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abduction, 337, 339, 344, 349, 355–64, 367, agency, divine, 6, 7, 19, 46, 57, 74, 76, 96, 97, 368–9, 379, 387 101, 118, 122, 142, 145, 147, 150, 160, absence, 8, 19, 20, 27, 54, 71, 80–1, 104, 106, 199, 218, 238, 256, 259, 316, 355, 363, 119, 144, 165, 168, 182, 188, 199, 200, 365, 366, 373, 376, 393 205, 209, 211, 223, 250, 273, 274, 275, Agorakritos, 130 344, 369, 376, 380, 384, 389, 390, 393 Ajax, 58, 238 ‘absorption and erudition’, 2, 5, 217, 250, Alcamenes, 35, 85, 105, 112 339 Alcestis, 341, 342, 345, 346 Achaean League, 13, 125, 141 Alexander of Aphrodisias, 11 acheiropoi¯eta, 98, 101, 122, 267 Alexander the Great, 124, 165, 166, 254, 266, Achilles, 5, 236, 237, 238, 239, 241, 247, 248, 297, 298 249, 254, 301, 307, 319, 327, 329, 332, Alexandria, 149, 170, 303, 307, 331 339, 379 allegory, 5, 27, 112, 139, 202, 245, 254, 276–8, Actaeon, 12, 177–9, 187, 199, 298, 373 283, 296, 297, 299, 313–18, 320, 324, 329, Acts of the Apostles, 22 332, 340, 341, 353, 354, 363, 366, 368, Adonis, 199, 201, 209, 349, 365, 370, 389, 390, 391 367 altars, 1, 3, 39–41, 55, 66, 91, 101, 153, 255, Aegina, 40, 41, 42, 84, 105, 107, 119 256, 261 Aelian, 149 see also Pergamon, Great Altar Aelius Aristides, 8, 88, 122 Amazonomachy, 339 Hymns, 215, 216, 254, 262, 279, 289 Ampelius, 109, 137 Sacred Tales, 7, 26, 89, 172, 223, 242, Amphiaraos, 35, 44–7, 263 248, 251, 254, 260–6, 270, 275, 276, 282, anagnorisis¯ (recognition), 57, 58, 67, 69, 223, 286, 287, 288–90, 391 265 Aelius Theon, 173 Anchises, 15, 62, 63, 64, 66, 68, 112, 187, 199, Aeneas, 62, 66, 223 201, 203, 209, 366 Aeschylus, 104, 106, 109, 288 andrias, 99, 264 aetiology, 4, 17, 51, 52, 56, 63, 67, 82, 93, 107, aniconism, 19, 24, 82, 92, 98, 100–5, 106, 119, 114, 147, 153, 154, 167, 186, 218, 226, 122, 176, 228, 267, 328, 393 257, 259, 266, 290, 308 Anthesteria, 73 see also foundation myths; images, sacred: Anthology, Greek, 130, 170–211, 227, 264, 323, origin myths 393 Aetolia, Aetolians, 13–16, 18, 19, 141, 144, Garland of Meleager, 181 155–7 Garland of Philip, 77–83, 181, 182, 197–9, agalma, 17, 61, 66, 71, 83, 90–1, 92, 99, 100, 204 104, 106, 108, 111, 112, 119, 132, 133, Anthology, Latin, 199–201 142, 161, 167, 168, 175, 181, 189, 200, anthropomorphism, 6, 10, 14, 15, 22, 25, 27, 210, 220, 222, 223, 226, 243, 246–7, 248, 36, 37, 39, 44–6, 49, 51, 57, 64, 67, 81, 82, 251, 264, 267, 271, 273, 274, 279, 283, 87, 93, 98, 101, 103, 150, 178, 225–6, 286, 293, 294, 302, 317, 321, 328, 386 228–30, 234, 264, 279, 285, 295, 297, 298, agalmatophilia, 186–8, 199–201 312, 313, 321, 322–8, 391 agalmatopoios, 25, 109, 131–4, 135, 140, 204, Antipater of Sidon, 194 267, 272, 294 antiquarianism, 149, 215, 220, 260, 272 470

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-86171-7 - Facing the Gods: Epiphany and Representation in Graeco-Roman Art, Literature and Religion Verity Platt Index More information

Index 471

Antisthenes, 315 aret¯e, aretalogy, 10, 38, 43, 54, 73, 147, 155, Anyte of Tegea, 290 160, 288, 292, 295, 320 Anytus, 126, 128, 131 Argos, Argive, 77, 78–82, 83, 97, 105, 114, Apelles, 191–4, 195, 202, 204 119, 146, 175, 177, 218, 288, 301, 321, Aphrodite (Venus), 2, 4, 5, 8, 15, 58, 62, 63–6, 393 67, 68–9, 80, 89, 90, 99, 112, 178, 223, Ariadne, 337, 339, 340, 349, 350, 353, 366, 368, 281–2, 284, 339, 349, 359, 365, 366, 367, 371, 373, 374, 379–80, 389 373, 374, 382, 383, 389 Aristophanes, 17, 58, 78, 109, 111, 135, 313 Anadyomene, 191–4, 195, 204, 281, 282 Aristotle, 6, 11, 58, 108, 135, 149, 172, 253, of Capua, 189, 282 255, 258, 277, 288, 324 of Knidos, 25, 114, 118, 181, 183–211, 215, Arius Didymus, 53, 59 252, 282, 293–323, 382, 392 Arnobius, 2, 81 of Kythnos, 132 Artemidorus, 26, 195, 254, 255, 256, 259, Limenarchis, 132, 134 275–87, 290, 366, 391 of Melos, 131, 189 Artemis, 3, 12, 15, 34, 41, 58, 70, 115, 116, 117, and modesty (aidos¯ ), 1, 2, 6, 210 118, 126, 127, 130, 146, 155, 177, 266, as object of ekphrasis, 1–7, 12, 19, 170–211 284, 285, 298, 382 Ourania, 281 Brauronia, 42, 84, 97, 104 Pandemos, 281 of Ephesus, 96, 97, 99 of Paphos, 101 Hagemone, 134 Apollo, 14, 67, 69, 73, 119–23, 149, 160, 236, Hyakinthotrophos, 157, 159 271, 272, 319, 322, 373 Kindyas, 157, 158, 159 of Amyclae, 84, 112 Laphria, 16 of Daldis, 287 Leucophryene, 151–4, 157, 159 Daphnaphoros, 17 Ortheia (Bassae), 115 Delian, 70–2, 84 Orthia (Sparta), 93 Delphic, 14, 107, 154–7 Soteria, 13, 14, 18, 19, 99, 269 Epikourios, 119 of Tauris, 84, 97, 98, 148–9, 151, 165 Ismenian, 99 artists, 1, 6, 24, 39, 50, 78–83, 97–8, 108–14, Karinos, 100 125–36, 139–42, 174, 186, 193–7, 198, Kitharoidos, 117, 119, 121 201–3, 204, 205, 211, 225–7, 228, 230, Pythaeus, 146 232–3, 234, 274, 293, 310, 328 Sauroktonos, 118 inspired by visions, 12, 108, 122, 167, 191–3, see also Bassae, Temple of Apollo 204, 226, 227, 253–67, 268, 270, 273, 286, Apollodorus, 177, 197 322, 323, 325 Apollonius of Tyana. See Philostratus, Life of see also agalmatopoios Apollonius of Tyana Asclepieia, 7, 31, 32, 35, 39, 40, 131, 134, 154, Apollonius, Argonautika, 99, 189, 206–8, 240 256, 260, 261 aporia, 8, 9, 23, 60, 72, 179, 208, 225, 240, 248, Asclepius, 26, 31–8, 40, 42, 43, 45, 56, 73, 99, 250, 275, 317, 322, 368, 370, 377, 386, 118, 147, 149, 154, 186, 236, 242, 251, 391 256, 260–6, 275, 288–90, 291, 331 apotheosis, 17, 112, 331, 340, 349, 363, 368, Astarte, 103 379, 382 asylia, 132, 134, 151–2, 154 apotropaism, 18, 19, 35, 47, 113, 158, 346 atheism, 144 Apuleius, 10, 108, 135, 177, 236, 298, 369–71 Athena, 15, 16, 17, 38, 43, 48, 57, 69, 78, 115, Aratus. See Plutarch, Life of Aratus 118, 137–9, 144, 154, 155, 159, 175–80, Arcadia, 55, 101, 125–31, 153, 220–4, 269, 181, 183, 187, 188, 194, 199, 207, 236, 270–3, 301 242, 243, 246, 248, 256, 266, 319, 322, archaisation, 36, 89, 115, 117, 118–19 324, 331, 359 Archias, 192, 194 Alea, 110, 119 Archilochus, 52 Aphaia, 84, 107 Ares (Mars), 189, 207, 209, 339, 350, 351, 363, Lindia, 25, 84, 161–9, 269, 274 366, 374, 380, 382, 389 Nikephoros, 137, 171

