the Secretary-General "Protest" Permit me with all respect to submit my protests to you. The questicn at issue is the ban imposed by the Union Government to the effect that the inhabitants of South West Africa have no right to address Petitions to the United Nations, as stated in the Original communication which I have already sent to the SecretaryGeneral and the United Nations. In this case I ask whether there is any possibility of sending communications through to the United Nations? I have inquired by Cable about communications to which I have not yet received a reply. I also wish to inquire about the letter of 12 June 1960, to which I attached two newspaper cuttings. If it is true that we can no longer send communications to the United Nations, then I must say that, in my opinion, we have been placed under a cold-war r6gime of Martial Law. If the Union Government contemptuously flouts the only trustworthy order available to solve the world's problems, this certainly cannot be tolerated at l Original in Afrikaans. i.e.

A/AC.73/4 En~glish Page 110 all. Peace must reign on earth; that is the goal of all peoples. For this reason I beg, with all respect, for a reply by return of post. (Signed) Jacobus Beukes "Petition" P.O. Box 46 Rehoboth 1 September 1960 Sir, In our people's interest do not keep silent. Permit me, with all respect to submit the following protests: 1. How long must our people remain under the stranglehold of the Union Government? 2. By what legal right does the Union Government send a delegation to the United Nations, inasmuch as it does not recognise the United Nations? As stated in a communication which I have already sent to the United Nations and also to the Secretary-General, the Union Government also treats the law with contempt, for it maintains that the Inhabitants have no right to send petitions to the United Nations. This is even a breach of Act 80, article I, of the Charter. 3. It is a conspicuous fact that the Union Government treats the Mandated Territory as its own property instead of as a Mandate. Thus the Union Government claims domestic rights, whereas under the rules of the mandate, the mandate can be replaced by a subsequent arrangement at any time. 4. The latest proceedings in the case of our church and school clearly indicate that a goal has been reached, whatever that goal may be. In order to reach that goal, both the United Nations and the Bible are flouted, provided only that the goal is reached. I am profoundly confident that the United Nations and the representatives now at the session will decide that rights and justice are to prevail; this will further strengthen the United Nations. In this connexion I refer to the newspaper cuttings which I sent to the United Nations, although I have so far received no reply in that regard. I am profoundly confident that we shall now be free from oppression. ...

A/AC.73/4 English Page 111 We have now been kept in a stranglehold for forty years. I therefore ask Mr. Eric Louw, the representative, whether the Union Government has complied with the moral obligations which it assumed on 17 December 1920. If your answer "Yes", I ask you whether that answer corresponds to the treatment given here in Rehoboth, inasmuch as the people of Rehoboth were placed under Article 22 by the former League of Nations and were to remain in that status until they became of age. The Union Government took us over with all our rights; with our own administration, Captain and Volksraad; with our church and school - independent and sovereign - and also our right to carry arms. These rights the Union Government has taken from us and has made them its own. In the proceedings in the case of our church and school we were not even offered a compromise; thus our people's ideology and Ideals are also taken from us. I respectfully ask, is this the Trusteeship which the Union Government undertook for the people's well-being? We ask for deliverance at the current session. (Signed) Jacobus Beukes "Petition" P.O. Box 46 Rehoboth 1 September 1960 Gentlemen, I respectfully request that the following should be referred to the Administrator of South West Africa, and also to Dr. Verwoerd, the Prime Minister of South Africa, at Cape Town. As a result of the present course of events here in Rehoboth, our people are now in a state of tension. For this reason I must inform you of the following. 1. All possessions of the former German Government: under the Treaty of 1885 the German Government never had the right of ownership. The right of occupation was merely for protection. The German Government was defeated in the World War. Hence the occupied territory reverted to the possession of the Captain, Board and Burghers. 2. The German Government lost the war. /. .

A/AC .73/4 English Page 112 3. The Burgher Captain and Board of Rehoboth took their stand with the Allied Powers on behalf of right and property. 4. Of the population of Rehoboth, thirty-five were killed in action and forty-four wounded. There was also damage to property: fifty-five heavy ox-waggons, including carts fully harnessed with oxen, were destroyed, and homes were plundered of good worth severan millions. 5. On these grounds I appeal to the Board that all buildings erected by the German Government should revert to the ownership of the Captain, Board and Burghers. I therefore ask the Board to take drastic action to ensure that buildings are not demolished but are retained as the property of the people of Rehoboth. I ask what Government has paid us compensation. 6. The course of events has now shown the way for us, as a people under mandate, to address an immediate request to the Secretariat of the former League of Nations: the Versailles Treaty of 19 January 1919; the division of rights among the great and the small who took their stand with the Allied Powers; the conversion by the Union Government of rights to landed property in Rehoboth, when the Mandatory sends people into Exile and Slavery. We have no compromise with regard to our property; thus we lose our rights under a system of Discrimination. For these reasons I urge the Board to call on the people immediately to make powerful appeal to the United Nations for reference to the International Court of Justice. (signed) Jacobus Beukes 56. Petition, by letter!/ dated 15 September 1960, and enclosures from Mr. Jacobus Beukes, Rehoboth, South West Africa to the Secretary-General "Protests" I respectfully refer to apartheid, which is automatically applicable to block No.212. In this matter there is a dispute between the Advisory Board and the people. The Board is contesting apartheid illegally, against the will of the people. The Board requests protection under the Agreement with the Union 1] Original in Afrikaans. i/.

A/AC.73/4 English Page 113 Government against apartheid. The people stand unanimously against apartheid and agree with the World opinion against apartheid under the Statutes of the United Nations, not under the Union Government. We respectfully request that Article 22 of the former League of Nations should be applied. The Board is only an Advisory Board and has no right of decision in our legal affairs. For this reason we do not recognize the protection which the Advisory Board assumes under the Agreement. The Agreement conflicts with Article 22 of the Charter of the United Nations and also with World opinion. Even the 1923 Agreement was illegal and contrary to the people's will and also to our own constitution, which was the basis for the action taken by the Militarists against us as early as 1925 and will never be recognized by the people, as already stated in the United Nations Report. The difficulties are all due to the fact that the Union Government has failed to live up to its obligations and has contemptuously flouted the United Nations. What the Advisory Board is aiming at, namely, to dispute apartheid under the Agreement with the Union Government, is a great deception directed against our own people. To all appearances, the Advisory Board is merely being used here as a pretext to reduce our people to impotence. Where the Advisory Board must act for the people's welfare it has no rights, but where the matter relates to something to the people's disadvantage it has full rights. The Advisory Board was elected for one year only and has remained in office; it cannot legally remain in office any longer. We respectfully ask that we should be delivered, at this season, from the stranglehold in which we have now been gripped for forty years. This is convincing proof that the Union Government can no longer retain the Mandate in view of the contempt it has shown towards the United Nations. T enclose a cable. We conclude by saying, a-ay with apartheid; away with the Advisory Board. (Signed) Jacobus Beukes

A/AC. 73/4 English Page 114 "Copfy" OVERSEAS TELEGRAM Date: 13 September 1960 From: Jacobus Beukes, P.O. Box 46, Rehoboth To: Macmillan, Prime Minister, 10 Downing Street, London REHOBOTH ON SIDE ALLIES 1914 WAR SOVEREIGN. UNDER MANDATE KING GEORGE VI MANDATORY PLACED BY LEAGUE OF NATIONS ARTICLE 22 ACCORDING TO VERSAILLES DECISION 19 JANUARY 1919. WHEREIN REHOBCTH' S RIGHTS GUARANTEED SUPPORT LEAGUE OF NATIONS ARTICLE 22 LAO IN THE USE OF UNITED NATIONS. OUR SINCERE THANKS JACOBUS EEUKES P.O. Box 46 Rehoboth 14 September 1960 Sir, With profound respect I address a request to the Representatives of overseas countries for permission to put the following questions to Mr. Eric Louw: 1. Whether the Union Government, in its actions in connexion with the moral condition, human rights and landed property of Rehoboth, has discharged its Trusteeship for the welfare of our people? 2. The Union Government repudiates the obligations it assumed to send petitions from our people to the United Nations. It is a very dangerous matter that the Union Government thereby declares the United Nations to be in the wrong. In view of this, on what legal foundation does Mr. Eric Louw, the representative, rely in putting his case to the United Nations? 3. I sent a cable at the time to the Prime Minister asking him to release Hans Beukes so that he could study at Oslo; I pointed out that this had nothing to do with politics, but Hans has not been allowed to go. Hans had had to relinquish his rights; do you think that is moral? 4. If the Union Government had complied with its moral obligations of 17 December 1920, there would certainly not have been so many difficulties even if difficulties had arisen, they could have been resolved. But in this case the Union Government has conte=ptuously flouted the United Nations and even the

A/AC . 73/4 English Page 115 advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice. What was intended for the Social and Material development of the underdeveloped peoples has also come to naught in our case. 5. Instead of the Union Government complying with its obligations, the opposite has occurred: violation of human rights, oppression, pass laws, impoundment laws, expropriation, etc. 6. I must point out to Mr. Eric Louw that the Union Government took us over as a sovereign independent people, with our Captain and Volksraad, our church and school. If the Union Government had complied with its moral obligations, our people would have been in a flourishing condition. Instead of this, we move about our property in a bitter state. Everything has been taken from us; we exercise our rights under an appearance of legality by permission of the Union Government; and we are liable to exile at any time. 7. Mr. Eric Louw, I must draw your attention to the fact that a body has been established to solve the World's problems in the interests of peace, and that is the United Nations. If the Union Government does not recognise the United organisation how can right prevail? In acting in this way, the Union Government has forfeited its rights. 8. Mr. Eric Louw, it vas not my intention to make a sharp attack on you, but on the action regarding our property and livelihood. This prompts me to ask you whether you are not ashamed to take from us, for the purposes of the Union Government, the property that was won with our blood. I must make it clear that just as the Union Government must care for its people, so we must do the same. Then there is the disgraceful action concerning our church and school, which closes the church door on us. The privilege which our ancestors, under God, won for us has also been taken from us by the Union Government. Mr. Eric Louw, does not the Union Government fear God, when, through political exploitation, it deprives us of the birthright bequeathed to us by our forefathers? For these reasons we address a very urgent appeal to all Christian peoples and Christian authorities to halt the Union Government in the deliberate pursuit of its goal. We respectfully ask that as soon as this communication arrives, the church door be opened to us, as it was for 113 years free from suspicion. We do not introduce any element of doubt into our request. We hope and trust that we shall receive satisfaction. I have the honour to be, etc. (Signed) Jacobus Beukes

A/AC .7/ English Page 116 r 57. Petition, by cablegram-/ received on 28 September 1960, frcm Mr. J. Beukes, Rehoboth, South West Africa, to the United Nations PEOPLE OF REHOBOTH BASE FUNDAMENTAL EXISTENCE ON TREATY 1885 WHICH CONFIRMS SOVEREIGNTY UNCHANGED UNDER MANDATE FORIER LEAGUE OF NATIONS ARTICLE 22 SUCCESSOR UNITED NATIONS REHOBOTH'S SPECIAL STATUS UNDER MANDATE CONFIRMED BY SOVEREIGN SESSION J. BEUKES 7 / 58. Petition, by letter/ dated 3 October 1960, from Mr. Jacobus Beukes, Rehoboth, South West Africa, to the Office of the High Commissioner for the United Kingdcm, Pretoria, South Africa We hereby respectfully ask that this letter be referred to the United Nations, New York, USA. I hereby most respectfully beg to express my deep inner feelings as follows: As the result of a deep inner consideration of the matter, I have come to the following conclusion as regards the situation here in Rehoboth: Rehoboth's population is the smallest population group that is placed under Mandate and has stood independently at the side of the Allies for right and property. The Mandate was intended to lead us to maturity. In direct contrast with this, we have been placed under an automatic tyranny. The people of Rehoboth were administering themselves; Rehoboth was established as a Christian community; and its continued existence was according to the Bible and was sovereign. For this reason, I here most respectfully address an inquiry to the democratic Goverrnments as to the way in which matters here in Rehoboth are administered and handled and maintained. Have truth and justice ceased to exist? Or have we been left to shift for ourselves? If this is the case, then mankind is approaching a critical stage, "Why is this". In the past there was always for good or bad an understanding for peace. On occasion this was not perfect, but there was always something to go by, that is, under a compromise based on confidence without suspicion and not involving any mortal danger. 1/ Original in Afrikaans. /...

A/AC .73/4 English Page 117 What is at present happening now that the Second World War has ended? The four great Powers have not established peace on a fundamental basis. The fundamental basis was built on science, which is supposed to bring peace. Science has now gone off on a path that cannot lead to peace. The effect of this is one against the other. Peace is thus completely excluded and its place taken by suspicion by which everything is disturbed: a. Peace which is necessary for the continued existence of mankind is no longer attainable; b. Science, which has so greatly prospered and has made human life bearable for the welfare of mankind, has also become subject to doubt and suspicion; c. The implacable attitude toward Germany demonstrates and gives clear evidence that mankind has been left to its own devices. Instead of living in peace, the German people are living in deep anxiety. The same is true of Rehoboth; d. The small population, namely South Africa as Mandatory over South West Africa, does not recognize faulty conduct. Instead of the Union Government conducting itself as it should under the Mandate, it sees faults in others, e.g., the Congo. In such case, what confidence does the Union Government enjoy with the United Nations? "In connection with peace" Europe is the principle of the civilization by which the under-developed people have forged ahead and achieved independence, whereas among the people of Europe there is discontent. Europe must stand together in order to bring about peace in Africa; the disunity of Europe cannot bring about peace. That will never happen. Just as Europe has endowed the under-developed peoples with civilization, so must it now restore peace; there must be no disagreement there in the case of peace. Peace has nothing in common with politics. In the peace negotiations in Europe and Africa, a complete armistice must be strictly proclaimed for a period of fifty years. The United Nations must then be strengthened so that it can send peace commissions throughout the world for the purpose of gathering together all disputes and bringing them before the United Nations. The important thing is the recovery ...

A/AC.73/4 English Page 118 of Germany, for if there is no such recovery, there can be no likelihood of peace. It was there that the war began, and it is from there that peace must come. The four great Powers must then come to a decision based on trust in order to eliminate new weapons completely and be content with the old weapons. "Why". The new weapons are of no advantage to any nation, and there will be no victory for any one. The latest development for the benefit of mankind gives promise of the ievelopment of wonderful things that will make human life so easy that there will no longer be any thought of war. I hereby most humbly ask the four great Powers to beware of differing to the point that they have recourse to arms. The people who work for true peace have a fine character; this is the foundation on which we human being are based. Reconsider everything and turn back to peace., My final question relates to the matter of our Rehoboth people under Mandate. Are we to be administered automatically or under law? I await an answer to this question. (Signed) Jacobus Beukes 59. Petition, by letter dated 11 October 1960, from Mr. J. Beukes, Rehoboth, South West Africa, to the Secretary-General "Urgent Preliminary Report" With profound respect, I once more make my appearance before you. With regard to matters here in Rehoboth, it has become important for me to make an urgent preliminary report as follows: 1. A Congress of the Teachers' Association was held here in Rehoboth. At the meeting, a motion of confidence in the delegates of Mr. Eric Louw and those from Windhoek came to light. A motion of confidence must be sent. Certain members of the Teachers voted against this by a majority. This is a completely unjust motion, because the teachers are here in Rehoboth solely for school purposes and have nothing further to do with matters of concern to Rehoboth. Although it was voted down, such a motion can nevertheless be presented there through deceit; since we, the people of Rehoboth, are treated in arbitrary fashion. I respectfully ask that inasmuch as such a motion was presented, an immediate investigation should be undertaken. We do not retreat one inch from our complaints 1/ Original in Afrikaans.

A/AC. 3/4 English Page 119 which are now before the United Nations. It is my humble wish that Mr. Eric Louw should present specific evidence from the people of Rehoboth of what the Union Government has done for us under the Mandate; I refer here to Article (22). Instead of this, the Union Government has deprived us of our rights. We are subjected to an autcmatic domination and to the threat of political exploitations. The only possible salvation for the people of Rehoboth is through the United Nations, through a change in the Mandate. I therefore respectfully ask the Committee on South West Africa to take drastic action in the case of Rehoboth. This cannot be recognised, because the Union Government) as early as 1925P took action against the people of Rehoboth and against the Hoachanas and the Katukura Windhoek. The action taken was not for the welfare of our people) but, on the contrary our people were systematically treated like slaves. The Union Government took us over with all our land and its boundaries. The Union Government has, however, arrogated the rights to iself with the insolent words that this land lying within our legal boundaries does not belong to anyone. The only rights granted to us by the Union Government are those pertaining to the Reserve and Location system. By this means, the Government is entitled at any time to treat our people as slaves. The Union Government is hard to understand. The Union Government talks about democracy and Christianity, but where is the evidence of this? The opposite, as stated before, exists here in Rehoboth with our church and school, which we no longer have access to even though they are our property. It is a known fact that where democracy and Christianity are found, tranquillity and peace also prevail and exist. Here, however, the opposite of this is true; here there prevails unrest and insecurity and various kinds of oppression. We ask since South West Africa is a mandated territory - is there not any relief for us frcm the supervisory country? One thing is sure - although the domination of the whites exists, we have the feeling that this is our country. The whites are here to educate us but not for the purpose of oppressing us. It is my profound hope that the present session will find a solution beneficial to the people of South West Africa. (signed) J. Beukes I...

A/AC.73/4 Enlish Page 12) Footnote His Excellency, Mr. Dag. Hammarskjold Sir, The persistent power of the Union Government is very serious. That is to say, in the name of democracy and Christianity. The refusal to submit reports to the United Nations; the insistence on the Republic; the persistence in its policy of Apartheid; and the suppression of human rights. The persistence in its objectives through the Divinity as is the case here in Rehoboth. If the Union Government refuses to co-operate with the United Nations, what kind of morality is the Union Government following? It is my opinion that the Union Government does not fear that its conduct may react against its own people. There can be no doubt that there exists a higher Power for right and justice. I do not want to condemn the Union Government, but its own conduct gives ample evidence. I have had to go through many difficult days in the interests of the people. The people's interest is a very delicate matter that is in need of invisible help. Our people's way of life was very good as regards morality and its Christian way of life was good. If the Union Government had dealt with us in a right spirit, we would have beccme strong. We now find ourselves in a neglected state. The reason for this is that the Union Government has not been kindly disposed towards our people. In my opinion, the sole aim of the Union Government is to drive us frcm our property. This is the principal aim of the Union Government. It is a cause of dissatisfaction that the Union Government has no sympathy for us. The attitude in which the Union Government persists can never guide our people or suit them. The conduct of the Union Government has thus far been such that even if the Union Government brings about a changey we will not believe it. It has no love for human rights for other peoples but only for its own people. I respectfully ask you to inform me as soon as this communication reaches you, because the Union Government does everything possible to prevent our ccmmunications frcm getting through by reason of its prohibition against petitions. (Signed) Jacobus Beukes

A/AC. 73/4 English Page 121 60. Petition, by letteri/ dated 18 October 1960, from Mr. Jacobus Beukes, Rehoboth, South West Africa, to the Secretary-General The situation with regard to Rehoboth's affairs, Rehoboth's historical establishment in 1870, has led me to do this. Because the Union Government has sent a delegation to the United Nations, this has led me to the conclusion that I should clarify what happened in connexion with Rehoboth's basic existence. 1. The Union Government took over the people of Rehoboth with their immovable property and other possessions and with their Government under Captain and Volksraad and even with their home defence force, which had been established in accordance with the Treaty under German discipline - our country with its boundaries with the name Basterland. In accordance with the basic existing rights, the former League of Nations placed us under Mandate in accordance with article (22) until we should become able to manage our own affairs. This occurred because we did not yet have the qualifications and the population was only 44,000. I hereby describe the state of affairs here in Rehoboth. 2. Mr. Eric Louw, the above-mentioned rights have been inconsiderably taken from us. Our country shrunk in name from Basterland to Reserve; we have the use of our property only under licence. 3. Mr. Eric Louw, I must bring to your attention, as referred to above, that although we retained our rights under the Treaty, the German Government reduced the area of our land in the west as well as in the south. A protest was then lodged and subsists to this day. As administered under the Mandate of the Union Government, we are now living in a critical situation, and our national existence is in a neglected state. We are automatically administered; we do not hereby even have a compromise with regard to our property. The Union Government took over our national existence in good order. If the Union Government had complied with its obligations, where would we now be? The Union Government takes the opposite line that we have no right to human rights. It is striking that Mr. Eric Louw points his finger at someone else, for the procedure under which we are governed is so shot through with politics that there is nothing to go by. 1/ Original in Afrikaans. ...

A/AC 73/4 English Page 122 4. We are administered in such a way that we must for the sake of peace submit to whatever is done on our property. The purposeful continuation of the Union Government cannot be tolerated by civilization. The Union Government is attempting through the churches even to apportion the Divinity. This is a very serious matter. God Himself said, "Give under Caesar the things that are Caesar's and to me the things that are mine". We, the people of Rehoboth, were established independent and sovereign on the basis of the Rhenish Mission, as we have existed as such for 113 years. For some purpose, whatever it may be, our name was forcefully changed from Rhenish to Lutheran. We have had profound experiences with God within the 113 years from our establishment. This is our basic existence. Here with us there exist only two things in the Divinity - Edification and Expansion and nothing else. I am fully confident that this time the Committee on South West Africa will take a virile stand in the case of Rehoboth, and that we also shall begin to give attention to human rights. Bear in mind that we are fighting for our rights and property. We want our hard-won rights restored, and we want to preserve them for our people. (signed) Jacobus Beukes P. o. Box 46 Rehoboth, 18 October 1960 "Annex" Hereby with respectful reference by His Excellency, Mr. Dag Hammarskjold. For the independent States of Africa. We, the Rehoboth, most urgently call upon the African States which were under Mandate until independence, and to which all experiences are familiar, to heed our pleas. Our case is before the United Nations. We respectfully ask you to help us at the United Nations in order that we may break loose from the stranglehold in which the Union Government has held us for the past forty years. As will be seen at the United Nations, the Union Government has deliberately refused to comply with its obligations. If the Union Government refuses to comply with its moral obligations for the welfare of mankind, then the Union Government cannot be entrusted with human beings. We here in South West Africa live together with

A/AC.73/4 English Page 123 various races. Please also help the representatives who are there to plead for South West Africa. I have another request; there is one of Rehoboth's sons by the name of Hans Beukes. He is still young, but give him a chance. Our parents did not allow us to have anything to do with political matters when we were young. Only the Deity can relate many eventualities which he has seen. I personally was brought up mostly in German and not in Afrikaans. I have a report which I received from the United Nations. I asked Hans to explain the English to me because I do not understand English. Hans then said to me, "Grandfather, we cannot get mixed up with politics". Hans went away to study; we urgently need lawyers. I then appeal to all African States which have become independent to spare no effort in helping Europe with peace. The African States which have become independent must be grateful to Europe for peace in so far as general peace prevails throughout Europe and Africa. Science can exist only for the welfare of man. Furthermore, all nuclear and atomic weapons must be confidentially banned; then a general armistice for fifty years; then friendly relations will again flourish abundantly among the people of the world. The most recent knowledge that is yet to come will bring forth fruit to make human life easier so that war will be forgotten. I hereby conclude with the good expectation that the present session will bear good fruit also for us who are living under oppression so that we may also rejoice that we have been redeemed. I respectfully await a short answer from His Excellency, the Secretary-General to my previous communications and now again to this present one, since His Excellency is aware that a prohibition has been placed on petitions. I have the honour to be, etc. (signed) Jacobus Beukes 9cv 61. Petition, by letter l/ dated 27 October 1960, and enclosure, from Mr. Jacobus Beukes, Rehoboth, South West Africa, to the Secretary-General The state of affairs here in Rehoboth has induced me to lay the enclosed communication before you. As this is a matter of vital importance to the people in which the people have in their desperation called on Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II for help, the same call for help is sent through the United Nations. l/ Original in Afrikaans. I.°

A/AC.73/4 English Page 124 a. The church dispute has been automatically imposed upon us from outside. "A single church for non-Whites". This means apartheid. "Proof" b. No interference in church disputes by the Government. To whom is attributable the apartheid policy which is automatically imposed upon the people of Rehoboth? Does this come from the church leaders or the Government? c. The holding back of the appeal for help to Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II has made a deep impression; this is clear proof that there is no help for us on earth in this case. d. Referral of the matter to the High Court does not concern us in any way. From our point of view this is a purely theological matter which is of no concern to the Court. This, as stated a1ove, was not a dispute which originated with us. To whom is attributable the policy of apartheid which the Government, like Pilate, is now innocently trying to wash its hand of? In this matter the Bible is our Court. We are striving to retain our sworn property rights which the Union Government is taking from us cold-bloodedly. Who gives the Union Government the right to do this? In conclusion, I respectfully ask to be informed whether this communication has been received. I have not yet received any reply to the latest communication. I have the honour to be, etc. (Signed) Jacobus Beukes In reply please quote No. E.M.2/8 SOUTH WEST AFRICA OFFICE OF THE ADMINISTRATOR Windhoek 12 October 1960 REFERENCE: CHURCH DISPUTE REHOBOTH With reference to your official letter of 19 September 1960 addressed to the Secretary of the Governor-General, Pretoria, I have been instructed to inform you that His Excellency the Prime Minister has considered this matter. In a previous matter, a similar request was received by His Excellency from another inhabitant of Rehoboth, and the reply given vas as follows:

A/AC . 73/4 English Page 125 "The Prime Minister has asked me to inform you that it was unfortunately not possible to reply sooner to your letter of 26 July with reference to the above matter. You will understand that he had first to be informed of the details concerning the difficulties that have arisen in connexion with the church dispute in Rehoboth. "With reference to your request to the Prime Minister, I must inform you that the Government cannot interfere in a church dispute of this character. It is entirely correct that in its dealings with the Coloured community the Government exercises the greatest goodwill, and it is for this very reason that, except in an effort to bring about a leaceful settlement, it would be improper for bodies or persons connected with the Government to interfere in a dispute in which Coloured persons were involved on both sides. Interference would be particularly inappropriate where property rights were at issue, and an impartial judgment by a court of law was required. That is the position in this case with reference to the church matters and the related educational matters. "Considering that the efforts by the Administration of South West Africa to bring about a peaceful solution have been unsuccessful, the Prime Minister can only recommend that, in the event of the parties to the dispute being unable to arrive at an agreement on their own initiative, the matter should be brought before the High Court in order that judgement may be given as to who are the legal successors of the Rhenish Mission Church". I have been instructed to state that the above letter represents the Government's position with regard to the church dispute in question, and have been further instructed to explain to the petitioners that the Government is unable, for the reasons stated in that official letter, to recommend that His Excellency the Governor-General forward the petition to London. Apart from the embarrassment that this would cause Her Majesty, it would be completely inappropriate to take any action by which Her Majesty the Queen might become involved in this dispute, which can be settled by the parties themselves or by a judgement of the High Court. I have the honour to be, etc. (Signed) illegible Mr. Jacobus Beukes P.O. Box 46 SECRETARY FOR SCUTH WEST AFRICA Rehoboth ,/...

