DOCSLIB.ORG

JOHANN MOST by Emma Goldman

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
JOHANN MOST by Emma Goldman Johann Most is one of the more misunderstood ! gures in U.S. anarchist history. His reputation is shaped by a legacy of vili! cation in the mainstream press, with the foreign-born Most being the target of JOHANN MOST relentless attacks by the newspapers of his day. In Most, the forces of capitalism and order found the stereotype of the wild-eyed anarchist bent on destruction. by Emma Goldman While Most was indeed an advocate of violent revolution, he did far more than just sling violent rhetoric. Most was a tireless anarchist organizer, for years publishing the German language Freiheit, touring the United States on the lecture circuit, and contributing to development of the anarchist movement. In the early 1880s when Most arrived in the United States, he immediately set out to build a stronger anarchist movement, launching a successful lecture tour that resulted in the formation of many new groups. The portrait of Johann Most as an anarchist dedicated to the building of an anarchist movement has largely been lost, as even historians of anarchism have focused on his rhetoric. And while by all accounts he had great rhetorical powers, there is more to Most than just his legacy of ery speeches. This zine presents a biographical essay about Most by Emma Goldman, originally published in The American Mercury. It is notable for its profoundly human portrayal of Most, providing a biographical sketch and evaluating his role in the movement. The essay is accompanied by a critical introduction that explores how Most has been portrayed over the years. anarchist history nerd brigade http://anarchisthistory.noblogs.org Introduction Johann Most was one of the most prominent and important fi gures in the anarchist space in the United States during the last two decades of the 19 th century. Most—who had gained a reputation in Europe as a harsh critic of capitalism and parliamentary socialism—was an ardent revolutionary, delivering speeches and writing articles in his Freiheit newspaper advocating the necessity of revolution. In response to growing repression in Europe, Most immigrated to the United States and inserted himself into the German anarchist movement. From his arrival in the United States in 1882, Most had a notorious reputation in the mainstream press. He was constantly vilifi ed and belittled, becoming a lightning rod for anti-anarchist and nativist attacks. Most became the personifi cation of the wild-eyed, bomb throwing anarchist, being an example of the “anarchist beast” so often portrayed in the media of the day. 1 In Most, the forces of order and capitalism found the perfect enemy: a foreign-born anarchist advocating for violent action. Most was targeted by law enforcement, spending time in both jail and in prison. His son, John Most Jr. recalled his family was regularly harassed as they walked through their poor working-class neighborhood. 2 Most was without a doubt a fi ery orator, and his militancy was no joke. He was after all, the anarchist who wrote the notorious Revolutionary War Science, a pamphlet outlining how to make dynamite bombs. Of Most’s speaking style, Chaim Weinberg recalls: “To convey the manner in which Most spoke is impossible. Only those lucky enough to have heard him sometime will really understand the veracity of my claim. To say that Most could inspire an audience is not enough. He electrifi ed, simply enchanted each listener, whether an adversary or a friend”3 and: “I don’t exaggerate one bit. Johann Most could so mesmerize his listeners that they would at any time go with him should he call them to man the barricades. He 26 3 could bring the apathetic person to tears with his hypnotizing power.” 4 The majority of portrayals of Johann Most fail to capture this. While they may acknowledge that he had a powerful personality, they don’t delve into the particulars, instead choosing to highlight the ways in Most—and he is almost always assigned exclusive responsibility— brought the anarchist movement into “disrepute.” 5 His propaganda and “explicit incitement... contributed to anarchists’ being held responsible for any violent disturbances.” 6 He is described as “obsessed by revolutionary violence,” discussing it “...with the sinister enthusiasm of a malevolent and utterly irresponsible child.” 7 He was described as “anxiously waiting for some terrorist act to be committed in Germany or Austria to bolster up the enthusiasm of his congregation.” 