DOCSLIB.ORG

Nigar Valiyeva

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Nigar Valiyeva 1 NIGAR VALIYEVA A PARADIGM of CONTRASTIVE LEXICOLOGY of the ENGLISH and AZERBAIJANI LANGUAGES 2 NIGAR VALIYEVA A PARADIGM of CONTRASTIVE LEXICOLOGY of the ENGLISH and AZERBAIJANI LANGUAGES The manual was approved and recommended for publication by the decision of the Scientific Council of Education Department of the Azerbaijani University of Languages on 25.10.2019 ratified by protocol № 1 3 A Resource Book for Masters of the Azerbaijan University of Languages Author Nigar Chingiz q. Valiyeva Doctor of Science, professor Reviewers: Sarxan Avaz o. Abdullayev Doctor of Science, professor Farman Husan o. Zeynalov Doctor of Science, professor Azad Yahya o. Mammadov Doctor of Science, professor A Paradigm of Contrastive Lexicology of the English and Azerbaijani Languages is very actual band useful for research as English is Global language together with the Azerbaijani language as it is our native and state language. Contrastive Lexicology may equally treat dominant or common features only, as well as divergent features only, which are found in languages of the different structural types: synthetic and analytical, agglutinative and incorporative. Contrastive Lexicology, as the notion itself reveals, represents a linguistic subject of Lexicology and Typology based on the method of comparison. Like typology proper Contrastive Lexicology is a new type studies aimed at establishing differences and similarities between languages in the course of their systematic description. It is concerned with the analysis of language vocabularies and lexical items in respect of their structural, semantic and functional features. This book draws a parallel between the English and Azerbaijani vocabularies. The view considers both elements of their macro- and micro-structural representations. Different in their culture and history as the English and Azerbaijani are, their languages reveal numerous similarities in terms of word formations, foregnisms and word relationships. Each of these is described in several chapters. It is a book, which even if not specifically emphasized, celebrates 100-th anniversary of Diplomatic Service Agencies. BAKU – 2019 4 C O N T E N T S Preface: Course Description, Course Objectives, Individual Works, Learning Outcomes................................................................................................7 General Notes on Contrastive Lexicology of the Non-native Languages........15 Chapter I. Fundamentals of Contrastive Lexicology Research.......................21 Contrastive Linguistics: A General Outline. Contrastive Lexicology as a Cross-Linguistic Discipline. Aspects of Contrastive Lexicology. Units of Contrastive Lexicology. Parameters for Contrastive Analysis. Word as a Primary Unit of Contrastive Analysis. Correspondences of Words in English and Azerbaijani. Methods in Contrastive Lexicology. Chapter II. Onomasiological Aspect of Contrastive Lexicology......................50 Onomasiological Approach to Contrastive Analysis. Motivation of Lexical Items in English and Azerbaijani. Inner-Form of the Word. Demotivation of Lexical Items. Pseudomotivation of Lexical Items. Onomasiological Structure as a Criterion for Contrastive Analysis. Types of Onomasiological Congruence in English and Azerbaijani. Onomasiological Category and its Contrastive Representation. Borrowings in English and Azerbaijani. Word-Formation in English and Azerbaijani. Types of Word-Formation and their Contrastive Description. Derivation, Compounding, Conversion, Abbreviation, Clipping, Blending, Back-Formation, Reduplication in English and Azerbaijani. Shortening. Minor Types of Word Formation. Sound interchange. Stress interchange. Folk Etymology. Etymological Characteristics of the English and Azerbaijani Vocabularies. 5 Chapter III. Semasiological Aspect of Contrastive Lexicology.....................125 Semasiological Approach to Contrastive Analysis. Typology of Meanings. Epistemological Approach to Meaning. Cognitive Meaning. Pragmatic Meaning. Stylistic Components of Pragmatic Meaning. Semantic Equivalence. Types of Semantic Equivalence. Prototypical Semantics and its Contrastive Representation. Chapter IV. Epidigmatic Aspect of Contrastive Lexicology..........................167 Epidigmatic Relations. Types of Meanings of a Polysemous Word. Semantic Structure of a Polysemous Word. Types of Polysemy and their Contrastive Representations. Causes of Semantic Change in English and Azerbaijani. Types of Semantic Change in English and