A/AC .73/4 English Page 126 ) 62. Petition, by cablegramI/ received on 31 October 1960, from Mr. J. Beukes, Rehoboth, South West Africa, to the Secretary-General PEOPLE OF REHOBOTH INFORM UNITED NATIONS SESSION THAT THEY BASE FUNDAMENTAL SOVEREIGN EXISTENCE 1870 ON TREATY 1885 VERSAILLES TREATY 19 JANUARY 1919 MANDATE FORMER LEAGUE OF NATIONS ARTICLE 22 LEGAL SUCCESSOR UNITED NATIONS BEGIN ESTABLISHMENT AS A NATION J. BEUKES 63. Petition, by cablegram-/ received on 14 December 1960, from Mr. J. Beukes, Rehoboth, South West Africa, to the Secretary-General RESPECTFULLY RESTORE CONSTITUTIONAL POSITION PEOPLE REHOBOTH UNDER THE MANDATE AS IT WAS WHEN THE UNION TOOK US OVER DAMAGE ALREADY GREAT J. BEUKES 64. Petition, by cablegram-/ received on 20 January 1961, from Mr. Jacobus Beukes, Rehoboth, South West Africa, to the Secretary-General REGULATIONS A/4643 1563 TO 1568 (XV) ADOPTED BY UNITED NATIONS NEW LIGHT AND INSPIRATION URGENTLY NECESSARY RECOMMENDATIONS 1566 TO BEGIN IM4EDIATELY TO GIVE EFFECT TO X 1588 PARAGRAPH 4 AS QUICKLY AS POSSIBLE INDIGENOUS PEOPLES SOUTH WEST AFRICA AWAIT YOUR GREETINGS JACOB BEUKES 65. Petition, by cablegram received on 15 February 1961, from Mr. Jacobus Beukes, Rehoboth, South West Africa, to the Secretary-General ALGEMENE BURGER VEREENIGING REHOBOTH INVITE UNO COMMISSION FOR SOUTH WEST AFRICA TO HEAR THEIR EVIDENCE AS TO CONSTITUTIONAL POLITICAL VIEWPOINT OF REHOBOTH GEBIET JACOBUS BEUKES 1/ Original in Afrikaans.

A/AC. 73/4 English Page 127 66. Petition, by cablegram j/ received on 10 February 1961, from Mr. Jacobus Beukes, Rehoboth, South West Africa, to the United Nations REPEAT HEREBY PREVIOUS INVITATION FOR THE COMMITTEE TO REHOBOTH IN ORDER TO MEET REHOBOTH CITIZENS. JACOBUS BEUKES 67. Petition. by letterl/ dated 2 February 1961, from Mr. Jaccbus Beukes, Rehobotn, Souza West Africa, to tae becretary-General I propose, in accordance with resolution 1566 (XV) of the United Nations General Assembly, that the assistance of the specialized agencies and of the United Nations Children's Fund should be made available for the economic, social and educational development of South West Africa. We hereby apply to the United Nations, under paragraphs 2 and 5 of the resolution, for the grant of immediate financial assistance to the citizens of Rehoboth and for the immediate institution by the Food and Agriculture Organization of a programme of assistance here to support the inhabitants of Rehoboth and put them on their feet again. That the United Nations Scientific Organization should investigate the mineral resources of the territory and develop them as a source of income. In conclusion I respectfully wish to inform you that the assistance requested in this letter is urgently needed, as our people are in great want owing to the protracted drought. It is our respectful expectation that the assistance will be rendered to us as quickly as possible. I have the honour to be, etc. (Signed) JACOBUS BEUKES l/ Criginal in Afrikaans. A/AC.73/4 English Page 128 URGENT PETITION P.O. Box 46 Rehoboth 2 February 1961 Sir, With profound and fervent respect I wish you great good fortune and strength, as do the multitude who have proclaimed peace. Peace goes hand in hand with right and justice. Mlay God grant you this in abundance. 1. It is very evident and deeply disappointing to us, the people of Rehoboth, that the Union Government contemptuously disregards the Charter and statutes, and, just as even in the church dispute, sows unrest in the Divinity. That is to say, the same contempt as referred to above has been shown in the Rehoboth church dispute. 2. At the last meeting of the Advisory Board, the Government presented the Board with two alternatives, i.e., that the Board must pay for the newly erected buildings in the amount of £28,000. If the Board agrees to this, religious segregation will cease; if not, it will remain in effect. The buildings referred to have been erected on the condemned block 212. 3. This runs counter to the ancestral Constitution of 1870-1871-1872-1874 and to the statutes of the United Nations. We therefore respectfully request the immediate restoration of what the Union Government took from us at the time. We hereby also lay claim to our rights which, under the Peace Treaty, form part of the Allies. We stood independently side by side with the Allies and sustained heavy losses as a result. For this reason we urgently beg tne United Nations to hasten to our assistance immediately, so that we may preserve our ethnic unity, our social rights as a people and our sovereign rights. I have the honour to be, etc. (Signed) JACOBUS BEUKES The Secretary-General of the United Nations New York

A/AC. 73/4 English Page 129 ANNEX THE MAIN POINT OF THE "URGENT PETITION" (1) Since the Union Government has failed in its duty as Mandatory over Rehoboth, we no longer have any confidence in that Government. (2) The Union Government is trying to acquire immovable property in Rehoboth, and this cannot happen in any circumstances. It is in conflict with our Constitution and the Charter and statutes of the United Nations. (3) The Union Government is deliberately setting itself against the Charter of the Allies and subjecting free people to slavery, as in Rehoboth for example. (4) Our urgent request is that, as we have already requested, we should be reinstated under the status previously fixed by the former League of Nations. The contempt of the Union Government for the United Nations has been an encroachment on our human rights. We are administered under an automatic system. Our request is that we, the people of Rehoboth, should be given clear recognition. We place ourselves under the Mandate in the status of training for our coming-of-age. The decisions taken by the Advisory Board must therefore be set aside as unconstitutional. I have the honour to be, etc. (Signed) JACOBUS BEUKES I-/ 68. Petition, by letter l/ dated 24 February 1961, and enclosures, from Mr. Jacobus Beukes, Rehoboth, South West Africa, to the United Nations In circumstances of great urgency due to the state of affairs here in Rehoboth, I enclose various documents which I shall number: 1. Dr. Fabregat's radio report made me very grateful and relieved me greatly. I therefore promise Dr. Fabregat my thanks if he will at all costs give effect to his report. I call on all African States to support Dr. Fabregat. In respectful expectation I shall wait to see whether my request is published. 1/ Original in Afrikaans.

A/AC.73/4 English Page 130 2. I have modified letter No. 1 by No. 2. I send letter No. 1 as evidence of the extent to which the Union Government's behaviour has troubled the women's minds. Letter No. 3 explains the obstacles with which we have to contend. 3. I respectfully ask the United Nations to caution Mr. John Viall that he has no right to do controversial things in our territory while at the same time he rejects our petitions with many threats. I shall appreciate it if you will warn Mr. John Viall to desist. 4. In conclusion we, the people of Rehoboth, define our position as follows: (a) Our independent basic existence from 1870 onwards, which was subsequently recognized and legalized by the Treaty of 1885, and which later still came under the mandate and statutes of the former League of Nations, which has now been replaced by the United Nations. (b) Our basic existence was one of sovereignty. We belong to the Allies. We stood beside the Allies in the World War of 1914. We were not placed under mandate as a conquered people. For these reasons, it is our respectful wish that a commission should be sent for the indisputable benefit of our Rehoboth people. 5. We ask the commission on our sovereign basic existence as an independent people under the mandate and under the legal assurance of guiding us towards maturity. Hence the Union Government can no longer be allowed to administer our people of Rehoboth, since the Union has demonstrably been contemptuously and deliberately remiss in its duty. The flouting of moral obligations and human rights can no longer be permitted. (Signed) JACOBU3 BEUKES No. 1 ?.0. Box 46 Rehoboth 22 February 1961 Dr. Viljoen Administrator of South West Africa Windhoek For tra nsmission to Dr. Venicerd, Prime isr of e Union of So -th Africa Sir, ,Wit- reference to our administration under -he tr eeship which the Union Ccv'eromient assumed on 17 :ecer JJCC to a ziter our land and oecple

A/AC. 73/4 English Page 131 for the benefit of our population, it must ensure our economic, educational and cultural well-being, and thereby recognize and promote our Christian welfare. 1. As reported herein, the Administration's behaviour does not make for the welfare of our people. In the course of the long period of authority over our Rehoboth people, it has become intolerable to us, because we are administered according to the good pleasure of the officials. 2. The intolerable administration has led us to the conclusion that we see no further prospect of being able to remain under this unbearable regime any longer. It will be better if you opened fire on us with machine-guns and cannon. 3. Since our administration does not consent to treat us as human beings, we now see that the only way out will be to choose death, for our unchallengeable basis for existence has been taken from us. This is our own RHENISH CHURCH. 4. It is a source of astonishment to us that the Government, as a Christian Government, should wish to change us against our wishes and in automatic disregard of our basic existence over the past 113 years. This is contrary to the Holy Bible, in which God Himself has said: "Render unto Caesar the things which are Caesar's, and unto God the things which are God's." 5. We dedicate our mourning to the Most High, like Abel and like Naboth. We, the Rehoboth League of Christian Women, remember the toil of our forefathers, and honour God and our forebears; wherefore we now choose death. We now close our letter with the signatures of our League of Women: We have the honour to be, etc. CHAIRMEN: MEMBERS: (Signed) Wilhelmina Beukes (Signed) G. Beukes H.E. Wellmann " E. Cloete Maria Kassen " S. Carew S. Morkel illegible it A. Morkel If A. van Wyk it E. Horkel If illegible If E. Olivier if ? Van Wyk It E.R. Aman

P.O. Box 46 Rehoboth 23 February 1961 Dr. Viljoen Administrator of Windhoel: For transmission South West Africa to Dr. Verwoerd, Prime Minister of the Union of South Africa. Sir, Translation identical with letter No. 2 above, except as follows: Para. 1: "long period of authority" becomes "forty years of authority". Para. 2: replace second sentence by the following: "For what is a people without its church? Its soul is dispossessed - it is dying". Para. 3: "as human beings" becomes "as citizens of Rehoboth"; after "the only way out" insert "for us". Para. 4: "God himself has said" becomes "the Master Himself has said". CHAIRMEN (Signed) Wilhelmina Beukes t? H.E. Wellman Maria Kasser ME I-MERS: (Signed) ? Cloete if D.E. Dunn ; Anna Morkel Suzan Morkel S. Barron "t G. Beukes Johanna Van Wyk " vM. ? Van Wyk E. Saem Paulina Carew S. Carew L. Olivier J. Olivier T. Carew T. Van Wyk R. Van Wyk E.R. Aman illegible Aletha Van Wyk Anna Louw A/AC.73/4 English Page 132 No. 2

A/AC.73/4 English Page 133 No. 3 P.O. Box 87 Rehoboth, South West Africa 23 February 1961 The Secretary-General The United Nations New York Sir, I hereby wish to inform you that at a policy meeting held on 24 January 1961 I was elected by the citizens as Burgher Chairman. In this connexion please accept and acknowledge the following copy: COPY In reply refer to: No. B.2/5 REHOBOTH BASTER COMMUNITY Mr. R.A. Alcock P.O. Box 87 REHOBOTH Sir, You are hereby informed that at the recent policy meeting you were elected by the citizens to be Burgher Chairman for the year 1961. Please let me know as soon as possible whether you accept the appointment. I have the honour to be, etc. John Vial For the CAPTAIN, REHOBGTH BASTER COMMUNITY oooooooooOO00oooooooooo In view of the foregoing, please register my name and recognize me in this capacity. Thanking you in advance, I have the honour to be, etc. (Signed) R.A. Alcock Burgher Chairman Rehoboth Baster Community, Rehoboth, South 'Jest Africa

A/AC .73/4 English Page 134 The Burgher Chairman Rehoboth Baster Colmmunity P.O. Box Rehoboth, South West Africa 23 February 1961 The Secretary-General United Nations New York Sir, I hereby wish to inform you of the following: 1. The Administration of South West Africa wishes to obtain from the Baster Board a gift of land on which it proposes to erect a modern high school for non- whites. The people oppose a donation but feel that education must not be held back. What can you do? 2. The Administration of South Africa is willing to grant loans against mortgages on land of the Baster Community. Loans are acceptable, but only a small group of people, who will be able to repay them, can avail themselves of these loans. Moreover, the Government is virtually unconcerned about the vast majority of citizens who do not have any flour in their homes at present owing to this severe drought. Famine is raging here. You must please help IMThEDIATELY. 3. There are hundreds of needy and aged people here who are receiving no support from the Government. Many people here have become incapacitated for work as a result of contagious diseases. I and Mr. Jacobus Beukes, an old compaigner for the people of the Baster Comunity whose acquaintance you have already made through his many petitions, are among those who have been virtually abandoned, or rather left, to our OWN FATE. I wish to make clear at this point, with all the emphasis at my command, that what Mr. Jacobus Beukes has been telling you all these years is the complete TRUTH. Conditions here in Rehoboth and in the Gebiet are really critical. As regards conditions outside the Rehoboth Gebiet, I am not able to give you much information. I shall confine myself to saying: "Wat has been done to us here in Rehoboth Gebiet is certainly not unlknown to other non-white races." The drcught has now lasted a full two years. There are many ways in which the Administration of South 'Test Africa stretches out a helping hand to the whites. I shall now put

A/AC. 73/4 English Page 135 to you this pertinent question: "Wheie is the place of the non-white here in South West Africa? Must he be chased about from one wild, inhospitable tract to another, and to introduce civilization there so that a little later the white man can come and disposses him?" You really know so little of our sufferings than you do not meet us halfway. I do not blame you for this. It is the Union Government's duty to look after us, but it does not do so. It is all the same to the Government whether we live or perish. If this Government had taken to heart the case of the non-whites of the Rehoboth Gebiet, it would have nade provision forty years ago for: (a) TWorl in the Rehoboth Gebiet in co-operation with our Baster Board. (b) Old Age pensions for the poor old people, here in the Rehoboth Gebiet and elsewhere, who just sit and lie about unfed and wait for death. What sympathy has CUR Government for such people? (c) Disability pensions for those who, AT CNE TIME in the dim past, were of service to country and people (if one may speak of such things in the case of non-whites). (d) Ex-servicemen's pensions for those who were wounded or otherwise disabled in His Majesty's service. (e) Should not our widows and orphans, too, be supported by the Government, or is there no longer a place for them in the community because they have been orphaned? (f) Are the people of our Baster Community so healthy (even though we are underfed) that they may not be provided with a resident physician? (g) ThVnere are cur welfare ogffcers and social Workers who can crawl into our people's hovels to study living conditions and recommend improvements in our way of life? (h) Why is there no sign of a CLDTIC here in Rehoboth, where school ch4lrer can 1-avTe their teeth extracted and receive other forms of medical care y oeole are as1in whet'her these th-ngs are unattainable for the nonwhite. the >asters and Colcureds as -iell as Ta.mas and Berg. Damaras. The people are also asking 7Thether -.,hat is good 7rhe -zhite nan is so harmful to the non- hie tY, he ccrn ,- it,. -,_7eFor a er e white ,cersons here in Rehoboth -7th are --ela'1 :aeof.._ a-d yet a-re o -n -a pe7sien. This 4S /...

A/AC.73/4 English Page 136 incomprehensible, especially when one takes into account the fact that, generally speaking, laws should not be passed which discriminate between white and non- white. If you, or your representatives, were to institute an inquiry today into the real conditions in which the people of the Baster Community live, you would be shocked to find that there are at this moment people in Rehoboth who can never eat ONE proper meal. Does cur Administration know about this, and, if so, why is its attitude so cold and unsympathetic? In view of the nature and the seriousness of the situation here today, I rake one more friendly but serious appeal to you please to investigate this matter IMVMEDIATELY. Send food supplies for our people, PROVISIONS, as quickly as possible, for they will not be able to hold out much longer. And in this appeal on behalf of my people I shall place ALL my trust in you. On behalf of the citizens, I thank you sincerely for such supplies and financial assistance as are available for us but which are unobtainable through official channels owing to the limitations laid on our BASTER COUNCIL by our Administration. They are not permitted to apply for such items. Thanking you in advance, I have the honour to be, etc. (Signed) R.A. Alcock 69. Petition, by cablegram-/ received on 7 March 1961, from Mr. Jacobus Beukes, Rehoboth, South West Africa, to the United Nations DISTURBANCES 26 DECEMBER X COURT BIASSED IMPERATIVE IMPARTIAL INQUIRY X CONTINUATION SITUATION IS DETERIORATING JACOBUS BEU1TS 1/ Original in Afrikaans.

A/AC.73//4 English Page 137 70. Petition, by cablegran/ received on 11 March 1961, from Mr. Jacobus Beuhes, Rehoboth, South West Africa, to the United Nations REHOBCTH COMMUNITY WISHES TO KNOW WHETHER THERE IS STILL ANY HOPE THAT THE COMMISSION WILL COME. SITUATION DETERIORATING. REPLY URGENTLY. JACOBUS BEUKES 71. Petition, by letter1- dated 13 March 1961, from Mr. Jacobus Beukes, Rehoboth, South West Africa, to the Secretary, Committee on South West Africa With all due respect, I take the liberty of referring to the question of Rehoboth, which has already been amply dealt with by the United Nations and is at the same time being discussed at the Conrnonwealth Conference. As regards all human morality and law, I should like to know whether South West Africa is also included in the moral concept. This question is intended for the delegation of South Africa, His Excellency Dr. Verwoerd and Mr. Eric Louw. 1. I ask the question, as mentioned above, whether it is right for the Union Government to disregard its moral obligations, and even the statute and Charter of the United Nations, with respect to South West Africa. This is 1nown in full detail. 2. With respect to the Commonwealth Conference, I wish to inform his Excellency Dr. Verwoerd and Mr. Eric Louw that the people of the Mandated Territory of South West Africa are groaning and weeping under the criminal oppression and provocations, and that this is happening both among the people of Rehoboth anJ elsewhere. 3. The criminal oppression has affected our church and schools, and this has frankly confused cur people and destroyed the way of life which we have followed for 113 years. 4. What of our hard-won rights which are based on sworn fundamental rights and which were legalized and were also recognized by the Imperial German Government in the Treaty of 1865 and also cur sincere co-operation with the German Government in maintaining peace and tranquillity f.ror lc to 107. The I/ Original in Afrikaans.

A/AC.73/4 English Page 138 establishment of our rights is conmemorated by the monument at Windhoek, which stands unchanged. 5. On these grounds, it is our deep and humble wish and desire to retain our basic existence under the Mandate until we reach maturity. 6. The fundamental purpose of the Commonwealth and the United Nations is to solve the world's problems by legal means. Hence, we the people of Rehoboth, hope that our detailed complaints will be taken into consideration by the United Nations, and that we- shall be allowed to take part in education in the same way as any other people under the Mandate. Cur humble hope is that this time we shall be given satisfaction. (Signed) Jacob Beukes 72. Petition, by letterI! dated 18 March 1961, and enclosure, from Mr. Jacobus Beukes, Rehoboth, South West Africa, to the Secretary, Committee on South West Africa I have the honour to bring the enclosed communication to your notice for purposes of information as also for action on our behalf. The withdrawal of His Excellency Dr. Verwoerd frcm the Commonwealth provides clear proof that the Union Government is reluctant and unwilling to come to terms with the basic existence of our human rights and at the same time thereby contradicts the moral basis of mankind. Rehoboth's complaints constitute convincing evidence that modern life and civilization are incompatible with the decision of the Union Gove rnre nt. The convincing evidence has now become a reality at the Commonwealth Conference by the fact that His Excellency Dr. Verwcerd has withdrawn his decisions. We hereby respectfully ask what is now to become of the Mandate over South WHest Africa. According to what has already been stated, we see no further chance for the Union Government to continue to administer South West Africa. 1/ a i Afrikaans.

A/AC. 73/4 English Page 139 We ask the United Nations to take drastic action against the Union so that the old desperate oppression may come to an end and further casualties may be prevented. (Signed) Jacobus Beukes Enclosure P.O. Box 46 Rehoboth 17 March 1961 The Secretary of the House of Common 10 Downey Street London ... For the attention of His Excellency Mr. Macmillan ... Sir, With regard to the situation here in Rehoboth, we most respectfully address His Excellency Mr. Macmillan, who has assumed the moral right over the Mandate, South West Africa, as follows: Excellency, permit us to express ourselves respectfully as follows. 1. We hereby respectfully ask, with reference to the Conmonwealth Conference, whether Britain, as well as the Union Government, answered the questions of the Mandate. 2. We point out to His Excellency Mr. Macmillan and to Dr. Verwoerd that the love which they have for their countries is the same as the love which we have for our hard-won country. We thus humbly trust that our present desperate situation will be dealt with by the high members of the Commonwealth with right and justice. 3. We respectfully appeal to both statesmen, namely, His Excellency Mr. Macmillan and Dr. Vertrerd, to inform the Commonwealth concerning the moral obligations assumed by Britain under the Mandate which was given to it by the old League of Nations and then transferred to the Union Govermnyent without consulting the inhabitants of the Mandated Territory, South -Test Africa.

A/AC.73/4 English Page 140 4. We respectfully draw the attention of the high statesmen to our fundamental sworn property rights which were established in the year 1870 and which cur ancestors had to preserve by their toil through dark and difficult years so as to hand them on to us and cur descendants. Whereupon we must now endure dark days and sleepless nights because of our property. 5. We are deeply confident that the Commonwealth will strengthen the United Nations as the only body in which the problems of the world can be solved. I have the honour to be, etc. (Signed) Jacobus Beukes P.S. Enclosed for purposes of information is a further document which has already been sent to the United Nations. 2/ 2/ The cetitioner also enclosed the registration certificate dated 13 March 1061, covering a letter or postal article sent to the Secretary Df the mcuse of Com.ons.