8 It’s no accident that the one English language biography of Most is titled The Voice of Terror .9 These portrayals persist into the present, with books on terrorism often including at least a cursory mention of Most’s advocacy of violent revolution.10 However, beyond the rhetoric, Johann Most had a substantial infl uence on anarchism in the United States. He was a strong organizer, for years publishing his newspaper Freiheit, touring the country on the lecture circuit, and dedicating himself to the pursuit of anarchy. It is telling that one of Most’s fi rst acts when coming to the United States was to hit the lecture circuit, a tour that resulted in the formation of a number of anarchist groups. 11 Unfortunately, the legacy of Most as a tireless anarchist dedicated to the revolution is a portrayal that is often ignored. Paul Avrich’s excellent The Haymarket Tragedy is one of the best English language sources to delve into this history, discussing Most’s role in facilitating the spread of anarchism, the establishment of the International Working People’s Association (IWPA), and his infl uence on the anarchists in Chicago who would become forever associated with the Haymarket incident. 12 Still, it retains the view of Most as a rather simplistic thinker—a “polemicist rather than a thinker” who could incite with slogans, but developed little by way of original revolutionary theory. 13 Arguably, Most’s writings have somewhat fallen into obscurity, but they have been consistently circulated over the years, with new generations of anarchist publishing his writings. 14 There has 4 25 after the abrogation of the Exceptional Laws, were replaced by green- also been some renewed interest in Most, with Tom Goyen’s excellent grocers and butchers, who fl ocked to America for her gold and not Beer and Revolution presenting a much more complete portrait of both in search of her imaginary freedom. On the other hand, the earlier Most and the German anarchist space in the United States.15 German immigrants became weary of the struggle, and their children were Americanized. They had nothing of the independent quality of Most’s legacy has also been largely one of personality confl icts, of their parents and were quickly absorbed by what is coarse and common which his feud with the anarchists Emma Goldman and Alexander in the new land. Gradually Most found himself a general without an Berkman has been central. Historical assessments of Johann Most army, a prophet without disciples, an alien in his environment. Yet tend to portray him as a short-tempered and intolerant person, the man’s spirit could not be broken. He died a fi ghter to the end. largely making his personal life into an extension of his fi ery media constructed image. For example, Alex Wexler describes Most as “... an autocrat—vain, theatrical, domineering, short-tempered, intolerant of difference, given to fi erce rages and smoldering resentments.” 16 James Joll similarly highlighted Most’s involvement in bitter confl icts. 17 Of these confl icts, none has received more attention than his feud with Emma Goldman. Goldman and Most were both comrades and lovers in the 1880s. However, they drifted apart over the years, with Goldman aligning with the autonomist faction of German anarchists, a group that was hostile to Most’s dominance of the movement and advocating a slightly different tactical orientation in favor of small groups. 18 Most and the autonomist camp were bitter rivals, with Alexander Berkman once stating that the feud between Joseph Peukert of the autonomists and Johann Most was the only thing keeping the two factions alive. 19 Importantly, Goldman criticized Most for his conservative views on gender and the overall male dominance of the German anarchist space.20 However, the act that made them into bitter enemies—or as the story is often told—was Alexander Berkman’s 1892 attempt to assassinate businessman Henry Clay Frick for his role in the Homestead Strike. Goldman was in complete support of the act, helping with its conception and the propaganda in defense of it, 21 while her comrades in the autonomist faction also expressed support. 22 Most was opposed to the act and criticized it after the fact. Less often discussed is that Most had been moderating his views on violence for some time.23 Six weeks before Berkman’s attentat, Most had published an article in Freiheit criticizing violent tactics wherein violence was an end in itself. 