CUNEI "ORM I NSCRI PT I ONS

RI N C HALDEAN , BABYLON IAN and ASSY A

COLLEC TIONS CONTAINED IN T HE

LIBRARY O" PIER PONT ORGAN J. M

CAT ALOGUED BY

" W T HE REV . . . N . . C H . JOH S, M A

“ ’ Lectur er on i n ueens Colle e Ca mbnd c Q g . g

NEW YOR K R R R . OBERT G IE COOKE, INC 1908

"O R E W O R D

O O C

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I

J J u J , Q . O O Q

I " J 3 ,

"O R E W O R D

T is quite true that American enterprise has been notable in the and n fields of material progress, and our distinction, ofte our has primacy, has been acknowledged in other lands. But it been often asserted that in the fields of scholarship we have fallen far behind ; that we have not only been compelled to go to the Universi ties of Europe for the higher education of our youth , but that our older scholars have failed to reach the distinction of those of other n la ds. This is too largely true, yet not wholly so . Certainly it has been true in those lines of study which require material for te i l a s a a search not to be had in this country. The edit ng of c s ic l m nu scripts must be done in lands where they are to be found in libraries

r or monasteries. Until very lately the study of the rich t easures excavated in the valleys of the Euphrates and Tigris, which have r given an entirely new view of primitive history and mythology, has e quired residence near the museums where these treasures are gathered, and it has been only brief and tantalizing vacations which American c rs s hola could give to their inspection. The same is true of the study of the monuments of Egypt. But we now have a body of younger scholars who are eager s to pursue the study of As yriology, and have made their first ess ay at a in origin l research the British Museum or the Louvre. Only within a few years have they found any material whatever for study in this country. I think the first small collection of tablets and seal cylinders was brought by me from Babylonia when in charge of the Wlolfe Expedition in 1 885 ; and not long after they became a the nuc eus for desired collection in the Metropolitan Museum.

was a and at all That expedition , which solely for explor tion , not for e a i w xc vat on , as followed some years later by the expedition of the

5 a a . . . s and University of Pennsylv ni , conducted by Dr J P Peter after ilrecht H s ward by Dr. J . H . Haynes and Dr. H . V. p , at the ite of the ancient city of Nippur, one of the three sites recommended

a by me , on my return from the ch rge of the Wolfe Expedition , for excavation by American scholars. The fine enterprise of the friends of the University of Pennsylvania provided the means for the very successful expedition at Nippur ; and the Sultan very graciously allowed a large part of the tablets and other things collected there to be brought to this country. From this material it has been pos

ilr n . sible for Professor H p echt a d his pupils, among whom Mr. A T.

s Clay deserves special mention , to do cholarly work which has added much to our knowledge of Babylonian history and the language and literature of that ancient people, and to the honor of the University of Pennsylvania and of American enterprise and scholarship in a new and difficult field . Of the fruits of the later expedition of the University of Chicago , at the ancient city of Adab , the third

r co m 1 site e m ended by me in 885 , it is as yet too early to speak. At the third of the three huge mounds recommended by the Wolfe d a Expe ition for exc vation , the capital of the famous Elder Sargon ,

an Anbar, long lost to maps, d a famous center of the Jewish dis n persio , not a spade has yet been struck by European or American

r explore s .

as a It is the chief object , I underst nd it, of Mr. Morgan in bringing to this country the written and figured monuments of the

a a su as ts ea r b - e rly E st, ch table , s l cylinde s, as reliefs or statues, to put within the reach of American scholars the material necessary

a n for dding to the k owledge of the world . Whatever is the fruit x ac r of e cavation by c edited expeditions, whether European or Amer

ma n a ican , must go to the Otto n Museum at Co st ntinople, except as the Turkish Government graciously presents it to those who have done the work. But a very large portion of such objects is dug up by the natives of th a a e country, who pursue this business assiduom and m n ge somehow to send them to the European capitals. It is desirable

s that such objects be not scattered and lost to scholar hip , but that

they be gathered into responsible and accessible collections. a in A portion of the large collection made by Mr. Morg n is cluded in the descriptions and translations given in this volume by “ s s As Mr. Johns. He has translated many text , publi hed in his " “ a syrian Doomsday Book Babylonian and Assyrian Laws , Contr cts ” and Letters and the three volumes of his Assyrian Deeds and Docu ” ments Recording the Transfer of Property. The present volume adds to the debt which the enlarging circle of Oriental scholars

r owe to one of their most competent membe s. It is particularly happy that so valuable a collection has come under his study, one in which the distinguished French scholar Scheilhas already found very choice material . Now that this fine collection is brought to this country, to be followed doubtless by other similar treasures, we may expect that our eager American scholars will find much more ’ to reward their search in Mr. Morgan s library.

WILLIAM HAYES WARD.

I N T R O D U C T I O N

"RA G M EN T O" T H E D ELU G E LEG E N D

I N T R O D U C T I O N

HE people of Mesopotamia, who occupied the basin of the two

great rivers Euphrates and Tigris, very early attained a civiliza

tion , which has had a wider influence on mankind than anything previous to the invention of printing and the revival of Greek learning.