A/AC 73/4 English Page 141 73. Petition, by letter /dated 5 April 1961, and enclosure, from Mr. Jacobus Beukes, Rehoboth, South West Africa, to the Committee on South West Africa Memorandum I hereby most respectfully send this memorandum to statesmen to remind them that whereas peace was proclaimed by the Higher Power, whom all mankind must respect, so have the earthly powers been appointed who do not carry the sword in vain. The purpose of this is to maintain peace. To this end the four great Powers have set up the United Nations, in order to keep the peace and at the same time to ensure the social and moral education and the material and economic existence of mankind. (a) The United Nations must be regarded throughout the whole world by all peoples respectively as a mediator for peace and must be protected from any aggression or attack. Members of the United Nations must be provided with some outward sign, which must be respected and which must be capable of putting an end to disputes so that negotiations can be held with the contending parties, failing which the four great Powers must intervene. This does not mean that they should intervene in order to continue the dispute, but only to keep the peace. (b) Hereby the fact that there exists a Higher Power must be strictly borne in mind. For this reason, the United Nations must really be strengthened. Then the importance of the Charter and Statute will really be established, and the events which have taken place in South West Africa will never occur again. (c) The most important thing of all is that the four great Powers should again stand together in harmony, as they did in the two world wars, in order to keep the peace. If this happens, the smaller nations will desist from their mutual hostility. Peace is the great goal which recent developments will make the most important of all for the welfare of mankind, and science will be able to play its full part in checking plans for war. In the present state of world relations, peace, and nothing else, is the only salvation. I respectfully ask that the mandate for South West Africa should be restored, since it is not enforced. We complain to the United Nations. We suffer terribly from the damage done to our education, and our economy is very weak. It will be one of the greatest disgraces if the Union 1/ Original in Afrikaans

A/AC. 75/4 English Page 142 Government achieves its purpose. The behaviour of the Union Government, as a Christian Government, does not make a good impression. The contempt which the Union Government has shown for the United Nations is intolerable. This has nothing to do with hostility, but only with right and justice. I have the honour to be, etc. (signed) Jacobus Beukes P.O. Box 46, Rehoboth, 7.April 1961 I respectfully beg the United Nations and the African States not to allow the Union Government to succeed in its inhuman behaviour. (a) The Union Government should no longer be allowed to hold the Mandate, because it has not carried out its moral obligations but has rejected them contemptuously. (b) The church dispute here in Rehoboth has not yet been settled, as is evident from the two attached communications. The Union Government is attempting to achieve its end at any cost, thus also causing confusion about the Divine Being. The Union Government is also trying to bring world opinion over to its side, so that peaceful coexistence has also been thrown into confusion. The Union Government itself proves this by its behaviour. (c) Forgive me for having to say this and bring it to your attention. The United Nations represents thorough peace, which was proclaimed by a multitude, and the United Nations cannot agree with the Union Government's professed beliefs, which defy all morality. We, the people of Rehoboth, beg for deliverance and at the same time ask for a complete restoration of our rights as they were when the Union Government took us over. Gentlemen, we are a people with sovereign rights over our property. We also belong among the Allies. We therefcre implore the Committee to deliver us, so that we may receive the education to which we are entitled under the Mandate. We shall deeply appreciate being informed beforehand, so that we may call our people together. (signed) Jacobus Beukes

A/AC. 73/4 English Page 143 MEMORANDUM To be laid before the United Nations Committee on South West Africa By the Action Ccnnittee of the Rhenish Baster Community of Rehoboth, South West Africa CHURCH DISPUTE BETWEEN THE RHENISH BASTER COMMUNITY AND THE EVANGELICAL CHURCH R .B.G.l Session of the Synod of the Rhenish Mission Church: 1-4 October 1957 (a) The warning of the deputies of Rehoboth. (b) The disregard of this warning by the Synod. (c) The foundation of the UNWANTED NEW CHURCH: the Evangelical Lutheran Church for ALL NON-WHITE PEOPLES in South West Africa. Correspondence: 1. Minutes of the Session of the Synod of 1-4 October 1957. 2. Minutes of the Reverend Mr. Diehl's inaugural address as Chairman: Session of the Synod of 1-4 April 1960 at Rehoboth. R.B.G.2 Registration of this apartheid church by the Bantu Commissioner (a) The Old Rhenish Mission Church was not an apartheid church. (b) The Ccniittee is losing the properties which were registered in the name of the Rhenish Baster Community, and which cannot be transferre. to the Evangelical Lutheran Church. (c) The registration of the church clearly shows that .a policy of apartheid is being followed. Correspondence: 1. Letter from the Bantu Commissioner to Dr. W. H. Weder. 2. Translated letter from Germany... Paragraph 2. 3. Minutes of the Ccmmunity meeting of 22 August 1959. 4. Minutes of the Session cf the Synod of 1-4 October 1957, page 6. A/Ac 7/ English Page 144 R .B.G.3 The Community is dissatisfied with the New Church. (a) The Community feels dissatisfied with the New Church in the Gebiet. (b) The Community was not consulted about the New Church. (c) The Community wishes to preserve the tradition of the Rhenish Mission. (d) The Community does not wish to lose its basic tradition. (e) Large Community meetings have been held in this connexion. Correspondence: 1. Reply of the Action Committee to the "threatening letter" of the Church Administration. 2. Community meeting of 26 November 1958. 3. Community meeting of 30 July 1959. 4. Community meeting of 22 August 1959. Reaction of Missionaries: 1. They showed no sympathy with the Community. 2. They referred the fundamental question to the Supreme Court. 3. The Community has NO confidence in the Supreme Court. R.B.G.4 Threatening letter to the officers of the Rhenish Mission Church. (a) Elders who wish to remain "Rhenish" are removed from office. (b) If the Secretary will not join the New Church, he will be dismissed. (c) The Rhenish Baster Community appoints the Action Committee on 28 August 1959. Correspondence: 1. Circular letter dated 27 August 1959 from the Church Administration. 2. Reply to this letter by the Action Committee.

A/AC. 73/4 English Page 145 R.B.G.5 The Rhenish Baster Community is finally ejected. (a) The Reverend Mr. Vollmer refuses to hold prayers in his house... 11 September 1959. (b) The Reverend Mr. Diehl disowns the Action Committee and the R.B. Community ...... 11 September 1959. (c) The elders are dispersed ...... 12 September 1959. (d) Community decides on separate services. The Reverend Mr. Beukes asked to fix the times of services ...... 12 September 1959. (e) The Community was driven from its church . . 13 September 1959. (f) The South African Police comes into the church ...... 13 September 1959. (g) The Reverend Mr. Vollmer maintains that this is ,hite property ...... 13 September 1959. Oral evidence: 1. Members of the Action Committee ...... (14). 2. Elders of the Community ...... 3. Members of the Rhenish Baster Community of Rehoboth . . . (350) R.B.G.6 The German Missionaries' lawyers intervene. (a) The late Dr. Weder, President of the Legislative Assembly of South West Africa. (b) The Community is ordered to hold services between 1 and 6 p.m. (c) Vollmer maintains that the church is White property...... 20 September 1959. R.B.G.7 Rhenish Baster Community calls on the Baster Board for aid. (a) The Baster Board holds discussions with Missionaries and Action Committee.

A/AC. 73/4 English Page 146 (b) Missionaries disown Action Committee and Community for the third time. (c) Talks fail. Board will not listen to any section. Oral evidence: 1. The Captain, his Baster Board and the Baster Clerk. 2. The Action Committee and members of the Rhenish Baster Community. Reaction of Missionaries: 1. No sympathy for the Community. 2. Fundamental question referred to the Supreme Court. 3. The Community has no confidence in the Supreme Court. R.B.G.8 Evangelical Lutheran Community takes over property rights: (a) On 27 September 1959, the Community advocates closing the doors. (b) The aid of the Baster Board is called on by the Rhenish Baster Community. (c) The Reverend Mr. Vollmer disowns and scorns the Baster Board. (d) The Reverend Mr. Vollmer takes his orders from Dr. W.H. WTeder. Oral evidence: 1. Council Members J. Beukes and M. Dentlinger. 2. Members of the Action Committee. 3. Members of the Rhenish Baster Community. Reaction of Missionaries: 1. The Missionary R. Vollmer takes an aggressive attitude. 2. The Missionary refers the matter to the Supreme Court. R.B.G.9 The Reverend Mr. R. Vollmer closes the doors of the country school buildings. 1. He orders the head masters of Schlip and Groendraai schools to close down. 2. He orders the head masters of Kobos, Aub and Rietoog Noates schools to close down. I...

A/AC. 73/4 English Page 147 3. He orders the head masters of Rehoboth and Eselmaanhaar schools to close down. 4. He orders the head masters of Bloukrans and Usib schools to close down, etc. Reaction of the Community: 1. The Community dismisses the Reverend Mr. R. Vollmer from his post as minister. 2. The Community dismisses the Reverend Mr. R. Vollmer from his post as Director of Schools. Correspondence: 1. The Community's reply to his circular letter for Rehoboth. 2. The Community's reply to his circular letter for Schlip. 3. The Department's circular letter to teachers in Rhenish Schools. R.B.G.10 Talks held between the Secretary of South West Africa and the Board. (a) Endowment document bears doubtful signatures. (b) The Action Committee of the Rhenish Baster Community repudiates the New Church. Reaction of church leaders and administration officials: 1. The fundamental question must be decided by the Supreme Court. 2. The New Church cannot be disbanded. 3. Members of the Baster Community who belong to the Rhenish Mission will be prosecuted at the request of the Reverend Mr. H.K. Diehl, according to Dr. Weder. R.B.G.11 Talks with the ministers of the Rhenish Missionary Society. 12 July 1960. (a) The Community advocates opening the doors while the matter is undecided. (b) The Community does not wish to join the New Church. (c) It also asks that the Reverend Mr. H.K. Diehl should resign from his post as Director. .. A/AC. 73/4 English Page 148 Reaction of the Missionaries: 1. The Missionaries do not think it possible to leave the doors open for two sections. 2. Under NO circumstances can the Missionaries disband the Evangelical Lutheran Church. 3. The Department must dismiss the Reverend Mr. Diehl from his post as Director of Schools. 4. The Ministers refer the matter to the Supreme Court. However, the Community has no confidence in the Supreme Court of South West Africa. R.B.G.12 Talks with the Director of Education ...... 23 August 1960. (a) It informs the Director of its talks with the Missionaries on 12 July 1960. (b) It asks the Director to have the Reverend Mr. Diehl dismissed from his post as Director of Schools, because the Community rejects him. (c) The Community recommends that a Coloured director should be appointed. (d) Members of the Action Committee show the property deed. (e) The Community demands rent for its school buildings. Reaction of the Director: 1. The Director says that he can do nothing for the Community. 2. He, too, refers the matter to the Supreme Court. The Community has NO confidence in the Supreme Court of South West Africa. R.B.G.13 Letters about the church dispute sent to the Prime Minister. (a) The Community refers to the church dispute in Rehoboth. (b) It refers to the unsympathetic attitude shown in the Director's letter. I...

A/AC. 73/4 English Page 149 (c) It refers to the unsympathetic attitude of the Administrator. (d) The Community asks the Prime Minister for help. Reaction of the Prime Minister: 1. NO sympathy - he refers the matter to the Supreme Court. 2. The Government can never interfere in church disputes of Coloured groups. The Community has NO confidence in the Supreme Court of South West Africa. Correspondence: 1. Copy of the reply from the Administrator of South Lest Africa. 2. Copy of the reply from the Director of Education. 3. Letter addressed to His Excellency the Prime Minister of South Africa. 4. Telegram of inquiry and replies from His Excellency the Prime Minister. R.B.G.14 The Reverend Mr. Diehl, Director of Schools, treats the Community with contempt. (a) He describes the Community as an "Action Community" (Letter to the head master of the School). (b) He has the school buildings of the Rhenish Baster Community closed ... at Aub. (c) He has the lights of OUR SCHOOLROOM, the Lind Memorial Room, removed. The education authorities used this room for singing practice for the whole school, and not for one section only. (d) He gives the Reverend Mr. Beukes instructions to close the gates of the school grounds. N.B. The Lind Memorial Room, which is used by the Rhenish Baster Community for singing practice and prayers, is situated on the school grounds. Correspondence: 1. Letter from the Reverend Mr. Diehl to the head master of the school (Rehoboth) 26 July 19i60.

A/AC. 73/4 English Page 150 2. Letter from the Reverend Mr. Diehl to the head master of the school (Rehoboth) 17 August 1960. 3. The letter from the Community to the Reverend Mr. Diehl 27 September 1960. N.B. This closing of the gate resulted in the Community almost getting out of hand on 26 December 1960 and in horrible bloodshed almost taking place between the Basters and the Namas. Hundreds of Natives, who had been incited to do so, interfered in a dispute which did not concern them. Reaction of the Reverend Mr. Diehl: The Missionary took the attitude that it did not matter to him at all what happened to the Baster Community in Rehoboth, as long as he himself could carry out his assigned task. R.B.G.15 The Reverend Mr. J. Beukes is asked to move out of the parsonage of the Rhenish Baster Community. (a) The Community has appointed a minister and needs the Presbytery. (b) The Reverend Mr. Vollmer was asked by an attorney to have the parsonage vacated. (c) The Community is the sole owaer of this parsonage. Correspondence: 1. Attorney Orman's telegram to the Reverend Mr. Vollmer . 1 April 1960. 2. The Reverend Mr. Beukes is politely asked to move out . 27 July 1960. 3. The Captain is asked to have the parsonage vacated, and refuses ...... 11 August 1960. 4. The Captain and the Board are asked to make him move out, but cannot do so ...... 15 August 1960. 5. The Reverend Mr. R. Vollmer refuses through Attorney Weder ...... 5 April 196o. Reaction of the Reverend Mr. J. Beukes: The Reverend Mr. Beukes asserts that no power on earth will be able to remove him from this dwelling. He also defies the Rhenish Baster Community of Rehoboth in every possible way.

A/AC. 73/4 English Page 151 R.B.G. 16 The matter is brought before the United Nations. (a) The Community is unsuccessful in its case in discussions with the Reverend Mr. R. Vollmer. (b) The Reverend Mr. Diehl, Superintendent of the Rhenish Mission, cannot help. (c) The Baster Captain likewise cannot help and refers the matter to the Supreme Court. (d) The Administrator shows no sympathy and refers the matter to the Supreme Court. (e) The Rhenish Church Administration has no sympathy and refers the matter to the Supreme Court. (f) The Community gets no help from the Prime Minister or the Supreme Court. (g) The Director of Education refers the matter to the Supreme Court of South West Africa. Correspondence: 1. Letter sent on 19 September 1960 to the United Nations. 2. Cable sent on 19 September 1960 to the United Nations. 3. Cable sent on 28 December 1960 to the United Nations. 4. Cable sent on 9 February 1961 to the United Nations. 5. Replies frcm the Secretary-General of the United Nations. Cf.. also cables sent to Dr. Dekleine and Adcnhaucr. Cf. also the "open letter" to the Reverend Mr. Diehl and Dr. Dekleine. R.B.G. 17 The Ccmmunity itself ccuses the ;arscnage to be vacated on 27 December 1960. (a) Previous attempts were reaceful, but ALL failed. (b) The Reverend Mr. Beukes defies the Ccmmunity to take any kind of legal action. (c) The Reverend Mr. Beukes destroys the gates of the Rhenish Baster Community. (d) The Community asks for the key to the Church on 26 December 1960. I...

A/AC.- 73/4 English Page 152 (e) When the Community fails in this attempt, it causes the rarsonage to be vacated. (f) Several hundred incited Natives also intervened. (g) Police reinforcements arrived from Windhoek, having learned of this intervention. (h) Horrible bloodshed miraculously averted. Correspondence: (CABLE) 1. United Nations immediately informed. (CABLE) 2. Dr. Ee Kleine, Barmen, Germany, immediately informed. (LETTER) 3. Intervention by Natives charged in letter to Captain and Baster Board. Reaction cf authorities: 1. Reply from Dr. Le Kleine - he will pay a visit in March. 2. Reply from the United Nations - matter referred to the Committee on South West Africa. 3. No reply from the Captain and the Board. The charges were probably never considered. Charges repeated. R.B.G. 18 Rhenish Baster Community demands rent for school buildings. (a) The Education repartment is willing to pay rent for the school buildings. (b) The Rhenish Baster Community submits a claim. (c) The buildings were built and kept up by the Community. Correspondence: 1. The Community possesses a deed. 2. Letters and replies to letters sent in the matter to the Director. Reaction of the Director: 1. The Director says that he wants to maintain the status quo. 2. He refers the matter to the legal advisers of the Administrator.

A/AC 73/4 English Page 153 R.B.G. 19 Talks with ministers of the Rhenish Missionary Society on 16 January 1961. (a) The Community again asks that the doors of the "Fauluskerk" Church at Rehoboth should be opened. (b) The Community declares itself willing to welcome back members who joined the Evangelical Lutheran Church if the Evangelical Lutheran Church is disbanded. (c) The Community does not see how it can take back the Reverend Mr. Beukes as its minister after all the contempt he has shown for the Community. (d) The Community likewise does not see how it can accept the elders of an Evangelical Lutheran Church as such, since they have defied the Community horribly during the dispute. A general feeling has already arisen that if the Community accepts these persons in their capacity as office-bearers, it will be holding the Word of God. too CHEAP. (e) The Community appoints its own ministers and manages its own finances. Its property must be registered and maintained as Baster property. (f) The Community is also dissatisfied with the registration of the NEW church as an apartheid church. Reaction of the ministers: 1. The ministers of the Evangelical Lutheran Church want the Community to accept the Reverend Mr. Beukes as a minister; they also want our ministers to be appointed only with their consent and insist that these should be Rhenish and Lutheran ministers. They insist further that we be affiliated with the Rhenish Missionary Society and that the Reverend Mr. Beukes should act as liaison officer. Statement by the Reverend Otto Milk: (see the minutes of the Assembly) "We are forced by the Government laws to register the Church with the Bantu Commissioner".

A/AC. 73/4 English Page 154 The Community's petition to the United Nations: 1. The Community, most urgently but courteously, asks the United Nations to help it regain its property as soon as possible. 2. Even before the year 19C6, when the building of the Community's Church was begun, the Community was labouring to build up its property. The Baster Captain and his Committee even went so far as to alienate two Baster farms in order to make the building of the Church possible. With great difficulty and trouble the other buildings, such as a hospital, dwellings, an engine-room, lavatories and even living quarters for the servants were built. The pulpit, pews, organ, trumpets, books, motor vehicle, the installation of electricity and of the water supply to and from the various buildings, and the hospital drainage system were provided with funds from the Rhenish Baster Community, and not by members of any Evangelical Lutheran Church. We now ask the distinguished members of the Committee this question: "Must we lose these hard-won properties and property rights simply because we do not want to belong to this apartheid church...?" 3. This UNWANTED new Church has now finally driven a wedge between us and the other non-white peoples of South West Africa, since at Christmas-time their leaders and members deliberately incited the Natives against us. They allege that we will not share a House of God with other non-whites. Here we wish once more to make it quite clear that we will not and shall not belong to the "apartheid church". And it is our wish and our request that the distinguished members of this Committee will support us in this respect. 4. We also ask the distinguished members of the Committee to restore to us all our RIGHTS and PRIVILEGES as a sovereign people... We are an independent PEOPLE, and, as such, we wish to belong to an INDEPENDET CHURCH, with CUR OWN PEOPLE in charge. I..

A/AC. 73/4 English Page 155 74. Petition, by cablegram-' received on 12 April 1961, from Mr. Jacobus Beukes, Rehoboth, South West Africa, to the United Nations ACT ON A/AC.73/3, PAGES 182 AND 183= PREVENT FURTHER SUPPRESSION OF POPULATION BY VISIT OF COMMITTEE JACOBUS BEUKES P2 75. Petition,-by telegram-/ received on 22 April 1961, from Mr. Jacobus Beukes, Rehoboth, South West Africa, to the Secretary-General PREVENT VIOLENCE IN CHURCH DISPUTE. MATTER REMAINS PENDING UNTIL COMMITTEE COMES. CONTACT PRESES DIEHL IMMEDIATELY. SITUATION DELICATE. JACOBUS BEUKES 76. Petition, by letter1- dated 22 April 1961, and enclosure, from Mr. Jacobus Beukes, Rehoboth, South West Africa, to the Secretary-General. This letter and the preceding complaints show the necessity for the coming of the Committee. We await some indication that the Committee will come. We ask the Committee to come to Rehoboth, not for a short time, but for at least a month. We respectfully hope that our wish will be granted. (Signed) Jacobus Beukes Enclosure Protest His Excellency Dr. Viljoen Administrator of South West Africa Windhoek Sir, With profound respect, I refer to your distinguished letter. I must pause to ask what has happened to turn a dispute between brothers into an open break, since l/ Original in Afrikaans. 2/ The references are to two earlier petitions from Mr. Beukes seeking urgent economic and financial assistance for the Rehoboth community from the United Nations, the protection of their land against mortgage to the territorial Administration as security for loans, protection of their church'and school, and the establishment of an administration in accordance with the Mandate and the Charter.

A/AC 73/4 English Page 156 an open break is now being considered. In other words, may I respectfully ask what the situation is with regard to the brotherly dispute between the Nationalist Party and the United Party? Is this not affected by the decision to which you refer in your letter? However that may be, my remark was not intended to lead to a break but to peaceful coexistence and the restoration of mutual confidence. Do you not realize that since the whites set foot here in Africa, it was we who toiled together with the whites to build up and maintain civilization? I beg you to give heed to my humble remarks about our people's thoroughly Christian way of life. We are a small community, and we cannot quarrel. Our historical way of life has been guaranteed by peace for the past 113 years. We respectfully hope that you will meet the moral obligations assumed on 17 recember 1920 when the old League of Nations provided for our preparation for maturity under Article 22 of the Covenant, the United Nations being the successor of the League of Nations. We regret our present treatment. We therefore hope that the United Nations Committee will immediately restore our rights to what they were when the Union Government took us over. I have the honour to be, etc. (Signed) Jacobus Beukes 77. petition, by letter!/ dated 10 May 1961, from Mr. Jacobus Beukes, Rehoboth, South West Africa, to the Secretary-General, and enclosed memoranda from Mr. Beukes dated 11 May 1961 and Mr. Beukes and Mr. E.A. Alcock "Urgent petition" Please take note of this request, with deep inner reflection and concern. I ask that the Union Government should not be allowed to continue in its present conduct. 1. The refusal to allow the Committee on South West Africa to come. What right has the Union Government to refuse to allow the Committee to carry out its duties? In my own opinion, this is a challenge to the United Nations and can never be permitted. It is a gross offence against morality, which is the foundation on which mankind is and must be based, for the Union Government is violating human rights. I respectfully ask all right-thinking persons why the Union Government has left the Commonwealth? 1/ Criginals in Afrikaans.

A/AC. 73/4 English Page 157 2. We respectfully ask what has been done to give us the training to which we are entitled under the statutes of the Mandate. The Union Government is committing a violation which, as the International Court of Justice must admit, cannot be allowed to take place. With regard to the Union Government's conduct, I feel compelled to say that the Union does not think that there must be any law or justice. Yet the Higher Power says that, if the judge does evil in the eyes of the Lord, the people shall be banished and placed under an alien Government. 3. Gentlemen, we count as a people which independently took the side of the Allies, and we feel that we have the right to meet the Committee immediately, since the Union Government has had no regard for our interests. I humbly ask whether the Union Government has a guilty conscience, since it does not allow the Committee to come. We invite the Committee to come directly to Rehoboth, as speedily as possible. It is well known that as a people our training has been grossly neglected under the Mandate. For many years now we have been in a desperate position. My civilization also prevail for us, the people of Rehoboth. We await a reply to the preceding letters, because the situation is most desperate. (Signed) Jacobus Beukes P.S. Sir, With deep concern, I take the liberty respectfully to ask what is to be the Mandate for South West Africa now that South Africa has become a Republic. The Union Government has already maintained that after the Second World War no successor appeared. It is well known that the Union Government claims most vigorously that the Mandate no longer exists. What is to become of the Rehoboth community, which the Union Government obtained, together with its sovereign rights over its property, and which took the side of the Allies? 1. We beg the Committee to come immediately, because the Union Government has not fulfilled its obligations. 2. We ask whether there is a successor to the Mandatory Power and who that successor is in order that the Union Government can never again say that no successor has appeared.