Azerbaijani: Metaphor and Metonymy. Processes and Results of Semantic Change: Specialization and Generalization, Elevation and Degradation, Enantiosemy in English and Azerbaijani. Homonymy in English and Azerbaijani. Paronyms in English and Azerbaijani. Chapter V. Paradigmatic Aspect of Contrastive Lexicology..........................207 Paradigmatic Relations. Comparison of Lexico-Semantic Systems. Lexico-Semantic Field. Structure of Semantic Field. Hyponymic Relations in English and Azerbaijani. Synonymy, Comparison of Synonyms and Synonymic Groups. Antonymy in English and Azerbaijani. Homonymy in English and Azerbaijani. Correlations of Semantic Derivativeness. Chapter VI. Syntagmatic Aspect of Contrastive Lexicology..........................244 Syntagmatic Relations. Comparison at the Level of Syntagmatic Relations. 6 Semantic and Syntactic Actants. Phraseological Units and their Characteristic Features. Classification of Phraseological Units. Contrastive Analysis of Phraseological Units: Phraseological Equivalents, Phraseological Analogues, Non-Equivalent Phraseological Units. Chapter VII. Standard and Substandard English.............................................277 English Dialects and Variants. From Germanic to Old English. The Earliest Period of Germanic History. Local Varieties of English on the British Isles. The American Dialect of English. Black English Vernacular, Pidgin Language, Gullah, Jamaican Creole. Black English Vernacular or African-American English. Chapter VIII. Differences between American English and British English....301 The Beginnings of American English. Dialects within America. Isoglosses in America. Chapter IX. Lexicography.................................................................................313 Different Types of the Dictionaries. Varieties of the Vocabulary. Structure of the Dictionaries. Some Problems of the Dictionary Compiling. The Methods of Linguistic Analysis in Word Stock Studies. Theory of the Frames. Questions in Contrastive Lexicology................................................................332 References…………………..........………………….......…………………......340 Dictionaries..........………………………………………………………….......349 7 P R E F A C E Everything is relative. Həyatda hər şey müqayisə ilə ölçülür. Dear Students of the Azerbaijan University of Languages, presented to your attention “A Paradigm of Contrastive Lexicology of the English and Azerbaijani Languages” in former times was the Compulsory Subject, but nowadays it is selective subject and appropriately it is a Resource Book today. The present-day research in Linguistics, reverting to the theoretical prerequisites of comparative and historical studies, suggests a new methodology for comparing languages, determining the priority of a contrastive approach towards the analysis of lexical items. The purpose of the approach is to reveal and establish correspondences, i.e. similarities and differences, of those items within the lexico-semantic systems of related and non-related languages. The contrastive analysis of lexico-semantic systems of non-related languages such as English and Azerbaijani is characterized by significance and topicality, as it contributes to profound understanding of each nation’s worldview, aiming to reveal similarities and differences in the ways the world of discourse is construed in their lexicons. The textbook outlines the trends, goals and targets of Contrastive Linguistics, determines the principles, parameters and aspects of Contrastive Lexicology, provides with the methods for lexical contrastive analysis in English and Azerbaijani. It is intended for student philologists and translators, as well as for Contrastive and Typological Linguistics admirers. 8 The course of “A Paradigm of Contrastive Lexicology of the English and Azerbaijani Languages” is intended for student philologists and translators, and its objective is to: a) Acquaint with a newly-developed branch of linguistics – Contrastive Linguistics and its part Contrastive Lexicology; b) Provide with the basic notions of Contrastive Lexicology; c) Supply with the methods of contrastive analysis; d) Present the fundamental aspects of contrastive description of lexical items in English and Azerbaijani; e) Form the conception of similarities and differences, i.e. isomorphic and allomorphic features of lexico-semantic systems of the contrasted languages. The aim, having been raised, provides for students’ mastering the complex of knowledge and skills. That will allow them to: 1) Study the trends, goals and targets of Contrastive Linguistics; 2) Master the principles, parameters and aspects of Contrastive Lexicology; 3) Acquire competency in the theoretical prerequisites of Contrastive Lexicology; 4) Make practical use of the gained knowledge at contrastive analysis of the English and Azerbaijani lexicons, revealing similarities and differences in the lexico-semantic systems of the contrasted languages. The monograph is written for the modern foreign language teachers, linguists, students, masters, postgraduates, respondents,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Contrastive Lexicology, Bilingual Lexicography and Translation