24 Similarly, while he did denounce 24 5 and ridicule Berkman in speeches, Freiheit , and the capitalist press, particular act of Czolgosz. Had Most not omitted the signature of the he did eventually write a piece that more seriously refl ected on the author and the date when the article was originally written, the attempt failure of attentants to generate public sympathy. 25 Goldman— to send him to prison again could not have been based on that issue probably rightly— continued to criticize him, leading to the famous of his publication. As it was, he was condemned to Blackwell’s Island “horsewhipping” incident in which she publicly demanded that Most for the third time. Thus for thirty successive years he was hounded. provide evidence of his charges against Berkman.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Anarchy! an Anthology of Emma Goldman's Mother Earth
    U.S. $22.95 Political Science anarchy ! Anarchy! An Anthology of Emma Goldman’s MOTHER EARTH (1906–1918) is the first An A n t hol o g y collection of work drawn from the pages of the foremost anarchist journal published in America—provocative writings by Goldman, Margaret Sanger, Peter Kropotkin, Alexander Berkman, and dozens of other radical thinkers of the early twentieth cen- tury. For this expanded edition, editor Peter Glassgold contributes a new preface that offers historical grounding to many of today’s political movements, from liber- tarianism on the right to Occupy! actions on the left, as well as adding a substantial section, “The Trial and Conviction of Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman,” which includes a transcription of their eloquent and moving self-defense prior to their imprisonment and deportation on trumped-up charges of wartime espionage. of E m m A g ol dm A n’s Mot h er ea rt h “An indispensable book . a judicious, lively, and enlightening work.” —Paul Avrich, author of Anarchist Voices “Peter Glassgold has done a great service to the activist spirit by returning to print Mother Earth’s often stirring, always illuminating essays.” —Alix Kates Shulman, author of Memoirs of an Ex-Prom Queen “It is wonderful to have this collection of pieces from the days when anarchism was an ism— and so heady a brew that the government had to resort to illegal repression to squelch it. What’s more, it is still a heady brew.” —Kirkpatrick Sale, author of The Dwellers in the Land “Glassgold opens with an excellent brief history of the publication.
    [Show full text]
  • The Rise of Ethical Anarchism in Britain, 1885-1900
    1 e[/]pater 2 sie[\]cle THE RISE OF ETHICAL ANARCHISM IN BRITAIN 1885-1900 By Mark Bevir Department of Politics Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU U.K. ABSTRACT In the nineteenth century, anarchists were strict individualists favouring clandestine organisation and violent revolution: in the twentieth century, they have been romantic communalists favouring moral experiments and sexual liberation. This essay examines the growth of this ethical anarchism in Britain in the late nineteenth century, as exemplified by the Freedom Group and the Tolstoyans. These anarchists adopted the moral and even religious concerns of groups such as the Fellowship of the New Life. Their anarchist theory resembled the beliefs of counter-cultural groups such as the aesthetes more closely than it did earlier forms of anarchism. And this theory led them into the movements for sex reform and communal living. 1 THE RISE OF ETHICAL ANARCHISM IN BRITAIN 1885-1900 Art for art's sake had come to its logical conclusion in decadence . More recent devotees have adopted the expressive phase: art for life's sake. It is probable that the decadents meant much the same thing, but they saw life as intensive and individual, whereas the later view is universal in scope. It roams extensively over humanity, realising the collective soul. [Holbrook Jackson, The Eighteen Nineties (London: G. Richards, 1913), p. 196] To the Victorians, anarchism was an individualist doctrine found in clandestine organisations of violent revolutionaries. By the outbreak of the First World War, another very different type of anarchism was becoming equally well recognised. The new anarchists still opposed the very idea of the state, but they were communalists not individualists, and they sought to realise their ideal peacefully through personal example and moral education, not violently through acts of terror and a general uprising.