I I Echoes of its f ar distant renown were heard in the classics and both Assyria and Babylon loom large on the political horizon of Israel and

Judah in the Bible. These ancient empires had passed away, and so long ago that the visitor to the ruins of Babylon or Nineveh was con tent to muse over past greatness and reconstruct from scattered and mythical traditions a dim picture of their glory. Had some spirit whispered that their history and even every-day doings would one dalyl be known again a modern scholar would have smiled in unbelief. A written memorials, if indeed such ancient and barbarous peoples could write, must long have perished . Papyrus or parchment frays out or an i ff decays, paper was not invented, d here s a widely di erent climate - l from the dust dry soil or rain ess sky of Egypt. Yet it has been even n so, not only have wall sculptures been uncovered in the places of a cient kings , depicting their battles , hunting, and even domestic scenes, but more wonderful still the most intimate details of private life, the s l n all law , literature, history, re igion, scie ce and arts, are fully de scribed in innumerable documents often little the worse for having been thousands of years buried beneath the soil .

Babylonia produced but few trees or stones of any size, but the mighty torrents of its rivers, when the snows melted in Armenia and the Caucasus, poured down annual floods that deposited sand and a r clay of the finest qu lity, eve ywhere that man did not interfere with his canals and dams to check and control the deluge. Hence brick became the staple building material and day the depository alike of the thoughts of early sages and the wants or wishes of the workaday folk. The clay was so tough that merely dried in the sun adobes orl unbum t bricks made excellent walls, that resist the pick and shove - r s and al to day with ma velou strength , when these w ls fell down the all changes of the seasons reduced them to earth again, so covering that lay beneath them with an impervious mantle of clay. The written records inscribed on tough clay or baked to a fine terra cotta, sufiered little in such a packing, and are often as sharp and clear to read as on the day they were written . A glance at many of the tablets in these collections will convince any one that the tablet is just as it left the hands of the writer. Only such documents as were r - deemed worthy of being prese ved were burnt, the every day matters c were written down on a lump of tough lay and dried in the sun .

The great danger to these is the tool of the digger. But where due care has been taken even unbaked tablets are none the worse for their long burial. 1 2 It is startling to realize that six thousand years ago most men and many women could write and read in that far off land at the mouths of the Tigris and Euphrates. Letters passed , not only between mon s r r r arch , gove no s and priests, but between husband and wife, brothe

a a . and sister, lovers or business partners, merch nts and their gents The cook sent the errand boy to the shopkeeper with an order for goods and the debtor paid his creditor with a request on clay to the s c banker ; while the creditor depo ited the same , like a heck, to stand to his credit till wanted . s The system of writing was once pictorial , then the picture sign became conventional representations of the objects intended , executed with a few bold strokes , without much artistic attempt to copy nature . Not that the artistic faculty was lacking, for contemporary engravings on precious stones, seals and amulets, show a power to depict men and animals with a lifelike energy never surpassed in antiquity. The necessity of writing m uch and fast overrode the desire for accurate portrayal and use superseded the need for it. As in

Egypt the exquisite little pictures which served as hieroglyphs , though -d a long preserved for literary works, gave place in every ay life to demotic script. Whether because the picture writing and its demotic s as tage are incomparably more ancient, or whether the use of clay the a writing material hastened the evolution , we have sc rcely any trace of either in the writings hitherto found . Two tablets discovered by Professor Scheiland the Monum ent Blau are almost the only relics s conven we have of thi stage . The history of the script begins when ional t pictures are constructed solely of straight lines , the arc of the ffi u t curve replacing the line , and it is with the greatest di c l y that we can conjecture from them what the original picture denoted.

The process was hastened by a natural law of writing in general . s lithe The sign that once tood for a cow, , was used to denote the syllable lit; but when the scribe wished to write lit he no longer as thought of a cow as the sign he should use . As long the sign e lit e so as could be recogniz d to be , there was no ne d to form it to s suggest a cow. So complicated signs , tediou to draw, were simpli fied by continual omission of strokes till likeness to earlier forms was u re gone . Signs, too, that once were distinct , became conf sed and hlu s . a mas h a mas placed by one ign Thus, "re d , and denoting half, , i bar and b r a was combined w th L read , replaced y one sign , e d either mask or bar. 1 3 The scribe caref ully selected his clay and formed it into an oblong a c ke , which he held in his left hand . If he meant to write on both sides , when he turned over the pressure would obliterate his writing. s h So he u ually made the obverse quite flat , and t en , the pressure being all v the same o er the surface , very little damage was done . In order to free the clay from grit and pebbles , the scribe often rolled out the clay into a thin sheet , then doubled it up , or made a roll of it . He s his did not alway get all the air squeezed out , and when he baked off a was tablet pieces flew , or in after years , when small fracture

o . made , the outer sheet flaked ff , carrying the writing with it But the best specimens were so carefully made that they have escaped allinjury and even a fall on a stone floor does not chip them. The scribe wrote on the soft clay with a reed of triangular section or a metal stylus of peculiar shape . His work can be very well imi tated on a lump of clay, putty or dough , with a square sectioned lucifer match , taking care to keep one edge nearly flat on the lump . - s The end of the stick will make a nail haped impression , a wedge in “ ” “ ”

c no s . fact , whence the name cuneiform , from Latin a n , a wedge A careful investigation of the problems involved in this system of writing will be found in the fourteenth volume of Series A of the

h n t o Penns lvania . B ab lonian Ex edition o t e U iversi y p f y f y , by Prof