    n°22, Décembre 2004, pp. 73-80 Contrastive Lexicology, Bilingual Lexicography and Translation Abstract This paper attempts to examine the intrinsic relationship between lexicology as a branch of linguistic study, lexicography or dictionary- making and translation which is, par excellence, an exercise involving micro and macro-linguistic features at an inter-lingual level. Through such an account, this paper aims to show, more particularly, the role of Lexicology as the science of lexis, i.e., the study of the various morphological and semantic processes by means of which the lexicon of a language is structured, in lexicography and the significant role they Dr. Z. HAROUNI both play in translation theory and practice. Therefore, lexicology and Département d'Anglais lexicography are considered here at the bilingual level resulting in Université Mentouri contrastive lexicology and bilingual lexicography respectively. Constantine (Algérie) s specified in the abstract, the present account A focuses on the interdependence of contrastive lexicology, bilingual lexicography and translation ملخص .which all represent inter-linguistic enterprises يسعى هذا المقال إلى فحص العﻻقة Contrastive lexicology compares and contrasts the الوطيدة بين علم المفردات كشعبة من lexicons of the source language and the target الدراسة اللغوية وصناعة المعاجم language by identifying the various processes of والترجمة التي تعد ممارسة تتضمن lexical formation in the two languages for the سمات لغوية دقيقة وموسعة على purpose of shedding light on the dominant المستوى اللغوي المقارن. ومن خﻻل tendencies in each language; bilingual lexicography هذا العرض، نسعى إلى توضيح دور compiles in terms of meaning and use the lexicons علم المفردات على وجه الخصوص of the two languages in a systematic way; and finally, translation which is, by its very nature, a بوصفه دراسة للمفردات، أي دراسة ,hybrid linguistic activity.
    [Show full text]
  • A Linguistic Perspective on the Acquisition of German As an L2
    i A Linguistic Perspective on the Acquisition of German as an L2 A thesis submitted to the Miami University Honors Program in partial fulfillment of the requirements for University Honors with Distinction by Nicholas D. Stoller (December 2006) Oxford, Ohio ii ABSTRACT A LINGUISTIC PERSPECTIVE ON THE ACQUISITION OF GERMAN AS AN L2 by Nicholas D. Stoller It is obvious that the setting of acquisition, the amount and type of input, and the motivation of learners play a large role in adult second language (L2) acquisition. Many of the theories of L2 acquisition unfortunately fail to adequately take these variables into account. This thesis gives an overview of the current and past theories, including evidence for and against each theory. This is supplemented by an error analysis of second year Miami University students to see if this can give support to any of the current theories. Once that is completed, I examine the relation between input and the possibility of a language learning device such as UG and then move on to pedagogical application of my findings. iii Contents Chapter Page 1 Introduction 1 2 2 The Basis of the Study of L2 Acquisition 2 3 Linguistic Theories of L2 Acquisition 7 3.1 Theories without UG 7 3.1.1 Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis 7 3.1.2 Markedness Difference Hypothesis 8 3.1.3 Fundamental Difference Hypothesis 9 3.1.4 Information Processing Approach 10 3.2 Theories with Partial UG 13 3.2.1 Transfer Hypothesis 13 3.2.2 Krashen’s Comprehension Hypothesis 14 3.3 Theories with Full UG use 19 3.3.1 Identity Hypothesis 19 3.3.2 Full Transfer/Full Access Hypothesis 20 3.4 Overview of the Theories 21 4 Error Analysis and Miami University 2nd 22 Year Students 4.1 Errors of Cases Following Verbs 23 4.2 Errors of Gender of Nouns 25 4.3 Errors of Verb Form 26 4.4 Errors of Umlaut Usage 29 5 Relation of UG and Input 30 6.1 Problems with Input in Classroom Instruction 33 6.2 Pedagogy and L2 Acquisition 35 7 Conclusion 40 Bibliography 42 iv 1 A Linguistic Perspective on the Acquisition of German as an L2 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Contrastive Analysis and Linguistic Creativity. INSTITUTION Hawaii Univ., Honolulu