    [Show full text]
  • Firebrand and the Forging of a New Anarchism: Anarchist Communism and Free Love Fall 2004
    The Firebrand and the Forging ofa New Anarchism: Anarchist Communism and Free Love Jessica Moran Fall 2004 Contents Firebrand and its Editors ........................... 8 What is Anarchist Communism? ...................... 12 Anarchism and Sex ............................. 15 Conclusion .................................. 19 2 In January 1895 a small paper appeared in Portland, Oregon. Titled Firebrand, and staunchly and openly advocating anarchist communism and free love, the pa- per was instrumental in the development of American anarchism. The paper sys- tematically brought working-class anarchism and social revolution to an English speaking audience for the first time, influencing the direction of anarchism inthe United States for the next twenty years. Understanding the pivotal position of Fire- brand in what is often considered a dormant period in American anarchist history, is necessary to comprehending the evolution of anarchism in the United States. The American anarchist movement thrived in the last part of the 1890s. Firebrand fos- tered the growth of an anarchist movement that incorporated the economic change fought for by the Haymarket anarchists, along with social issues like free love and individual freedom long advocated by individualist anarchists. Published between 1895 and 1897, Firebrand helped reinvigorate the anarchist movement, and intro- duced an important development that remained part of the anarchist movement throughout the twentieth century. By combining the economic and political argu- ments of anarchist communism with the social and cultural ideas of free love, Fire- brand and its contributors consciously developed an anarchism that appealed to both immigrant and native-born Americans. The anarchism discussed and worked out in the pages of Firebrand influenced and perhaps even formed the American an- archism appearing after the turn of the century, which gained popular expression throughout the Progressive Era.
    [Show full text]
  • Herald of the Future? Emma Goldman, Friedrich Nietzsche and the Anarchist As Superman
    The University of Manchester Research Herald of the future? Emma Goldman, Friedrich Nietzsche and the anarchist as superman Document Version Accepted author manuscript Link to publication record in Manchester Research Explorer Citation for published version (APA): Morgan, K. (2009). Herald of the future? Emma Goldman, Friedrich Nietzsche and the anarchist as superman. Anarchist Studies, 17(2), 55-80. Published in: Anarchist Studies Citing this paper Please note that where the full-text provided on Manchester Research Explorer is the Author Accepted Manuscript or Proof version this may differ from the final Published version. If citing, it is advised that you check and use the publisher's definitive version. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the Research Explorer are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Takedown policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please refer to the University of Manchester’s Takedown Procedures [http://man.ac.uk/04Y6Bo] or contact uml.scholarlycommunications@manchester.ac.uk providing relevant details, so we can investigate your claim. Download date:04. Oct. 2021 Herald of the future? Emma Goldman, Friedrich Nietzsche and the anarchist as superman Kevin Morgan In its heyday around the turn of the twentieth century, Emma Goldman more than anybody personified anarchism for the American public. Journalists described her as anarchy’s ‘red queen’ or ‘high priestess’. At least one anarchist critic was heard to mutter of a ‘cult of personality’.1 Twice, in 1892 and 1901, Goldman was linked in the public mind with the attentats or attempted assassinations that were the movement’s greatest advertisement.
    [Show full text]
  • Sasha and Emma the ANARCHIST ODYSSEY OF