A. T. Clay ( Philadelphia , Our fathers would remember the world- wide sensation made by the discovery of the palaces of Assyrian kings at Khorsabad by n Botta and at Nineveh by Layard , lying bare the sculptures and i a s scriptions of Sargon , Sennacherib , Esarhaddon and Sard napalu , ss known to us from the Bible and cla ical writers , but by a dim allusion that scarcely removed them from legendary heroes of the s v past . These di coveries revealed their actual history and the e ery day life of the people ; while the decipherment of the inscriptions by rot f n s a o v G e e d and Rawlin on , just a century g , ga e us a new world of ancient history and literature that has profoundly affected our views of antiquity and the origin of many things in Israel and in

Greece. s ff s The surpri e has worn o , but really more sensational di coveries have been made since , almost annually , in that home of mystery , cradle of science and tutor of the world , the famed Chaldea . Some indication of its importance was given to the public by Professor ’ li h s a r B abela nd B b De tzsc i el lectures before the Germ n Empe or on ,

1 4

arzec a r De S , t the close of his campaign of 1 894, laid ba e a co ct h lle ion of some t irty thousand tablets , forming the archives of an a c n ient temple at Telloh , arranged on their shelves along the a a as a o w lls of g lleries just they were left five thousand ye rs ag , when h el t e roof f l in and buried them. Had it been possible to keep them e as togeth r, they dated from every year, almost every day, of a very on l g period , and concerned the most minute afiairs of the temple ofi cial s and a a m ny of the principal inhabit nts of the city , it might have been possible to reconstruct the municipal annals of Telloh for e a the third millennium B . C . with a complet ness far gre ter than that of a European city in the Middle Ages . It was too late in the year c to remove such an immense accumulation , and before De S arze could resum e operations the natives had carried 0 3 the bulk of the n tablets. These archives were thus scattered , a d almost every museum n in Europe a d America possess es Telloh tablets of this collection .

From their numbers , and divorced as they were from their true connection , seemingly dry and uninteresting, they became a drug in the market, and not readily finding buyers, quantities have been de r all t and t s st oyed . They date from the dynas y of Ur, in ere t in them

le . . has late y r vived . A very instructive account is given by Dr J Lau in his Old B abylonian T emple Records (The Macmillan Com pany, New York, 1 90 6) where references will be found to the chief “ ” l ar a e t publications of the tablets . When Te loh t blets spoken of his a f set is usually meant . The present collection cont ins but ew of - l al. them, only twenty seven in arzec De S , however, also found other archives , and the tablets hailing from Telloh have been conveniently classed as of six epochs " ( 1 ) those before the patesi Ur- Nina ; ( 2 ) from his time to the as a I a dyn ty of S rgon . ; ( 3) the period of Sargon I . and his son Nar m n Sin, ki gs of Akkad ; ( 4 ) the dynasty of Ur ( called the First

- Dynasty) ; ( 5 ) the reign of Dungi ; ( 6) the reigns of Bur Sin , l- an - in Gimi Sin d Ibi S , his successors.

Of the second epoch these collections embrace about forty, te a a a c m rk ble for their exquisitely fine writing, being st ndard spe imens of the calligraphy of the period and especially valuable for the light they throw upon archaic script. They also date from the time of n hir r a is nlitarzi k a L u l tes E Uru ala n u a d g , king of S p a, and the p , agi

i l ka in a . and Engga . Uru g a w s also king later This period Radau

a . C. a a . T he a lts put t 40 0 0 B , and it is cert inly before S rgon I t b e

1 6 are d e e ply interesting also for a study of early personal names, and m throw uch light on things that were obscured in later records . The natives of Babylonia have also discovered many tablets ranging over all . s periods Doubtles many of these belonged to private archives ,

s a a b i . the deed che ts of gre t f milies or us ness firms It is, therefore, often impossible to say whether such tablets come from native dis ’ co eries v or were abstracted by the workmen from De Sarzec s finds . h T ese collections are especially rich in tablets of the third epoch , n - that of Sargon of Akkad a d his son Naram Sin . The former has a l usu l y been dated , as by Radau , on the authority of Nabonidus , last

a i lo an t . n t ve king of Baby n , d a great antiquary in his day, a B . C a s 380 0 . L ter di coveries have caused this date to be doubted, but have in su t t n r s not succeeded bsti u ing a y reasonable alte native. The tablet are a ssigned to this date chiefly by their style of writing, of which they are exquisite little specimens . From their small size they could easily be stolen by workmen , and this is the most probable explana tion of their finding their way into the market and not to the Con n in l r sta t op e or Paris Museums . There a e about sixty of them .

The tablets of the fifth and sixth epochs are usually dated . “

s s e. . The Babylonians as igned to each year a eparate name ; g , the ” - l ea i lm . r u y r in which Bur Sin , being king, devastated the city U b Lists were drawn up of these year- nam es arranged in proper chrono s logical order, and , in a more or le s complete condition, several of these lists have been preserved to us and published by various ’ f s scholars. Hence it is often possible to state in which year o a king

- reign a tablet was written . Thus the above quoted year name is

- given by the date lists as the second year of Bur Sin . We now know how long each king of the dynasty reigned , and by checking the date lilsts with the dates actually used on the tablets we may hope to com p ete the chronology for the whole period . A very large number of allthe collections of tablets from Telloh come from temple archives. The purpose of these tablets was to record some payment or donation made from the temple stores or ofi rin received from worshipers, tenants , etc. , as e gs, rents or dues . There was a large number of persons who regularly received certain allowances in food , drink , or other goods. By what title they re i ceved such things we are rarely, if ever, told . It is certain , how s ever, that particular fam ilies , de cended possibly from the original o tl d v group who f rmed the first set ers in the city, or eri ing from

1 7 them by conquest, purchase or adoption , had the right to so many

ac . days at a particular altar, temple gate or other site about the pl e “ ” That seems to imply that what we may call the temple share of d all ff . n a an sacrifices, o erings , etc , a d the temple revenues from l nd investments, were shared by this group of people . They were by a all ofli ials no me ns priests or temple c , indeed some were debarred by sex or religious disqualification from actually officiating. This right could be pledged, mortgaged , let out by its owner, but only during his lifetime ; at his death it reverted to his family. Such allowances may be called rations.