A/AC. 73/4 English Page 158 3. This will be one of the most disgraceful things which has happened since the time of Christ. The Union Government cannot be allowed to defy the United Nations by its conduct. 4. Since the Union Government has not fulfilled its obligations under the rules and the Covenant of the old League of Nations, or again its obligations to the United Nations, there can now be no legal grounds for disputing that the United Nations must immediately take over the Mandate for the welfare of the people of South West Africa, so that peaceful coexistence in South West Africa may be preserved. The Union Government must be seriously convinced of truth and justice. 5. The Union Government, as a Christian Government, must be made to realize that lawful human rights cannot unjustly be taken away. The Rehoboth Community is based on historical rights, just as the Union Government established its country on a basis of justice. Our forefathers did for their descendants what Jan van Riebek did for his. I must remind the Union Government that, just as that Government celebrates a ray of the Covenant, we too celebrate a ray of the Covenant. Both the Rehoboth Community and the Union Government owe thanks to the Higher Power. Nothing can happen except by the will of the Almighty. (Signed) J. Beukes "The historical existence of the Rehoboth Community" Memorandum P.O. Box 46 Rehoboth, 11 May 1961 His Excellency Mr. Dag Hammarskjold Secretary-General New York, U.S.A. Sir., I should respectfully like to clarify the legal existence of the Rehoboth community as has been mentioned. The basic historical existence on which the Rehoboth community was established for posterity dates back to the year 1870. The people were represented by a Captain and a House of Assembly, by the Rhenish Church and by their legal and sovereign successors.

A/AC. 73/4 English Page 159 1. The foundation was independent and sovereign, and was later threatened by a violent war in which all the farmers, including those of Rehoboth took up arms against the Herero tribe in 1881. After this, Abrahm Swartbooi made war on the Rehobothers and was defeated and driven out in 1882. 2. The Rehobothers were then re-established under the Treaty of 1885 with the German Kaiser. After the conclusion of the Treaty, wars against the German Government broke out, and Rehoboth took part as an ally of the German Government. When German troops were being moved from to Windhoek, the convoy was attacked by the Hottentots, causing loss of life and injury among the Rehobothers in 1893. Then, in 1894, Naukluf attacked Captain Hendrik Witbooi; in 1903, Bondelswart Warmbad was attacked; and in 1904 two farmers, Hendrik Witbooi and Samuel Maherero, were attacked. The Rehobothers were then attacked by the German Government in the World War of 1914, and the Union Government took military action against Rehoboth in 1925. 3. Lastly, as explained Rehoboth's basic existence was given legal status, on the one hand, by the German Government and, on the other hand, by the successors of the Rehoboth community, Hermanus van Wyk Opperhof and the members of his House of Assembly. Since our foundation we have preserved our basic existence indisputed. We have full confidence that the United Nations will protect us and that our rights will be preserved in future, until we become a nation. Our hope and confidence strengthen us, because our complaints are known to the United Nations. I have the honour to be, etc. (Signed) Jacobus Beukes

A/AC. 75/4 English Page 100 MEMORANEUM FRCM THE PEOPLE: REHOBOTH GEBIET: MEMORANDUM FROM THE PEOPLE TO BE LAID BEFORE THE UNITED NATIONS C04ITTEE ON SOUTH WEST AFRICA The people are very grateful to the United Nations Committee on South West Africa for accepting the people's invitation to come also to the Rehoboth Gebiet. The people also trust that their long-standing needs will be satisfied through this Committee. The people of the Rehoboth Gebiet wish to thank the Committee in this memorandum. 1. The Agreement of 17 August 1923 (Proclamation 9 of 1933 and Proclamation 31 of 1924) concluded between the Administrator of the Mandated Territory, representing the Government of the Union of South Africa, on the one hand, and the Captain and Baster Board of the Rehoboth Gebiet, on behalf of their legal successors and themselves, representing the Baster Community, on the other hand, must immediately be revoked, and a temporary interim administration must be installed pending the election cf the present Council - with a temporary Baster Captain, who must be elected for the time being - to carry out all necessary duties in the Rehoboth Gebiet. The interim period must not exceed one year from the date on which the above-mentioned instruments are repealed. In the meanwhile elections must be held. The Gebiet must be administered under the laws of our forefathers, which should be revised and amended, if it is necessary and practicable to do so, by a committee to be appointed for the purpose by the Captain and the Board. 2. All powers, duties and functions must be transferred by the Administrator, as the representative of the Government of the Union of South Africa, to the Captain and Board of the Rehoboth Gebiet at the earliest possible opportunity, under the supervision and control of the United Nations until such time as the Rehoboth Community can take full charge of its affairs. 3. (a) The landmarks and boundaries of the Rehoboth Gebiet must be recognized as they were when the Union Government took over the Rehoboth Gebiet from the German Government. (b) The United Nations must set up a committee to investigate the landmarks and boundaries as they were before the Government Government took over the land

A/AC -7 3/4 English Page 161 and as they were when the Basters bought the land from the Chief of the Namas, Abraham Swartbooi, with reference to the Drew report. 4. (a) The United Nations must immediately lend its aid for the holding of an inquiry into the financial, agricultural and economic resources of the Rehoboth Gebiet and the setting-up of a manufacturing industry. (b) The mineral resources and production of the Rehoboth Gebiet must be regarded as a possible source of income for the Gebiet. 5. (a) Medical and health conditions in the Rehoboth Gebiet must immediately be improved by the appointment of physicians, nurses, and men and women social workers. (b) Disability, old-age and ex-servicemen's pensions, widows, and orphans allowances and the like must be introduced in the Rehoboth Gebiet as soon as possible and must be made retrospective. 6. The educational needs of Rehoboth Gebiet must be provided for in the manner recommended by the Education Committee, this to be a temporary arrangement until a committee with full powers can be set up to investigate and report on all the educational needs of South West Africa. 7. (a) Funds must be made available and/or a modern secondary school must immediately be established in Rehoboth, with the necessary premises, play- grounds, gymnasiums, quarters for boarders and all the facilities needed for modern education. (b) Compulsory education must be introduced for all children between the ages of six and sixteen years. (c) Education must be free, and money must be paid into a common fund as a part of the taxes of the Community. (d) The Captain and the Board must constitute the administrative organ for education in the Gebiet, but they may transfer their powers to a board of education. 8. Water from the local warm springs must be analysed, and the springs must be developed as a source of health and income. 9. A TownshipBoard appointed by the Captain and the Board must begin to carry out its duties as specified by the Board. ...

A/AC. 73/4 English Page 162 10. Communications such as posts, railways, airways and roads must be organized and maintained by the Board that is to be appointed by, and to be under the control of the Captain and the Board. 11. Properties in the Rehoboth Gebiet must be controlled by the Rehoboth Community so that they cannot be sold, mortgaged or alienated in any way without the written consent of the Captain and all members of the Board. 12. (a) The Captain and the Board shall set up a civil service to carry out the administrative work in the Rehoboth Gebiet. (b) The police force must be returned to the command of the field-cornets in order that law and order may be maintained. (c) The field-cornets should have jurisdiction over the districts assigned to them by the Captain and the Board. (d) Military training should be given as the Captain and the Board see fit, and fire- arms must be regulated by registration under their supervision and control. 13. The Rehoboth Gebiet must be divided into districts to be patrolled by field- cornets for the purpose of keeping law and order. 14. All inhabitants of the Rehoboth Gebiet, without exception, shall be citizens of the Rehoboth Gebiet and shall pay taxes to the revenue office of the Community. No other country shall have any kind of jurisdiction over citizens of the Rehoboth Gebiet or over any persons within the Rehoboth Gebiet. (Signed) Jacobus Beukes (Signed) R.A. Alcock Honorary Secretary Citizens' Chairman 78. Petition, by cablegramnreceived on 16 May 1961, from Mr. Jacobus Beukes, Rehoboth, South West Africa, to the Secretary of the Committee on South West Africa PROTEST AGAINST ACTION ADMINISTRATOR SOUTH WEST AFRICA. RESTORATION PROCLAMATION 26 OF 1923 UNCONDITIONALLY WITH ADVISORY BOARD AGAINST THE PEOPLE'S WILL ILLEGAL CONTRARY TO 1870 CONSTITUTION AND ARTICLE 22 OF THE COVENANT OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS. GET INTO TOUCH WITH ADMINISTRATOR WINDHOEK IMMEDIATELY. MATTER IS APPROACHING DANGER POINT. PROGRESS REHOBOTH AFFAIRS IN SUSPENSE. AWAIT UNITED NATIONS COMISSION. JACOBUS BEUKES 1/ Original in Afrikaans.

A/AC. 73/4 English Page 165 r -2i 79. Petition, by undated letter,- and enclosures, from Mr. Jacobus Beukes, Rehoboth, South West Africa, to the Committee on South West Africa I respectfully enclose a reply from Dr. Viljoen, Administrator of South West Africa, which, after careful thought, I have decided not to conceal. This was a reply to my letter, which I also enclose. (a) It is my humble hope that both letters will be examined by right-thinking people. In my own opinion the reply does not make a good impression. It encourages enmity between us and the whites. (b) Although, according to the Mandate, the Administrator's moral responsibility for the people is supposed to derive from his concern for their welfare, his reply shows clearly that this is not the case. I shall say no more. I now humbly refer the matter to the right-thinking people. In conclusion, I respectfully ask to be informed whether this letter reaches you. P.S. I respectfully ask when the Committee will come, so that we can call our people together in time. (Signed) Jacobus Beukes P.O. Box 46, Rehoboth 5 April 1961 Enclosure 1 His Excellency Dr. Viljoen Administrator of S.W.A. Government Building Windhcek Sir, I most respectfully beg leave to lodge my protests with you in connexion with the complete banishment of the whites from the Rehoboth Gebiet. I feel that this cannot be justified, since we have lived close together since 1885. Of course we have our disputes, but these are like disputes between two brothers and I/ Original in Afrikaans.

A/AC. 73/4 English Page 164 can never lead to anything really serious. In the present state of world relations, peaceful co-existence is one of the most valuable things in the whole world. Rehoboth borders on Windhcek, and our men and women work at Windhoek. This inconsiderate and malicious conduct is destroying our co-existence. Such malicious conduct cannot be allowed in order that the friendly relations of the men and women of Rehoboth outside the Gebiet may be maintained. I ask how this malice has come about. The question is that regardless of who originated it, it is a matter of concern to our people from which our people are suffering. I am fully confident that you will consider my protests. I have the honour to be, etc. (signed) Jacobus Beukes I...

' I *ttr -- A/AC. 73/4 English page 165 SOUTH WEST AFRICA Office of the Administrator Cape Town 10 April 1961 Enclosure 2/ Mr. Jacobus Beukes P.O. Box 46 Rehoboth Sir, I have ytur letter of 5 April, and I wish to inform you that His Excellency the Administrator-in-Executve Committee has already taken a final decision in the matter. You speak of disputes between brothers, and it is precisely in order to stop these disputes between brothers that the Executive Committee has decided that, where circumstances permit, the whites should be removed from the Gebiet. Greetings, (signed) (illegible) Private Secretary 80. Petition, by lette1/dated 17 May 1961, and enclosures from ) Mr. Jacobus Beukes, Rehoboth, South West Africa, to the Secretary-General "Protests" I respectfully ask permission to lay the following protests before you, I enclose two cables and a notice from the Post Office, from which you can see for yourself what happened to the cable to the Committee on South West Africa. _ Originals in Afrikaans. 2, The petitioner submitted the originalof the letter. /. .

A/AC. 73/4 English Page 166 My humble request is that the cable should be brought to the attention of the Committee so that you can see what it says. We therefore respectfully request that you should immediately and without fail accommodate us. "Avoid" violence. The reinstatement is taking place illegally and against the will of the people. The reinstatement is taking place under Proclamation 28 of 1923, which already led to the military action of 1925, with disastrous consequences. The reinstatement was given to us unconditionally, just as a carcass is thrown to a dog, and Proclamation 28 of 1923 is the strychnine hidden in the carcass. The Union Government has not fulfilled the obligations which were transferred to it by the British Crown on 17 December 1920. The Union Government thereby violated Article 7, Article 37, Article 22, Article 2 and Article 6. What right has the Union Government not to fulfill its moral obligations as set forth in the Mandate for South West Africa? According to the basic evidence, it is impossible for the Union Government to hold the Mandate any longer. We, the people of Rehoboth, ask for protection under the Mandate, as we have already asked, so that we may keep our dearly won rights for our descendants. We firmly trust and believe that our wish and request will be heard and that our long anticipation will now be most speedily rewvarded. (Signed) Jacobus Beukes Date:----From: Jacobus Beukes, P.O. Box 46, Rehoboth To: His Excellency Dr. Viljoen, Administrator, Windhoek Rehoboth peoplets constitutional existence is laid down by statute and by the Mandate, in accordance with Article 22 of the Covenant. Transfer rights to United Nations, not to an Advisory Board. This represents a grave violation of our rights as a people that were transferred to Britain, which has a moral obligation for South West Africa. ... A/AC. 73/4 English Page 167 Date: 16 May 1961 From: Jacobus Beukes, P.O. Box 46, Rehoboth To: His Excellency Mr. Josd Rolz-Bennett, Secretary, Committee on South West Africa, New York Protest against action of Adm±nistrator of' South West Africa. Reinstatement Proclamation 28 of 1923 unconditionally with Advisory Board against the will of the people illegal and contrary to Constitution of 1870 and Article (22) of the Covenant. United Nations should immediately get in touch with Administrator at Windhoek. The affair is becoming dangerous. Further developments in Rehoboth are in abeyance. Await United Nations Committee. .

A/AC. 73/4 English Page 168 POST OFFICE I have to inform you that uour telegram handed in at 3.37 p.m. on 15 May 1961 at the Rehoboth Office and addressed to His Excellency Mr. Jose Rolz Bennett, Secretary, Committee SWA, New York, cannot be delivered in consequence of inadequate address. Yours faithfully, (Signed) (illegible) Postmaster 81. Petition, by letter!/dated 21 May 1961, and enclosures frcm Mr. Jacobus Beukes, Rehoboth, South West Africa, to the United Nations As a people under the Mandate, we hereby appeal to the United Nations for immediate assistance because, as you yourselves will see from the attached communication, we are again on the threshold of violence. As a people under the Mandate we ask for protection. The state of cold war makes us wonder whether our letters are reaching their destination. We therefore respectfully ask to be informed whether our latest letters and cables have been received. As you yourselves will see, the Advisory Board is a tool of the Government against its own people. The Board does not have any mandate from the people. Its actions are not in accord with the voice of the people. In the meantime we are waiting for the Committee. Our petitions which are already there, leave no room for doubt. The greatest blow is that the Government contemptuously and deliberately defies the United Nations. If we are compelled to accept Proclamation 28 of 1923, we shall be left undisputed to the mercies of the Union Government, a situation which is impossible for a progressive people. What is of greatest importance is that we are not being treated as a people under the Mandate, but in a completely arbitrary manner. The Union Government completely refuses to comply with its obligations. If the Union Government succeeds in this, 1/ Originals in Afrikaans. /. .

A/AC. 73/4 English Page 169 what will become of our people. Proclamation 28 will now be imposed upon our people just as was done in the past with machine-guns. We ask this time to be released from the stranglehold of the Union Government. I hereby close and earnestly await an immediate answer as mentioned above. (Signed) Jacobus Beukes 1. Copy of letter from Mr. Beukes to the Editor of the "Suidwes-Afrikaner", Stuebestraat, Windhoek Sir, Please give me a small space in your distinguished newspaper for the publication of what will give the people of Rehoboth self-government overnight and of what will eventually be reinstated through the reinstatement of Proclamation 28 of 1923. This was a shock to the people because Proclamation 28 was already equivalent to a military action against the people of Rehoboth and had a baneful influence on the people. What change has come about to justify resurecting the same difficulty and to do this through our Advisory Board, which has no jurisdiction in the matter? All matters concerning Rehoboth are pending with the United Nations, with reference to the World Court. The people of Rehoboth, by virtue of the Mandate provided for in Article (22) of the Covenant, have urgently invited the South West Africa Committee to come and investigate the situation in Rehoboth. We ask the Advisory Board where it derived the authority to take an illegal decision in a matter of such vital importance to the people. The people of Rehoboth continue to stand unopposed, and they await the Committee which has already been repeatedly invited to come to Rehoboth. The people of Rehoboth reject the reinstatement of the Agreement of 1923. Yours, (Signed) Jacobus Beukes 2. Letter dated 23 May from Mr. Beukes to the Secretary-General Sir, As an old pioneer in the cause of the people of Rehoboth, I most respectfully ask that we be protected as a people under the Mandate and that the case of Rehoboth should be given attention in view of the following danger. I...

A/AC. 73/4 Engli sh Page 170 1. We hereby appeal to you to examine, from right-thinking motives, the trusteeship which has been placed upon the people of Rehoboth and South West Africa as a whole. The conduct of the Union Government shows that South West Africa is no longer under Mandate, and I submit the following proof. 2. I attach a newspaper clipping and a communication to one of our citizens, which provide sufficient evidence of what the Union Government is aiming at with regard to us, the people of Rehoboth, in order completely to deprive us of our property. The conduct of the Union Government gives clear proof that the Union Government in contemptuously rejecting the provision of the Mandate in order to accomplish its purpose. This must never be permitted by the United Nations, for it will be a disgrace to the world if it succeeds. 3. According to the clipping, the Advisory Board decided on re-establishing Proclamation 28 of 1923, which was responsible for the military action against our people in 1925, and thus had a baneful effect on our people. The illegal action of the Advisory Board has caused a shock that will have serious consequences. The Advisory Board knows that it has no jurisdiction in this matter and that in acting thus it had proceeded on its own initiative. It is surprising that the persons who themselves have suffered under the pressure that was exerted against our people are nevertheless restoring that pressure. 4. I respectfully ask the United Nations to request the Advisory Board to inform the United Nations why it has plunged its own people into such straitened circumstances by reinstating Proclamation 28 of 1923, from which the Board itself has also suffered. The cause of all this is the contempt with which the Union Government dismissed the United Nations. What trust is to be placed in the Union Government, which has failed to comply with its undertakings of 17 December 1920 and is now withdrawing from the Commonwealth. I respectfully ask that my request be heard, that I be informed of this fact and that a report be requested from the Advisory Board. This will be highly appreciated by our people. The people were once intimidated by machine-guns, and this is the reason vhy the Union Government obtains much against the people's will. It is strange that we have not received any reply to our most recent letters. We are anxiously waiting for a reply. The distress which is now again threatening us is very great. ...

A/AC. 73/4 English Page 171 We look to the Committee for help to ward off violence. My request is that it should get immediately in touch with the so-called Captain and Advisory Board. Our request is that we shall not wait in vain for a reply. Your obedient servant, (Signed) J. Beukes a. Newspaper clipping SELF-GOVERNMENT FOR THE REHOBOTH GEBIET Greater self- government has been given to the Basters of Rehoboth, and the Agreement that was established in 1924 has been reinstated. This means that the Magistrate will no longer be Captain of the Baster Board. A statement issued by the Administration reads as follows: In consultation with His Excellency the Prime Minister, it has been decided fully to reinstate the Agreement which in 1923 was entered into between His Excellency the Administrator, as representative of the Union Government, and the Captain and Board of the Rehoboth Baster Community, and which in 1924 was partially rescinded. This decision was taken after repeated requests had been made by the Baster Advisory Board for the Agreement to be reinstated, and the decision was transmitted personally by His Excellency the Administrator to the Captain and all the Members of the Board on 13 May 1961. The legislation required for bringing the entire Agreement back into force will be passed by the Legislative Assembly at the present session but will not become effective until the Baster Advisory Board has had an opportunity to discuss its implementation and has declared its willingness to accept the broader measure of local self-government that this legislation will entail. The Baster Advisory Board has asked to be given time to consider the matter, and the Administration is awaiting its decision.

A/AC 73/4 English Page 172 b. Copy of letter from the Inspector of Mines to Mr. D. Van Wyk, Kobos, Rehoboth No. M. 44/2/207 OFFICE OF THE INSPECTOR OF MINES WINDHOEK, 10 APRIL 1961 COMPENSATION: ARTICLE 65 OF ORDINANCE 26 OF 1954 Sir, In reply to your letter of 25 March 1961, I must inform you that the Magistrate of Rehoboth, in his capacity as Captain of the Citizen Community of Rehoboth, is regarded as the owner of all farms and aland within the Rehoboth Gebiet by virtue of article 2 of Ordinance 26 of 1954. 2. Consequently, any agreement concerning farms in the Rehoboth Gebiet, must be entered into by Mr. Swanson with the Magistrate, Rehoboth, and any fee payable under the aforementioned Ordinance or a contract must be raid to the said Magistrate. Your, INSPECTOR OF MINES 1/ 82. Petition, by telegram- received on 24 May 1961, from Mr. Jacobus Beukes, Rehoboth, South West Africa, to the Secretary-General CCMMISSION ABSOLUTELY URGENTLY NECESSARY IN REHOBOTH CASE. STOP ADMINISTRATOR FROM FURTHER NEGOTIATIONS REGARDING THE RESTORATION OF PROCLAMATION 28 OF 1923. REFER TO ARTICLES 37/22/2/6 OF THE MANDATE. READINESS FOR ARRIVAL OF CCMMISSION SATISFY AS REQUESTED IMMEDIATELY. PEOPLE IN JACOBUS BEUKES I/ Original in Afrikaans. I... A/AC. 73/4 English Page 173 83. Petition, by letterl/ dated 7 June 19612 and enclosures, from Mr. Jacobus Beukes, Rehoboth, South West Africa, to the Secretary-General Enclosure 1. I should like you to read the attached letter. The ban on the Committee on South West Africa and the Union Government's conduct towards the Committee amount to an ultimatum. The Union Government must now be shown that right and justice have the power to oppose the Union Government's conduct. The Union Government has already shown that it feels only contempt for the United Nations and considers that it has no obligation to forward petitions. This contempt cannot be tolerated. The disgraceful propaganda made were against the United Nations not only represents the United Nations as powerless but uses evil and shameful words. As I understand the situation, the United Nations, as represented by the Committee, cannot abandon its mission. The United Nations must now prove convincingly that there is a power which protects the under-developed peoples. The Mandate exists for the under- developed indigenous population, which here in South I-est Africa has been used only for the sake of the white population. From my own experience, I must point out to the Union Government that its unrealistic action against Rehoboth and even its action against the Deity may react on its own population. I am fully confident that the United Nations will now allow the Union Government to continue in its unrealistic conduct. I have the honour to be, etc. (Signed) Jacobus Beukes 1/ Original in Afrikaans. 7..

A/AC. 73/4 English Page 174 Enclosure 2. P.O. Box 46 Rehoboth 7 June 1961 To the Secretary House of Common 10 Downing Street London His Excellency Mr. Harold Macmillan Prime Minister Sir., I respectfully ask you to refer this letter to the Committee which is now carrying on its activities in British Bechuanaland. (a) The Rehoboth community has again invited the Committee to come and investigate conditions affecting our interests here in Rehoboth. It was a shock to learn that the Committee has been prevented from coming to South West Africa. (b) On what legal grounds have we been administered all this time? Although the Union Government itself knows that it has not observed its obligations, how will the United Nations know what are the problems of which the indigenous people complain. As the Union Government has not fulfilled its obligations, what legal right does it have to prevent the Committee from coming to South West Africa? (c) Since, therefore, the Union Government has not fulfilled its obligations, the Rehoboth community asks that it should not be treated as a conquered people. We took the side of the Allies as an independent people, and our affairs are not the domestic affairs of the Union Government. The Committee comes from a firmly established peace organization. As a peace-loving people, we invite the Committee to Rehoboth. We lay stress on the provisions of the Mandate, which applies to South West Africa as a mandated territory. The Union Government cannot and must not disparage the United Nations by its unrealistic conduct. The United Kingdom has a moral obligation in this connexion. The Mandate for South West Africa was transferred to the Union Government on 17 December 1920 by the United Kingdoma, and not by the League of Nations. We therefore await a solution by the United Kingdom to the I..