    Sasha and Emma THE ANARCHIST ODYSSEY OF ALEXANDER BERKMAN AND EMMA GOLDMAN PAUL AVRICH KAREN AVRICH SASHA AND EMMA SASHA and EMMA The Anarchist Odyssey of Alexander Berkman and Emma Goldman Paul Avrich and Karen Avrich Th e Belknap Press of Harvard University Press Cambridge, Massachusetts • London, En gland 2012 Copyright © 2012 by Karen Avrich. All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Avrich, Paul. Sasha and Emma : the anarchist odyssey of Alexander Berkman and Emma Goldman / Paul Avrich and Karen Avrich. p . c m . Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978- 0- 674- 06598- 7 (hbk. : alk. paper) 1. Berkman, Alexander, 1870– 1936. 2. Goldman, Emma, 1869– 1940. 3. Anarchists— United States— Biography. 4 . A n a r c h i s m — U n i t e d S t a t e s — H i s t o r y . I . A v r i c h , K a r e n . II. Title. HX843.5.A97 2012 335'.83092273—dc23 [B] 2012008659 For those who told their stories to my father For Mark Halperin, who listened to mine Contents preface ix Prologue 1 i impelling forces 1 Mother Rus sia 7 2 Pioneers of Liberty 20 3 Th e Trio 30 4 Autonomists 43 5 Homestead 51 6 Attentat 61 7 Judgment 80 8 Buried Alive 98 9 Blackwell’s and Brady 111 10 Th e Tunnel 124 11 Red Emma 135 12 Th e Assassination of McKinley 152 13 E. G. Smith 167 ii palaces of the rich 14 Resurrection 181 15 Th e Wine of Sunshine and Liberty 195 16 Th e Inside Story of Some Explosions 214 17 Trouble in Paradise 237 18 Th e Blast 252 19 Th e Great War 267 20 Big Fish 275 iii
    [Show full text]
  • Kropotkin in America
    PAULAVRICH KROPOTKIN IN AMERICA It is a well-established fact that foreign immigrants and visitors played a major role in the emergence of American anarchism. During the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, European-born artisans and peasants — Germans and Czechs, Italians and Spaniards, Russians and Jews — constituted the mass base of the movement, while its intellectual leadership included well-known speakers and writers from diverse countries, who came either as permanent settlers or on extended lecture tours. Among the Russians, Michael Bakunin spent nearly two months in the United States after his flight from Siberia in 1861.1 Stepniak (S. M. Kravchinsky) went there to lecture in 1891, N. V. Chaikovsky to join a Utopian community and again to raise funds for the Russian revolutionary movement. The flood of Russian immigrants before and during the First World War included V. M. Eikhenbaum ("Volin"), Efim Yarchuk, Aaron and Fanny Baron, Boris Yelensky and William Shatoff, not to mention Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman, who had arrived in the 188O's. After the Bolshevik consolidation of power came such figures as Gregory Maximoff, Abba Gordin and Mark Mratchny, who recently died in New York, the last of the Russian anarchists with an international reputation. (Maximoff died in Chicago in 1950 and Alexander Schapiro in New York in 1946, a refugee from Hitler's invasion of France.) Of all the Russian visitors, however, it was Peter Kropotkin who made the greatest impression. The leading figure in the international anarchist movement since Bakunin's death in 1876, Kropotkin was a founder of both the British and Russian anarchist movements, and exerted a strong in- fluence on anarchists throughout the world.
    [Show full text]
  • Anarchism in Hungary: Theory, History, Legacies
    CHSP HUNGARIAN STUDIES SERIES NO. 7 EDITORS Peter Pastor Ivan Sanders A Joint Publication with the Institute of Habsburg History, Budapest Anarchism in Hungary: Theory, History, Legacies András Bozóki and Miklós Sükösd Translated from the Hungarian by Alan Renwick Social Science Monographs, Boulder, Colorado Center for Hungarian Studies and Publications, Inc. Wayne, New Jersey Distributed by Columbia University Press, New York 2005 EAST EUROPEAN MONOGRAPHS NO. DCLXX Originally published as Az anarchizmus elmélete és magyarországi története © 1994 by András Bozóki and Miklós Sükösd © 2005 by András Bozóki and Miklós Sükösd © 2005 by the Center for Hungarian Studies and Publications, Inc. 47 Cecilia Drive, Wayne, New Jersey 07470–4649 E-mail: pastorp@mail.montclair.edu This book is a joint publication with the Institute of Habsburg History, Budapest www.Habsburg.org.hu Library of Congress Control Number 2005930299 ISBN 9780880335683 Printed in the United States of America CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 PART ONE: ANARCHIST SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY 7 1. Types of Anarchism: an Analytical Framework 7 1.1. Individualism versus Collectivism 9 1.2. Moral versus Political Ways to Social Revolution 11 1.3. Religion versus Antireligion 12 1.4. Violence versus Nonviolence 13 1.5. Rationalism versus Romanticism 16 2. The Essential Features of Anarchism 19 2.1. Power: Social versus Political Order 19 2.2. From Anthropological Optimism to Revolution 21 2.3. Anarchy 22 2.4. Anarchist Mentality 24 3. Critiques of Anarchism 27 3.1. How Could Institutions of Just Rule Exist? 27 3.2. The Problem of Coercion 28 3.3. An Anarchist Economy? 30 3.4. How to Deal with Antisocial Behavior? 34 3.5.
