Identity, Morphometry and Historical Change of The
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
IDENTITY, MORPHOMETRY AND HISTORICAL CHANGE OF THE LAGUNA ENCANTADA IN GUELATAO DE JUÁREZ, OAXACA, MEXICO RICARDO CLARK-TAPIA, MARIO FUENTE CARRASCO, VIVIANA RODRÍGUEZ-RIVERA, CRYSTIAN SADIEL VENEGAS- BARRERA, JORGE E. CAMPOS, MARÍA DELFINA LUNA-KRAULETZ, ANGELA VELASCO-GARCÍA, FANNY GARVEY, RAÚL JOSÉ SILVA GANDARILLAS and CECILIA ALFONSO-CORRADO SUMMARY Socially and culturally, the Laguna Encantada (‘Enchant- analyzed utilizing satellite photography and repeat landscape ed Lagoon’) in Guelatao de Juárez, Oaxaca state, is one of images. The results indicate that the system called the Lagu- the most important bodies of water in Mexico. In this study na Encantada is a circular lake with2 a convex tray of 7.20m morphometrical findings and an historical analysis of mor- maximum depth, an area of 11,610m , and a maximum length phological changes over the past 400 years is presented. of 131m. Between 1960 and 2010, there was an increase in The objective was to provide data about the changes of the those dimensions. It has experienced diverse transformations Laguna Encantada that will contribute to understand inter- in its dimensions, the most notable happening in the 20th active processes between nature and society. The study was century. Hydrologic and morphometric information, and re- performed from a landscape perspective, integrating batimet- cent transformations, along with landscape reassessment in rical parameters, superficial and subsurface morphometrical relation to scenery and eco-tourism, are deemed necessary dimensions, and historical modification processes were also for the management of the system. KEYWORDS / Bathymetry / Culture / Human Change / Repeat Images / Received: 02/26/2014. Modified: 01/15/2015. Accepted: 01/17/2015. Ricardo Clark Tapia. M.Sc. and Doctor of Science, Instituto de Ecología (IE), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM). Professor-Researcher, Instituto de Estudios Ambientales (IEO), Universidad de la Sierra de Juárez (UNSIJ). Av. Universidad S/N, Ixtlán de Juárez, Oaxaca, 68725. México. e-mail: [email protected] Mario Fuente Carrasco. Biologist, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM-Xochimilco), Mexico. Doctor in Environmental Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Mexico. Professor-Researcher. IEO-UNSIJ, Mexico. e-mail: [email protected] Viviana Rodríguez-Rivera. Chemical Engineer and M.Sc. in Natural Resources Conservation, UNSIJ, Mexico. Professor, UNSIJ, Mexico. e-mail: [email protected] Crystian Sadiel Venegas-Barrera. Biologist, M.Sc. and Doctor of Sciences, CIBNOR, Mexico. en Ciencias CIBNOR La Paz Baja California Sur, México. Professor-Researcher. Instituto Tecnológico de Ciudad Victoria, Mexico. e-mail: [email protected] Jorge E. Campos. Biochemical Engineer, Instituto Tecnológico de Jiquilpan, Mexico. Doctor of Sciences, CINVESTAV, Mexico Professor, UNAM-Iztacala. e-mail: [email protected] María Delfina Luna-Krauletz. Biologist, Instituto Tecnológico del Valle de Oaxaca, Mexico. M.Sc. in Use and Managment of Natural Resources, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico. (CIIDIR-OAX). Línea de investigación desarrollo comunitario y manejo de fauna. Professor-Researcher. IEO-UNSIJ, Mexico. e-mail: [email protected] Angela Velasco-García. Graduate in Environmental Sciences, UNSIJ, Mexico. e-mail: ange- [email protected] Fanny Garvey. Master of Arts. University of Sussex, UK. Professor-Researcher, Nova Universitas, Mexico. e-mail: [email protected] Raúl José Silva Gandarillas. Graduate in Law, Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca, Mexico. Coordinator, Club de Pesca Antequera de Oaxaca, Mexico. e-mail: [email protected] Cecilia Alfonso-Corrado. Biologist, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Mexico. Doctor of Science, IE-UNAM, Mexico. Línea de investigación Ecología, Conservación y Genética. Professor-Researcher, IEO-UNSIJ, Mexico. Address: Instituto de Estudios Ambientales, UNSIJ. Av. Universidad S/N, Ixtlán de Juárez, Oaxaca, 68725. México. e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] 100 0378-1844/14/07/468-08 $ 3.00/0 FEBRUARY 2015, VOL. 40 Nº 2 andscape is a dynamic, multidimen- changes at the Laguna Encantada are not tributaries. The lagoon’s original vegeta- sional environmental entity upon well known, making it difficult to link tion cover was an oak-pine forest that which are delineated the impacts of societal activities to changes in dimension surrounded it. This was completely re- integrated social, cultural and economic and depth. placed by cultivated fields that were activities (Troll, 2003; Jansen and Pérez, Lacustrine systems are abandoned between 1970 and 1980, and 2008; Berroterán and González, 2010). an excellent