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 086 021 FL 004 842 AUTHOR Di Pietro, Robert/J. TITLE Contrastive Analysis and Linguistic Creativity. INSTITUTION Hawaii Univ., Honolulu. Dept. of Linguistics. PUB DATE Apr 71 NOTE 15p.; Paper presented at the Pacific Conference on Contrastive Linguistics and Language Universals (Honolulu, Hawaii, January 11-16, 1971) JOURNAL CIT Working Papers in Linguistics; v3 n4 p57-71 Apr 1971 EDRS PRICE MF-$0.65 HC-$3.29 DESCRIPTORS Comparative Analysis; *Contrastive Linguistics; *Creativity; Deep Structure; *Distinctive Features; *Figurative Language; Grammar; Italian; Language Styles; *Language Universals; Linguistic Patterns; Metaphors; Modern Languages; Physical Characteristics; Psycholinguistics; Semantics; Sentence Structure; Spanish; Surface Structure; Syntax ABSTRACT The distinction between artifact and tool is introduced into the study of language diversity and the posting of linguistic universals. A complicating factor in all language investigations is the use of-language as the chief tool to create new language. Analogy and metaphor are considered as two major creative forces at work in all languages. Understanding how these creative forces operate leads to an explanation of linguistic diversity within the framework of universals. If we wish to do more than chart linguistic diversity, we shall have to move toa. consideration of innate creative forces.(Author) FILMEDFROMBEST AVAILABLECOPY U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, "PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS COPY. EDUCATION & WELFARE RIGHTED MATERIAL HAS BEEN G NTED BY NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRO zlv,...k- s.tik -zky-c) OUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED. FROM THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGIN ATING IT POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONS TO ERIC AND ORGANIZATIONS OPERATING STATED DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRE UNDER AGREEMENTS WITH THE NATIONAL IN SENT OFFICIAL NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STITUTE OF EDUCATIONFURTHER REPRO- EDUCATION POSITION OR POLICY DUCTION OUTSIDE THE ERIC SYSTEM RE.
    [Show full text]
  • Contrastive Analysis at Work: Theoretical Considerations and Their Practical Application
    Contrastive Analysis at work: theoretical considerations and their practical application Svetlana KURTEŠ University of Cambridge, UK Doutora em Lingüística Contrastiva pela University of Novi Sad, Serbia and Montenegro Instituição à qual está vinculada como docente: University of Cambridge, United Kingdom Principais linhas de pesquisa: • Lingüística Contrastiva com fins pedagógicos. • Gramática Contrastiva baseada em corpus oriundos de contextos bilíngües. Principais publicações: “Grammaticalization of reflexivity and middleness: a contribution to Serbo-Croat-English Contrastive Grammar”. In Ivana Trbojevic and Katarina Rasulic (eds). Proceedings of the International Conference ’English Language and Literature Studies: Interfaces and Integrations’, Department of English, Faculty of Philology, Belgrade. “Contrastive analysis”. In Enclyclopaedia of the Arts, Lagos State University, Lagos. Outras publicações relevantes: “Contrastive linguistics: a 21st century perspective”. In: Sophia Marmaridou et al. (eds) 2005. Reviewing linguistic thought: converging trends for the 21st century, Mouton, Berlin, pp. 255-278. “Semantics of hate speech: a model of analysis”. In: Martin Pütz et al. (eds.) 2004. Communicating ideologies: language, discourse and social practice, Duisburg Papers on Research in Language and Culture, vol. 53, Peter Lang, Frankfurt am Main, pp. 579-596. Review of Humphrey Tonkin et al. (eds) 2003. Language in the Twenty-first Century, http:/ /test.linguistlist.org/issues/15/15-1651.html “Genus verbi in Serbo-Croat: a reanalysis of se-verbs”. In: Peter Kosta et al. (eds) 2003. Investigations into formal Slavic linguistics: contributions of the Fourth European Conference on Formal Description of Slavic Languages, Linguistik International, Vol. 10/part II, Peter Lang, Frankfurt am Main, pp. 617-631. “Contrastive linguistics: possibilities and perspectives of the 21st century” [In Serbo-Croat], Zbornik 8 [Collection of papers, 8], College for Teacher-Training, Vrsac, Serbia and Montenegro; Universitatea Banatul, Timisoara, Romania, 2003, pp.