472 Index

Athena (cont.) 179, 183–8, 190–3, 199–203, 210–11, 238, Parthenos, 78, 84–91, 92, 105–14, 122, 135, 247, 265, 282, 284, 323, 335, 344, 349, 170–3, 262–3, 282, 321, 322, 326, 383 362, 364, 366, 367, 373, 374, 377, 382, 384 Polias, 84–5, 91–3, 94, 97, 98, 101, 104, mortal, 44–6, 54, 62, 64–5, 68, 344, 348–9, 105–8, 110, 167, 274 353, 359–62, 364, 366, 371–2, 373, 376–7, Promachos, 93 381–2, 384, 385, 386 Athenaeus, 99, 143, 145, 167, 184, 195, 200, Brauron, 42, 84, 97, 104 201, 267 Bronfen, Elisabeth, 354 Athenagoras, 98 Athens, 15, 16, 73, 112, 136, 137, 139, 143–6, Callimachus, 84, 149, 167 155, 170, 261, 280 Aitia, 52 Acropolis, 31, 35, 38, 43, 77–92, 94, 114, Hymns, 25, 156, 173, 175–80, 181, 183, 189, 119, 137, 147, 164, 225, 287 199, 238, 392 Asclepieion, 31, 32, 35, 38, 39, 40, 55, 118 Iambi, 97, 98, 176, 225 Cave of Pan, 55 Caria, 157, 158 Eleusinion, 35, 287 Carson, Anne, 23, 363 Erechtheion, 85, 92, 105, 107, 225 Cassandra, 58, 94, 95, 96, 115, 118, 373 Hephaesteion, 112 Cassius Dio, 313 Ilissos Temple, 94 Catullus, 65, 208 Old Athena Temple, 93 caves, 42, 55, 270, 273, 319 Parthenon, 85, 91, 105–8, 109, 130, 135, 137, Celts. See Gauls, Galatians 144, 172, 262, 392 centauromachy, 107, 115, 116, 117, 339 Piraeus, 274, 293, 296, 306 Cerberus, 345, 346 Propylaea, 35 Ceres. See Demeter Sanctuary of Dionysus, 85, 105 chaire, 73, 76, 144 Temple of Athena Nike, 35 Chaniotis, Angelos, 159–60 Attalid kings, 136, 137, 139, 141, 146, 152, 172, chariots, divine, 15, 16, 115, 335, 356, 359, 362, 272 363, 364, 366, 369, 389 Attica, 108, 109, 144, 358 charis, 61, 73 Atticising, 217, 243, 262, 315 Chariton, 16 autochthony, 112 Charon, 335 autopsy, 7, 12, 224, 236, 237, 251, 252, 256, Chersonesus, 148–9, 151, 154, 165, 391 260, 266, 278 Chios, 155, 157 Christianity, 20–3, 216, 230, 304, 312, 319, 330, Bargylia, 157, 158, 159 340, 341, 387, 390 Baroque, Hellenistic, 128, 131, 136 incarnation, 20, 390 Bassae, Temple of Apollo, 107, 115–19, 121, scripture, 11, 12, 21, 22, 390 125 the Trinity, 21 beards, 33, 34, 35, 279, 280, 281 Cicero, 80, 108, 135, 155, 195, 227, 233, Bell, Catherine, 76, 258 283 Berger, John, 190 De natura deorum, 23 birth, 66, 73, 74 citizens, Greek, 45, 46, 72, 133 of Aphrodite, 4, 8, 112, 191–5, 205 classicism, 24, 27, 126, 135–40, 274, 322, 338, of Apollo, 63, 180 339–41, 349, 370, 376, 382, 389, 390, 392, of Asclepius, 73 393 of Athena, 5, 107, 112, 248 Clement of Alexandria, 2, 100, 185 of Christ, 21, 304 Clerc, Charly, 7 of Erechthonius, 112 cognitive dissonance, 83, 85, 108, 120, 122, of Pandora, 112 174, 225, 252, 322, 386 Bithynia, 139, 142, 151 cognitive reliability, 12, 44, 48, 56, 60, 83, 108, bodies 121, 122, 133, 140, 151, 165, 174, 217, divine, 12, 20, 22, 33, 36, 39, 42, 51, 56, 57, 225, 226, 238, 252, 256, 259, 265, 275, 59–63, 66–70, 83, 89, 117, 130, 144, 145, 286, 287, 317, 323, 326

