LĪBIEŠI SENATNĒ the LIVS in ANTIQUITY R

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LĪBIEŠI SENATNĒ the LIVS in ANTIQUITY R www.RodnoVery.ru www.RodnoVery.ru LĪBIEŠI SENATNĒ THE LIVS IN ANTIQUITY www.RodnoVery.ru r KlL T C K KAPITĀLA FONDS Izdevums tapis ar Kultūrkapitāla fonda atbalstu This publication has been supported by a grant from the Culture Capital Foundation of Latvia Teksta autori: J. Ciglis, S. Zirne, I. Žeiere Tulkojums angļu valodā: Valdis Bērziņš Māksliniece: Aina Alksne-Alksnīte Fotogrāfs: Roberts Kaniņš Text: J. Ciglis, S. Zirne, I. Žeiere English translation: Valdis Bērziņš Illustrations: Aina Alksne-Alksnīte Photograph: Roberts Kaniņš Vaka noformējumam izmantota važiņrota no Ikšķiles 45. kapa R D M I 2238a, R. Kalniņa foto Cover illustration: chain ornament from burial 45, Ikšķile. Photo: R. Kalniņš. Izdošanai sagatavots un drukāts: SIA “N.I.M.S.” Valodas korektore: I. Gorenko Datormaketētāja: S. Lipska Prepared for publication and printed by N.I.M.S. Ltd Literature editor: I. Gorenko Lay-out designer: S. Lipska © Latvijas Vēstures muzejs ISBN 9984-9485-I-X © tulkojums angļu vai. Valdis Bērziņš www.RodnoVery.ru SATURS CONTENTS Ievads........................................................................ 5 Introduction............................................................... 5 Lībiešu etniskās vēstures izpēte........................6 Research on the ethnic history of the Livs........6 Lībiešu apdzīvotā teritorija un The Liv-populated area and sabiedrības sociālā struktūra........................ 10 Liv social structure................................................. 10 Lībiešu kultūras uzplaukums The Rise of Liv Culture in 10.-13. gadsim tā...............................................16 the 10th- 13th Centuries.......................................16 Apbedīšanas tradīcijas.................................1 6 Burial practices..................................................16 Apģērbs un rotas........................................20 Costume and ornaments................................. 20 Nodarbošanās................................................34 Occupations........................................................34 Reliģiskie priekšstati un ticējumi............. 42 Religious ideas and beliefs.............................42 Lībiešu dzīvesvietas, Rīgas lībieši........... 46 Liv settlements. The Riga Livs.....................46 Izmantotā literatūra...........................................51 Literature................................................................. 5 1 www.RodnoVery.ru IEVADS INTRODUCTION Lībieši ir viena no Latvijas pamattautām ar The Livs are among the indigenous inhabitants senu un savdabīgu kultūru un sarežģītu vēsturi. of Latvia, with an ancient and unusual culture and Tie ietilpst Baltijas somugru tautību lokā un a complicated history. They belong to the Finnic iekļaujas Baltijas jūras somu valodas dienvidu group of peoples and Liv is included in the southern grupā. Lībiešu etnoģenēze vēl pilnībā nav group of Finnic languages. The ethnic origin of the noskaidrota, jo gan jautājumā par Baltijas Livs has not yet been established with certainty, somu, gan lībiešu kā to pēcteču izcelsmi and there is still no consensus among researchers zinātnieku vidū nav vienprātības, turklāt on the origins of the Livs and their descendants, pieejamais materiāls ir pretrunīgs. the available evidence being contradictory. Konkrētāk par lībiešu kultūras attīstību We can speak more specifically of Liv cultural var runāt kopš 10. gadsimta, kad Daugavas development from the 10th century onwards, when lejtecē parādās jauni, līdz šim nezināmi new sites, unknown in previous periods and pieminekļi, kurus saista ar šo tautu. connected with the Livs, appear on the lower Arheoloģijas dati neapstiprina dažu autoru Daugava. Archaeological data does not support the viedokli par Daugavas un Gaujas lībiešu view put forward by some authors regarding the vietējo izcelsmi. local origin of the Daugava and Gauja Livs. Rakstītajos vēstures avotos ziņas par Written sources provide information about the lībiešiem atrodamas, sākot ar 11. gadsimtu, Livs from the 11th century onwards, where they kad tie pieminēti skandināvu rūnu rakstos. are mentioned in Scandinavian runes. For the 12th 12. gadsimtā informācija par lībiešiem century, evidence concerning the Livs is also to be iegūstama arī Nestora hronikā, savukārt found in the Chronicle of Nestor, and the greatest visplašākās ziņas lasāmas Indriķa hronikā. amount of material occurs in the Chronicle of Kurzemē lībiešu vārds vēstures avotos lasāms Henry of Livonia. In Kurzeme, the Livs are named tikai kopš 14. gadsimta. Pirms tam minēta in historical sources only since the 14th century. kāda etniskā grupa - vendi, par kuras Before this, mention is made of an ethnic group, izcelsmi arī pastāv dažādi uzskati. Izstādes the Vends, on whose origins views vary. The authors autori Baltijas somu iedzīvotājus Kurzemē of the exhibition connect the Finnic inhabitants of 10.