    [Show full text]
  • Salads Cold Snacks Soups Garnishes
    SALADS Salmon salad 11 Warm chicken salad with vegetables 9 (spinach, dogwood paste, olive oil with garlic, tomatoes, salmon) (cucumbers, tomatoes, red cabbage, "Iceberg", sauce, chicken breast) "Choban" salad 6 Nakhchivan salad in lavash 8 (cucumbers, tomatoes, greens, red onions, olive oil) (prunes, sesame, walnuts, cream, potatoes, eggs, carrot) Veal tenderloin salad 10 Green salad 8 (veal tenderloin, vegetables, crackers) (carrots, lettuce, tomatoes, cucumbers, red cabbage, olives, olive oil) "Mangal" salad 8 Salad with red onion 8 (colored bell peppers, tomatoes, eggplants, greens, red onion) (tomato, lettuce, onion, red cherry, olive oil, dogwood paste) COLD SNACKS Fresh vegetables and herbs 10 Okroshka 5 (cilantro, onion, basil, dill, tarragon, tomato, cucumber) (yogurt, herbs, cucumber) Assorted Azerbaijani cheeses 12 Shore, cream, butter (nehrya) 10 (Nakhchivan goat, beef, lamb cheese) Sheki Syuzma 5 Assorted home-style meat 16 (strained yogurt, garlic, greens) (roast beef, beef tongue, chicken roll) Nakhchivan pickles 12 Fish assortment 36 (green tomatoes, cucumbers, eggplant, white cabbage, (walnuts, greens, eggs) red cabbages, garlic, plum) Assorted "kuku" 12 Yogurt 3 (walnuts, greens, eggs) Olives 6 Eggplant "lavangi" 8 (green and black) (eggplant, walnuts,onions, cherry plum paste) Cheryy-plum, dogwood, pomegranate puree (1 pc.) 5 Beluga caviar 120 Adjika 3 (black caviar, butter) (hot peppers, colored bell peppers, hot red peppers, salt, tomatoes, Chicken Pate 8 garlic, carrots) (chicken liver, carrot, onions, cream, walnuts)
    [Show full text]
  • 1 CHAPTER I: PRINCIPLES and TRENDS of CONTRASTIVE LINGUISTICS 1.1. Contrastive Studies in the Practice and Science Contrary To
    CHAPTER I: PRINCIPLES AND TRENDS OF CONTRASTIVE LINGUISTICS 1.1. Contrastive studies in the practice and science Contrary to what is often believed, most of the world's population is multilingual multicultural, though multilingualism is not always recognised by public institutions. Living in these communities, human beings need a tool to communicate with each other, and to carry on human and social affairs. They seem know that "However many languages a person knows, that's how much a person is worth". (Croatian folk saying) 1.1.1. Some terminological issues The label contrastive has been used in linguistic inquiry mainly to refer to inter-linguistic and inter-cultural comparisons; it has, however, also been used for comparisons within languages/cultures. The raison d‟être of contrastive investigations is to compare (or contrast) linguistic and socio-cultural data across different languages (cross-linguistic/cultural perspective) or within individual languages (intra-linguistic/cultural perspective) in order to establish language-specific, typological and/or universal patterns, categories and features. (1) Contrastive studies, contrastive analysis, and contrastive linguistics An astonishingly varied assortment of collocations and corresponding areas of study emerge when considering the various head nouns such adjectives as contrastive or comparative most readily co-occur with in the literature. Thus, depending on what particular authors feel to be the most appropriate description for the issue under discussion, we find such labels as (Applied) Contrastive (Language) Studies, Contrastive Linguistics, Comparative (Historical or Typological) Linguistics, Contrastive (Interlanguage) Analysis, Contrastive (Generative) Grammar, Comparative Syntax, Contrastive Lexicology/Lexicography, Contrastive Pragmatics, Contrastive Discourse Analysis, or Contrastive Sociolinguistics, to mention but a few.