Index 473

coins, 102, 104, 125, 126, 142 of Methymna, 97, 98 connoisseurship, 133, 174, 248, 272 Phallen, 97 copies. See replication Dioscuri, 15, 62, 66, 146, 147, 157, 236, 237, Cos, 154, 155, 156, 159, 186 238, 331, 339, 349, 360, 361, 366, 367, craftsmanship. See techn¯e 368, 369, 379 cremation, 337, 348 document reliefs, 87, 90 cult statues. See images, sacred Donohue, Alice, 113 Cumont, Franz, 340, 370 drama. See theatre, Greek cupids. See Erotes dreams, 238, 247, 259, 366, 391 Cynicism, 315, 318 epiphanic, 26, 38, 44–6, 47, 76, 88, 150, 167, 168, 220–2, 224, 237, 242, 253, 255–92, Daedalus, 93, 109, 302 303, 320, 331, 335, 354, 366–8, 371, 377, daimones, the daemonic, 6, 235–8, 241, 246, 385 249, 251, 255, 256, 318, 319, 329–32, 385, false, 2, 257 386 mantic, 215–44, 245, 247, 248, 255, 276–87, Damis, 296, 297, 298, 304–6, 308, 310, 313, 320 317, 318, 324, 326, 331 see also images, sacred: in dreams; Damophon of Messene, 25, 125–34, 135, 136, incubation 140–1, 145, 151, 172, 220–3, 266, 272, 392 Duris of Samos, 143 Daseinsbilder, 118 death, 21, 27, 64, 109, 187, 199, 262, 279, 331, Egypt, 16, 98, 142, 143, 165, 167, 169, 229, 243, 335–91 251, 291, 293, 297, 299, 300, 301, 302, decrees, civic, 25, 88, 131–4, 140, 146, 148, 151, 306, 307, 310, 321, 322, 326, 328 154–5, 156, 157, 158, 159, 161, 165 eidolon¯ , 238, 257, 258, 275, 380, 385 Delos, 61, 70, 164, 179, 180 eidos, 51, 55, 56, 58, 59, 62–70, 75, 76, 89, 103, Delphi, 14, 61, 69, 97, 107, 151, 152, 154–7, 114, 176, 222, 229, 323, 325, 391 159, 219, 236, 237, 271, 272, 327 eikon¯ , 100, 120, 134, 141, 142, 189, 204, 227, Demeter, 18, 34, 61, 62, 63–6, 67, 68, 70, 89, 228, 233, 325 112, 126, 127, 130, 144, 146, 218, 220, ekphrasis, 11, 12, 25, 26, 68, 79, 173–4, 181, 221, 224, 266, 272, 356, 357, 359, 369, 382 217, 223, 225, 230, 231, 234, 239–40, 241, of Phigalia, 126, 270–3, 274, 275 249, 250, 251, 265, 292, 298, 299, 309, 311, Demetrius Poliorcetes, 143–6, 168, 391 314, 315, 317, 321, 326, 329, 385, 386, 393 Democritus, 23, 149 of sacred images, 2–3, 170–211, 220, 225, Derrida, Jacques, 53, 202 246–7, 248, 282, 308, 310 Despoina. See Lykosoura, cult of Despoina see also epigrams, ekphrastic Diana. See Artemis Eleusis, 61, 62, 66, 144, 224, 251, 275, 288, 368, Dichterweihe, 52, 54, 287, 290 369 Dio Chrysostom, 8, 25, 26, 80, 87, 89, 99, 221, Elsner, Jas,´ 220, 341 226, 230, 298, 314 emperors, Roman, 142, 251, 255, 300, 312, Twelfth Oration (Olympian Oration), 89, 318, 319, 330, 331, 339 106, 226–8, 231–5, 239, 241, 243, 250, Empire, Roman, 26, 124, 216, 217, 219, 235, 252, 262, 285, 298, 311, 324–5, 327, 392 312, 338 Twenty-First Oration (On Beauty), 239–40 see also Rome Diodorus Siculus, 109, 140, 146, 147, 155, 177, enargeia, 7, 54, 56, 57, 72, 83, 90, 173, 175, 176, 178, 197, 253 178, 191, 216, 219, 222, 224, 230, 234, Diogenes Laertius, 192 252, 253, 265, 273, 275, 287, 292, 392 Diomedes, 93, 94, 96, 236, 331 Endoios, 92, 98, 110, 274 Dionysus, 17, 34, 56, 62, 66, 67–8, 71, 73, 99, Endymion, 335, 336, 337, 339, 340, 341, 236, 337, 339, 340, 349, 350, 363, 366, 349–54, 363–9, 371–6, 377–80, 388, 389, 368, 370, 372, 379–80, 389 390 Baccheus, 99 Ephesus, 318, 319 Cadmus, 97 Epictetus, 226 Eleuthereus, 85, 105 Epicureanism, 23

474 Index

Epidaurus, 43, 73, 98, 147, 149, 266, 290 of Hector, 237, 248 miracle tablets, 43, 45, 147, 150 of Helios, 303 epid¯emia, 142, 144, 331 in Hellenistic poetry, 9, 26, 170–211 epigrams, ekphrastic, 25, 77–81, 170–211, 232, of Heracles, 149, 237, 256, 267 323, 392 of Hermes, 17, 244, 281, 349 epiphaneia, 7, 10, 15, 21, 25, 39, 43, 124, 139, Homeric, 9, 10, 14, 15, 18, 56, 57, 58–9, 143, 147, 148–51, 154, 155, 157, 158, 159, 60–73, 83, 87, 89, 97, 101, 102, 107, 145, 161, 166, 173, 256 150, 173, 175, 176, 179, 180, 187, 235, Epiphan¯es, 25, 124, 140–2, 143, 149, 157, 158 240, 244, 262, 275, 363, 366 as epithet, 141–3, 157 in image form, 10, 12, 21, 24, 26, 31–7, 43, epiphanestatos, 134, 135, 140, 141, 142, 145, 47–8, 50, 74, 83, 84, 86–90, 91, 94, 105, 159, 169 107, 113, 119, 120–3, 130–1, 135, 144, epiphany 145, 168, 175, 183–8, 190–3, 196, 203, of Achilles, 237, 239, 242, 247, 249, 320, 329, 226–7, 258–60, 261–6, 272, 277–87, 332 299–312, 323, 326, 328, 380, 391, 392 of Ajax, 238 mediated, 13, 18, 20, 23, 39, 53, 54, 80, 96, of Amphiaraos, 44–6 119, 144, 145, 180, 193, 205–10, 233, 297, of Aphrodite, 4–5, 8, 63–6, 68–9, 112, 311, 323, 350, 363, 385 183–211, 223, 281–2 and memory, 27, 147, 153, 164, 169, 217, of Apis, 146 223, 230, 237, 273, 292, 386 of Apollo, 14, 69, 107, 115–18, 146, 149, 154, meteorological, 10, 150, 154, 155, 168 155, 180, 319 Minoan, 9, 10 of Apollonius of Tyana, 328, 331 in modernist ﬁction, 10 of Ares (Mars), 350, 363 of the Muses, 31–53, 319 of Artemis, 12, 115, 148–9, 151–3, 154, 155, of the Nymphs, 42, 275 157, 158, 159, 165, 177, 284 in the Old Testament, 12, 101, 102 of Asclepius, 26, 31–3, 37, 42, 237, 242, 256, olfactory, 1, 10, 56, 64, 67, 246, 262 261–2, 263–5, 275, 288–90 ontology of, 3, 14, 17, 20, 39, 41, 45, 117, of Athena, 5, 15, 16, 107, 137, 155, 161–9, 119, 207, 229, 253, 255, 259, 260, 262, 175–80, 236, 242, 262–3, 266, 274, 319 275–87, 289, 362, 363, 368, 380, 384, 385, in battle, 10, 13–15, 16, 17, 55, 137, 146, 392 154–7, 166, 169, 218–20, 237, 268–70 of Pan, 16, 55, 147 Christian, 11, 12, 20–2 phenomenology of, 45, 48, 56, 277, 363, 392 as citation, 133, 136, 137, 383, 392 of Poseidon, 58, 219, 223 and crisis, 14, 54–6, 68, 144, 147, 157, 169 of Protesilaos, 242, 244, 246–7 deferment of, 36–7, 45–7, 77 of Proteus, 330 of Delphic heroes, 14, 15, 16, 155, 219, 237 of rulers, 143–5 of Demeter, 63–6, 68, 112, 219 salviﬁc, 9, 14, 19, 66, 115, 117, 154–7, 158, of Dionysus, 67–8, 71, 73, 337, 339, 340, 166, 168, 269 349, 363, 368, 372 and scholarship, 148–9, 162–5, 392 of the Dioscuri, 66, 147, 157, 237, 238, 349, of Selene, 335, 337, 339, 340, 349, 350–4, 361, 367, 368, 369 363–8, 371–5, 377 disguised, 12, 22, 57, 67, 69, 257, 275, 317, simulated, 14, 15–17, 18, 19, 24, 89, 93, 114, 318 122, 176, 197–9, 203 in dreams: see dreams, epiphanic sonic, 10, 56, 150, 157, 236, 299–308, 309 erotic, 62, 64, 68, 178, 183–97, 198–203, of Trophonius, 236, 320, 329 205–8, 211, 282, 335, 337, 339, 340, and visuality, 10–11 349–54, 355–69, 371–7, 389 withheld, 62, 68, 102, 180, 205, 224, 367, false, 15, 22, 52, 112 368, 369, 380 fatal, 12, 19, 57, 64, 176–80, 187, 199, 248, of Zeus, 57, 102, 139, 146, 149, 157, 158, 204 267, 337, 340, 349, 355–63, 366, 372, 379 Epiphany, feast of, 20, 21 of Hades (Pluto), 335, 339, 349, 355–9, 367, epithets, 4, 51, 70, 99, 141, 142, 143, 157, 232, 368 281, 282