A/AC. 73/4 English Page 175 Committee's problem. We hereby conclude that the question will be solved in the interest of the indigenous people of South West Africa. I have the honour to be, etc. (Signed) Jacobus Beukes Enclosure 3. P.O. Bo.x, 46 Rehoboth 7 June 1961 To the United Nations New York, U.S.A. Gentlemen, I wish respectfully to inform you of developments here in Rehoboth as explained in the attached letter. We ask that the Committee should not be barred; we are a people under the Mandate. It is well known that the Union Government has not fulfilled its obligations. Hence a way to solve the problem of South West Africa must be found. We are in a desparate position, for we are moving backwards. Rehoboth is among the Allies, and we cannot be obstructed by the Union Government. Our problems must be investigated on the spot by the Committee and solved. The Government's attitude is insincere. This shows that the Union Government's conscience is not clear. We should appreciate receiving an answer as soon as these letters reach you. I have the honour to be, etc. (Signed) Jacobus Beukes P.S. The disregard for the Committee on South W-est Africa shown by the United I ingdom and the Government of the Republic caused deep shock and disappointment to the members of our community when they heard of it. We cheerfully awaited the Committee, thinking that our problems would now be solved and that we would again be respected as human beings. We hope and trust to God that the Ccmmittee will not fail in its work. One thing that is certain, is that there is a Higher Power which governs events more wisely than the United Kingdom and the Government of the Republic think. May God bless the Committee and bring it success. We shall wait anxiously to hear whether this letter has arrived. Thanking you in anticipation, I have the honour to be, etc. (Signed) J. Beukes

A/AC.73/4 English Page 176 P.O. Box 46 Rehoboth 7 June 1961 To the Captain and the members of the Advisory Board Rehoboth Gentlemen, I respectfully ask you to refer this letter to His Excellency Dr. Viljoen, the Administrator, 1iindhoek. Please note the following particulars of events here in Rehoboth: (1) In the first place, the illegal conduct of the Advisory Board in raising a loan on the security of the coramunity's farms. (2) I am obliged to point out to you, as members of the Board, that neither as an Advisory Board nor as a House of Assembly, have you the right to alienate land to whites or even to accent mortgages or bonds on the security of land. (5) I must therefore inform the Advisory Board that Rehoboth's rights are based on its citizens' oim interests, i.e. on their oin expenditure, their horses, Saddles, bridles, rifles and ammunition; and, according to the Fundamental Law of 1870; 1871, 1872 and 1874, additional laws are also recognized as legal if they are approved by a majority of the enfranchized citizens. This is clear from the referendum, although so far no decision has been forthcoming. The Advisory Board is illegally continuing to create a greater problem by raising the loan. (:) At the time of the referendum the people were accused of not knowing what they did or what they wanted. I must tell you frankly that you are trying to disparage our way of life by your conduct. I must also tell you in all sincerity that I do not consider your actions as a Board to be in the public interest, that ycur conduct is indicative of a dictatorship and that you do not show a friendly attitude towards our people. The people's godly way of life, our Captain and House of Assembly, and even our people's ideology and ideals are being taken aToy from us. The ban on the Committee makes an alarming impression. This is a matter for the International Court, since human rights must be respected. The money ich was received on the security of the comrunity's land goes only to certain: clicues, while the Board knows that our people are threatened by famine. I ask yon whether you do not fear God in your conduct? You have already committed an unfriendly act by restoring Proclamation No. 28 of 1923 withcut asking the

A/AC .73/4 English Page 177 people. As is well knoiv, it was at the time rejected by a. vast majority, and this led to the military action taken against our people in 1925. (5) Gentlemen, I feel it my duty, as I stated earlier in this letter, to point out to the Board that our fundamental existence since 1870 has been sovereign and independent. This was our status when the German Imperial Government took us oyer. and it recognized this when it confirmed our foundation by the Treaty of 1885. The Union Government took us over with our full rights and with out land and boundaries as they had been under the German Government. We were then made a mandated territory by the old League of Nations under the terms of the Mandate, and in larticular under Article 22, which is inviolable and which provides that we are to be trained until our maturity. If we were to. recognize you as you are, we should violate Article 22, and this cannot happen. Why has the aid allocated to us by the Worid Bank, and which has now been allocated to us again, been refused? Ihat is the meaning of this? We are not given any training or education, and it is clear from-,the way in which we are treated that we are to be held back and to be slaves of the whi tes. (6) The aid which the World Bank allocated to us and to every other mandated territory is an intangible help. As security we will give our underground minerals, which were already pledged by our previous German Government for several thousand millions. It was said that our country was a rich land with poor people, and the purpose of our present treatment is that we should die poor. Gentlemen, from your conduct it seems that your intellectual capacity is very weak, as is demonstrated by your behaviour. I must also point out to the Board that we are weighed down with problems: do you not see that nothing is done for our benefit? In my opinion, the only possible solution must come through the United Nations Committee. I know that yet another solution would be a third world war. We are also among the Allies, and the Board must take drastic steps in order that the Committee may come and find a solution, for the sake of our future way of life. I have the honour to be, etc. (Signed) Jacobus Beukes

A/AC.73/4 English Page 178 84. Petition, by letter-' dated 20 June 1961, and enclosure, from Mr. Jacobus Beukes, Rehoboth, South West Africa, to the United Nations With regard to the present situation here in Rehoboth, you are asked to read what is set out in the attached communication. The barring of the Ccmmittee on South West Africa has resulted in profound disappointment and an unjustified violation of our human rights, not only our human rights but also a clear mark of contempt for the existence of the United Nations. Even the United Kingdom, which bears the moral responsibility for the Mandate over South West Africa, is standing together with the Government of the Republic in preventing the Ccmmittee from entering South West Africa. With regard to the barring of the Committee by both the United Kingdom and the Government of the Republic, I must frankly say that a league of peace has been established on earth for the entire human race by the higher Power, and this is the United Nations. Even though the Mandatory has not complied with its obligations, by what right is the Committee prohibited from entering the Mandated Territory? What domestic right does the Mandatory possess in a Mandated Territory? Even though the Mandate was given for terms of five years and the Mandatory does not have any property rights, South West Africa is nevertheless administered as an integral part of the Union. As the Union Government is administering South West Africa, we are deprived of our future existence, and we therefore appeal to the United Nations for protection. It is self- evident that the Government of the Republic must not be allowed to act contrary to world opinion. I respectfully ask that the Committee on South West Africa be allowed without hindrance to solve the problems of South West Africa urgently. I respectfully ask that this communication be answered as soon as it is received. It is to be noted that since the proclamation of the Republic I have not received any reply from the United Nations. Let us have detailed news of the Committee. We wish to provide accommodation here for the Committee. Our problems are very complicated. (Signed) Jacobus Beukes 1/ Original in Afrikaans. ,,,.

A/AC .73/4 English Page 179 Memorandum P.O. Box 46 Rehoboth, 20 June 1961 To the Secretary House of Commons London Sir, In accordance with article (26) of the Mandate, I hereby respectfully ask, now that South Africa has become a Republic, to transmit petitions to the United Nations through the Croim. I hereby request His Excellency Mr. Harold MacMillan to forward this communication to the United Nations, New York, U.S.A. I hereby most respectfully ask to be given the privilege of providing an explanation concerning the basic existence and principles of our Rehoboth Community, which were legally recognized and honestly established by the grace of God for our development until we became a nation. Provision for the fulfilment of this objective was made by the former League of Nations under Article (22), which was laid down in the Covenant of the former League of Nations. which has now been succeeded by the United Nations. We were to be trained until we became of age, just as all peoples under mandate are trained until they become of age. As already mentioned, this has not been done. Where there has already been a failure to act righteously, how can any confidence be placed in the referendum for the restoration of rights, under the previously condemned Proclamation No. 28 of 1923, which at that time unleashed military action against us with ill-fated consequences. Unrealistic behaviour and dispute affecting the basic existence of the people of Rehoboth. Proceedings instituted by the Government of the Republic: 1. I hereby take cognizance of the dispute as an old fighter for the cause of the people of Rehoboth. I must in the first instance say that this is an unknown dispute which the Rehoboth Community has ever experienced in the history of its people since its founding in 1870. 2. I as a person have, by narrow escapes in the peoplets interest, withstood and undergone many experiences. The case that is pending with the International Court is a very important case of outstanding character. An ad hoc judge has accordingly been appointed. This is a matter between the Union Government and the International Court. A Rehoboth citizen is not legally trained for this but must

A/AC.73/4 English Page 180 now provide a clarification because of the reinstatement of Proclamation No. 28 of 1923, which was the reason why the execution of the Mandate was thwarted. 3. The Government of the Republic is being unrealistic in its action to coerce the people of Rehoboth in a purely domestic matter of concern to the Rehoboth Community, that is, to impose a, referendum in order to obtain concrete evidence against the International Court. The Government of the Republic has thus failed to comply with its obligations, Just as was true of the assumption of responsibility. on 17 December 1920. Hence the provisions of the Mandate were ignored, to say nothing of being complied with, namely, article (26), article (22), article (6), article (7), article (2) an4 article (3). As already stated, the provisions of the Covenant were not respected. What training have we been given that we must now overnight become independent. Does the Government of the Republic not feel that the people of Rehoboth do not belong to the Republic? The fact is that the. people of Rehoboth stood at the side of the Allies in the 1914 war. It is a matter of grave concern that both the United Kingdom and the Unipn Government have prohibited the Committee from coming to South West Africa. What the barring of the Committee means will be demonstrated by the Almighty. We, the people of Rehoboth under the Mandate, are a party to the proceedings before the International Court and also to the Special Committee which is now on its way and is to investigate the difficulties with which the indigenous population must contend. 4. The refusal to admit the Committee clearly demonstrates to the world that the people of Rehoboth have no right to human rights. The evidence already exist that the Government of the Republic does not have any obligations with regard to the people of Rehoboth, that is to say, that we are denied human rights under a retrograde policy. If we had been treated justly according to the provisions of the Mandate, where would we be today? As a question of law, we ask who bears the moral obligation for the material, economic and educational well-being of the people of Rehoboth? 5. We respectfully ask that the Union Government, which took us over with our rights and boundary lines, should return these rights and boundary lines to us. We feel jealous that British Bechuanaland was under British Colonial Mandate and after seventy-seven years recovered its land and Iceople. As to Rehoboth, which voluntarily made sacrifices for civilization, it must now without cause abandon its rights. The treatment accorded to the people of Rehoboth is a new phenomenon

A/AC. 73/4 English Page 181 since the time of Christ. We wait for our justification by the Almighty. We respectfully submit that during all this time we have been under a pseudo- Mandate, and we ask under what regime we are now being placed? Wle hereby respectfully await a reply. I have the honour to be, etc. (Signed) Jacobus Beukes l/7 85. Petition, by lettel/ dated 24 June 1961, from Mr. Jacobus Beukes, Rehoboth, South West Africa, to the United Nations In the present circumstances here in Rehoboth, it had now become most necessary *for the Committee to come at once, since a referendum was imposed here and was rejected by an enormous majority, that is to say, it was heavily outvoted. The Union Governmentts unrealistic behaviour has led me tq doubt whether there rill be any provision under which our petitions can be forwarded when the country becomes a republic.. We ask most urgently for the rules under which petitions may be forwarded. In my despair I received a letter of 19 June 1961, with the reference TR.240', which I gratefully acknowledge, but I also await an answer to the following: 1. We strongly emphasize that the Committee must come, because our rights, are laid down by the Mandate, and it is acknowledged that the Mandate is not being observed. We therefore invited the Committee to investigate the situation in Rehoboth. 2. We wish to lay stress on our independent, well-founded and attested sovereign property rights, which were bought, and which were later recovered by Chief Abraham Swartbcoi, Chief of the Swartbooi community. These rights were confirmed in the Treaty of 1885 with the Imperial German Government. We hereby lay claim to our boundary lines as bought and conquered by Chief Swartbooi ith their extended boundary lines bordering on Walvis Bay. 3. Cur status under the Mandate was laid down by the Covenant and decisions of the former League of Nations, especially by Article 22 of the Covenant, which provided for training until maturity, and which has not been observed by the Mandatory Power. The Committee cannot be prevented frcm holding an inquiry; if it 1/ Original in Afrikaans.

A/AC. 73/4 English Page 182 were prevented, this would mean that the Government of the Republic, without any justification, was violating the legal provisions of the Mandate. If this were to happen, it would be an alarming matter, but it cannot possibly happen. 4. Our land is bounded on the south, east, north and west by four boundarymarkers, and is recognized as Baster land. It is not disputed that the Mandatory Power assumed moral obligations for the fundamental economic and educational welfare of the Rehoboth community. Our people are among the Allies, and are under the protection of the United Nations, as the successor of the old League of Nations. This is our humble ;equest, we who have suffered for forty years and we now humbly await deliverance. (Signed) J. Beukes 86. Petition, by lettel-/ dated 12 July 1961, and enclosure, from Mr. Jacobus Beukes, Rehoboth, South West Africa, to the Secretary, United Nations Would you please lay this letter before Professor Rodriguez Fabregat's Committee on South West Africa. We, the people of Rehoboth, highly appreciate your intention to enter South I-est Africa, and we have full confidence that you will be able to carry out this intention. We therefore ask for the support of the Security Council so that the Committee may really be able to visit South West Africa. As a sovereign people under the Mandate, we invite the Committee, because the Mandatory Power has not fulfilled its obligations. We independently supported the side of the Allies and their associates in the war of 1914. We invoke the provisions of the Mandate, which have not been complied with. We are confident that Professor Fabregat will take courageous action, so that the old and difficult question of South West Africa. may be solved. As you will see from the attached letter, we have already made preparations, and we trust that our expectations will not be in vain. I respectfully request a reply as soon as this letter reaches you. (Signed) Jacobus Beukes l/ Original in Afrikaans. I.o.

A/AC. 73/4 English Page 183 Enclosure P.O. Box 46 Rehoboth 12 July 1961 To the Secretary House of Ccmmons 10 Downing Street London I respectfully request you to refer this letter to the United Nations, New York, U.S.A. Sir; With deep emotion, I wish to point out that the prohibition against the Committee on South West Africa was a shock to the whole Rehoboth community. What is needed is an inquiry into the complaints of the indigenous people of South Iest Africa, who were placed under the guardianship of the British Crown and then under the supervision of the Union Government. The Mandatory Power subsequently did not fulfil its obligations. This caused alarm among the complaining population, which most strongly urged the Committee on South West Africa tohold an inquiry in order to investigate the matter on the spot, as eye-witnesses. The prohibition against the Committee caused great disappointment and suspicion and was a set-back for the moral existence of all mankind. We appeal to all complaining peoples to ask, with bowed heads. for deliverance, so that the Committee may be able to come and that the sacred ideas of human welfare may thus be fully victorious. We genuinely and profoundly hope that this time the United Nations will support us at all costs in our struggle, which is based on justice and property bequeathed to us, through the grace of God, by our forefathers, and that thus the foundations will be laid on which our descendants can build. On the basis of our legal and sovereign rights, we invite the Ccmmittee on South West Africa to come directly to Rehoboth to hear our protests at "alamte; accommodation and board has been arranged for the members. We respectfully ask to be informed whether the Committee can visit us, and we eagerly await a reply. I have the honour to be, etc. (Signed) Jacobus Beukes

A/AC .73/4 English Page 184 87. Petition, by lettel/ dated 26 July 1961, from Mr. Jacobus Beukes, Rehoboth, South West Africa, to the Secretariat, United Nations We herewith send you the enclosed article for information for the Committee on South West Africa. (The article mentions: that the Administration of South West Africa is, planning to unite the Rehoboth district to the district of Windhoek and Mariental. This is confirmed by Mr. Chatwind of Rehoboth. The reason for this step is as yet unknown.) Now we get proof what is meant to be done vith Rehoboth. Although the Committee was not admitted into Rehoboth, we are thankful for the, (daring) priceworthy action of Professor Rodriguez Fabregat and his colleagues. We trust that with God's help the case to be investigated by the Commission will have success. The investigation is a question of solving problems so that the natives will take part in human rights again. We request you to contact the administrator in Windhoek as well as the advise committee here in Rehoboth and to stop this plan until the South West problem has been solved. Our situation is very bad and we request urgent assistance, which we cannot ask from the South West Administration, because they stopped the admittance of the South West Africa Committee. This act has made rs lose confidence in the Government of the Republic. Our women and children suffer from hunger. Please help US. (Signed) Jacobus Beukes 88. Petition, by letterxI/ dated 30 July 1961, from Mr. Jacobus Beukes, Rehoboth, South West Africa, to the Secretary, House of Commons I respectfully appeal to the Prime Minister, Mr. Macmillan, and to the United Nations, New York. Gentlemen, The following action has been taken by the Administration of South West Africa at Windhoek in connexion -with the fundamentally existing boundaries. The Administration of South West Africa intends to incorporate the Rehoboth district into the districts of Windhoek and Mariental. Rehoboth as a district will then disappear. To avoid any misunderstanding, I have asked His Excellency Dr. Viljoen, Administrator of South West Africa, for an explanation, but so far I have received l/ Original in Afrikaans. I...

,,~ ~ ~ A/AC. 73/4 English Page 185 no reply. We make inquiries as a people governed by the Charter of the United Nations, whose undisputed property rights are under the protection of the United Nations. Such an automatic transfer can have bloody consequences. We were previously subjected to a similar incident in the military oppression of 1925, when three aircraft and several machine-guns were used. Prevent violence and bloodshed. By the Grace of God, we were then able to preserve our fundamental way of life as a peace-loving people. I most respectfully ask what other democratic and Christian peoples think of the action taken against the Committee on South West Africa by the Government of the Republic and by the United Kingdom. The Mandatory Power has failed either to make a report or to fulfil its obligations. How are the lamentations and complaints of the people of South West Africa to be answered? We respectfully hope to find honesty and sincerity in this matter. Moreover, the action taken against the Conrittee on South West Africa by Mr. Eric Louw, the Minister of Eiternal Affairs, and his conduct and assertions have filled all mankind with astonishment. We feel that the Almighty will allow the Conmittee on South West Africa to investigate our affairs, and we ask for this. (Signed) Jacobus Beukes

A/AC.73/4 English Page 186 89. Petition, by letter- dated 7 August 1961, and enclosures, frcm Mr. Jacobus Beukes, Rehoboth, South West Africa, to the United Nations We most respectfully take the liberty, after profound inward reflection, to refer to the unrealistic treatment of the Committee on South West Africa by the Government of the Republic and the United Kingdom. This was a profound shock and disappointment to our people. The conduct of Mr. Eric Louw, the Minister of External Affairs, was unjustified and is likewise not conducive to peaceful relations among us. From my experience as an old fighter in the cause of our people, I say to you to be prudent, for the cause of the people is a very delicate matter. "Take care that your conduct will not react against your own people." I must point out to Mr. Eric Louw that truth has a basis, but falsehood has no basis. Examine your conduct to determine whether it is realistic. You must understand that the Rehoboth Community was established by the grace of God. You have stopped the Committee on South West Africa, can you stop our prayer? Mr. Eric Louw's conduct with regard to the Committee on South West Africa is a gross violation of our human rights. I must make clear to Mr. Eric Louw that my confidence in God and the United Nations will continue to be firm. I respectfully ask what will become of the petitions now that South Africa has become a republic. In addition I shall appreciate an answer to my petition. (Signed) JACOBUS BEUKES ENCLOSURE No. 1 Letter dated 7 August 1961 from Mr. Jacobus Beukes to the British Embassy, Hill Street, Pretoria. Summary of Contents Acknowledges receipt of letter from the Embassy dated 1 August 1961. In addition, the writer asks the Embassy to forward his enclosed letter as indicated therein. ENCLOSURE No. 2 Letter dated 6 August 1961 from Mr. Jacobus Beukes to the Secretary, House of Ccmmons, 10 Downing Street, London. 1/ Original in Afrikaans A/AC .73/4 English Page 187 Summary of Contents Letter is entitled "Differences of opinion concerning South West Africa.". The writer asks that the letter be forwarded to the United Nations, New York. This letter comments on a newspaper article, which is also enclosed, and disputes the contention of Dr. Dcnges that the situation in South West Africa is calm. The writer states that South West Africa is in a state of tension, as has been repeatedly brought to the attention of the United Nations through cables and petitions. He refers to the use of machine-guns in the Rehoboth church dispute of 26 December 1960. He commends the Committee on South West Africa for its courageous stand and says that the tension in South West Africa can only be relieved by the coming of the United Nations. He thanks God that the barring of the Committee has brought the situation in South West Africa to the attention of the world. He trusts that, with the help of the Almighty, Dr. Fabregat will not allow the people of South West Africa to be overwhelmed by injustice. ENCLOSURE NO. 3 Letter dated 6 August 1961 from Mr. Jacobus Beukes (no addressee) Summary of contents Letter bears the title "'The principal characteristics". The writer refers again to the statement by Dr. Dnges in the enclosed newspaper article that all is calm in South West Africa. He asks on what evidence this statement by Dr. Dnges is based. He says that the people of South West Africa are calz because they are defenceless against the aircraft and machine-guns of the Government. He says that the action by the Administration of South West Africa in transferring the boundary line of Rehoboth to Windhoek and Marientalwill cause Rehoboth to disappear as a district. By altering the existing boundary line, the South African Government is violating the moral obligations which it assumed when it took over the Territory on 17 December 1920. He points out that the case of South West Africa is before the International Court. He calls the barring of the Committee on South West Africa an offence against the sacred idea upon which the human rights of the people are based. The pupose of the mandate is to provide the under-developed peoples with training in

A/AC.73/4 English Page 188 the economic, moral and educational spheres. As previously pointed out, the Mandatory is not acting in the interests of the indigenous population. He criticizes Dr. Dnges for saying that the trip of the Committee On South West Africa entailed considerable expense, and he points out that Jesus gave his life to save all mankind. He refers to the Berlin situation and recommends that the four great Powers should agree to outlaw war for a period of fifty years. He says that a contribution of the African States and the achievements of modern technology could be used in accomplishing this objective. ENCLOSURE NO. 4 Article from the newspaper Die Burger, issue of Saturday, 29 July 1961. Summary of contents The headline over the article reads: "Differences of opinion concerning South West Africa. Dr. Dcnges sees calm, Fabregat war". The article comments on the statement by Dr. T.E. D~nges, Minister of Finance, which was made at Windhoek on 28 July 1961 to the effect that there is complete calm and contentment in South West Africa. It contrasts this with a statement by the Committee on South West Africa, in New York, that the situation in the Territory is tense and that only the intervention of the United Nations will prevent armed racial conflict. 90. Petition, by letter 1/ dated 15 August 1961, and enclosure, from 2 s Mr. Jacobus Beukes, Rehoboth, South West Africa, to the Secretary-General With profound disappointment, I take the liberty to lay before you a letter in reply to one sent on 25 July 1961 to His Excellency the Administrator. I hereby now enclose a reply. The purpose of the action dealt with is unclear. In my opinion, the conduct of His Excellency the Administrator is unrealistic. If this action is to be taken within our established boundary lines, then we are being dealt with in an arbitrary and high-handed manner. Aproval has already been given to derisive sayings against the Committee on South West Africa. I ask for irmediate action to be taken against the derisive propaganda directed against l/ Original in Afrikaans.