    [Show full text]
  • Anarchism and Religion
    Anarchism and Religion Nicolas Walter 1991 For the present purpose, anarchism is defined as the political and social ideology which argues that human groups can and should exist without instituted authority, and especially as the historical anarchist movement of the past two hundred years; and religion is defined as the belief in the existence and significance of supernatural being(s), and especially as the prevailing Judaeo-Christian systemof the past two thousand years. My subject is the question: Is there a necessary connection between the two and, if so, what is it? The possible answers are as follows: there may be no connection, if beliefs about human society and the nature of the universe are quite independent; there may be a connection, if such beliefs are interdependent; and, if there is a connection, it may be either positive, if anarchism and religion reinforce each other, or negative, if anarchism and religion contradict each other. The general assumption is that there is a negative connection logical, because divine andhuman authority reflect each other; and psychological, because the rejection of human and divine authority, of political and religious orthodoxy, reflect each other. Thus the French Encyclopdie Anarchiste (1932) included an article on Atheism by Gustave Brocher: ‘An anarchist, who wants no all-powerful master on earth, no authoritarian government, must necessarily reject the idea of an omnipotent power to whom everything must be subjected; if he is consistent, he must declare himself an atheist.’ And the centenary issue of the British anarchist paper Freedom (October 1986) contained an article by Barbara Smoker (president of the National Secular Society) entitled ‘Anarchism implies Atheism’.
    [Show full text]
  • Nelly Bly Again
    Interview in the New York World, September 17, 1893 Nelly Bly Again. She Interviews Emma Goldman and Other Anarchists. [...]Emma Goldman. Do you need an introduction to Emma Goldman? You have seen supposed pictures of her. You have read of her as a property-destroying, capitalist-killing, riot-promoting agitator. You see her in your mind a great raw-boned creature, with short hair and bloomers, a red flag in one hand, a burning torch in the other; both feet constantly off of the ground and "murder!' continually upon her lips. The was my ideal of her, I confess,1 and when the matron stood before me saying, "This is Emma Goldman," I gasped in surprise and then laughed. A little bit of a girl, just 5 feet high,2 including her boot heels, not showing her 120 pounds; with a saucy, turned-up nose and very expressive blue-gray eyes that gazed inquiringly at me through shell-rimmed glasses was Emma Goldman! Her quiet little hands held rolled a recent copy of the Illustrated American.3 The modest blue serge Eton suit, with a blue muslin shirtwaist and scarf, had no suggestion of bloomers, and the light brown hair, not banged but falling loosely over the forehead and gathered in a little knot behind, was very pretty and girlish. The little feet were decorously upon the floor, and the rather full lips parted, showing strong white teeth within, a mild, pleasant voice, with a very fetching accent, said not "murder," but--- "What is it you wish, madam?" I told her.
    [Show full text]
  • “For a World Without Oppressors:” U.S. Anarchism from the Palmer
    “For a World Without Oppressors:” U.S. Anarchism from the Palmer Raids to the Sixties by Andrew Cornell A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Social and Cultural Analysis Program in American Studies New York University January, 2011 _______________________ Andrew Ross © Andrew Cornell All Rights Reserved, 2011 “I am undertaking something which may turn out to be a resume of the English speaking anarchist movement in America and I am appalled at the little I know about it after my twenty years of association with anarchists both here and abroad.” -W.S. Van Valkenburgh, Letter to Agnes Inglis, 1932 “The difficulty in finding perspective is related to the general American lack of a historical consciousness…Many young white activists still act as though they have nothing to learn from their sisters and brothers who struggled before them.” -George Lakey, Strategy for a Living Revolution, 1971 “From the start, anarchism was an open political philosophy, always transforming itself in theory and practice…Yet when people are introduced to anarchism today, that openness, combined with a cultural propensity to forget the past, can make it seem a recent invention—without an elastic tradition, filled with debates, lessons, and experiments to build on.” -Cindy Milstein, Anarchism and Its Aspirations, 2010 “Librarians have an ‘academic’ sense, and can’t bare to throw anything away! Even things they don’t approve of. They acquire a historic sense. At the time a hand-bill may be very ‘bad’! But the following day it becomes ‘historic.’” -Agnes Inglis, Letter to Highlander Folk School, 1944 “To keep on repeating the same attempts without an intelligent appraisal of all the numerous failures in the past is not to uphold the right to experiment, but to insist upon one’s right to escape the hard facts of social struggle into the world of wishful belief.