way to chronicle environ- then replanted with induced vegetation These factors may also simultaneously mental history and also to reconstruct and deciduous forest (Von Thaden- constitute a planning unit (Davidson- successive modifications that have oc- Ugalde, 2012). The body of water con- Hunt, 2003; Berroterán and González, curred during centuries of social experi- tains floating hydrophytic vegetation that 2010). Bodies of water, particularly lakes ence (Fisher, 2007; Hui et al., 2008). A is continuously removed as part of clean- and lagoons, have been used and modi- complementary paired analysis of histori- ing activities in the community. The sys- fied in various ways by humans accord- cal and modern images permits knowl- tem has an exit gate located on the south ing to their necessity (Rico et al., 1995; edge of changes that have occurred over west side whose effluent flow rate is Fisher, 2007; Alcocer and Bernal-Brooks, time, and creates an historical profile of 2.16m3 per day, coursing through farm- 2010). These activities can indicate rele- the landscape that may be used to predict land and later into the Rio Grande, a trib- vant historical and economic changes to future changes (Moseley, 2006; Hendrick utary of the Papaloapan watershed. One the lacustrine landscape (Nicholson, 1998; and Copenheaver, 2009). In rural commu- of the most recent modifications to the Hui et al., 2008; Obregón et al., 2011). nities, where information is lacking, the body of water was made in 1985: the In the Sierra Juárez use of paired images (Hendrick and construction of an artificial waterfall with mountain range of Oaxaca, Mexico, Copenheaver, 2009) in conjunction with a flow rate of 43.2m3 per day on the east there lies a body of water called the satellite images (Jakobsson et al., 2007; slope. This flow is not continuous, due to Laguna Encantada (‘Enchanted Obregón et al., 2011) permits the recon- the conduit only being open 12-15 days Lagoon’), located in the center of the struction of changes in the environment. per month (Clark-Tapia et al., 2013). community of San Pablo Guelatao de The aim of this work is Juárez. This body of water is a land- to study the bathymetry and morphometry Bathymetric and morphometric analysis scape element that expresses a multidi- of the Laguna Encantada, along with his- mensional convergence between nature, torical changes in its dimensions, in order In November 2012, the culture, history and economy in a multi- to understand the processes of interaction contour of the body of water was geo- dimensional manner. Culturally, it is a between nature and society in the graphically referenced at 2m intervals regional reference point for Zapotec Guelatao community. with a Garmin GPS 12. Subsequently, identity, in that it expresses a diversity we established seven transects (three of mystical beliefs (Cordero, 2004; Methods north-south and four east-west) and two Morales, 2006). The etymology of the circularly located transects at 3m and 6m location’s name reflects this significance Study area from the perimeter. They were recorded (Cordero, 2004): guiela, laguna (lagoon) with a Hummingbird depth echo sounder and tao, encantada (supernatural-en- The community of (6-24 XHS 100SX with transducer and chanted). This lacustrine system is fur- Guelatao de Juárez is located 60km north frequency of 200 kHz) installed in a ther associated with the child-shepherd of the state capital of Oaxaca, Mexico, at LOWE fishing boat (model A1457). The who would become president of Mexico, 1600-2000masl. The region has a temper- depth recording was done at intervals of Benito Juárez García (Morales, 2006), ate sub-humid (Cw2big) and semi-warm 2m, geo-referencing each point with a and also is a distinctive element in the humid (ACw2hig) climate, with an annual Garmin GPS 12. Records obtained were productive and economic activities of the average temperature of 17.1°C and annual used to perform an interpolation of the community (Morales, 2006). rainfall of 834.3mm (Morales, 2006; continuous bathymetric surface, applying Despite the cultural and INEGI, 2008). The town is bordered on the spline method to the 12 nearest socio-economic relevance of this system, the north by the forest of Ixtlán de neighbors at a spatial resolution of 0.5m the basic morphometric and bathymetric Juárez; on the south by Santa María in ArcView 3.2 (ESRI, 1999). The GRID information that is critical for its manage- Chicomezuchil and Yahuiche; and on the file obtained was exported to the Idrisi ment is lacking (Montoya-Moreno, 2005; east by the town of Ixtlán de Juárez Selva ® program, developed by Clark Torres-Orozco, 2007). There is also the (Morales, 2006). The Laguna Encantada University, USA (Eastman, 2012). This need for implementation of limnological is centrally located in the town of program