A/AC .73/4 English Page 189 the Committee on South West Africa, and I respectfully ask that this be published immediately in the Windhoeker Advirtansie. As previously mentioned, the action taken against the Committee on South West Africa causes profound disappointment. The Government of the Republic cannot be allowed to act in this manner against the Committee on South West Africa. Is the Government of the Republic able to give realistic proof that it has complied with its duties as Mandatory, that is to say, in the interests of the indigenous population of South West Africa? If the Government of the Republic had complied with its obligations, there would not be any complaints. The action taken against the Committee on South West Africa provides clear proof that the Government of the Republic does not have an unsullied conscience in so far as its administration over South West Africa is concerned. Thank God that the barring of the Committee on South West Africa has become known to the world; this gives clear proof of what is happening to the people of South West Africa. I hereby close in the earnest hope that my communication will reach its destination. (Signed) JACOBUS BEUKES ENCLOSURE SOUTH WEST AFRICA OFFICE OF THE ADMINISTRATOR, WINDHOEK 10 August 1961 Mr. Jacobus Beukes P.O. Bo;, 46 Rehoboth Sir, Reapportionment of Magisterial Districts. 1. I write in reply to your letter dated 25 July 1961 addressed to His Excellency the Administrator. 2. The Administration is indeed considering the possibility of transferring to adjoining Magisterial Districts those White farms which are within the Rehoboth District but outside the Gebiet. The Rehoboth Gebiet and the property rights of the Baster citizens will not be affected. 5. No final decision has as yet been taken in this matter I have the honour to be, etc. H.J. Muller Secetary of South West Af'rica

A/AC.73/4 English Page 190 91. Petition, by letter l/ dated 1 September 1961, and enclosure, from Mr. Jacobus Beukes, Rehoboth, South West Africa, to the British Embassy, Pretoria, South Africa, received from Mr. Beukes I hereby ask that this communication be forwarded to His Excellency the Secretary, House of Commons, and then to the United Nations, New York. I hereby respectfully bring the situation here in Rehoboth to your attention, that is to say, the unrealistic action by the Advisory Board in its capacity as such, which wishes to alienate five farms belonging to the Rehoboth Community and give them as security for 200,000 repayable within a period of fifteen years at 5 per cent interest. The loan is arranged for a certain clique representing a small group of the people. The unrealistic action by the Advisory Board is rejected by an overwhelming majority of the enfranchised citizens. (a) The Advisory Board has no legal right, nor has it been instrucied by the citizens, to contract a loan against the security: o fland belonging.to the citizens whether in the form of a charge or a mortgage on such land. (b) As a people under the mandate, there is a legal guarantee under Articles 37, 22 and 2 of the United Nations Charter. In addition, our own Statutes do not entitle us to alienate land to the Whites. (c) The people of Rehoboth are now in a critical situation; they have already been tried by two droughts and are now once more confronted with the foot-and-mcuth disease. (d) In their depressed state, our people await help from a source to which they are entitled, namely, the produce of our country and the taxes of the citizens. By produce is meant the mineral wealth of our soil, that is to say, our basic existence remains inviolable for a more advanced stage as set out in Article 22 of the Covenant of the former League of Nations, now replaced by the United Nations. We ask that our lawful basic existence be vindicated and respected. (e) Higher education has been granted to the -eople of Rehoboth. We desire a higher college, and thereby a higher modern building and hostel are awaited which must be built here in Rehoboth. We hereby ask for the assistance of the United Nations. We hereby reject the proposal for the alienation by the Administrator of South West Africa of land belonging to the citizens of Rehoboth. This proposal does not conform with the Charter of the United Nations nor with our own Constitution. 1/ Original in Afrikaans

A/AC.73/4 English page 191 (f) In this connexion I base my appeal on Articles 37 and 22, which have not been complied with, as has been established by the International Court of Justice. We have not been realistically treated since the mandate was set up on 17 December 1920. The unrealistic conduct of the Administration of South West Africa does not even point in the direction of Democracy. Law and order must be maintained, as also right and justice. Our basic existence has been nullified to such a point that everyone is searching for water. The unrealistic situation has ncw reached its climax and must be brought to an end. We most urgently await justice, whereby our future existence will be sustained. We beseech His Excellency to ensure that th a on taken by an unauthorized Advisory Board will not turn the people of h i to a second Congo. /z ' . (signed) Jacobus Beukes Oll ENCLOSURE P.O. Box 46 Rehoboth, ], September 1961 The principal characteristics Gentlemen, I I .") The unreali.tic conduct of the Administration of South West Africa by means of an unauthorized body, which I call the Advisory Board and which has no legal authority nor any mandate from the people, is making a bad impression on our moral human existence. Thus, in a matter of such vital importance to the people, this means that the Advisory Board is being used as an instrument against its own people. What has happened to the moral obligations waich the Administration of South West Africa must fulfil in the interests of the indigenous population of South West Africa? We ask what the intentions of the Administration of South West Africa are with regard to the people of Rehoboth. We have now been treated in an unenlightened manner for forty years. The situation to which we must submit is further explained on the previous page. We sincerely trust that the Powers will now take the matter concerning the mandate over South W Test Africa into consideration so that the ceaseless lament may come to an end. I have the honour to be, etc. (Signed) Jacobus Beukes 7... A/AC .73/4 English Page 192 (Footnote) Respectfully request that a stop be put to the pressure to make us insolvent now being applied as a retaliatory measure. Clarification on preceding page; our condition very weak. Thanking you in this regard, (Signed) J. Beukes 92. Petition, by letter ./ dated 12 September 1961, and enclosure, from Mr. Jacobus Beukes, Rehoboth, South West Africa, to the United Nations In connexion with the attached letter, we respectfully and most urgently invite the Committee on South West Africa to come directly to Rehoboth, as we have already said, since we are among the Allies. We regret the action of the Minister of External Affairs, Mr. Eric Louw, for, as we say, if this happens to the green fields, what will become of the barren ones - that is, if this happens to the Committee on South West Africa, what will become of us? We call such action doing violence to the truth. The action taken against the Committee on South West Africa frightened us. In this the Government acted deliberately, as it did, for example, in its expropriation of our basic religious existence, and our land, with its existing national rights, is being and has already been taken away from us. Yet it is maintained that there is calm and contentment in South West Africa. It is well known that South West Africa is not realistically administered. The calm and peace of which Mr. Eric Louw speaks are unknown here in Rehoboth and in South West Africa, for how can there be peace where oppression and despondency reign? We earnestly ask the Committee on South West Africa not to fail us; and, although the Committee on South West Africa had to contend with difficulties in connexion with its visit to South West Africa, we ask it to take drastic action in the matter of South West Africa. Under our present administration we are losing our entire future way of life as a people. We therefore beg Dr. R. Fabregat and his colleagues to seek support among all African States in order to help us prevent the Government of the Republic from achieving its purpose of expropriating 1/ Original in Afrikaans. I...

A/AC .73/4 English Page 193 South West Africa. We humbly expect an answer to this letter as soon as it reaches you, since the South African delegation is there. Lastly, we are most grateful for the courageous testimony of Dr. R. Fabregat and his colleagues. (signed) Jacobus Beukes P.O. Box 46 Rehoboth, 12 September 1961 To the British Embassy Hill Street, Pretoria Sir, Kindly allow me to ask that this letter be forwarded to His Excellency the "Secretary of the House of Commons, London" and be further forwarded to the United Nations, New York. (a) A most deplorable event, the ban on the Committee on South West Africa, has caused deep disappointment and shock, since we had most urgently waited for the Committee on South West Africa to-clarify the content of the Mandate, under which we were placed by the old League of Nations and now by the United Nations. We lay great stress on the moral obligations which were assumed by the United Kingdom and which have not been fulfilled. (b) We should like to know what guarantee we have under the Covenant of the old League of Nations, with further reference to the United Nations as regards our future existence, that is, the future existence of our country and people. We are being unrealistically and arbitrarily held back. We ask what has become of our rights as a people and of our protection under the Charter of the United Nations. We are living at a critical stage that is becoming worse from day to day: we are suffering from a double drought, and now the foot-and-mouth disease has again broken out. (c) We most deeply regret that Mr. Eric Louw has placed a ban on the Committee on South West Africa. In this connexion, the Committee on South West Africa was unable to include in its report many things which it needed to see with its own eyes and which could certainly have given a realistic solution. (d) I protest against Mr. Eric Louw's statement, which will harm the Rehoboth Ccmnunity, because the Mandate over Rehoboth has not been observed, we are supposed to be under the Mandate, but in fact we are not. We have been greated harmed by the detrimental, backward treatment, that is to say, by the arbitrary manner in which we have been treated. /II...

A/AC. 73/4 English Page 194 (e) We wish to emphasize most strongly that we have now suffered from this unrealistic treatment and have been administered in this way for forty years, and we hold the Government of the Republic completely responsible. Our profound hope is that now, after our many years of suffering, we shall be pitied and that we as well as the people of South West Africa will be delivered from our plight. We have suffered from a double drought, and now foot-and-mouth disease has broken out again. We therefore ask for help as has been asked for before, because our living conditions here in Rehoboth are most critical, and we also ask for your earnest help and support for the revival of our people. I have the honour to be, etc. (Signed) Jacobus Beukes 93. Petition, by letter l/ dated 22 September 1961, and enclosure, from Mr. Jacobus Beukes, Rehoboth, South West Africa, to the British Embassy, Pretoria, South Africa May I respectfully ask for permission to put a few questions to the tSecretary of the House of Commons, London, this communication then to be forwarded to the United Nations, New York. With regard to the present state of affairs here in Rehoboth, the Rehoboth Community was placed under the Mandate by the old League of Nations, which has now been replaced by the United Nations, in order to be trained for maturity. Allow me to ask the following questions: (a) Is the Rehoboth CoLmiunity to be treated as a conquered people? (b) Is Rehoboth's fundamental existence to be recognized and respected? (c) Are our legally recognized fundamental rights, for example, Captain and House Assembly, with our fundamental laws of 1870, 1871, 1872 and 1874 and our established Rhenish Church and school, as they were when we were taken over by *the Union Government, to be respected? (d) Dces our country with its four boundary lines and its four landmarks, still bear the name of asterland? (e) Do our rights, as they were when the Union Government took us over, still exist? l/ Original in Afrikaans. /...

A/AC. 73/4 English Page 195 (f) We were forced against our will to take part in the First World War, and we had to side independently with the Allies in order to protect our rights, the enjoyment of which was guaranteed to us by the Peace Treaty of Versailles. (g) Our fundamental existence was sovereign and independent, and was established by the Treaty of 1885 concluded with His Majesty Kaiser Wilhelm I. (h) We should like to know whether our historically established rights have been transferred or taken away. (i) We should like to know whether or not South West Africa, and in particular Rehoboth, is still under the Mandate. (j) I understand that the Rehoboth Community is among the Allies. (k) Is the Rehoboth Coxm:unity administered under law or arbitrarily? (1) The rebuff to the Committee on South West Africa, which could have distinguished between the welfare of both sides, cannot be tolerated. "This is a trump card, now anyone can think what he will". This frightens me, since it means: you are not usually treated as human being. Gentlemen, I shall be glad if my assumptions are wrong and our fundamental rights still stand and will remain intact, as an historical heritage for our descendants. Our historical existence has cost us very dear, and we have sacrificed our blood and suffered occupation in long wars. We eagerly and earnestly await a satisfactory and speedy answer. I have the honour to be, etc. (Signed) Jacobus Beukes OVERSEAS TELEGRAM, (Carbon copy of a South West African telegram form) DATE: 19 September 1961 FROM: Jacobus Beukes, P.O. Box 46, Rehoboth TO : United Nations, New Ycrk Express deep mourning and sorrow, on behalf of Rehoboth CcM1unity. May God grant that their unfinished work for the people of South West Africa will flourish. Dag Haiuarskjold and Wieschoff live with God on high. They were sent by God for world peace and justice. Jacobus Beukes

A/AC.73/4 English Page 196 PETITION CONCERNING THE DETENTION OF MR. EMIL APPOLUS , 94. Petition, by cablegram received on 5 October 1960, from Mr. Hall, Lusaka, Northern Rhodesia, to the South West Africa Special Committee HEREROS JOURNALIST EMIL APPOLUS POLITICAL REFUGEE FROM UNION NOW DETAINED BY FEDERAL IMMIGRATION AUTHORITIES AT NDOLA NORTHERN RHODESIA STOP INTENTION HAND HIM OVER UNION GOVERNMENT STOP AM ATTEMPTING ALL POSSIBLE DELAYING TACTICS LOCALLY CAN YOU URGENT BRING PRESSURE QZEFY HALL EDITOR AFRICAN MAIL LUSAKA ...

A/AC. 73/4 English Page 197 PETITION CONCERNING THE AFRICAN PUBLISHING COMPANY (PTY) LTD. 95. Petition by letter dated 20 September 1960, and enclosures from Mr. John G. Muundjua, Chairman of the Board of Directors, African Publishing Company (Pty.) Ltd., Windhoek, South West Africa, to the Chairman of the Committee on South West Africa We have the honour to introduce to you "South West News" a fortnightly publication by the above Company, nine back copies of which have been dispatched to you today.-/ Further, we beg you to consider the statement hereto attached for your recommendation to the General Assembly for any possible assistance under the United Nations specialized agencies. Or, for recommendations to the member states for foreign help schemes that may be available in their respective ccuntries. We observed that in your report to this year's General Assembly you recommended the promotion of the economic, educational and political standards of the indigenous population of South West Africa. We feel that a project like ours the African Publishing Company, which is financed, controlled, managed and owned by Africans and which has various purposes - could be one of the methods by which your goals would be realized. The Company could serve to co-ordinate community development activities, while the newspaper would serve to stimulate the local potential for growth in every direction. "The two major processes by which the efforts of the people to improve their conditions are stimulated and assisted are education (formal and informal) and the promotion of effective organisations of the people themselves and provision of technical and other services for which in general Government must be responsible." (Report of the United Nations Mission to Survey Community Development in Africa 1956). While we realize that the major reliance is on "the awareness in the people of their own inherent strength and the exercise of that strength for making their own destiny", we also believe that outside assistance and care are indeed These issues of South West News have been retained in the files of the Secretariat and are available for reference. /I...

A/AC.73/4 English Page 198 important for nourishing the local forces and must be counted as a crucial factor in our development. Sir, your Committee is well informed about local conditions that we need not state that such assistance is not available to us in South West Africa. We would, therefore, greatly appreciate it if the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization could, for instance, help us with the training of our people in special fields of knowledge. With a better qualified staff we could extend our activities through better organization, thus improving the living standards of our people. It should, however, be remembered that while we are appealing for help of all kinds, we are aware of the fact that help will always be subject to the functions and scope of each and every body. (Signed) John G. Muundjua p.p. CHAIRYAN OF THE BCAED OF DIRECTORS Enclo sure "SOUTH WEST NEWS" FOR -WHOM? "South West News" strives to serve all the people of South West Africa, irrespective of colour or creed, on a territorial basis as well as in relation to the whole of Africa and the world. To the bulk of our population which is illiterate and ignorant the paper must bring light and education; it must stimulate them to take a keener interest in their own lives. And this is a basic function. For the majority of our people wihose voices are silenced, the paper must speak. To those who have been conditioned to accept a lower status in life by continuous subjugation, the denial of basic human rights, and unhealthy indoctrination, the paper must strive to give hope and pride. Because the founders believe in the common humanity of all nations - our common stock Homo Sapiens - the paper must strive towards the achievement of better race relations, and international peace. Co-existence.

A/AC .73/4 English Page 199 Then the world must be informed, as far as possible, about conditions in South West Africa and the rest of the continent. To keep these goals in mind the founders have adopted a definite policy given here below: POLICY DECLARATION (a) Our object is to serve as a vigorous instrument to promote the social and educational well-being of all inhabitants of South Jest Africa, irrespective of race, colour or creed. (b) Our desired aim is to give objective news and political reporting, unclouded by racial or political prejudices. (c) We aim to serve the uppermost interest of this territory, and will in the nest of our ability assist in furthering its economical growth and political maturity (d) We declare that no political party, religious sect, or individual of any standing shall in any way dictate, direct or influence cur policy, but we will pursue a path of impartiality, honesty and objectivity in all issues. (e) We shall constantly fight to uphold the basic human rights for all people, and expose any injustice that Tay be perpetrated deliberately by Governments, individuals or organisations on any secticn of the community. PRESENT POSITION The share capital of the Company is FIVE HUNDRED POUNDS (5OO.0.o) divided into five hundred shares of Cne (21. 0.0) each, with rower to increase or decrease the capital, to consolidate the shares, and with power also to divide the shares in the original or any increased capital into several classes, and to attach thereto respectively any preferential, qualified, special or deferred rights, privileges and conditions, and from time to time to alter or modify the same. However, only 85 shares have been taken out. A little capital indeed. Besides, from the beginning we have been running at a loss. Thus we have a debt that may force us to stop printing the paper. On the other hand the paper is gaining great popularity - it is read in practically every town of the country as well as in the so-called Reserves - our rural areas (see enclosure No, 1). But, while geographically speaking the paper

A/AC .73/4 English Page 200 is widely spread, the circulation rerains low (only 2000). This is mainly due to the high rate of illiteracy. Because of the low circulation we are compelled to sell the paper at 6d (six-pence) a copy which is not quite economic to our people who live below subsistance level. As a young paper and perhaps due to some other reasons, we have not yet been able to attract enough advertising to augment the paper's revenue. Chances are very narrow for Africans to secure loans. Racial discrimination does not only make it impossible for the African Publishing Company to secure loans but cripples the press machinery in many ways. (See enclosure No.2). While the above are difficulties peculiar to our situation, there are other handicaps that are common to the African press in Southern Africa. Mr. Brian Bunting, a prominent South African Journalist, has this to say in his survey of the Non-White press in the Union of South Africa: "It should be borne in mind, of course, that great difficulties face the African people with regard to the establishment of an independent press. The greatest difficulty is lack of capital. It costs a great deal of money to start a newspaper and keep it in being until such time as it has established itself and is able to keep going on its o~m revenue. In addition to capital, the establishment of a press requires the right to own freehold property and to carry out business undertakings with the maximum security - all rights which are denied to the African people, which in consequence has a very small middle class. Any paper which openly voiced the policies of the liberation movement would also find it extremely hard to attract advertising into its pages, as the experience of "New Age" has shown - and advertising is the greatest source of revenue for most papers - Big business will not support policies which are fundamentally opposed to its own interests." (See enclosure No. 3). "Secondly, a stable press really needs a stable population to support it, and the African people, in consequence of the provisions of the Urban Areas Act (Its counter-part in South West Africa is the Urban Proclamation of 1951) and other laws, are at any tine liable to be moved from one area to another, banished or deported, with no right of permanent domicile anywhere in the country. It would, for instance, be extremely difficult for an African paper to keep its staff together: an African journalist who incurred the wrath of the authorities would always be liable to summary arrest and deportation without trial. " Here we have the near example of Emil Appolus, who edited the first issue of "South West News", and who had to leave the country because of a deportation order against his wife. "Firally the pr'oblem of illiteracy." .

A/AC.-73/4 English Page 201 In his survey Mr. Bunting shows a record of failure in the Union to create and maintain a press. One must bear in mind that Africans in the Union are far superior in numbers compared to us, about 40 times more than we are. The ratio of literacy is about the same. The difficulties in South West Africa with regard to the maintenance of a press are, therefore, greater than elsewhere in Southern Africa. PLANS FOR CCNSOLIDATICN In the light of the foregoing, the Board hopes to consolidate the position of the Company by increasing its activities. The Company aims at carrying out the following functions which are, inter alia, embodied in its memorandum: a. Running a Cinema (mobile). Here the inclination will be educational rather than outright commercial. b. Transport. The Windhoek Town Council has invited tenders to undertake transport services between African residential areas and the town. The African Publishing Company wishes to snatch at this opportunity, or; c. Undertake any other business which may subsidize the newspaper as the latter cannot run on its own revenue. d. By-activities e.g. cultural centres and clubs to help in the promotion of our people. e. Last but not least is to ultimately buy our own printing machine. APPEAL It is mainly with the above goals in our view that we are calling for help and guidance: a. The Board wishes to appeal for financial help in the form of loans on reasonable terms, and perhaps donations. b. The Board would appreciate it very much if benevolent bodies of the world could donate educational materials in the form of books, a film projector, a variety of films, periodicals, magazires, records etc. c. The Board would welcome advice on the runnin g as vel as constructive criticism of the project. We hope that this appeal will be consi1ered sy,. cathe-ically. Yours fai±hfu!!y, (Signed) John G. .:uunrd.ua -.c. CHA!IP ,A T CF F, BC'27r f :TIT:CTO_ r

A/AC.73/4 English Page 202 Note No. 1 "South West News" is gaining great popularity: A semi-literate cobbler at Tsumeb, a town in the extreme north of South West Africa, writes to congratulate the newspaper and also encloses half-a-crown for his five copies. The letter is then sent, as seen on the envelope, ! to the persons whose photos appear on the front page of the first copy he gets hold of. ("South West News" No. 5). Follow-up literature is invaluable to this type of person. "South West News" can help promote literacy in the territory because it ditches out topics of interest and news reports in the local vernaculars. Note No. 2 "Because of race discrimination our press machinery is being crippled in many ways." See last paragraph of this letter. NEWSPAPER PRESS UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA Johannesburg 8th December, 1959. The Director, African Publishing Co. (Pty.) Ltd., P.O. Box 749, WINDHOEK S.W.A. Dear Sir, I acknowledge, with thanks, receipt of your letter dated 30th November 1959, in which you request to be furnished with six blank Press Identity Cards for your editors and reporters. In terms of our arrangement with the Commissioner of Police, Press Identity Cards may only be issued to members of the Newspaper Press Union, and I am therefore not in a position to ccmply with your request. 2/ A photostat, enclosed by the author, showed an addressed envelope and a written text in an indigenous language.

A/AC.73/4 English Page 203 I would suggest however that you write direct to the Commissioner of Police with a request that cards be issued to you. Insofar as membership of the N.P.U. is concerned, I enclose an application form and would draw attention to the following provision in our Constitution relating to membership: "3.(1)(a) European employers, being the proprietors of newspapers, engaged in that section of Printing and Newspaper Industry in which newspapers are published in any part of South Africa shall be eligible for membership, provided however that where the applicant is a company it shall not be eligible for membership unless the directorate of such applicant is composed solely of Europeans." Yours faithfully, (Signed) Illegible GENERAL SECRETARY Note No. 3 Brian Bunting says, "Any paper which openly voiced the policies of the liberation movement would also find it extremely hard to attract advertising into its pages." This letter from a big firm which has now discontinued advertising in "South West News", simply because the paper speaks for Africans, is a gccd testimony of the above statement. The same firm advertising regularly in all the other newspapers of the country, some which are mouth-pieces of political parties. Text of letter: "We refer to your letter of the 8th instant, enclosing back copies of the "South West News". "It was understood that when we agreed to insert an advertisement, that the newspaper would deal only with non-racial and non-rolitical topics. "We regret, however, that we do not wish our advertisement to continue and must ask you to cancel future advertisement. -e will, of course, pay for all advertisements which have been inserted up to date." I...

A/AC. 73/4 English Page 204 COMMUNICATIONS RELATING TO SOUTH WEST AFRICA 96. Letterl/ dated 1 August 1960, and enclosures, from Mr. Mburumba Kerina, New York This is to inform you of the status of the SOUTH WEST AFRICA PEOPLES ORGANIZATION (SWAPO). We solicit your interest in our continuing development as our country progresses along the path to independence. We desire close co-operation with the Government and people of your country and the various organizations in your country and hope that such co-operation will be of mutual benefit to us all. A background paper of the South West Africa situation is in preparation. We should like to send you a copy of this document in early October. Communications should be addressed to: Mr. Sam Nujoma, President OR Mr. L. Nelengani, Vice-President S.W.A.P.O. S.W.A.P.O. c/o M. Kerina P.O. Box 1071 15C6 Second Avenue Windhoek ' New York 21, N.Y. South West Africa Mburumba Kerina 1506 Second Avenue New York 21, N.Y. Yours For Africa Freedom. (Signed): Sam Nujoma M. Kerina i/ The original was a mimeographed letter.

A/AC . 73/4 English Page 205 Enclosures (i) Replica of the printed stationery of S.W.A.P.O., containing the following particulars relating to the Organization: THE SOUTH WEST AFRICA PEOPLES ORGANIZATION (S. W. A. P. 0.) Work in Solidarity For Justice And Freedom Longeni Nehangano Mujuki Nemanguluko Ungureje Noruuano Mousemba Nongutukiro National Headquarters - P.O. Box 1071 - Windhoek South West Africa NATIONAL EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE AOUTAPAMA AUSEB BEUKES EIXAB ERLIA FORTUNE HAITEMBU HAMbTUMBANGELA M. HAIKUPUKURUA P. HILONGUA M. KERINA J. KUHANGUA N. MACHUIRIRI L. MUASHEKELE A. NASEB NDADI NELENGANI NUJOMA SHOOMBE THERRESIEN JA-TOIVO TUHANDELENI NATIONAL BRANCHES GOBABIS KAOKOVELD OKAHANDJA ORANJEMUND OTJIWARONGO OVAMBOLAND LUDERITZ SWAKOPMUND TSUMEB USAKOS ...