A temple was in many respects very like a medieval monastery.

It had lands and endowm ents . Possibly allthe land of the city had a once belonged to the god , that is, the temple, and the origin l a group of settlers, or their descendants, heirs and assigns. Priv te rt e prope y in land had , however, already arrived . The temple r ceived much revenue from its lands and tenants of houses, buildings , rt l or other prope y. It a so lent out from its enormous stores of o go ds paid in kind , crops, herds, flocks, etc. Especially frequent are a r adv nces of co n , oil, wine, wool , even silver. Such loans usually a n u n me a fixed period for repaym ent , a d often stip late for interest to be paid on overdue accounts . There was very little lending for a the s ke of the interest. Most loans were punctually repaid . It is probable that the borrowers, if not all citizens, had a customary right to borrow of the temple in time of need . It was a form of collective charity. When interest was charged the loan was usually covered by a pledge, the use of which was a set off against the interest . all had The steward of the temple , of course, to account for a l n that he l owed out , a d these tablets may be regarded as his vouchers for expenditure and also as receipts on the part of the receivers. The ll a tablet itself, however, rare y en ightens us beyond the mere st te “ ” re ment that A has received som ething from B . Whether we a to suppose A bad a right to receive it, or had to return it , we do not ” “ un know. The word shubati means he has taken , and it is not common to speak of these tablets as shubati tablets . It is convenient a a to do so , because they do not tell us whether these dv nces were fli ’ really loans or payments of dues. It was su cient for the steward s purpose to show that A had his goods , and the temple auditor would h know if the paym ent was in order. It may be that a donor to t e

1 8 temple would expect a receipt for his gift, but we should not expect ’ c a ra to find such re eipts in the temple rchives , but ther in the donor s m deed chest. There may be a few such . A gift was often acco anied a in p by note to say who sent it , even when presented person , with or without some prayer or pious wish that the god would regard with favor the donor or some one dear to him . Many such notes, m a oh someti es also the gif ts, in precious stones or other imperish ble v jects, ha e been preserved and the notes asking f or life or prosperity ff for the donor or his lord and master. Such are called votive o er ings or tablets . a The steward drew up most elaborate and exhaustive ccounts. ac Besides lists of rations in food , drink or clothing, he kept wool v counts, skin and cloth accounts . These record quantities ser ed out a r to we vers , leather cutters , or tailors to be worked up and retu ned f as manu actured articles . Sometimes the receiver gave a receipt for such goods, explicitly promising to return specified garments or other

a . rticles The work was sometimes paid for by the temple, sometimes ’ v s s the work wals ser ice due . The steward lists usually were les explicit, mere y stating who had the goods and how much . T h e temple possessed large numbers of oxen , sheep and goats , x of all ages, se es and conditions. Being an eminently pastoral folk , a t the Babyloni ns had , like the Arabs , a bewildering varie y of names

a v x . for wh t we ha e to render simply by o , sheep or goat The herds s were annually entrusted to herdmen , the flocks to shepherd , who took them out to pasture beyond the town fields. These men were responsible for the safe custody of the animals, for proper breeding n a a d care of the increase, and thus bore to the temple stew rd the same relation as Jacob did to Laban in the Bible story. To secure himself, the steward drew up lists of the cattle confided to each a a n shepherd , and sometimes exacted of the shepherd se led and sig ed all agreement to return them , setting forth particulars. There might ”

v od. be loss es by accident , lions or wol es , or the act of G Also the shepherd could deduct some for his hire , thus like Jacob acquiring - s a flock of his own . The royal tax collector might make ab traction x s a l of some cattle for regular dues or e traordinary demands , u u l y on v a pro rata system . As a rule , howe er, temple property was exempt s en from royal exactions. All gains and lo ses the temple steward tered in his accounts. The temple existed for public benefit as well as for its own

I 9 aggrandizement . It had to redeem a citizen from the hands of the enemy ; it had to entertain strangers, especially worshipers from afar, the royal messengers from other cities , or foreign rulers who ’ s vi ited the city. We have many of the steward s lists of these ex traordinar y expenditures , which seem to have been of considerable m extent. Expenditure for wages to work en on repairs, enlarge v ments or impro ements , was duly entered . Accounts were kept written up and dated as often as once a month . What the temple steward did on a large scale every head of a family did on a smaller. Especially business firms kept allsorts

. a of accounts They kept all their ccounts, bonds, memoranda, letters —in —in fact , it seems every scrap of writing great urns or pots sunk

. a v l co lec in the ground Native diggers, especi lly, find these pri ate tions, usually only just below the surface .