-14. gadsimtā saista ar vendiem. Kurzeme in the 10th—14th century with the Vends. Lībieši bija pirmie, pret kuriem The Livs were the first people against whom the 13. gadsimta sākumā tika vērsta vācu ieka­ German invaders turned their aggression in the early rotāju agresija Latvijā. Līdz ar to tie pirmie arī 13th century. Thus, they were also the first to be nokļuva vācu pakļautībā. Pēc lībiešu apdzīvotās subjugated by the Germans. All of the conquered zemes nosaukuma visa pakļautā teritorija tika territory was referred to as Livonia, after the name nosaukta par Livoniju, un vēstures attīstības given to the lands populated by the Livs, and in the gaitā šis nosaukums tika attiecināts uz visu future course of history this name was applied to all iekaroto Austrumbaltijas teritoriju. conquered lands in the East Baltic. Patlaban pieejamie arheoloģijas materiāli Currently available archaeological evidence liecina, ka lībiešu kā etnosa izcelšanās shows that the origin of the Livs as an ethnic group 10. gadsimtā nav bijusi vienkārša - to in the 10th century was not simple: it included veidojušas vairākas etniskās grupas, kas several components that affected the course of dažādos laika posmos ietekmējušas attīstības development at various times. The Scandinavians gaitu. Sākotnējā lībiešu veidošanās posmā had an important role in the initial period of liels iespaids bijis skandināviem. 12. gadsimtā formation. In the 12th century, the Finnic peoples lībiešu kultūras attīstību iespaidojuši somi. also influenced the development of Liv culture. Ilgstoši dzīvojot līdzās baltiem, lībieši lielā Having lived alongside the Balts for an extended mērā ietekmējās arī no viņu kultūras un, period, the Livs too, were strongly influenced by iekļaujoties kopējā sabiedrības attīstības this culture and, joining in a common process of procesā, pakāpeniski kļuva par tās neat­ social development, they gradually came to form ņemamu sastāvdaļu. an integral part of that culture. 5 www.RodnoVery.ru LlBIEŠU e t n is k ā s v ē s t u r e s RESEARCH ON THE ETHNIC IZPĒTE HISTORY OF THE LIVS Lībiešu etnoģenēzes problēmām Latvijā Researchers already began to turn their pētnieki sāka pievērst uzmanību jau attention to the question of Liv ethnic origins in 18. gadsimta otrajā pusē un 19. gadsimta the second half of the 18th and early 19th century, sākumā, taču viņu izteikumiem nebija but their assertions were without any scientific zinātniskā pamatojuma, jo avotu bāze bija basis, since the sources available to them were nepietiekama. Senākie pētnieki A. L. Šlecers, insufficient. The earlier researchers, such as kas publicēja mācītāju piesūtītos tekstus (49; A. L. Schloser, who published texts submitted by 79, 33. lpp.), un K. F. Vatsons (70) uzskatīja, pastors (1; 77, 33) and K. F. Watson (70), ka lībieši bijuši daļa somu iedzīvotāju, kas considered that the Livs formed part of a Finnic senatnē apdzīvojuši ievērojamu Baltijas daļu un population inhabiting a large area of the Baltic in ko tikai vēlāk baltu ciltis atspiedušas uz jūras the ancient past and were only later pushed back piekrasti. Pēc Šegrēna pierakstiem F. J. Vīde- to the very coast by the Baltic tribes. The Liv- mana izdotā lībiešu-vācu un vācu-lībiešu German and German-Liv dictionary (50), vārdnīca (50), gramatika un valodas teksti (51) grammar and texts (51) published by deva iespēju lībiešu valodu salīdzināt ar citām F. J. Wiedemann after notes by Sjorgen, permitted radniecīgām valodām. 1866. gadā izdotajā darbā comparison between Liv and other kindred somu valodnieks J. Koskinens, pamatojoties uz languages. In a work published in 1866, Finnish dažiem lībiešu un karēļu valodai kopīgiem linguist J. Koskinen, based on some common elementiem, izteica pieņēmumu, ka lībieši uz elements between Liv and Karelian languages, Rīgas jūras līča piekrasti ieceļojuši no Karēlijas suggested that the Livs had immigrated to the coast aptuveni 8. gadsimtā (85, 33. lpp.). O. Donnels of the Gulf of Riga from Karelia in approximately uzsvēra lībiešu valodas lielu radniecību ar vepsu the 8th century (83, 33). O. Donnell emphasised un lapu valodu (61, 20. lpp.). Dāņu valodnieks that Liv was closely related to Veps and Sami (61, V. Tomsens (W. Thomsen), apšaubot lībiešu 20). Danish linguist W. Thomsen, questioning any valodas tuvu radniecību ar karēļu un vepsu close relationship with Karelian and Veps, valodu, atbalsta domu, ka lībieši un igauņi supported the view that the Livs and Estonians izceļojuši no agrākajām dzīvesvietām pie Ladogas had emigrated from their previous home at Lakes un Oņegas ezera aptuveni 8. un 9. gadsimtā (34, Ladoga and Onega in around the 8th or 9th 42. lpp.). A. Bīlenšteins rakstīja, ka lībieši un century
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