A/AC. 73/'4 Ergli 3h Page 206 (ii) A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE SOUTH WEST AFRICA PEOPLES ORGANIZATION The SOUTH WEST AFRICA PEOPLES ORGANIZATION (SWAPO) is the oldest and largest political organization in South West Africa. Its membership is composed of men and women of all indigenous ethnic groups in the country. Its basic aims are to unite all the people of our country into an effective political body to work for the complete emancipation and independence of South West Africa and to contribute its efforts to the total liberation and reconstruction of the entire African continent. The SOUTH WEST AFRICA PEOPLES ORGANIZATION was orginally organized as the Ovamboland Peoples' Congress by South West Africans' residing in Cape Town in 1958. Most of the South West Africans in Cape Town were Ovambo labourers and early membership in the organization was necessarily drawn from among these men. The founder and first President of the Ovamboland Peoples Congress was Toivo Ja-Toivo. The Ovamboland Peoples Congress was dedicated the, as its succossor the SOUTH WEST AFRICA PEOPLES ORGANIZATION is, to the termination of the South African administration over the Mandated Territory of South West Africa and our country's achievement of United Nations Trusteeship status as a first step toward independence. From its inception the Ovamboland Peoples Congress activities in Cape Town were closely integrated with political developments in South West Africa itself. A new leadership began to develop in South West Africa and the message of the Ovamboland Peoples Congress spread throughout the entire country as a new colitical consciousness grew and took shape. In April 1959, Toivo was arrested and deported from Cape Town to Ovamboland for his leadership of the Ovamboland Peoples Congress and for sending petitions and a tape recorded message to the United Nations. He remains there under arrest to this day. The centre of the Ovamboland Peoples Congress activities shifted from Cape Town to Windhoek, the capital of South West Africa. on April 19, 1959, the Ovamboland Peoples Congress became the OVAMBOLAND PEOPLES ORGANIZATION (OPO) under the Presidency of Sam Nujcma. Since that time the membership has increased to over 50,CCO persons organized throughout the whole country in twelve national branches. In June 1960, the OVAMBOLAND PEOPLES ORGANIZATION (OPO) changed its name to the SCUTH WEST AFRICA PEOPLES ORGANIZATION (SWAPO) in conformity with the true character of the organization -- a mass political organization which by that time was comprised of various indigenous groups in the country. In keeping with its determination that the liberation of South West Africa is to be the work of all South West Africans and not that of a single group, the SOUTH WEST AFRICA PECPLES CRGANIZATION promotes the principle of collective leadership. Its governing body, the NATICNAL EXECUTIVE CCIvNITTEE, is composed of representatives of all segments of the African population and the rank and file. ...

A/AC.73/4 English Page 207 In spite of the South African Government's efforts to destroy the SOUTH WEST AFRICA PEOPLES ORGANIZATION (SWAPO) through economic reprisals, mass intimidation of its members and leaders, the SOUTH WEST AFRICA PEOPLES ORGANIZATION has become a major political force within South West Africa. It also stands as a significant element in African political development and a representative voice of the people on the larger international scene. MBURUMBA KERINA 97. Telegram received on 30 September 1960, from Chief Hosea Kutako, Windhoek, South West Africa, to the Secretary-General WE ARE NO PARTY TO STATEMENT BY JARIRETUNDU KOZONGUIZI IN PEKING CHINA STOP LETTER TO FOLLOW HOSEA KUTAKO 98. Letter dated 29 September 1960, from Chief Hosea Kutako and Chief Samuel Witbooi, South West Africa Peoples Organization, Windhoek, South West Africa, to the Secretary-General We wish to inform you that we are not a party to the statement made by Mr. Fanuel Jariretundu Kozonguizi in Peking in the People's Republic of China. We have faith in the United Nations. We realize that the United Nations is making a great effort to release us from the oppression of the Union of South Africa. We are grateful to the support which the United States gives to us at the United Nations. (Signed) Hosea Kutako 99. Letter dated 19 September 1960, from Messrs. Sam Nujcma, Jacob Kuhangua and Mburumba Kerina, South West Africa Peoples Organization, Iew Y'urk, to the-Secretary-General We, the undersigned members of the National Executive Committee of the South West Africa Peoples Organization, address this statement to you with a view to clarifying our people's position on a matter of mutual concern to both our people and the United Nations. We do this in order that the real issues in the case of South West Africa not be confused in the forthcoming deliberations of the United Nationst General Assembly.

A/AC .73/4 English Page 208 We have taken serious note of a statement made by one South West African petitioner on August 28th, 1960. We do not endorse this statement and we assert that it does not represent the view of the vast majority of the South West African people. We take particular exception of the following two remarks: "It is the dollar that maintains the United Nations and the SecretaryGeneral Dag Hammarskjold; for 14 years they have not been able to do a thing to free South West Africa." "But in spite of its noise about justice and freedom, the U.S. dominated United Nations has not been able to raise its finger to help the people of South West Africa." Our people generally share the view that if the United Nations had fulfilled its aims on the basis of principle in South West Africa our question would no longer be an item on the agenda of the United Nations, but that our people would be represented here as a sovereign state. We have suffered disillusionment and disappointment through the years as we have stated and restated in our petitions before the United Nations General Assembly. Our people's blood has been shed because they refused to submit to the South African tyranny and oppression. Our organization is being ruthlessly suppressed because it has become an effective expression of African resistance to the inhuman and immoral system of Apartheid which is illegally being imposed upon us. In spite of this we acknowledge that the United Nations and its machinery offer the most constructive possibilities for regaining our sovereignty with a minimum of strife and bloodshed. Without the United Nations, South West Africa would not have retained its international character. Within the United Nations men of genuine goodwill and constructive intentions all over the world have come to support our just struggle for self-determination. Under the aegis of the United Nations we expect to achieve complete sovereignty according to the wishes of our people. As in the past, we welcome the support of all countries who sincerely want to help us achieve what we want and shall inevitably achieve for ourselves. We issue this statement as a representative African political organization. We hope that this general clarification of our position in regard to the United Nations will assist your office and all states in an effort toward an early solution of our dispute with the Government of the Union of South Africa. '''''...... *"* A/AC. 73/4 English Page 209 The people of South West Africa seek to destroy no one, but we reassert our determination to rid ourselves completely of foreign domination, to defend by all means, our lives and integrity, and to rebuild our country according to our own will. In our aspiration we feel that we are united with the people of the world and that we reflect the noblest principles of the United Nations. We repeat that it is precisely because the United Nations has not yet completely realized its principles or exercised its full authority that there remains a "Question of South West Africa". And aside from considerations of our people's welfare, the United Nations itself may well stand or fall on the basis of how it conquers the challenges that our question poses. However, we approach this General Assembly session with confidence in the United Nations' ability to take decisive action and we look to the Secretary-General to exercise the will of the International Community with imagination and courage. (Signed): Sam Nujoma Jacob Kuhangua Mburumba Kerina 100. Letter dated 7 October 1960, from Mr. Jariretundu Kozonguizi, London, to the Chairman, the Secretary-General, United Nations South West Africa My attention has been drawn to Statements said to be circulated around the United Nations from various quarters purporting to be emanating from me or to be copies of Statements I have made in the Peoples Republic of China during my last visit there. I am writing to state that all the Statements made by me on that occasion were my own statements and while I hold on to every word I uttered as contained in the Statements I made which are not necessarily the ones being circulated I want any other person who may have been implicated as a Party to them to be absolved. I want to stress that I am not withdrawing the statements I made but I am merely pointing out that I should solely be held responsible for them. It is therefore my wish that I should be granted a hearing to explain my position.-/ (Signed) Jariretundu Kozonguizi Jariretundu Kozonguizi L/ An earlier request by Mr. Kozonguizi for a hearing (A/C.4/443) was granted by the Fourth Committee at its l004th meeting on 6 October 1960.

A/AC.73/4 English Page 210 101. Telegram received on 14 October 1960, from the Secretary-General, South West Africa National Union, Windhoek, South West Africa, to the Fourth Committee, United Nations WE REAFFIRM THAT MR JARIRETUNDU KOZONGUIZI IS AUTHORISED TO SPEAK ON BEHALF OF SWANU IN HIS CAPACITY AS PRESIDENT GENERAL SECRETARY GENERAL 10?. Letter dated 4 January 1961, and enclosure, from Mr. Jariretundu Kozonguizi, South West Africa National Union, London, to the Secretary-General Enclosed is a Memo on the history of the South West African National Union in brief which will be of interest to your Organisation. SWANU was founded to secure and maintain the complete unity of the people of South West Africa to fight relentlessly to attain and maintain self determination for the people of South West Africa and their Chief, to work with allied movements in Africa and other Continents with a view to abolish imperialism, racialism, tribalism and all forms of oppression and economic exploitation. To this end SWANU is a full member of the All African Peoples Conference and the Afro-Asian Solidarity the latter of which SWANU's President is an Executive member. SWANU is also a member of the South Africa United Front. (Signed) Jariretundu Kozonguizi Jariretundu Kozonguizi President Enclosure SOUTH WEST AFRICAN NATIONAL UNION The history of the South West African National Union goes back as far as the early fifties when the need was felt for a Movement in South West Africa which could raise the level of political activity. In 1952 a student association - the S.W.A. Student Body - was formed with Jariretundu Kozonguizi as President and Eric Getzen as Secretary to promote the educational and cultural advancement of the African people in South West Africa.

A/AC.73/4 English Page 211 In 1955 this became the S.W.A. Progressive Association with Uatja Kaukuetu as President and Tunguru Huaraka as General Secretary. SWAPA aimed at the promotion of the educational and cultural progress as well as the political and economic advancement of the African people of South West Africa. The years 1955-1958 saw extensive consultations amongst various groups and individuals in South West Africa with a view to launch in the Territory the counterpart of the African National Congress in the Union of South Africa. From the beginning there was a tacit and later open recognition of the close link between the liberation struggle in SWA and that in South Africa itself. These consultations were carried on amongst these following groups: Advisors of Chief Hosea Kutako of the Hereros, representatives of Chief Witbooi of the Namas, leaders of the Ovamboland Peoples Congress in Cape Town, the African Improvement Society, SWAPA, and the Society for the Advancement of the African People in SWA, The SWA African Teachers Association and the SWA Coloured Teachers Association were approached but declined to take part in what they termed 'politics' on the grounds that they were 'civil servants'. In 1957 Jariretundu Kozonguizi at the expense of the people of SWA was sent to Cape Town for a year of study at the University of Cape Town and whilst there with Herman Toivo to make a study of the machinery and methods of fighting of the liberatory movement and particularly the ANC in the Union of South Africa and on the basis of these studies to formulate plans for the establishment of a national movement for the liberation of the African people in SWA. In 1958 plans were almost finalised for the launching of a National freedom Movement in SWA. In November 1958 Herman Toivo and Kozonguizi submitted their plans to a select group of people in SWA ..... the SWA National Front (Getzen had suggested that the name be Peoples Front of SWA) was to be established on regional basis: the Cape Town Ovamboland Peoples Congress was to be the nucleus of the wider Ovamboland Peoples Congress with regional headquarters at Ondangua in Ovamboland. Keetmanshoop was to be the regional headquarters of the Namaland Peoples Congress whilst either Okahandja or Usakos would become the Headquarters for the Peoples Congress. WINDHOEK was to be the National headquarters of the SWA National Front. Chiefs were to be invited to be the Patrons of the Front.

A/AC.73/4 English Page 212 In December 1959 Toivo and Kozonguizi put their plans before a select group in Keetmanshoop mainly members of the Society for the Advancement of the African People in SWA-under the Chairmanship of Philip Musirika. The plans were accepted and the SAASWA was to become the Namaland Peoples Congress. Later in December Toivo and Kozcnguizi laid their plans before the representatives of various groups in Windhoek. The meeting was presided over by Clement Kapuuo now deputy Chief of the Hereros. A recommendation from this meeting was addressed to the people of SWA that Kozonguizi be employed full time to organise the Front whilst Toivo was to leave immediately for Ovamboland to launch the regional Ovamboland Peoples Congress. This was in the face of pressure from the Native Affairs Authorities who wanted Toivo to remain in Windhoek. They felt in Ovamboland he would be more 'poisonous' and 'dangerous' than in Windhoek. Hence he has been subjected to arrests ever since he left Windhoek. The arrest of Toivo and other developments temporarily checked the progress towards the launching of the National Movement. At the urgent request of the Rev. Michael Scott, Kozonguizi was asked to leave for the UN, as personal representative of Chief Hosea Kutako. In Cape Town, Jacob Kuhangua, launched the Ovamboland Peoples Organisation which unlike the Ovamboland Peoples Congress under Toivo was not linked to the move for a national organisation in SWA. Later Mr. Kuhangua moved to Windhoek where in co-operation with Sam Nujoma the OPO was extended to include the Ovambo workers in SWA itself as well. This new development however did not reflect the temporarily suspended efforts for a national movement. Sam Nujoma himself continued to take part in the discussions. And in August 1959 at a Conference described by deputy Chief Clement Kapuuo as historic, held in the International Hall in the Windhoek Location the SWA National Union was launched. The following were elected to the National Executive: Jariretundu Kozonguizi - President (then spokesman at the U.N.) Uatja Kuakuetu - deputy President (then President of SWAPA) Uaseta Mbuha - General Secretary (then Ex. Member of SWAPA) Isascar Kambatuku - Assistant Secretary Louis Nelengani - National Treasurer (then Vice President of OPO) Nathan Mbaev - Propaganda and Organising Secretary (then prominent Herero leader)

A/AC. 73/4 English Page 213 Additional Executive members: Aaron Kapare (Adviser to Chief Hosea Kutako) Augus Gariseb (Prominent Damara leader) Emil Appolos (journalist) Sam Nujoma (president of OPO) John Muundjua (Executive member of SWAPA) Under this Executive (Kozonguizi still abroad) SWANU had to face the first challenge to its existence which came with the impending removal to Katutura. Nevertheless the National Union acquitted itself well and 'almost overnight the political consciousness of the people soared to a new height and the national unity amongst the various tribal groups was an established fact. This was very well demonstrated at the most trying time during the events of the night of Human Rights Day 1959 when many people in Windhoek became the victims of extreme official provocation and Army brutality. Following these events Nathan Mbaeva - Propaganda and Organising Secretary of the National Union was ordered out of Windhoek and confined to Epukiro Reserve near the Bechuanaland border. Sam Nujcma and Executive member was banished to Ovamboland and it was at this juncture that Oliver Tambo a Johannesburg lawyer was briefed to come to Windhoek. Mr. Tambo was not allowed to land at Windhoek Airport. Since then more banishments had followed and the National Executive had to be reshuffled. The latest developments: In August 1960 Uatja Kuakuetu (Vice President) and Charles Kauraisa (Walvis Bay representative) took up Scholarships in Sweden. Earlier Tunguru Huaraka had left for Ghana to take up a scholarship there and Vita Kaukuetu and Ambrose Kandjii left for East and North Africa respectively. Not a single one of them was given travel documents by the Government. The National Executive is composed as ff: Jariretundu Kozonguizi - President (abroad) Uatja Kaukuetu - deeputy President (abroad) Uaseta Mbuha - Secretary General John uundjua - acting deputy President Nathan Mbaeva - Propaganda and Organising Secretary Jitjevi Veli - Assistant Secretary and acting Propaganda Secretary. Eb Kazapua - National Treasurer

A/AC .73/4 English Page 214 Additional members: Eliphas Tjingaete Peter Nguvauva Siseva Siririka Werner Manugwe Katuna Kambaskua Working Committee: The five additional members and: S. Kenamuini A. Kasuto H. Komomungondo Representatives abroad: J. Kozonguizi (London Charles Kauraisa (Stockholm) Tunguru Kuaraka (Ghana) Vita Kaukuetu (Dar es Salaam) Ambrose Kandjii (North Africa-Cairo) Jariretundu Kozonguizi was born 26. 1. 1932, in Windhoek. Went to Primary School there, 1939-1945. Attended High School in Warmbatha (Transvaal) 1950- 1953. 1952 was clected President of SWA Student Body. Went to Fort Hare University College 1954 and at end of 1956 graduated B.A., in History and Psychology. 1957 studied at Cape Town University. Had drawn up the Constitution of SWAPA. In 1958 obtained Diploma in Education. 1959 left SWA to become personal representative of Chief Hosea Kutako at the U.N. August 1959 was elected President of SWANU. In April 1960 was elected to Executive of Afro-Asian Solidarity Conference. Uatja Kuakuetu; born 1934 in Windhoek. Went to Primary School in Windhoek and Luderitz Bay and attended High School in Wellington Cape Province. Qualified as Teacher at Hewatt Training College in Cape Town and also attended University of Cape Town. In 1955 was elected President of SWAPA and in 1958 became deputy President of SWANU. Now studying at LUND University in SWEDEN. John Gorvey Muundjua born 1928 in Bechuanaland. Parents having been refugees of the Herero-German War 1904-07. Returned to SWA 1942 went to school in Windhoek and also studied privately. Served on several deputations to the Administration elected to Executive of SWAPA 1955 and to SWANU Executive 1959. Became acting

A/AC. 73/4 English Page 215 deputy President of SWANU in September 1960 after serving as acting Propaganda and organising Secretary during the first half of the year. Hitjevi Veii Propaganda and Organising Secretary National Headquarters, Windhoek, SOUTH WEST AFRICA. 103. Letter dated 9 January 1961, from Miss Lorna Richmond, S 7 Africa Bureau, London, to the Chairman of the Fourth Committee The Reverend Michael Scott is at present abroad, but at his request I am forwarding to you under separate cover the section of Hansard covering the recent debate on South West Africa in the House of Commons.L(signed) Lorna Richmond Assistant Secret&ry 1/ The extract consisted of pages 671-729 of Hansard of 15 December 1960, containing a debate on South West Africa. At the conclusion of the debate the House of Commons adopted the following resolution: "Resolved, That this House calls upon Her Majesty's Government to take action in the United Nations and in the forthcoming Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference to ensure that the Government of South Africa carries out the solemn obligations it undertook in accepting the Mandate for South-West Africa, or surrenders it to the United Nations so that alternative trusteeship arrangements can be made." The extracts are available for reference in the files of the Secretariat.

A/AC. 73/4 English Page 216 104. Letter dated 21 March 1961, from Miss Lorna Richmond, Africa Bureau, London, to the Chairman of the Committee on South West Africa Mr. Scott thought you would be interested to see the enclosed extract of the Hansard dated March 8th, 1961 concerning South West Africa./ Secretary to the Reverend Michael Scott 2Q-2 105. Letter dated 24 March 1961, from Miss Lorna Richmond, Africa Bureau, London, to the Secretary of the Committee on South West Africa Airmail Following my letter of March 21st I now enclose* the Hansard report of the debate in the House of Commons on South Africa last Wednesday, which may be of interest to you and members of the Committee. (Signed) Lorna Richmond Secretary to the Reverend Michael Scott Sent airmail under separate cover.2/ The relevant extract consisted of a portion of column 478 and columns 479-81 of Hansard, 8 March 1961, containing a debate in the House of Commons on a motion by Mr. Dingle Foot, who asked "leave to move the Adjournment of the House for the purpose of discussing a definite matter of urgent public importance, namely, the refusal of Her Majesty's Government to give any assurance that they will raise at the Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference the question of the future of the Mandate for South-West Africa in accordance with the Resolution passed by this House on 15th December, 1960." (For text of resolution see No. 102 above) The Speaker of the House concluded that he was unable to accede to Mr. Foot's request. The extracts are available for reference in the files of the Secretariat. 2/ Hansard extracts subsequently received consisted of columns 441-532 of Hansard of 22 March 1961, containing a statement by the Prime Minister, Mr. Harold Macmillan, and succeeding debate on the withdrawal of the Union of South Africa from the Commonwealth. The extracts are available in the files of the Secretariat for reference. ...

A/AC 73/4 English Page 217 106. Cablegram received on 18 March 1961, from the Reverend Michael Scott, London, to the Chairman of the Committee on South West Africa URGE COWMITIEE ON SOUTHWEST AFRICA VISIT SOLTHWEST AFRICA VIA BECHUANALAND STOP GRATEFUL OPPORTUNITY OF ACCOMPANYING COMMITTEE OR FOLLOWING SOONEST POSSIBLE 107. Letter dated 30 May 1961, and enclosures, from Mr. Arlo Tatum, Secretary, World Peace Brigade, Enfield, England, to the Secretary and Chairman, Committee on South West Africa A special Conference has been called this December to formulate and found an independent unarmed World Peace Brigade. The Chairman of the Preparatory Committee is Michael Scott and I am its Secretary. Enclosed are the first two Information Sheets from the Preparatory Committee indicating the individuals who have thus far agreed to sponsor this international effort. In addition to the constructive work the Brigade hopes to undertake in economically and socially depressed areas of the world it is also intended that the Brigade be in a position to offer its services in areas of tension either under the auspices of the United Nations or independently. We forsee many possibilities for the Brigade to address itself to problems in Africa, and it is for this reason that my Committee has instructed me to write to you in order to urge you to accept the offer of Michael Scott,-/ our Chairman, to accompany the delegation which intends to leave shortly for South West Africa, despite the lack of co-operation from the South West African Government. We fully support the proposed mission and express the hope that the members will seek to enter the mandated territory irrespective of whether visas are granted. Michael Scott is prepared to do so with the full support of our Preparatory Committee. He enjoys the confidence of the vast majority of the politicallyconscious Africans and thus, we feel, would be a definite asset to the mission. In addition to what help he might give to the South West African Committee itself he would also obtain first-hand information on the possibilities of using the services of the proposed World Peace Brigade in South West Africa. Meantime we would be prepared to call upon our list of advance volunteers should you feel that additional persons would be useful in the situation. L/ Cablegram reproduced as No. 1C6 above.

A/AC. 73/4 English Page 218 I beg you to reply at your earliest convenience either to me or directly to Michael Scott at 65 Denison House, 296 Vauxhall Bridge Road, London, S.W.l. Yours faithfully, (Signed) Arlo Tatum Secretary Preparatory Committee P.S. The War Resisters' International, whose letter-head the Preparatory Committee is using temporarily, was instrumental in initiating the Conference for the establishment of a World Peace Brigade but does not control the policy decisions. Enclosures INFORMATION SHEET NO. 1 WORLD PEACE BRIGADE CONFERENCE PREPARATORY COMMITTEE 2nd May, 1961 To implement the decision of the Tenth Triennial Conference of Resisters' International to establish an International Shanti Sena, Peace Brigade, the following Preparatory Committee was appointed to world conference specifically for that purpose: Michael Scott (Chairman) Ernest Bader Donald Groom Michael Randle the War or World organise a Arlo Tatum (Secretary) Anthony Brooke Stuart Morris It has been tentatively agreed that the Conference will be held from 28th December, 1961 to and including ist January, 1962, at the Friends High School, Brcumana (outside Beirut), Lebanon. Of those who have been asked to act as Sponsors of the Conference, the following have thus far accepted: Horace Alexander (Gt. Britain) Danilo Dolci (Sicily) Asha Devi Aryanayakam (India) Richard Gregg (U.S.A.)

A/AC. 73/4 English Page 219 Martin Luther King (U.S.A.) Jayaprakash Narayan (India) Alan Paton (South Africa) l'Abbd Pierre (France) Dr. Ratsimamonga (Madagascan Bayard Rustin (U.S.A.) Michael Scott (Gt. Britain) A.J. Muste (U.S.A.) Maryin Nienf6ller (W. Germany) Clarence Pickett (U.S.A.) G. Ramachandran (India) Ambassador in France) Bertrand Russell (Gt. Britain) Lanzo del Vasto (France) For further information apply to: ARLO TATUM Secretary Preparatory Committee World Peace Brigade 88 Park Avenue, Enfield, Middlesex, England INFORMATION SHEET NO. 2 WORLD PEACE BRIGADE CONFERENCE PREPARATORY COMMITTEE CABLES: NOFRONTIER, ENFIELD ist June, 1961 The following persons have come forward to act as Sponsors for the Conference to Establish a World Peace Brigade, to be held 28th December, 1961 to and including 1st January, 1962 at Brummana High School, Brummana (near Beirut), Lebanon: Iwao Ayusawa (Japan) Vinoba Bhave (India) Martin Buber (Israel) Josud de Castro (Brazil) Bernhardt Jensen (Denmark) Kenneth Kaunda (N. Rhodesia) Julius Nyerere (Tanganyika) Edmond Privat (Switzerland) Tibor Sekelj (Yugoslavia) These are in addition to those reported in the first Information Sheet (still available on request). There are now twenty-five Sponsors from sixteen countries. It is hoped to have additional Sponsors from Eastern Europe, the U.S.S.R. and Africa.