Considerable interest attaches to the many labels or tickets, “ ” b lae bala al l which have been called , from their resemblance to the attached to legal documents in the Middle Ages ; whence the title “ ” s of Papal Bull given to such documents up to the present. The s is name serve as a distinction for the sort of object , but entirely ss n misleading in its suggestions . Lumps of clay were impre ed o the r knot of a cord tying up a sack or bale of goods, or on the sack o a wrapping itself. The name of the sender, addressee , sometimes ni statement of the contents, even a date, might be inscribed . An a m almight have a similar label tied round its neck by a string when s entrusted to some shepherd . Slaves wore imilar tickets with their name and that of their owner. This was easily made away with , but a slave who thus rebelled was branded or tattooed with an ffi s irradicable mark . It is di cult to be sure in many case of the real so purpose of these objects, which are often rubbed as to be illegible, and not much information is to be obtained from them . They are little more use to us than would be a collection of labels or tickets n s from goods ow . These collections have some interesting example , either for early date or fine preservation . The first dynasty of Babylon has attained celebrity in modern x a tim es chiefly by the interest attaching to the si th king, Hammur bi , from his widely accepted identification with Amraphel of Genesis xiv. He deserves even more renown for his celebrated Code of a and Laws, the earliest of which we have any full inform tion , its e s derived interest from comparison with th Mo aic Code. This was

20 ’ r x s the crowning glo y of De Morgan s e plorations at Su a, the Shushan f of the book o Esther. The tablets of this period nearly all come

Si ara s a al ar . . from pp , u u lly identified with the Biblic Seph vaim Prof

- . cheil 1 V S excavated there for the Turkish Government in 89394, but the natives have from time to time unearthed thousands of tablets i ra s at its modern site , Abu Habba. In fact , in this period , S ppa seem to have been the predom inant city of Babylonia and Babylon merely

the seat of government . Most of these tablets appear to be of private s interest and can hardly have formed part of a public archive, unles it was the custom for private persons to deposit a copy of their deeds ffi in the temple. Many relate to temple o cials, and very many to

those vestal virgins, as we may call them , who were vowed to vir ini n s ia g ty, yet could marry, a d u ually lived in Gag , the great convent ra of these Sharnash votaries at Sippa . The tablets relate to allsorts

of transactions, covering every kind of transfer of property. They are deeply interesting for the light they throw on customs at this s s period . The ruling dynasty were of foreign extraction , perhap be t ffi called Amorites, without necessarily implying a nity with the Bib n licalAmorites of Palestine . There are ma y Amorite names on the

tablets implying racial affinities with the old South Arabians. The v date lists for this period are in an ad anced state of perfection , and ’ a r the year of the king s reign can usu lly be given , but there a e many

- is . new year names , every one of which a gain to knowledge On the whole period the writer may be allowed to refer to his B abylonian ’ n n L w ontract nd Letter a d Assyria a s, C s a s ( Scribner s Sons, New

York , The religious texts are of the deepest interest and will be noted s r in detail later. The historical texts de erve separate notice . The e

are many others of various epochs, which are better treated indi All ffi a vidually. in all , it is di cult to imagine a collection of the s me

size with more varied and interesting contents .

MYTHOLOGICAL TEXTS

DELU GE STORY

1 8 2 a n Dail elej When George Smith , in 7 , nnou ced in the y T graph of August 3d that he had discovered among the tablets in the

British Museum, brought by Sir H . Layard from Nineveh, some a fr gments of the Babylonian account of the Deluge, enthusiasm s D ailT ele ra h knew no bound , and the y g p placed one thousand n guineas at his disposal to proceed to Nineveh a d procure more . s hi He publi hed in s Chaldean Genesis ( London , a remark a of l al ably successful ccount the fragments then recognized , and in

- 1 88 . . od 4 Prof P Haupt plr uced his edition of the Nimrod Epos, in a l which were collected the fragments known . Nothing has been added since to what may be called the Ninevite version . Its likeness and contrast to the Biblical versions have been discussed ever since in numberless publications. It was known that Berosus, the Greek 2 s writing priest of Babylon , about B . C . 80 , had pre erved a somewhat difierent version . Great was the surprise and delight when Profess or Scheilpublished a fragment of a version dating from the eleventh Ammiza u a year of d g , las t king but one of the first dynasty of Baby lon , fully a thousand years earlier than any of the hitherto known x s h i ar te ts. It pre ents what as been called the S pp a version , and was

h il r u vol. . . E s Sc e R ecueilde T ava x . publi hed by in , xx , p 55 It is now marked M . 1 35 .

ETANA M YTH

a The legend of Etana, who was carried up to heaven on the b ck of an eagle , is of great interest , apart from the suggestion that he is as the Ethan of I . Kings iv. , 31 , whose wisdom w excelled by that n of Solomon , a d the likeness of the story to that of Elijah . For it is “ ” closely connected with the story of the snake and the eagle and “ Z " u. that of the storm bird , The fragments from Nineveh werle eitr nr Ass riolo ie vo . published by Dr. E . T. Harper in the B iige z y g ( c eil R ecue de T ravaux . s h s il ii , p . 439 Profes or S publi hed in fi a enkereh a (vol . xxiii . , p . 1 8 . ) a fr gment probably from S , e rlier and than the first dynasty of Babylon . Both from its extreme age fromthe interest of its subject , this unique tablet is of priceless worth . i a It is now M . 1 30 . The subject s represented on sever l fine cylinder seals in the British Museum , the Louvre and elsewhere. In the legend of the descent of Ishtar to Hades a hero called ch il Uddushunamir is mentioned. Professor S e published in the

cueilde T ravaux . xx . . 8 a t a Re (vol , p 3) a fragment of my hologic l s d ushun r tablet from Sippara, which mentioned a pate i called U d ami , a k i Z ira i lin i u ru al ak Bel ates s a Ud d a and among other p c lled d , ,

22

' INCANTATION

o Of the greatest interest is M . 66, an incantati n text, of very

o . early date , possibly used as an amulet to ward ff demons It is unpublished , but a most interesting variety . It is inscribed on stone , not clay.