    [Show full text]
  • Crossroads Between Contrastive Linguistics, Translation Studies and Machine Translation
    Crossroads between Contrastive Linguistics, Translation Studies and Machine Translation TC3 II Edited by Oliver Czulo Silvia Hansen-Schirra language Translation and Multilingual Natural science press Language Processing 4 Translation and Multilingual Natural Language Processing Editors: Oliver Čulo (Universität Leipzig), Silvia Hansen-Schirra (Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz), Stella Neumann (RWTH Aachen), Reinhard Rapp (Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz) In this series: 1. Fantinuoli, Claudio & Federico Zanettin (eds.). New directions in corpus-based translation studies. 2. Hansen-Schirra, Silvia & Sambor Grucza (eds.). Eyetracking and Applied Linguistics. 3. Neumann, Stella, Oliver Čulo & Silvia Hansen-Schirra (eds.). Annotation, exploitation and evaluation of parallel corpora: TC3 I. 4. Čulo, Oliver & Silvia Hansen-Schirra (eds.). Crossroads between Contrastive Linguistics, Translation Studies and Machine Translation: TC3 II. 5. Rehm, Georg, Felix Sasaki, Daniel Stein & Andreas Witt (eds.). Language technologies for a multilingual Europe: TC3 III. 6. Menzel, Katrin, Ekaterina Lapshinova-Koltunski & Kerstin Anna Kunz (eds.). New perspectives on cohesion and coherence: Implications for translation. 7. Hansen-Schirra, Silvia, Oliver Čulo, Sascha Hofmann & Bernd Meyer (eds). Empirical modelling of translation and interpreting. 8. Svoboda, Tomáš, Łucja Biel & Krzysztof Łoboda (eds.). Quality aspects in institutional translation. ISSN: 2364-8899 Crossroads between Contrastive Linguistics, Translation Studies and Machine Translation
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of Error Analysis in Second Language Acquisition (English)
    ISSN 1799-2591 Theory and Practice in Language Studies, Vol. 2, No. 5, pp. 1027-1032, May 2012 © 2012 ACADEMY PUBLISHER Manufactured in Finland. doi:10.4304/tpls.2.5.1027-1032 Error Analysis and Second Language Acquisition Ali Akbar Khansir Bushehr University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Iran Email: [email protected] Abstract—Error Analysis is one of the major topics in the field of second language acquisition research. Errors are an integral part of language learning. The learner of English as a second language is unaware of the existence of the particular system or rule in English language. The learner’s errors have long been interested for second and foreign language researchers. The basic task of error analysis is to describe how learning occurs by examining the learner’s output and this includes his/her correct and incorrect utterances. There are two major approaches to the study of learner’s errors, namely contrastive analysis and error analysis. Error analysis cannot be studied properly without touching upon the notion of contrastive analysis. Contrastive analysis and error analysis have been commonly recognized as branches of Applied Linguistic Science. This paper examines in detail the three most influential error theories: Contrastive analysis, Error analysis and Interlanguage theory. Corder (1978) maintains that interlanguage can be seen as a restructuring or a recreating continuum and, therefore; evaluates their role in second language acquisition. Index Terms—error, contrastive analysis, error analysis, and interlanguage I. INTRODUCTION The term applied linguistics seems to have originated in the United States in the 1940‟s. The creation of applied linguistics as a discipline represents an effort to find practical applications for modern scientific linguistics (Mackey, 1965).
    [Show full text]
  • Semester 2019 Assignment 2 Contrastive Linguistics Ctl821s
    FEEDBACK TUTORIAL LETTER 2nd SEMESTER 2019 ASSIGNMENT 2 CONTRASTIVE LINGUISTICS CTL821S 1 ASSIGNMENT 2 FEEDBACK COURSE TITLE CONTRASTIVE LINGUISTICS DOMAIN Bachelor in Communication OBJECTIVES The objective of this assignment are to: To define and explain error analysis and contrastive analysis as modes of inquiry - To distinguish between contrastive analysis and error analysis - To conduct a contrastive analysis of English and any indigenous Namibian language at any level of language analysis ASSIGNMENT 2 NAME OF TUTOR Frieda N Mukufa Observation - For the question one, most students understood it very well, however, some could have provided more examples. - For Question 2, it was very well done. - Some of the students need to also explain how they understand the quotes in their own words when providing a quoted explanation. - Lastly, the students need to work on their APA Referencing style as some just listed the references used, without them being in Alphabetical order nor the proper APA Style. - Some students also need to focus on grammar, punctuation as well as concord. 2 Assignment 02 Question 1 - Mistakes - A mistake refers to a performance error that is either a random guess or a “slip,” in that it is a failure to utilise a known system correctly. Mistakes are what researchers have referred to as performance errors (the learner knows the system but fails to use it) while the errors are a result of one’s systematic competence (the learner’s system is incorrect). For example, a learner may mix up words that sound the same yet different in meaning. E.g. Instead of writing, I am older than you, they would write, I am bigger then you.