A/AC.73/4 English Page 220 To the Preparatory Committee has been added Duncan Campbell, Headmaster of the Brunmana High School; Bayard Rustin (U.S.A.), who was previously a Sponsor; and Frieda Bacon (England) of the Commonwealth of World Citizens. Donald Groom has agreed to serve as Treasurer. The Preparatory Committee has suggested to Rolz Bennett, Chairman of the United Nations Special Committee on South West Africa, that Michael Scott accompany the U.N. delegation to South West Africa on behalf of the Preparatory Committee, which will seek from its advance list of Brigade volunteers additional persons to work with the U.N. delegation should this be considered desirable. Thus far the Government of South West Africa, a U.N. Mandated territory, has refused visas to the Delegation. It is hoped that this will not deter the delegation from seeking entry. ENQUIRIES TO: Arlo Tatum WORLD PEACE BRIGADE 88 Park Avenue, Enfield, Middlesex, England 108. Letter dated 12 June 1961, from Mr. Arlo Tatum, Secretary to the Preparatory Committee of the World Peace Conference, England, to the Secretary of the Committee on South West Africa I take the liberty of writing you again regarding the United Nations mission to South West Africa and the offer of Michael Scott to accompany the mission as a representative of a Preparatory Committee for the Establishment of a World Peace Brigade. We continue to consider the situation in South West Africa to be grave and again offer our co-operation with the Special Committee on South West Africa. In consultation with Michael Scott it has been agreed that we should ask you to use your discretion in determining whether our offer shculd be treated as a petition or less formally. In either case we hope you will treat our genuine offer of the 30th May as a matter of urgency and bring it to the attention of yCur Chairman as soon as possible. We are most anxious for a reply.

A/AC. 73/4 English Page 221 It has occurred to us that it might strengthen the position of the United Nations miasion if one or two other individuals of high reputation were to associate themselves with the mission in addition to Michael Scott. I therefore would be more than willing to contact immediately any of the sponsors of our World Peace Brigade Conference asking them to join the U.N. mission if you would consider this useful. I am thinking, for example, of Jayaprakash Narayan, the politically independent Sarvodaya leader in India, or Bayard Rustin, one of the leaders of the Racial Integration Struggle in the U.S. I will know whether they could make themselves available by the time I have received a reply to this letter, but would be willing to contact anyone else amongst our list of sponsors should you prefer others than those I suggest. We are earnestly hoping an immediate reply will be possible. (Signed) Arlo Tatum Secretary Preparatory Committee 109. Letter dated 17 April 1961, from Mr. Alfred John Ferreira, Rehoboth, South West Africa, to the Secretary-General Mr.,Jacobus Beukes of.Rehobotb, S.W.A. has kindly undertaken to introduce me to you. I am very much interested in the educational development of the students of South West Africa generally and of those in the Rehoboth Gebeit particularly. At present I am on the staff of the only High School for indigent pupils in Rehoboth. It has become absolutely necessary that, with the available High School students at our disposal at the present moment, we consider earnestly the essential training for them in the emerging conduct of the affairs of the Mandate - training in which we have hitherto had no opportunity. We realise that we cannot wait until the twelfth hour and then rush at such important work. Here in Rehoboth will be students, who will be writing the Matriculation Examination of the Union of South Africa at the end of the year, and we would like them to get the necessary training in Officer Administration, Social Services and Child Welfare) Mining, Agriculture, Accounting, Medicine and Veterinary Services, Engineering (Civil, Electrical and Mechanical) among others.

A/AC.73/4 English Page 222 There are students in the other parts of the Territory, who are also interested. Someday - and it is not distant - we shall have to assume the responsibility of directing the affairs of our land. We therefore, present our case to you for consideration, for aid and for advice. Please tell us if there are sources under your jurisdiction, or to your knowledge, to which we can apply and address ourselves for scholarships and/or bursaries in Universities and Institutions for these students. Our need is urgent and immediate. On hearing from you, Sir, we shall gladly supply you with further information. (Signed) (Mr.) Alfred John Ferreira M.A. (Col. 110. Letter!/ dated 17 April 1961, frcm Mr. Jacobus Beukes, Rehoboth, South West Africa, to the Secretary-General Allow me to introduce Mr. Alfred John Ferreira, M.A., to you. He will communicate with you in a separate letter in connexion with educational matters in our country, South West Africa, and in Rehoboth in particular. I have already informed you, as you are aware, of how necessary it is that we should educate the sons and daughters of South West Africa as quickly as possible so that they can undertake responsible work among us, the indigenous inhabitants. For further discussions about educational matters, we hope that something will be accomplished between you and Mr. Ferreira, who is resident and established with us here in Rehoboth as a citizen. (Signed) Jacobus Beukes l/ Original in Afrikaans.

A/AC. 73/4 English ) Page 223 111. Communication dated 25 July 1961, from Chief Hosea Kutako, Windhoek, South West Africa THE APPOITNETIT OF GERSON HOVEKA AND MUNJUKU GNUVAUVA The Herero Tribe: The Herero tribe consist of the following sections: Otjikatjamwaha, Onguatjindu, Ombanderu, Ombandi, Otjirera, Otjikaoko, Otjirukoro, Otjiseu, Omungambu, Otjitjaimba, Ozombapa, Ombungo, Otjikuaima, Otjinrungunda, Otjikahere, Otjivasera, Ondoto, Otjihaka, Otjipepa, Ouzemba, Otjiuonga and Otjirungu. All the above sections fall under one Head (the Chief). The Ovambanderus are a section of the Herero tribe but they are not a different tribe as they are regarded by the Government. How the Herero leaders (Headmen) are chosen: The Herero headmen are chosen in two ways. (a) Some succeed their fathers (Hereditary). In the event of disagreement they are elected by the section in which they live with the approval of the Head of the Herero tribe and that of the whole tribe. -Those who succeed their fathers are those of high birth. If a father of high birth dies without a child, his successor is selected from his close relatives. (b) When there are no people of high birth a headman is elected by the people or section in which he lives with the approval of the Head of the Herero tribe (Chief). Before Munlaiku was elected a group of people decided to elect Mlunjuku as Chief of Ovambanderus. This group went to Chief Hosea Kutako in Aminius and told him that they had decided to elect Yunjuku as Chief of the Ovambanderus. Chief Hosea Kutako replied that such a thing should be taken to the Herero tribal Conference at Okakarara for decision. The group replied that they had merely come to tell him but their decision could not be altered. WIhen the group came to Gobabis from Chief Hosea they announced at a public meeting that Yiaharero's people and Kanangatie's people will have no say in that election because they were the people who killed Kahimemua.

A/AC.73/4 English Page 224 Munjuku was then elected as chief on the 9, 10, and 11 October, 1960, at No. 3 in Epukiro. Cattle were slaughtered for the celebrations. The Magistrate of Gobabis wrote a letter to Messrs. Assaria Kamburona and Nicklaas Karuaihe that they should go to Epukiro to elect a headman. The Magistrate added in the same letter that any headmen of the Ovambanderus would frcm now on owe allegiance to Munjuku Nguvauva (A copy of that letter is in the possession of Mr. Van der Watt the Assistant Native Commissioner). Assaria Kamburona and Nicklaas Karuaihe opposed the suggestion on the grounds that at no time in the History of the Hereros was there a separate Chief for the Ovambanderus' section or any other section of the Hereros. On the 11 December 1960, Munjuku the same man who had been elected as Chief was elected as headman of Epukiro No. 3. The officials who were present were the assistant Magistrate of Gobabis and the Superindentent of Otjinene Reserve Mr. Moller and a Non-European clerk Gottlob Mbauhua. The Superindentent of Epukiro Mr. Dupreez was not present as he was on leave. On the 10th December 1960, Baordman Petrus Kaunatjike told the Assistant Magistrate of Gobabis that the people who were under Mr. Hoveka would not be present for the election of a headman because the election of a headman for Epukiro took place on 24 July 1958 at which Mr. Gerson Hoveka was elected with 101 in favour and 71 against. Petrus Kaunatjike added that the whole Herero tribe was waiting for the date on which Mr. Gerson Hoveka would start work. Mr. Munjuku who had been elected on two previous occasions first as Chief, and then as a headman without the approval of the Head of the Herero tribe and of the Hereo tribe will now be elected for the third time as headman of Epukiro on 5 August 1961, according to a letter L received from the Chief Native Corissioner dated 15 July 1961. The Head of the Hereros and the Herero tribe regard the election of Munjuku as having been wrongly conducted because the group contraverned the authority of the Chief and tribe when they said that they had merely come to tell him and that their decision could not be altered and that he (the Chief) had no say in the natter.

A/AC. 73/4 English Page 225 This is contrary to the system according to which the Herero leaders are elected. Our tribal traditional organization does not allow one of its subjects to be elected who will not owe allegiance to the existing democratically elected authority of the Hereros. Munjuku's group said in a meeting at Gobabis on the 31 May 1960 that Mahareros' and Kanangatie's people should not be present and they would not have a say in that election. For the above reasons the Chief and the tribe decided that they could not recognize the election of Mr. Munjuku Nguvauva in Epukiro at all. Enclosed please find a copy of a letter Mr. Munjuku wrote in which he swore at a man named Lukas Hiiho (Aminius). Gerson Hoveka: In 1924, when the South African Government decided to move the Hereros from Orumbo to Sandveld, some Herero leaders were first sent to Epukiro to see the land which the Government had intended for them. Their names were: - Late Chief Frederick Maharero, Chief Hosea Kutako, Headman Nickanor Hoveka, and Gottfried Nguvauva. On their return from Epukiro, many of them did not like that land except Nickanor Hoveka. After Nickanor Hoveka agreed to settle there boreholes were sunk. The people then were ordered to move. Mr. Gottfried Nguvauva and many others refused to go to Epukiro and decided to settle at Ejuru but the Government sent to Aminius, instead. After the boreholes were sunk Nickanor and his followers settled in Epukiro. In those days Epukiro contained many wild animals and Bushmen. In trying to make Epukiro a habitable place Nickanor Hoveka's people became victims of lions and Bushmen. Three of his men were killed by lions. Their names were Gabriel Murangi Johannes Kaene and Izak Tjituka. Two of his other men were killed by Bushmen. They were Johannes Muende and Naftali Ndisiro. This is a clear indication that Nickanor Hoveka was the pioneer of Epukiro Reserve. He died there and was buried at No. 3. A man who contributed much to that area, he has a son on whcse shculders that area ought to fall. The Chief and tribe regard 1ir. Gerson Hoveka as the

A/AC.73/4 English Page 226 rightful Headman of Epukiro Native Reserve because he was elected in the election which took place at No. 3 in Epukiro on the 24 July 1958. The Vote was 101 in favour and 71 against. The Officials who were present were the Chief Magistrate of Gababis Mr. J.N. Marais and the Superindentent of Epukiro Mr. F. Balt. The reason why we regard him as having been elected in accordance with the right procedure is that he succeeded his father as Headman. We agree that Mr. Gerson Hoveka should be elected on the 5 August 1961, but as a person who was born at No. 3 and moreover on account of the fact that his father was the pioneer of Epukiro, we suggest that he should be elected at 10 o'clock in the morning. We do not recognize the election of Mr. Munjuku. His election rests with the Government and the small group which elected him. (Signed) Hosea Kutako qS 112. Copy of a letter sent by Chief Hosea Kutako to the Editor, "Windhoek Advertiser", dated 14 August 1961, received from Chief Hosea Kutako, Windhoek, South West Africa Sir, I should like to bring the facts to the notice of the public about the statement which appeared in the Windhoek Advertiser of the llth August, 1961. To say that there are crises among the Hereros is untrue. There was no friction between Samuel Maharero and the Mbanderus after the death of Kahimemua. Samuel Maharero was the Chief of all the Hereros in South West Africa. The friction which resulted in the death of Kahimemua was between Samuel Maharero and his own brother, Nickodemus Maharero. Kahimemua assisted Nickodemus against Samuel Maharero. They were both sentenced to death. It is not true that all the Ovambanderus fled to Bechuanaland after the death of Kakimemua. A small group of Hereros and Mbanderus went to Bechuanaland before the death of Kahimemua and Nickodemus. Another group of Hereros and Mbanderus which included Munjuku's father fled to Bechuanaland accompanying their Chief Samuel Maharero during the Herero- German war in 1904. .

A/AC. 73/4 English Page 227 Your correspondent further stated that friction flared up anew between the Hereros and the Mbanderus in 1960. This is a pack of lies. But if it did flare up where? Which people were involved? It is untrue that members of the Special Branch were called by my group. But if it is true, who was the person who approached them? Or if they were called by letter, will the Special Branch produce that letter? Your correspondent further stated that Clemence Kapuuo was appointed as Deputy Chief of the Mbanderus. This is a deliberate lie. Clement Kapuuo was elected by the Hereros and Mbanderus as Deputy Chief of the Hereros under me. The vote was unanimous. It is not true that Munjuku has the kind of leadership which can be feared by me. It is not true that Kahimemua was assassinated. He was tried and condemned to death. Kanangatie was a military leader and he was sent to go and arrest Kahimemua and Nicodemus. As a military leader he was bound to carry out the instructions that were given to him. Your correspondent further stated that my group requested the British Government to refuse Munjuku's return to South West Africa. No such request was made to the British Government. And if it was made, will your correspondent produce proofs of that request? In the election which took place at Epukiro No. 3 in 1958, Gerson Hoveka was elected with 101 votes to 71 but this appointment was purposely withheld by the Government. It was untrue that there was disunity among the Hereros which is being healed by SWANU. Your correspondent rade mention of a referendum. Could he explain what he meant by this referendum? He said that there was going to be a spilling of blood. Will your correspondent explain who will spill the blood and against whom? It is untrue that I am a dictator. I do not impose my will on my people. I decide with them. It is true that the meeting at Otjinene was called off. Only 3 delegates out of 54 attended the meeting. A ridiculous thing said by your correspondent was that my leadership will crumble in the next crucial weeks. Can your correspondent elaborate that statement? Yours faithfully, Sgn. Hosea Kutako

A/AC.73/4 English Page 228 113. Letter dated 11 August 1961, from Mr. Mburumba Kerina, New York, to the Chairman of the Committee on South West Africa Enclosed find a copy of Mr. Jacob Kuhangua's statement which he intended to submit to the Committee on South West Africa prior to its departure for Africa. (signed) Mburumba Kerina - Chairman South West Africa Peoples Organization STATEMENT MADE BY MR. JACOB KUHANGUA TO THE COMMITTEE ON S.W.A. Mr. Chairman and distinguished members: Allow me to express my sincere gratitude on behalf of the people of South West Africa, for whom I have the honour of being their spokesman. It is indeed a great pleasure for me to have this opportunity once again to dramatize. to you and the distinguished delegates, the tragic events which have recently occurred in the International Territory of South West Africa. I would like to draw the attention of the Committee on South West Africa to the fact that the situation in South West Africa is daily changing from bad to worse. And, on behalf of my people, I humbly request the Committee to take its immediate departure to S.W.A. without delay at the earliest possible time before the whole situation runs out of control. A conmunication dated May 16, 1961 reported that a good supply of guns and ammunition was made available to the government appointed chiefs. This was done in order to suppress the activities of SWAPO members. On April 11, 1961 the South African police seized the cattle of two SWAPO leaders, Gabriel Hamukoto and Detrius Kandjibi. The cattle were driven across the border to Angola. The purpose of this was to expel the above mentioned SWAPO leaders because of their active opposition to South Africa's unbearable conditions and inhuman laws imposed upon the people of South West Africa. Mr. Chairman and distinguished members you are all aware of the fact that even in the 20th Century, slavery is still existing and highly practised by the administrative powers in the international Territory of South West Africa. I...

A/AC.73 /4 English Page 229 On April 27, 1961, chiefs Johannes Shekudja and Vilho Uejulu, savagely attacked and fired at the peaceful demonstrators who were protesting against the expulsion of their nationalist leaders from their homeland by the South African authorities. Whenever the people of South West Africa demand their freedom the colonial powers, with their stock and trade, answers, "Are they ready for independence?" I would like to draw the attention of the distinguished members to the fact that the government of the Union of South Africa has completely failed to establish any form of free public education on elementary level, or institution for higher learning. I wculd like to state further that although disease is rampant the mortality rate is among the highest in the world; the medical service is pitifully inadequate. There are no state hospitals or clinics provided for the indigenous people of South West Africa. Another oppressive measure against the defenceless people of my country by the Administrative power is the so-called cattle foot and mouth disease, which of course is institutionalized as a method to exterminate our cattle. A communication dated the 29th of May, 1961 from the Branch Chairman of SWAPO in Ovamboland North reports: "The South African authorities in South West Africa have manouvered to corroborate with the Portuguese government in Angola by forming a front against all African political leaders on both sides. They have done so, in order to suppress the national liberation movements of the African nationalists at all costs. To strengthen their cooperation the South African authorities have contributed a sum of 170 pounds towards the cost of the African stooges who are used against us". The letter went on: "A meeting was held at Odibo yesterday, Sunday, May 28th, which was dispersed by a troop of 177 soldiers led by the Native Commissioner of Oshikango. We jointly request you on our behalf, to make it abundantly clear to the Committee of the United Nations to take immediate steps before things get worse. We would appreciate it very much if the Committee could come into the Territory to be a witness with its own eyes." On May 3, 1961, the South African police raided all the homes of the leaders of SW7APO, including suspected people throughout the Territory, seizing

A/AC .73/4 English Page 230 all the documents and even private personal papers. The South African police broke into the home of the Rev. Hamtumbangela who is at the present moment performing his religious work in Windhoek. They have ruthlessly assaulted his wife who had to undergo medical treatment. A communication dated June 9, 1961 from the Luderitz Branch Secretary of SWAPO states; "After a 'PROHIBITION DECLARATION' was passed on May 2nd to June 26th, 1961, which banned all meetings and gatherings, hundreds of suspected people were arbitrarily arrested and t hrown into jails without trial." A communication dated May 7, 1961 from our Cape Town Branch Secretary describes the merciless arrests of ten leaders of SWAPO from Oranjemund. The letter reported Messrs. Johannes Hamunjela, Francis Daniel, Elieser Egumbo, Vilho Kanjabanga, Philipus Heita, Vilho Heitembu, Elias Ndume, Peter Johannes, Max Kasava and Jackson Kambode were detained in custody for seven days before they were escorted to Ovamboland on June 2nd, 1961, where they shall appear before the government appointed chiefs. We earnestly urge you to appeal for the United Nations' intervention immediately before all our leaders are expelled from their jobs and residences." Mr. Chairman and distinguished delegates, it is because of these facts that the situation in this International Territory deserves your personal examination. The innocent powerless and the defenceless people of South West Africa are under heavy military threats. The South African soldiers are equipped with all sorts of modern weapons against the unarmed Africans. It is for these very important facts that I draw the attention of the Committee to go directly to South West Africa and not to the neighbouring countries. We of SWAPO have clearly indicated that it is not our desire for the Committee to interview only half of the population of South West Africa, namely, the black population, but it is our sincere hope that the Committee will be in a position whereby it will interview both sections of the population, blacks as well as whites, who call themselves citizens of South West Africa who are ready to lay all the problems of our country before the United Nation's Committee. Mr. Chairman and distinguished members before I conclude I would like to draw the attention of the Committee to an article which appeared in the New York Times, Saturday, June 10th, 1961. The reported: "United Nations'

A/AC. 73/4 English Page 231 intervention in South West Africa would be welcomed by part of the white population as well as by Africans, who outnumber the whites ten to one here. Opposition is growing to South Africa's apartheid policies in the Territory, which has been administered by South Africa since 1920, under a Mandate of the old League of Nations. "A sampling of white opinion here in the capitol of the Territory showed that some persons felt only the United Nations' action would ensure political stability in South West Africa. Although the South African government has refused to permit a United Nations' Committee to enter the Territory, nearly every one questioned here favoured a proposed visit." The paper went on to say: "Let them come, we have nothing to hide", said Jaap Shyman, Mayor of Windhoek. "We have no objection here in Windhoek, as long as it is an honest investigation." Mr. Hans Berker, a lawyer in Windhoek said, "I think the United Nations would find that quite a large section of the population would welcome them and be willing to work with them." Mr. Jack Levinson, a business man said, "The South African government's policy here should be changed, both to end harsh laws requiring Africans to carry passes and to provide improved housing and better educational opportunities". Mr. Chairman and distinguished members, we of SWAPO have made our position clear. It is not our desire to embark upon supplanting hatred for the black with a new hatred for the whites. We want you Sir to go to the Territory of South West Africa where you will not only meet the black population, but at the same time meet with the whites who like us may have in common the ideas of eliminating brutal exploitation, starvation, illiteracy, poverty and all forms of unjust laws prevailing in our country. We have repeatedly demanded the reconstruction of a better South West Africa where all the children of all races will live a happy and prosperous life without fear of colour race or creed. I...

A/AC.73/4 English Page 232 114. Letter dated 1 September 1961, from Chief Hosea Kutako, Chief Samuel Witbooi and Mr. A. Nepala, South West Africa Peoples Organization, Windhoek, South West Africa, to the Secretary-General We wish to inform that the following are our representatives at the United Nations and they should be allowed to speak on our behalf. The Reverend Michael Scott. Mr. Mburumba Kerina " Sam Nuyoma " Reverend Marcus Kooper, Mr. Jacob Kuhangua, Mr. Ishmael Fortune. (Signed) H. KUTAK0 Hosea Kutako S. WITBOOI Samuel Witbooi SWAPO: A. NEPEIA South West Africa Peoples' Organization. ...

A/AC. 73/4 English Page 233 115. Letter dated 9 February 1961 from .Mr. E.H. Kalundala _ Cape Town, South Africa, to the Secretarj, Trusteeship Council, United Nations A paIrcel of books from the ITrusteeship Council addressed to me,- was received by Mr. Simon at P.O. Box 23 Sea Point on 7th February. The police called at his home on 8th February, confiscated the books and detained Mr. Simon for questioning, after which he was released. We are investigating the possibility of having the parcel returned by the police and will write to you when this has been determined. A copy of this letter has been sent to Mr. Jacob Kuhangua. (Signed) E.H. KAINDALALI Note by the Secretariat: It is assumed that the books referred to are the United Nations documents sent by the Secretariat to Mr. Kalundalalie, Ovamboland Peoples Organisation, P.O. Box 23, Sea Point, Cape Town, following the adoption by the General Assembly of resolution 1563 (XV) relating to petitions examined by the Committee on South West Africa at its seventh session (see A/4464, para. 57, No. (13); for text of petition, see A/AC.73/3, No.21). In accordance with the above-mentioned resolution and rule XIV of the rules of procedure of the Committee on South West Africa, the Secretariat, by' letter dated 3 January 1961, a copy of which was also transmitted to the Union Government, informed each of the petitioners concerned, including Mr. Kalundalali, of the decisions taken on their petitions and of the documents being sent to them under separate cover. The documents relevant to Mr. Kalundalalie's petition were dispatched from United Nations Headquarters by surface mail on 3 January 1961. /. .

A/AC.73/4 English Page 234 -S v 116. Letter dated 16 February 1961, from Mr. E.H. Kaundalal~i are Ton South Africa, to the Secretary of the Committee on South est Africa Further to my previous letter,!/ i wish to advise that the parcel seized by the police has now been returned. I am afraid that they must have kept scmne of the books; the following wrere received;' Nos.124; 126; 122; 132; 153; 134; 135; 136; 137; 138; 139; 140; 141; 142; 143; 144; 145; 146; 147; 148; 149; 150; 151; 152; 154; 155; 156; NO.1 I was also visited by the Security Police on Friday last, and closely questioned re the books, and so on. I am merely passing this on for your information. (Signed) E.H. Kalundalali l/ See letter reproduced as No. 115 above. ?/ The UN documents sent to Mr. Kalundalali are identified in a letter dated 3 January 1961 from the Secretariat to Mr. Kalundalali, the text of which reads: In accordance with rule XIV of the rules of procedure of the Committee on South West Africa, a copy of which is enclosed, I am transmitting to you herewith a copy of resolution 1563 (XV) adopted by the General Assembly on 18 December 1960. Pursuant to that resolution, I am also enclosing copies of the five other resolutions adopted by the General Assembly on 18 December 1960 with respect to South West Africa. The following additional documents are being sent to you under separate cover: (a) The report of the Committee on South West Africa to the General Assembly at its fifteenth session (A/4464) (b) The texts of the petitions and communications dealt with in that report (A/C.4/422 and A/AC.73/3); (c) Summary records of the Committee on South West Africa (A/AC. 75/SR. 121- 156); and (d) The report of the Fourth Committee to the General Assembly on the question of South West Africa (A/4643 and Add.l) I wish to call your attention in particular to part one, section IV, of the report of the Committee on South West Africa, in which the Committee has recorded its conclusions on your and other petitions examined during its seventh session; and to part two of that report, containing the report and observations of the Committee regarding conditions in the Territory.