Index 475

Eros, 189, 206 gigantomachy, 107, 136, 137, 138, 139 of Thespiae, 100, 182, 195 God, Old Testament, 11, 12, 101 Erotes, 5, 189, 335, 339, 348, 353, 355, 364, gold, 83, 89, 99, 108, 109, 111, 121, 267, 281, 365, 366, 371, 373, 389 283, 291, 293 Ethiopia, 299, 301, 306, 308, 309, 313, 315, see also images, sacred: chryselephantine 316, 319, 322, 324, 328, 332 Gordon, Richard, 78, 122 Euclid, 149 Gorgon, gorgoneion, 92, 98, 113, 179, 346 euerg¯et¯es, 132, 134, 143, 157 graphein, 4, 224 Euhemerism, 236 gymnosophists, 27, 297, 302, 312–17, 320–7, Eunapius, 330 389 Euripides, 17, 98, 109, 248, 257 Bacchae, 65, 177 Hades (Pluto), 335, 339, 345, 346, 349, 354, Hippolytus, 58 355–63, 366, 367, 368, 379, 386, 387 Eusebius, 294, 304 healing cult, 22, 31, 38, 42, 44, 47, 74, 99, 256, Eustathius, 257 260–6, 277, 290 Evenus, 191, 193 Hecate, 10, 34, 35, 36, 40, 41, 42 exegete, exegesis, 3, 82, 232, 235, 245, 252, 296, Dadophoros, 35, 40 298, 305, 308, 312, 327, 369 Epipyrgidia, 35 exile, 109, 268 Propylaia, 35 eyes, 5, 6, 11, 47, 69, 130, 177, 234, 242, 246, Hector, 15, 237, 238, 239, 248 249, 290, 302, 304, 308, 311, 317, 318, hekataia, 35 319, 369 Helen, 15, 70, 165, 166, 191, 195, 238, 339 Heliodorus, 16, 298, 301 facture, 2, 92, 99, 174, 210, 226 Helios, 303, 353 feet, footprints, 58, 180, 223, 251 Hellenism, 26, 27, 156, 157, 216, 217–20, 221, festivals, 14, 16, 17, 21, 25, 55, 56, 60, 61, 66, 227, 230, 232, 235, 239, 242, 251, 252, 72, 92, 107, 136, 137, 143, 149, 151, 152, 295–7, 298, 299, 308, 310, 311, 312, 313, 154, 155, 156, 157, 159, 177, 180, 266, 315, 317, 322–8, 338, 386, 390 297, 343, 365 Hephaestus, 17, 112, 113, 202, 211 foundation myths, 55, 63, 66, 154, 165, 218, Hera, 177, 189, 194 266 of Argos, 77, 78–82, 83, 84, 97, 103, 114, see also aetiology 122, 174, 211, 321, 322, 393 framing, 2, 3, 5, 6, 24, 31–6, 37, 43, 44, 46, 47, of Samos, 84, 99, 167 53, 61, 62, 64–6, 72–4, 75, 76, 77, 89, 104, Heracles, 17, 149, 165, 166, 167, 215, 216, 236, 107, 113, 117, 118, 137, 161, 176, 178, 256, 267, 279, 313–16, 321, 322, 329, 339, 180, 219, 233, 289, 290, 346, 353, 362, 345, 346, 374, 382 363, 364, 365, 366, 387 Apotropaios, 318 frontality, 33, 37, 89, 113, 115, 118, 208, 362, of Erythrae, 97, 98, 267 371 Heraclitus, 52 Hermes (Mercury), 22, 34, 36, 63, 113, 243, Gaifman, Milette, 87, 100 244, 245, 253–81, 284, 285, 322 Galatea, 199, 200 Kriophoros, 17 Galen, 140, 278, 314 Perpheraios, 97, 98, 176 games, athletic, 134, 151, 152, 160 Propylaios, 35 Ganymede, 15, 187 Psychopompos, 279, 335, 345, 346, 349, 359 Gauls, Galatians, 14, 139, 154–7, 219, 238 Tetragonos, 279 gaze, 6, 18, 37, 47, 118, 190, 198, 199, 203, 208, herms, 34–6, 37, 82, 118, 130, 246, 253–81, 301 363, 367 hero cult, 44, 134, 238–9, 241, 242, 251, 269, Geertz, Clifford, 78 308 Gell, Alfred, 76, 100 Herodas, 186 Geminus, 188, 195, 197–9, 203 Herodotus, 10, 15, 16, 48, 51, 54, 55, 76, 98, 99, gemstones, 5, 6, 89, 371, 372 102, 108, 140, 146, 147, 156, 177, 222, Gernet, Louis, 90 229, 244, 248, 275, 291, 313

