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The State of Belonging: Gay and Lesbian Activism in the German Democratic Republic and Beyond, 1949-1989 by Scott R. Harrison Di

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The State of Belonging: Gay and Lesbian Activism in the German Democratic Republic and Beyond, 1949-1989 by Scott R. Harrison Di THE STATE OF BELONGING: GAY AND LESBIAN ACTIVISM IN THE GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC AND BEYOND, 1949-1989 BY SCOTT R. HARRISON DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History in the Graduate College of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2019 Urbana, Illinois Doctoral Committee: Professor Antoinette Burton, Chair Professor Peter Fritzsche, Co-Chair Professor Leslie J. Reagan Professor Maria Todorova ii ABSTRACT By the opening of the Berlin Wall on November 9, 1989, thousands of gay and lesbian East Germans had formed a vibrant, publicly visible gay rights movement in their socialist homeland. I argue—quite in contrast to the existing historiography on the topic—that the movement was geographically diffuse and highly fragmented. Its adherents did not fight to make space in East German society for a Western style, identity-based politics of gay liberation, but rather for their fellow citizens to acknowledge that one could be both a socialist and gay, and that the two were not mutually exclusive. While gay men and lesbians who appropriated socialist notions of wholesomeness and respectability were the movement’s most visible figures, other actors, namely lesbian separatist feminists, jostled for position in a host of activist groups and publications which reached many thousands of ordinary East Germans by the mid-to-late 1980s. In so doing, this motley group of queer actors—whom historians have wrongly categorized as being either wholly thwarted by the state or as anti-statists—publicly expanded the boundaries of socialist citizenship to include those whose life trajectories did not lead down the path of heterosexual reproductive futurity. This study, thus, foregrounds the emotional experience of the post-World War II welfare state and contends that, on both sides of the Iron Curtain, albeit in different ways, public discussions about sexuality formed a crucial arena of civic belonging in which actors chronicled the “free unfolding of their personalities.” In the fall of 1989, as hundreds of thousands of East Germans took to the streets to proclaim that socialism no longer belonged to them—that it was no longer their emotional property—other thousands of queer East Germans had just begun to feel ‘at home’ and orientated in the GDR, as if they finally belonged there. iii In this dissertation, I am centrally concerned with tracking the ways in which modern states—of which East Germany was one—undertook social engineering programs in an attempt to ‘make citizens straight’ whilst simultaneously deploying homophobia as a political tool to mark insiders and outsiders in postwar communities of national belonging. I also narrate the stories of gay and lesbian East Germans who resisted the Socialist Unity Party’s (SED’s) attempts to marshal all popular sexual impulses through the “single groove of heterosexuality.” We know a great deal about how the heterosexual masses lived, loved, and rebelled on both sides of the Iron Curtain after 1945. However, we still know far too little about the lives of those who lived outside the bounds of heterosexuality and to whom the postwar welfare state denied a sense of emotional belonging, particularly in the GDR. My goal in writing a history of gay rights activism in the GDR is not simply “to add previously silenced voices to the general chorus” of East German history. Rather, I destabilize seemingly natural, ‘set-in-stone’ histories from the vantage point of the queer margins in order to rethink what it meant to be both an East German and a “sexual citizen” in the GDR—an actor who claimed that sexual self-determination was a central aspect of the social contract which linked state and society. This project sits within a burgeoning camp of scholarship that takes seriously that there was such a thing as a “mainstream culture” in the GDR that was shaped by citizens—including gay men and lesbians—across cross-cutting levels of society in complex and often contradictory ways. Therefore, this dissertation allows us to see the West as a place where gay liberation was possible during the 1970s and 1980s, but not the only place. It is time to move beyond asking the now trite question of ‘which postwar Germany had the more liberal sexual culture?’ to posing the more pressing question of ‘why is it that the modern state is so homophobic?’ iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am ambivalent as I write this set of dedications and thank you notes. Part of me wants very badly to continue working on this project with an eye toward writing a ‘total history’ of East German LGBT activism, which may well happen one day. Another part of me, however, knows that it is time to move on to new projects and new experiences. On the whole, I feel incredibly lucky to have had the type of support network—both professionally and personally— that allowed me to complete this dissertation. There are so many people and institutions that I want and need to thank. I am grateful to the Department of History at the University of Illinois at Urbana- Champaign, the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD), and Boston University’s Elie Wiesel Center for Jewish Studies for generously funding this project. The UIUC is a fantastic place to learn how to be a professional historian, and the university’s history department provided me with both the necessary academic and financial support I needed to do the type of longterm, war-of-attrition work that doctoral candidates do. The DAAD funded my research for the 2012-2013 academic year and allowed me to network with a wide range of truly amazing scholars. Although I am not a scholar of Holocaust history, the director of the Elie Wiesel Center for Jewish Studies at Boston University, Michael Zank, and his colleague in history, Jonathan Zatlin, empathized with the fact that I was a graduate student on the verge of penury who simply needed a library card and a quiet place to do some work between 2013 and 2015. Thank you, Michael. Thank you, Jonathan. Numerous graduate school colleagues and friends at the UIUC made moving to East- Central Illinois not only ‘worth it,’ but wholly enjoyable. Thank you (in no specific order) to v David Greenstein, Stephanie Seawell Fortado, Justus Fortado, Peter Campbell, Katie Walkiewicz, Irina Spector-Marks, Devin Smart, Deirdre Ruscitti-Harshman, Evan Murphy, Heidi Dodson, Ashley Hetrick, Derek Attig, Zach Poppel, T.J. Tallie, Eric Garcia McKinley, Will Morris, Courtney Cain, Silvia Duque, and Fedja Buric for your friendship. David Amerson and Ethan Brown both kept me sane and made me laugh much more than I expected to. Jeff Hayton kept me honest and perpetually reminded me that I was doing important work. Emily Pope-Obeda’s activism and kindness inspired and continues to inspire me, and she genuinely makes me believe that we can and should fight for a socialist, feminist, anti-racist, and queer future. I very much need and want to keep one emotional foot planted in my childhood home, Rutherford, New Jersey. There’s nothing particularly special about that place, which makes it particularly special. Thank you to my lifelong friends and soul mates who reminded me that, even if I failed in trying to write this dissertation, that they were proud of me for trying. Thank you to John Parnofiello, Ryan Earle, Vito Forte, Bill Hoffmann, Melanie Hoffmann, Isabel Mendez, John Dozier, Nick Ferrell, Matthew Depasquale, Ted Sommer, Brittany Karmel, Silva- Skenderi Brown, Shawn Connelly, Andrew Resch, and Shelley Hare. James Sheehan is a Jersey- kid, but we could be friends anywhere. To my Jersey folks: we will always come home to one another. I am also lucky that my Boston friends adopted a surly, malcontent New Jerseyan as one of their own. Thank you to Al Clancy, Tyler Patriquin, Erin Coronado, Mark Coronado, Sam Madison, Mike Stella, Susan Stella, Emily Viamari, Ginger Haggerty, Billierae Engleman, Scott Semple, and Maureen Kavanaugh. Ben Christensen and Chloe Anderson are two of the most vi loyal, honest friends anyone could ask for. Jono Viamari constantly reminds me that it’s important to love yourself, and I love him for that. Numerous Germanists have been kind enough to invite me to be on conference panels with them. They’re also my dear friends. Thank you to Scott Krause, Adam Blackler, Alex Ruble, Lauren Stokes, Jane Freeland, and Larissa Stiglich. I benefitted immeasurably while working on this project from conversations with Jon Berndt Olsen, Dagmar Herzog, and Josie McLellan. Julie Ault is my professional idol, and I will never forget living with her in a Plattenbau in Leipzig. We’ve spent hours on the phone talking about history, but, more importantly, about our hopes and dreams. A number of friends also made (and make) Berlin a place I will always call home. Thank you especially to Janika Takats and Patrick Rupprecht. Some of the East German activists about whom I write were beyond giving of their time and personal space and allowed me to interview them for this project. Thank you especially to Christian Pulz and Eddi Stapel. Eddi didn’t live to see the completion of this project, and I only hope that I did right by him. Without the support of my dissertation committee, I would never have finished this project. I will live a whole life and never be able to adequately thank Antoinette Burton for everything she has done for me. As I recently remarked to a colleague, “I don’t believe in god, but I do believe in Antoinette Burton.” Peter Fritzsche, a true legend in the field of German history, has always treated me like an equal.
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