OM ENS

n n A text connected with omens is N . 2 1 5 , unpublished a d u a fortunately only fragment , but earlier than those already known by many centuries .

N ISABA

a i An invoc tion to the goddess N saba, goddess of agriculture,

. 6 n M 7, was inscribed on the edge of a bowl . The piece has broke off and x b fortunately gives a practically complete te t, which was pu li h s ed h il n so Sc e Or ientalistisehe Litterata rzeita lby Profes r in the g vo . . ( vii , p . 2 54 Nisaba is here invoked as the goddess of s s and as d a felrtility with seven womb , seven brea ts , go dess of liter ture ( ) with eighteen ears . She is also called the scribe of Ann and sister of Ellil . It is curious to find the association of agriculture with letters in the person of a mother goddess. Another fragment of some as yet unrecognized legend exists as 1 1 M . 3 , and awaits publication. as llThese legends form part of a literature which , is now grad ua y being recognized , was known and read from Elam to Cilicia, from Syria to Egypt , and its influence is to be traced in the Bible and probably also in early Greek mythology . Every fragment re covered is therefore a unique treasure . It may explain so much now obscure to us .

GEOGRAPHY The tablets which come from Telloh continually name cities o and places in the neighborh od , some of which were in existence cen turies later. It is of the highest importance to collect these geo graphical references , from which in time we may map out lower

* f l blished b V . Brummer in Ream"de Tra vaax vo . xxviii . . It was pu y ( , p i l . . Babylonia, for the th rd mi lennium B C. In M 68 we have a list so set of more than fifty towns, with amounts of money, a shekel or , a down for each . The amount seems small, but perh ps it merely

li s s . t marked re at ve liability to tax or rate for ome purpo e The ltex seems to be of the first dynasty of Babylon , but came from Te loh , and was published by Professor Scheilin the R ecueilde T ravaux (vol . xx. , p . 68

One of these ancient cities was fixed by Professor Scheilas r n a having been on the site whe e now sta ds the vill ge Jocha, to the l- - s c El west of Wa it Hai , in the Batajeh in Irak. The ancient city was a and a i c lled Uch , its n me used to be read G shban, while its site was sought as far away as Haran . The means of this fortunate discovery

a . 0 . 1 cheil were the t blets M 7 and M 7 , found at Jocha by S , in April ,

1 8 . in R ecueilde T ravaux . . 94 They were published the (vol xix ,

. 62 it a as rbilk n re p ) , give the n me of the patesi of Uch U u, a d a x probably of the fifth or si th Telloh epoch .

ARCHAIC TABLETS

fine - 1 1 The collection N . 69 0 embraces tablets of the very early

- Lu alan a ka in . Pre Sargonic period of g d and Uru g a, rulers of Telloh a Of the n ture of temple records, they give the names of scores of e a at is a p ople, import nt in their day as rulers, p es , etc . Of gre t interest is the frequent mention of the wives of these rulers, whose names form a welcome addition to our knowledge of the lot of women then . The m s tablets are bleautiful speci ens of exqui itely fine writing. The ce ebrated patesi, Gudea, whose diorite statues adorn the Louvre and whose power was little short of that of the mightiest a kings, a great builder and adorner of Telloh , but a loy l subject of n Dungi , king of Ur, is know chiefly by the palaces and temples which fi n n beauti ed his city of Telloh . He has left almost e dless inscriptio s, o v n haldee o t a published in Déc a ertes e C , and m st recen ly tr nslated ’ L n er i t ons e mer et d Akhad by Prof. T hureau Dangin in es I s p i d S u i ( Leroux, Paris, It is nteresting , therefore , to find him inci 1 1 ff dentally mentioned in M . 2 , probably as a donor of o erings of al u food and drink, on the festiv of D ngi , the fifteenth day of the e month called the Feast of Dungi . T lloh tablets were dated both

25 ’ r by the yea s of Gudea s reign and by those of his sovereign , Dungi

M . 88 uses both systems . The year of Dungi is probably the forty o re sixth , but th se of Gudea a not yet fixed in order. This will form n n a valuable help to the sy chro isrn of the reigns . ’ The dynasty of Ur, with which Gudea s reign was contemporary, began with the great king U r-Engur and lasted one hundred and seventeen years. The kings are here given in order with the lengths of their reigns . The period is that of the fourth , fifth and sixth periods of Telloh .

r- En r U gu reigned 1 8 years. n Dungi , his so , reigned 58 years.

- Bur Sin , his son , reigned 9 years. i - G mil Sin , his son , reigned 7 years. - r Ibi Sin , his son , reigned 2 5 yea s .

- This dynasty is represented by twenty seven tablets, of which - n thirteen are to be assigned to the reign of Dungi , eight to Bur Sin a d - in six to Gimil S . One other tablet, certainly of this period , dated n ” in the year the temple of E gur was built , is not yet to be assigned its place in the above dynasty, N . 46. nn The patesi Ea atum reigned at a very early date, but he is - i i n 1 mentioned in the twenty first year of Amm dta a on N . 2 8 .