    [Show full text]
  • Contrastive Analysis in China: Today and Yesterday
    ISSN 1799-2591 Theory and Practice in Language Studies, Vol. 2, No. 11, pp. 2269-2276, November 2012 © 2012 ACADEMY PUBLISHER Manufactured in Finland. doi:10.4304/tpls.2.11.2269-2276 Contrastive Analysis in China: Today and Yesterday Hongwei Jia Department of Chinese Minority Languages and Literature, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China Email: [email protected] Jiafeng Tian Purchasing Department, Beijing Techwin Electric Co., Ltd, No.8 Boxing Yi Road, Beijing Economic and Technological Development Zone, Beijing, 100000, China Email: [email protected] Abstract—It is widely believed among linguists in China and even in the world at large that contrastive analysis (also contrastive linguistics) was borrowed from the Western linguistics by the hand of Ma Jianzhong, a Chinese linguist in the late Qing Dynasty and author of China’s first grammar book Ma’s Grammar Book of the Chinese Language (1898), and that the starting point of contrastive analysis in Chinese philology is 1898, the year when Ma’s Grammar book of the Chinese Language was officially published. However, this remark is inconsistent with the historical fact and aichives on the development of contrastive analysis in China. Through the literatures available on Buddhist translation studies, traditional Chinese rhetoric and Chinese grammar by Western missionaries, we find that the development of contrastive analysis in China has three clues: Buddhist translation practice, the earliest source which can trace back to the period of Three Kingdoms (220 A.D-280 A.D.), Western Missionary Chinese grammar books of which Wonder of Western Writing (1605) is one of the earliest grammar books involving remarks on contrastive analysis between Chinese and western tongues, and traditional Chinese rhetoric literatures in which contrastive analysis was found to come into being during the Latter Jin Dynasty.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparative Typology of the Modern English, Russian and Azerbaijani Languages
    1 NIGAR VALIYEVA Comparative Typology of the Modern English, Russian and Azerbaijani Languages The manual was approved and recommended for publication by the decision of the Scientific Council of Education Department of the Azerbaijani University of Languages on 05.03.2019 ratified by protocol № 19 2 Comparative Typology of the English, Russian and Azerbaijani Languages A Resource Book for Masters of the Azerbaijan University of Languages Author Nigar Chingiz q. Valiyeva Doctor of Science, professor Reviewers: Afqan Ali o. Abdullayev Doctor of Science, professor Arif Rza o. Huseynov Ph.d., professor Azad Yahya o. Mammadov Doctor of Science, professor Comparative Typology of the English, Russian and Azerbaijani Languages is very actual band useful for research as English - Global language together with Russian is international, whereas the Azerbaijani language is our state and native language. Comparative Typology, as the notion itself reveals, represents a linguistic subject of typology based on the method of comparison. Like typology proper Comparative typology also aims at establishing the most general structural types of languages on their dominant or common phonetically, morphological, lexical and syntactical features. Comparative Typology may equally treat dominant or common features only, as well as divergent features only, which are found in languages of the same structural type (synthetic, analytical, agglutinative, etc) or in languages of the different structural types, (synthetic and analytical, agglutinative and incorporative,
    [Show full text]
  • Contrastive Linguistics in a New Key1
    Contrastive linguistics in a new key1 Jarle Ebeling, University of Oslo In 1994 a group of researchers from the Nordic countries met in Lund, Sweden, for a symposium titled Languages in Contrast: A Symposium on Text-based Cross-linguistic Studies.2 The purpose of the symposium was to gather researchers “active in the field of contrastive linguistics and who share an interest in linking cross-linguistic studies with corpus linguistics and the use of the computer as a tool in linguistic research” (Aijmer et al. (eds) 1996, Acknowledgments). Little did we know back then that we would meet again in Lund in 2014 to commemorate the symposium and celebrate the start of the collaborative efforts that led to the compilation of the parallel corpora known as the English-Norwegian Parallel Corpus (ENPC), the Swedish-English Parallel Corpus (ESPC) and the Finnish-English Contrastive Corpus Studies Project (FECCS).3 Moreover, in 2014, we could also celebrate the 20th anniversary of the research network “Languages in contrast”, which was generously funded by the Nordic Academy for Advanced Study (NorFa) between 1994- 1996, and which meant that the parallel corpus projects could employ research assistants and a software developer (Knut Hofland) to work on the compilation of the corpora.4 1 The phrase “contrastive linguistics in a new key” is borrowed from Johansson (2012: 46) who says of present-day contrastive linguistics “that the focus on immediate applications is toned down; the contrastive study is text-based rather than a comparison of systems in the abstract; and the study draws on electronic corpora and the use of computational tools”.
    [Show full text]