476 Index

heroon, 134, 137, 238 acrolithic, 84, 93, 112, 119, 125–31, 220, 221 Hesiod, 55, 177, 197 bretas, 18–20, 100 Theogony, 31–54, 59, 61, 64, 69, 70, 74, 97, chryselephantine, 24, 77–82, 83–91, 103, 112, 113, 139, 195, 287, 363 105–14, 119, 130, 135, 221, 225–8, 231–5, Works and Days, 112, 113 297, 322 Hieron of Syracuse, 23 consecration of, 226 Himerius, 267 deﬁnition, 77 Homer, 10, 26, 51, 54, 56, 102, 224, 232–3, 234, in dreams, 26, 47, 88, 97, 122, 253–60, 241, 242, 250, 253, 257, 262, 297, 305, 261–73, 275, 277–87 310, 327, 392 hedos, 104, 167, 321 Iliad, 15, 53, 57, 58, 64, 67, 78, 89, 95, 102, Hellenistic, 25, 125–34, 135–6, 159, 170, 112, 173, 223, 232, 235, 236, 239–40, 243, 220–3 247, 248, 250, 253, 301, 309, 311, 324, hidruma, 104 331, 368 kolossos, 104 Odyssey, 2, 15, 19, 57, 58, 64, 67, 69, 70, 112, medium of, 50, 80, 82, 89, 93, 98–100, 105, 113, 235, 236, 244, 245, 254, 257, 258, 106, 108–11, 121, 222, 283–4, 323 262, 275, 303, 385 as object of ekphrasis. See ekphrasis see also epiphany, Homeric; hymns, ontology of, 20, 36, 43, 82, 114, 119, 121–3, Homeric 145–6, 173, 186, 222, 230, 233, 261–5, Horace, 355 276, 277–86, 309, 326, 386 hubris, 72, 108, 113, 137, 177, 198, origin myths, 82, 83, 84, 93–8, 122, 221, 226, 267 266–7 huponoia, 228, 230, 243, 310, 324 palladia, 19, 133; see also Palladion. Hygieia, 33, 39, 40 Trojan Hyginus, 197 phenomenology of, 20, 82, 114, 128, 222, hymns 328 cletic, 70, 108 in poetry, 175–6 to Demetrius Poliorcetes, 143–6, 176, 391 in temple friezes, 115–19 epigraphic, 73 in vase-paintings, 93–6, 115, 120–3 Homeric, 24, 60–76, 77, 88, 107, 108, 112, as votive offerings, 91, 106 145, 150, 262, 363, 391, 392: to Aphrodite, in votive reliefs, 33, 36, 37, 43, 45, 73, 4, 15, 62, 63–9, 80, 89, 90, 112, 179, 187, 74 366; to Apollo, 61, 63, 67, 69, 70–2, 73, imago, 338, 380, 381, 384, 385, 386 117, 179, 180; to Athena, 107; to Demeter, imitation. See mimesis 18, 61, 62, 63–6, 68, 89, 112; to Dionysus, incubation, 7, 38, 43, 44, 46, 74, 76, 237, 256, 62, 63, 64, 66, 67–8, 73, 97, 179; to the 260–6, 277, 291 Dioscuri, 62, 66, 237; to Hermes, 61, 63, inhumation, 337, 348 113; to Pan, 63 initiation. See mystery cult of Isyllos, 73 inscriptions, epiphanic, 15, 38–9, 43, 45, 52, see also Callimachus; Sappho 55, 137, 140, 141, 146–69, 172, 256, 267, Hyperboreans, 107, 117 302–4, 392 Hypnos, 335, 364, 371 catalogues, 148, 149, 162–9 inscriptions, funerary, 341, 358, 376 Iamblichus (novelist), 285, 286 intertextuality, 3, 250, 309 Iamblichus of Chalcis, 319 inventories, temple, 90, 91, 92, 110, 164, 165, iconoclasm, 20, 102, 280, 329 392 iconophobia, 81, 102, 145, 230 Iphigenia, 84, 93, 98 icons, Christian, 19, 21, 98, 329 Iris, 51, 69 idolatry, 12, 20, 92, 106 Isis, 146, 169, 298, 369 Ilion, 16, 248 Istros, 149 images, sacred, 8, 12, 17–20, 24, 25, 43, 56, ivory, 1, 2, 5, 8, 50, 71, 80, 83, 84, 89, 91, 99, 77–123, 167–8, 173, 200, 204, 218, 246, 109, 119, 253, 257, 281, 283, 293 293–4, 295, 312, 321–9, 391, 392 see also images, sacred: chryselephantine

Index 477

Jay, Martin, 11 Gallus, 81 Jerome, 304 Imagines, 206 Jonah, 390 Jupiter Tragoedus, 81, 229, 323 Joyce, James, 10 On the Syrian Goddess, 103, 242, 244, 296, Judgement of Paris, 190–1, 194, 196 370 Julia Domna, 294, 376 Philopseudes, 300, 306–7 Julianus, 192, 193, 194 Somnium, 314 Jupiter. See Zeus Toxaris, 300 Justin, Epitome, 147, 155 Verae historiae, 254 Lucretius, 23, 194 kallos kai megethos, 63, 64, 67, 68, 88, 262 Luxorius, 201 katabasis, 335, 346 Lykosoura, cult of Despoina, 125–34, 136, 139, Katagogia, 17, 73 140, 173, 220–3, 225, 226, 231, 234, 251, kinship diplomacy, 153 258, 266, 270, 272 Knidos, 157, 158, 159, 165, 186, 191 see also Aphrodite, of Knidos Macedonian kings, 139, 152, 157, 267, 367 Koch Piettre, Renee,´ 9, 140, 149, 257 Macrobius, 87 korai, 5, 6, 34, 93, 96, 104, 358, 359 Magi, 21 Kore. See Persephone Magna Mater, 341 kosm¯esis, 105, 167 Magnesia-on-the-Maeander, 25, 151–4, 157, kouroi, 67, 69, 71, 104, 305 159, 160, 165, 168, 169, 218 Mandulis, 303, 307 landscape, sacred, 26, 35, 158, 218–24, 266, 290 manes, 343, 345, 369, 384, 386 Lapiths, 115, 118 Marathon, 16, 55, 143, 147, 156, 219, 237, 242 laurel, 17, 51, 120, 180, 373 marriage, 17, 99, 178, 359, 366, 368 law, Roman, 342–3, 381, 390 Mars. See Ares laws, sacred, 128 Martial, 198 Lefkowitz, Mary, 109 materiality, 6, 20, 26, 36, 39, 45, 50, 68, 81–2, Leon of Samos, 149 85, 90, 92, 95, 96–100, 105, 108, 109–11, Leto, 58, 70, 146 122, 145, 165, 167, 168, 179, 182, 221, Leucippidae, 117, 273–5, 349, 360, 361, 368, 222, 232, 263, 270, 283–5, 293, 310, 323, 369 325, 328, 347, 362, 382 Leucophryena, 151, 153, 159, 160 Maximus of Tyre, 226, 228–30, 231, 235–8, Libanius, 3 241, 242, 256, 278, 285, 287, 314, 328 libation, 1, 2, 3, 40, 92, 120, 165, 166, 393 Megalopolis, 119, 125, 126, 130, 131, 141 light, radiance, 1, 5, 6, 64, 65, 67, 68, 84, 89, 90, Meleager, 339 96, 143, 194, 237, 302, 303, 304, 308, 309, Memnon, 293–312, 313, 316, 321, 322, 324, 311, 317, 319 326, 329 limen, liminality. See thresholds, boundaries Menander, 56 Lindian Chronicle, 25, 124–69, 172, 217, 221, Menander Rhetor, 338 256, 274, 392 Meneia, inscription of, 38–9, 43, 147, 150 Lindos, Sanctuary of Athena, 25, 124–69, 267, Mercury. See Hermes 316 Merim´ ee,´ Prosper, 187 locus religiosus, 343, 344, 381 Messene, 125, 131–2, 141, 238, 266, 267, 268, Longinus, 234 271 Longus, Daphnis and Chloe, 56, 275 metamorphosis, 67, 69, 75 Lucian, 187 Metaneira, 64, 70, 112 Alexander, 313 mimesis, 14, 16, 19, 27, 53, 60, 69–72, 80, 81–3, Amores (Pseudo-Lucian), 184, 186–8, 196, 96, 98, 100, 108, 110, 112, 113, 114, 203, 209, 215 119–22, 134, 173, 175–80, 188, 189, 192, Calumny, 315 193, 198, 203, 204–5, 222, 230–1, 233, Charon, 242 234, 257, 272, 284, 286, 297, 310, 311–12, Epigrams, 210–11 315, 322–4, 325, 327, 329