NEW AND RARE KINGS

R ecueilde T ravaux . . . fl . ess In the ( vol xxiv , p 25 ) Prof or n Seheil published the names of several ew rulers or kings, whose i place in the dynast es has not been determined .

N - - The king whose name is written A A AN , and read variously, n perhaps best as Hum a, was ide tified with a somewhat similarly - l n a so ca a a a al n med king of the led second dyn sty of B bylon, d so with

. s as umulailu others It is po sible that he w a contemporary of S , n second king of the first dynasty of Babylon , a d that he ruled over “ ” l ’ r h s the Lealand . See Professor Hi p ec t Introduction to the twen tieth volume of Series A of the B abylonian Expedition of the Uni n 6 versity of Pen sylvania (p . 5 This king is only known with

26 t cer ainty from a tablet in the Louvre still unpublished , from M . 89

n 1 6. a d M . 2 They were published by Professor Scheilin the Recue lde rava i T ux . x . (vol xiv , p .

IR-N E- E A h The king whose name has been read G N , rads agshag, etc. , is only known from an unedited tablet in the Louvre and M . 1 2 7. is It as yet impossible to place him . Published as above. iniri The king S bam is known only from M . 1 25 , published by cheil r ntalst che Litt ra ur Professor S as above , and again in O ie i is e t

zeitun . v s . g (vol iii . , p . 350 It is as yet impo sible to place him

The king Ammikinabi is only known from N . 49 , which is still s unpubli hed . It is impossible to place him. The king Rim-Anum was first made known by Professor Sayce

Pr oceedin s o th oc e o b ca r h olo 1 . . e i t Bi li lA c e 8 in the g f S y f gy, 9 7, p 73 Then Professor Scheilfound several tablets dated in his reign in the

an s . 1 2 R ecueilde Museum at Constantinople , d publi hed M 4 in the r l T ava x . xx u (vol . , p . He c aims here , as in the fourth vol ’ o e tern sia n c on s A . . ume of Rawlinson s I s ripti s f W , pl 35 , No 8 , to be als Em b D li h As h king of a wide empire , naming ut , I in , Suri , up as , urn as subject lands . This is important for history, if correctly read .

The kings of Ur reigned over Susa , as is shown by the votive was tablets of Dungi found there, and during this period Susa ruled , as n like Telloh , by patesis. Intercourse between the cities w freque t ,

ce versa. and we read of ships of corn going from Telloh to Susa , or vi li a 1 auru al In M . 0 3 we read of the patesi Be g of Sus who came to

s . 8 . Telloh . Six ships laden with corn from Su a are mentioned in M 7 i - - M bu Emutbal R m Sin , son of Kudur a g, ruler of , Elamite king

s . of Larsa, usually identified with Arisch of Ella ar in Genesis xiv , is

n . 2 2 . represented by o e tablet , probably dated in his reign , N 3

- One tablet, N . 1 63, is dated by a year name not yet to be found in the year lists or chronicle if the writer is not mistaken ; it repre sents some new dynasty , but where it was located is not clear. The Sippara tablets are nearly all from the period of the first was dynasty of Babylon , when the city evidently at the zenith of its a power and prosperity. A list of the kings of this dyn sty, with the a lengths of their reigns , may be of interest to the re der

Sumuabu, 1 4 years.

lil6 a . Sumu a u, 3 ye rs

n 1 a . Zahum , his so , 4 ye rs - Apil Sin , his son , 1 8 years. in li m balt S u , his son , 20 years. a r H mmurabi , his son , 43 yea s. am iln su a s S u , his son , 38 year .

Abeshu , his son , 28 years. Ammi itana d , his son , 37 years. iz a Amm adug , his son , 22 years. s i a 1 Sam ud tan , his son , 3 years .

umuabu v While S founded the dynasty, he seems not to ha e be n en succeeded by a so . The chronicle of the dynasty, see especially ’ Mr. L. W. King s Letters and Inscriptions of H am murabi ( 3 vols . ,

- c . 1 Luzac C , London) , vol . iii . , pp . 2 2 253, is complete for his x reign , but , with one e ception , no tablet dated in his reign is known . Tablets dating from the reign of Sumulailu and already pub lishe v d number fifteen , but only one gi es the year of the reign . Col s x lection N . add three tablets dated in the si th , nineteenth and twenty — third years three times as many as known before . h The third king, Za um , is represented by thirty tablets already

published . Collection N . includes two more of the seventh and

eighth years.

- - Apil Sin is represented by twenty eight tablets published , only h five of which are dated by years of his reign . N . as one more. l fif - n a li t Si mub t is better known , y two tablets being published . his an Here are three more dated in second , sixth d fourteenth years. Tablets from the reign of Hammurabi are always eagerly sought t a after, and quite one hundred and for y are alre dy published , nearly 2 all dated by the years of his reign . N . 2 5 is one more of the four teenth year. ilna is n b amsu u s S k own from a out as many publi hed tablets .

N . 1 87 is dated in his seventh year. s - fi Abeshu is hitherto repre ented by only thirty ve tablets, and the chronicle is so defective that it has hitherto been impossible to place the dates in order. Here are seven more tablets, one dated in the last year of his reign . Ammiditana is known from some one hundred and thirty pub

- lished . tablets Here are forty seven more , a quarter of all known , dated in the seventh , eighth , ninth , eleventh , twelfth , thirteenth , six n h n -fi - tee t , eightee th , nineteenth , twentieth , twenty rst, twenty fourth ,

28 - fif h - ve - n - -fi twenty t , twenty se nth , twenty eighth , twe ty ninth , thirty rst, - - - - fif h - n thirty second , thirty third , thirty fourth , thirty t , thirty sixth a d

- thirty seventh years. Ammizaduga is represented by one hundred and twenty pub i - a lshe . d tablets , but here are forty two more , dding another quarter n The chronicle has lately been extended to his seventeenth year, a d here are tablets dated in every known year but the tenth .