    [Show full text]
  • Global Anti-Anarchism: the Origins of Ideological Deportation and the Suppression of Expression
    Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies Volume 19 Issue 1 Article 7 Winter 2012 Global Anti-Anarchism: The Origins of ideological Deportation and the Suppression of Expression Julia Rose Kraut New York University Follow this and additional works at: https://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/ijgls Part of the Immigration Law Commons, and the International Law Commons Recommended Citation Kraut, Julia Rose (2012) "Global Anti-Anarchism: The Origins of ideological Deportation and the Suppression of Expression," Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies: Vol. 19 : Iss. 1 , Article 7. Available at: https://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/ijgls/vol19/iss1/7 This Symposium is brought to you for free and open access by the Law School Journals at Digital Repository @ Maurer Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies by an authorized editor of Digital Repository @ Maurer Law. For more information, please contact rvaughan@indiana.edu. Global Anti-Anarchism: The Origins of Ideological Deportation and the Suppression of Expression JULIA ROSE KRAUT* ABSTRACT On September 6, 1901, a self-proclaimed anarchist named Leon Czolgosz fatally shot President William McKinley at the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York. This paper places the suppression of anarchists and the exclusion and deportation of foreigners in the aftermath of the "shot that shocked the world" within the context of international anti-anarchist efforts, and reveals that President McKinley's assassination successfully pulled the United States into an existing global conversation over how to combat anarchist violence. This paper argues that these anti-anarchistrestrictions and the suppression of expression led to the emergence of a "free speech consciousness" among anarchists,and others, and to the formation of the Free Speech League, predecessor of the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU).
    [Show full text]
  • Anarchy and the Nation: German Anarchism, Nationalism, and Revolution in Spain, 1933-1937 Matthew Alh L University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee
    University of Wisconsin Milwaukee UWM Digital Commons Theses and Dissertations May 2014 Anarchy and the Nation: German Anarchism, Nationalism, and Revolution in Spain, 1933-1937 Matthew alH l University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Follow this and additional works at: https://dc.uwm.edu/etd Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Hall, Matthew, "Anarchy and the Nation: German Anarchism, Nationalism, and Revolution in Spain, 1933-1937" (2014). Theses and Dissertations. 405. https://dc.uwm.edu/etd/405 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by UWM Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of UWM Digital Commons. For more information, please contact open-access@uwm.edu. ANARCHY AND THE NATION: GERMAN ANARCHISM, NATIONALISM, AND REVOLUTION IN SPAIN, 1933-1937 by Matthew Hall A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in History at The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee May 2014 ABSTRACT ANARCHY AND THE NATION: GERMAN ANARCHISM, NATIONALISM, AND REVOLUTION IN SPAIN, 1933-1937 by Matthew Hall The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 2014 Under the Supervision of Professor Winson Chu The relationship between anarchism and nationalism is poorly articulated in the scholarly literature and heavily contested within the modern anarchist movement. Between 1933 and 1937, a group of German anarchists, living in Spain and caught in that country’s civil war and revolution in 1936, dealt with this question in their time in exile in Barcelona. Never explicitly confronting the issue of nationalism within their ranks, the Gruppe Deutsche Anarchosyndikalisten im Auslands (Gruppe DAS) nevertheless used nationally motivating iconography, discourse, and institutions to strengthen their constituencies and attract new ones.
    [Show full text]