478 Index

Minerva. See Athena Olympus, 17, 63, 66, 70, 107, 267, 339, 368 miniaturisation, 96, 244, 348 Onatas, 253–73, 274 miracles. See aret¯e, aretalogy opsis, 10, 39, 55, 150, 215–44, 245, 256, 263, mirrors, 6, 70, 178, 189, 190, 207, 222–3, 231, 266, 271, 272, 275, 287, 288, 290, 292, 234, 258 385 Mitchell, Margaret, 22 oracles, 10, 53, 54, 75, 151, 152, 154, 219, 236, moly, 215–45, 249, 251, 385 247, 251, 271, 272, 277, 306, 316, 320 monotheism, 11–12, 20–3, 102, 236, 387 Orchomenos, 99 Moschus, 206 Oropos. See Amphiaraos mouseion, museum, 164, 172 Osiris, 146 Mucianus, 382 Ouranos, 4, 195 Muses, 31–53, 55, 59, 69, 70, 170, 172, 319 Ovid Mylasa, 146, 157, 158 Amores, 314 Myron, 40, 93, 188, 198, 204 Fasti, 270 myrtle, 1, 99 Metamorphoses, 2, 22, 177, 196, 206 mystery cult, 40, 42, 66, 144, 220–4, 263, 288, Tristia, 177 340, 368, 369, 370 paideia, 5, 8, 26, 27, 216, 217, 226, 234, 239, Narcissus, 190, 222, 373, 375 241–3, 245, 250, 251, 253, 260, 262, 272, narrative, mythological, 52, 55, 56, 59, 62–3, 278, 282, 285, 295, 298, 307, 320, 332, 66, 71, 72, 74, 87, 96, 107, 111–13, 337, 340, 384, 385, 386, 390, 392 115–18, 154, 176–9, 209, 240, 337–40, painting, 1–7, 23, 41, 47, 167, 182, 186, 188, 349, 355–69, 377–80, 386–9 191–3, 194–5, 197–8, 205, 228, 267, 268, naturalism, 2, 24, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37, 42, 48, 49, 270, 272, 298, 309–10, 313–15, 325, 346, 72, 78–83, 84, 89, 93, 96, 98, 100, 101, 106, 355–63, 364, 370, 372–6 108, 114–23, 136, 173, 174, 181, 183–6, see also vase-painting 188, 189–94, 196, 197–8, 201–3, 204, 211, Palladion, Trojan, 19, 78, 93–6, 98, 114, 115, 257, 267, 274, 298, 310, 322, 329, 339, 118, 122, 175–6, 178, 268 344, 356, 362, 374, 376, 377, 387, 391 see also images, sacred: palladia Naxos, 99, 337, 350, 379 Pan, 16, 43, 55, 56, 63, 98, 147 Neoplatonism, 330 Luterios, 56 Nightingale, Andrea, 60, 297 Panamara, 157, 158 Nock,A.D,143, 303, 307, 340, 342, 370, Panathenaia, 92, 105, 107 390 Pandora, 85, 111–13 Nonnus, 177 Panhellenion, 217 nostalgia, 133, 136, 215, 217, 227, 230, 248, Paris, 191, 201 273, 292, 386 Parmenides, 60 novel, Greek, 10, 16, 206, 275, 286, 298, 301 Parmenion, 77, 78–82, 122, 174, 192, 195, 211, see also Heliodorus; Longus; Xenophon of 264, 393 Ephesus parousia, 144 nudity, 1, 6, 175, 181, 183–8, 191, 199–203, Parrhasius, 167, 267 205, 208, 210, 246, 268, 282, 315, 323, Pausanias, Peri¯eg¯esis, 8, 14, 16, 18, 19, 36, 40, 335, 353, 366, 371, 373 42, 57, 101, 103, 108, 141, 177, 198, 222, nympholeptoi, 42 224, 236, 242, 250, 251, 252, 254, 260, Nymphs, 5, 42, 43, 101, 275, 319 278, 301, 393 Nyx, 136, 364 on dreams, 256, 259, 266–75, 276, 279, 286, 287, 290–2 Odysseus, 15, 57, 64, 69, 243, 244, 245, 262, on epiphanies, 26, 56, 108, 146, 147, 155, 296, 332 218–20, 237–8, 268–70, 287, 290–2, 391 Olba, Cilicia, 102, 104 on sacred images, 26, 35, 80, 82, 83, 84, 85, Olympia, 61, 80, 86, 101, 106, 107, 109, 112, 89, 91, 92, 93, 97, 98, 99, 100, 105, 106, 130, 133, 135, 150, 204, 221, 225–8, 267, 110, 111, 112, 119, 125, 126, 129, 130, 268–70, 272, 297, 305, 308, 318, 321, 324, 131, 135, 215, 220–6, 231, 234, 258, 331 270–5, 281, 282, 290, 299, 304

Index 479

peer polity interaction, 25, 156 Phye, 15, 17, 48 Peisistratus, 15, 17, 48 Phylarchos, 149 Pellene, 14, 16, 17–20, 269 piety, 26, 38, 58, 70, 133, 135, 160, 177, 216, perception (aisth¯esis), 7, 10, 11, 33, 57, 59, 192, 224, 227, 228, 235, 251, 255, 260, 272, 222, 226, 230, 239, 253, 297, 318, 320, 295, 320, 349, 392 323, 324, 325, 326 pilgrimage, 11, 23, 26, 45, 46, 47, 60, 174, 216, performance, 3, 4, 7, 16, 17, 18, 19, 25, 36, 48, 223, 250, 251, 261, 265, 293, 296–7, 299, 61, 65, 71, 73, 103, 145, 148, 171, 174, 175, 302–4, 307, 308, 311, 393 178, 180, 181, 216, 289, 320, 362, 367, 368 Pindar, 53, 73, 256, 267, 288, 368 Pergamon Plato, 6, 20, 27, 60, 71, 81, 111, 121, 172, 192, Great Altar, 25, 136–40, 141, 153, 172, 392 204, 222, 228, 230, 231, 233, 242, 255, 284, Library, 170–3, 383 286, 295, 297, 317, 323, 325, 326, 327, 328 Sanctuary of Asclepius, 7, 172, 251, 256, 260, Apology, 296 261 Ion, 71 Sanctuary of Athena, 172–3 Laws, 23, 55, 104, 255 Pericles, 16, 35, 85, 108, 110, 111 Phaedrus, 229, 249 Persephone, 34, 66, 126, 130, 224, 267, 270, Republic, 13, 122, 222, 233, 297, 320 337, 339, 346, 349, 355–62, 363, 369, 386, Symposium, 236, 255, 281, 331, 385 387 Timaeus, 11, 233, 236, 253, 324 Persians, 15, 94, 96, 102, 152, 156, 157, 165, Plato (epigrammatist), 181, 186, 189, 191, 199, 166, 168, 169, 219, 239, 244, 313 202, 203, 323 Pﬁster, Friedrich, 9 Pliny the Elder, 5, 99, 111, 166, 184, 186, 187, phainesthai, 56, 57, 159, 297, 324 195, 196, 227, 300, 338, 348, 349, 356, 382 phantasia, 3, 27, 192, 223, 230–1, 234, 239, 242, Plutarch, 8, 11, 13, 18, 83, 84, 87, 92, 93, 94, 245, 250, 253, 272, 275, 293–329, 332, 111, 156, 167, 231, 232, 236, 242, 253, 254, 367, 368, 384, 385, 389 257, 278, 280, 282, 320, 327, 329, 367, 371 phasma, 14, 55, 238, 255, 257, 275, 318, 319 Life of Aratus, 13–20, 22, 269 Pherecydes, 177 Life of Demetrius, 143, 144 phiale. See libation Life of Lucullus, 16, 154 Phidias, 24, 25, 78, 80, 83–91, 98, 101, 103, Life of Pericles, 16, 38, 108, 110, 111, 135 105–14, 126, 130, 132, 133, 135, 170, 171, Pluto. See Hades 172, 176, 202, 204, 221, 224–8, 229, Plynteria, 92, 175 231–5, 239, 250, 262, 267, 281, 282, 295, Polyaenus, 15, 16, 199 297, 308, 311, 322, 323, 324, 325, 332, 392 Polybius, 87, 141, 149, 156, 232 see also Athena, Parthenos; Zeus, Olympian Polyclitus, 77, 79, 83, 98, 103, 114, 122, 174, Phigalia. See Demeter, of Phigalia 211, 393 Philippides, 55 Polygnotus, 197 Philo, 314 polytheism, 12, 20, 22, 51–2, 57–8, 75, 102 Philochorus, 109, 135 Pompeii, 344, 370, 372–6 Philodemus, 11, 23 Porphyry, 106 Philostratus, 11, 20, 26, 226, 230, 234, 278 Porter, James, 223, 273 Heroicus, 7, 14, 26, 221, 222, 223, 237, 238, portraiture, 101, 108, 109, 133–4, 135, 140, 240–52, 253, 259, 260, 262, 298, 306, 307, 141, 142, 182, 189, 204, 264, 265, 280, 308, 309, 317, 318, 323, 332, 385–6, 391 338, 339, 344, 376, 377–84, 385, 386–9 Imagines, 1–7, 8, 12, 13, 14, 19, 22, 71, 173, Poseidon, 58, 59, 67, 102, 107, 108, 130, 137, 206, 210, 217, 248, 298, 305, 309–10, 311, 154, 219, 223, 224, 225, 270 393 Posidippus, 181, 184, 205, 206 Life of Apollonius of Tyana, 7, 25, 26, 80, 84, Praxiteles, 25, 84, 114, 118, 126, 130, 181, 231, 239, 242, 244, 247, 249, 252, 183–91, 195–6, 199, 201–3, 204, 209, 282, 293–332, 389 322, 323, 382 Lives of the Sophists, 7, 215, 281, 298, prayer, 4, 36, 39, 45, 144, 303 314 priests, priestesses, 15, 16, 18, 19, 91, 103, 106, Philostratus the Younger, 325 160, 165, 167, 172, 175, 254, 256, 266, Phryne, 195, 201, 451 267, 273, 274, 302, 303, 341

480 Index

processions, 17, 22, 73, 105, 107, 137, 159 Sagra, river, 147, 238 Prodicus, 313–16, 320, 324, 329 Salamis, battle of, 10, 84, 219 Prometheus, 113 Salmoneus, 197–9, 203 Propertius, 379 Sappho, 1, 3, 4, 19 Proserpina. See Persephone Hymn to Aphrodite, 3–4, 8 prosopopoeia, 193, 202, 217, 232, 234, 235, 392 sarcophagi Protesilaos, 240–50, 253, 262, 317, 346, 385, Attic, 338, 339 386 Roman, 27, 335–93 proxenos, 132, 134 Schefold, Karl, 88 Ptolemaic kings, 124, 142, 143, 152, 165, 166, Scopas, 281, 282 168 sculpture puriﬁcation, 168, 274 athletic, 239, 247, 272, 305 Pygmalion, 2, 183, 195, 200, 206, 257 friezes, 94, 107, 115–19, 136–40 Pyrrhus, 155, 219 grave reliefs, Attic, 377 Pythagoreanism, 295, 305, 315, 316–18, 319, pedimental, 84, 93, 107, 112, 130, 137, 320, 327, 329, 340, 368 392 see also images, sacred; portraiture; Quintilian, 80, 227, 267 sarcophagi; votive reliefs sea, 4, 5, 66, 97, 112, 191–3, 194, 267 rape, 58, 94, 96, 198, 200, 337, 350, 355, 363, Seasons, 347, 348, 365 368 Second Sophistic, 7, 26, 27, 82, 88, 293–332, see also abduction 337–40, 385–6, 390, 392, 393 reciprocity, 33, 37, 39, 48, 73, 90, 143, 145, secularism, 10, 16, 20, 49, 81, 106, 172, 215, 158 340, 341, 370 religio, 343, 384 Selene, 335, 336, 337, 339, 340, 341, 349, replication, 79, 86–8, 89, 122, 170, 208, 215, 350–4, 363–9, 371–5, 377–80, 389 227, 271, 272, 283, 382 Seleucid kings, 124, 140, 142, 152 resurrection, 21, 249, 340, 341, 345, 346, 390 Semele, 12, 57, 177 Rhea Silvia, 350, 351, 364, 366, 368, 371, 375, Seneca, 80, 109, 177, 227, 355 380 Serapis, 262, 263, 277, 303, 307 Rhodes, 103, 139, 169, 294 Sextus Empiricus, 23 see also Lindos, Sanctuary of Athena shuddering (phrik¯e), 14, 243, 248 ritual, 3, 49, 216, 241, 390 Sicyon, 13, 100 function of images, 90, 91, 93, 97, 100, signs, s¯emata, 18, 22, 39, 54, 57–9, 63, 66–8, 71, 105–6, 108, 117, 119, 122, 132, 133, 137, 76, 97, 104, 108, 119, 134, 145, 147, 150, 167, 189, 384 165, 167, 168, 173, 181, 216, 218, 225, funerary, 338, 341, 343, 348, 354, 362, 364, 226, 228, 231, 246, 251, 253, 254, 277, 371, 381, 384 279, 286, 308, 328, 355, 389 generation of epiphany, 4, 7, 17, 37, 55, 72, Simonides, 23, 280 90, 103, 122, 176, 177, 222, 255, 273, 331 Smyrna, 155, 261, 264, 265, 266 modes of viewing, 20, 24, 31, 33, 47, 48, 72, snakes, 45, 218, 268, 269, 367 73, 74, 78, 81, 84, 97, 133, 135, 170, 384 Socrates, 233, 236, 254, 296, 297, 298, 313, 315, performance, 7, 17, 61, 103, 175 318, 327, 332 as representation, 33, 36, 42 sophia, 3, 5, 216, 217, 223, 224, 228, 239, 243, response to epiphany, 55, 56, 151, 153, 244, 245, 249, 294–7, 299, 309, 311, 315, 158–60, 166, 167, 303 317, 319, 320, 322, 324, 326, 327, 332, ritualisation, 61, 74–6, 259 389 Rome, 27, 141, 157, 235, 252, 319, 327, 335–91 sophists, 3, 4, 234, 262, 265, 278, 281, 313, 315, Rosetta Stone, 142 338 ruler cult, 124, 142–6, 391 Sophocles, 197, 248, 254, 288 Rutherford, Ian, 11 sophrosun¯e, 136 Sosipolis, 268–70, 274, 275 sacriﬁce, 22, 33, 39, 55, 66, 72, 106, 137, 139, Sot¯ ¯er,Soteria,14, 18, 19, 142, 143, 146, 154, 146, 154, 159, 160, 166, 255, 295 155, 156, 157, 159, 168, 269

Index 481

Sparta, 15, 99, 266, 267, 275, 315, 331, 339 thrones, empty, 102–4 spectacle, 17, 48, 142, 143, 160, 269, 348, 362, Thucydides, 35, 78, 90, 110, 111, 140, 280, 366 281 Statius, 177, 189 thunder, lightning, 10, 65, 89, 102, 104, 150, Steiner, Deborah Tarn, 111 166, 197, 198, 225 Stoicism, 23, 139, 192, 227, 228, 230, 282, 285, Timon of Phlius, 170, 171 323, 324, 325, 326 tombs Strabo, 80, 87, 89, 103, 130, 147, 149, 150, 153, Greek, 134, 241, 247, 249, 261, 309, 355, 172, 229, 232, 300, 308 356, 357, 358, 362: see also heroon Stratonikeia, 10, 150, 157 Roman, 27, 335–90, 393 sublime, 223, 225, 251, 273 trees, 99, 107, 180 synaesthesia, 3, 7 Trophonius, 236, 251, 315, 320, 329 syngeneia, 154 Troy, 15, 19, 62, 66, 78, 95, 96, 98, 107, 114, Syrian Goddess, 103, 242 115, 165, 166, 175, 191, 219, 237, 239, see also Lucian, On the Syrian Goddess 241, 245, 246, 247, 251, 252, 309, 331 Syriskos, 148–9, 165, 391 tuposis¯ , 192, 204, 230, 323, 328

Tabula of Cebes, 299, 314, 315 Valerius Maximus, 87, 108, 135 Tacitus, 300, 301, 337 Varro, 53 talismans, 19, 20, 93–6, 100, 158, 268 vase-painting, 34, 87, 93–6, 115, 118, 120–3, Tanner, Jeremy, 42, 43, 78 337, 355 techn¯e, 3, 5, 24, 31, 54, 68, 80, 82, 83, 85, 89, 90, veliﬁcatio, 353, 359, 366, 371 97, 106, 109, 112, 113, 114, 132–3, 139, Vergina, Tomb of Persephone, 355–8, 362 145, 151, 172, 173, 183, 186, 190, 193–7, Vernant, Jean-Pierre, 9, 276 201, 211, 221, 225, 226, 228, 230, 232, Virgil, 197, 223, 240 235, 271, 272, 274, 318, 319, 392 vision. See opsis Teiresias, 176–9, 199 visuality, 10, 26, 49, 281 Telephos, 137, 153, 166 Vitruvius, 99, 153 Tertullian, 20, 92 votive dedications, 3, 24, 31, 35, 38, 49, 61, 74, Thanatos, 355 77, 90, 91, 106, 129, 158, 161–9, 182, 210, thauma, 3, 5, 56, 64, 65, 68, 70, 72, 90, 106, 218, 219, 264, 273, 293 108, 112, 271, 272, 299, 302, 305, 308 votive reliefs, 24, 31–50, 54, 55, 62, 72–5, 77, theama, 13, 89, 114, 229, 269 82, 118, 119, 391 theatre, Greek, 9, 17, 58, 78, 102 voyeurism, 80, 118, 177, 178, 199, 208, 367, Thebes, 97, 99 372 theios an¯er, 26, 231, 294, 295, 306, 329–32 themis, divine law, 80, 199, 201, 202 weaving, 3, 113, 207, 208 Themistius, 314 Wollheim, Richard, 47, 48 Theocritus, 186 wood, wooden images, 6, 50, 80, 83–4, 85, Theophania, 157, 331 92–100, 104, 105, 107, 144, 145, 176, theoria¯ , 11, 23, 60, 73, 77, 134, 154, 174, 186, 271 211, 220, 223, 226, 251, 252, 257, 263, 267, 274, 296–7, 301, 304, 307, 308, 311, Xenophanes, 52, 53, 59, 102, 145, 285 313, 317, 318, 321, 328, 330, 335 Xenophon of Athens, 296, 298, 313, 314, 315, theosebeia, 132, 133, 139, 151, 173, 186, 272, 316, 319 392 Xenophon of Ephesus, 16, 254 theriomorphism, 45, 46, 67, 228, 271, 274, 297, xoanon, 24, 92–100, 101, 104, 106, 117, 119, 321, 322 133, 167, 176, 215, 266, 267, 271, 272, Thespesion, 297, 312–15, 320–3, 325, 326, 332 273, 274, 303 Thomas, St, 21, 332 Thomas, Yan, 343 Zeus, 5, 10, 12, 22, 51, 57, 66, 67, 69, 77, 80, 96, thresholds, boundaries, 35, 37, 65, 67, 117, 97, 102, 137–9, 149, 168, 177, 197–9, 204, 118, 253, 257, 276, 329, 335, 343, 344–8, 211, 224, 246, 267, 316, 318, 331 354, 362, 364, 369, 384, 385, 386 Kataibates, 104, 225

482 Index

Zeus (cont.) Osogo, 157, 158 Meilichios, 39, 100 Pais, 16, 270 of Olba, 102–4 Panamaros, 150, 157 Olympian, 80, 86–90, 101–2, 103, 106, 110, Philios, 102 112, 130, 133, 135, 176, 204, 221, 224–8, Sabazios, 139, 146 231–5, 250, 293–323, 324–5, 332 Tropaios, 139