- The last king, Samsuditana, is al ready known from twenty four published tablets. This collection adds nine more, another quarter. A o s the chronicle is defective for this reign , we can n t place them in

a . proper order, but they m ke important contributions to fixing it In allthere are one hundred and sixteen dated tablets of this t period , sixty of them being fresh contribu ions to our knowledge of the history. There are examples of every reign except the first.

The contents of the tablets are, for the most part , the same as ff e those already published , with , of course , di erent parti s and many interesting variations in detail . They are all as yet unpublished .

S . ome open up fresh subjects, e. g , the very interesting agreements on the part of shepherds or herdsmen entrusted with flocks or herds. 6 - 6 The Code of Hammurabi dealt with the subject , Sections 2 2 2 7, but little illustration has yet been available from the practice of the period . These serve to explain and confirm the Code. Here we find what seems to be the earliest reference to the i i horse, in the tablets N . 2 52 , 2 53, where the name Shas s occurs . “ ”

r . We may render it , if rightly read , ho sey, like the Greek Philippus s v It is pos ible , howe er, that it is not a proper name , but only an “ ” r ent y in a list of proper names , of so much corn for the horses . r Either way, the mention of the ho se is carried back centuries by this reference.

Other proper names of great interest occur, such as compounds of

Lagamar, so famous in the discussions of the Elam ite name Kudur

Lagamar, the Biblical Chedorlaomer, and compounds of Ian, which were so much discussed in the controversy raised by Professor ’ l - De itzsch s b n lectures on B a ela d B ibel. The so called Amorite a n mes occur in plenty. In fact scarcely one of these Sippara tablets is without some point of interest for the student .

29 CASE TABLETS

It was usual to inclose the more important documents in an s was a envelope . This was made of a thin heet of clay, which wr pped

round the tablet and pinched together at the corners. Good ex is am ples of such envelopes are N . 44, which the envelope of N . 47,

v . 1 0 . and N . 25 , which is part of the en elope of N In case of any dispute the tablet had to be produced in the court r of law. If it was broken , or had been tampe ed with , the judge might rule it was defective evidence and the additional expense of

summ oning and examining witnesses would have to be borne . To reduce the risk the substance of the inner document was indicated n on the envelope , often a complete duplicate of it was writte out . “ a N . 44 , however, merely reads , the bond (se led tablet) for one son - N abium cow, one year old , which belongs to Ahuni , of Awil the

cowherd . N . 47, which was once enclosed in it , is the deed of

al - son Na i s e of one cow one year old by Ahuni , of Awil b um , to

Licvir- A il- - Babili , son of cv Ishtar, for one and one half shekel of s v - il er, with one twelfth of a shekel as earnest money . It is witnessed by three witnesses and dated the twenty-eighth of the seventh month i of the second year of Amm zaduga.

n x was a If the i ner tablet had been left e posed , allthough it b ked , a dishonest man might alter it . But once enc osed in its envelope , u he co ld not do so, without signs of having done it. To avoid his v t putting on another en elope , the par ies not only impressed their

seals, but often ran the seal over every part of it , while the clay was n soft . Though the forger might make a ew envelope, after falsi f in y g the contents, he could not well forge the seals, which were

often those of third parties , witnesses, judges, scribes or others not

likely to connive .

Tablets in their cases are not rare. The native finder is of

opinion that these things contain gold or precious things , and, if he

v . hears the inside rattle , he breaks the en elope Hence few envelopes

find their way to Europe . Occasionally the envelope sticks fast to the

contents and there is no temptation to break it . Unfortunately that o may be a great injury to the inner tablet, it may be imp ssible to

remove the adhering part of the case , and, so, many inner tablets can

not be entirely read .

30 as inmost of the private letters, that we cannot understand them until we know more of the business relations of the parties concerned . It is only by the publication of allsuch documents available that we can make out much more. 1 M . 33 is very interesting for its beautiful seal , representing two priests or worshipers raising their hands in the Babylonian atti tude of prayer or adoration toward a symbol of Ishtar, the mother as goddess. She is here , which is the remarkable thing, represented

a l . cow suck ing her calf, and turning back her head to caress it The r a epresent tion was exquisitely engraved on the seal , and though the impress ion was hurriedly made the little scene is very clear. Beneath al a is the usual convention representation of the goddess , n ked and holding her hands to her breasts. As Queen of Nineveh , Ishtar is addressed by As hurbanipal as the mother who has suckled him in his infancy . The tablet contains a list of names of persons who had i ar received dues from the temple , came from S pp a and is of the period of the first dynas ty of Babylon . It was published by Pro ol fessor eh R ecueilde T ravaux v . xx. . S eil in the ( , p The same symbolism is found on the Greek coins of Corcyra and its colonies and on other Babylonian seals. The use of the seal was not without its disadvantage for scholars in reading the tablets now. When the seal was run up and down over the tablet while yet soft the characters formed by depressions in the clay became closed up and lost their characteristic features. It is usual to say that at no period were tablets so badly written or signs so carelessly formed . It is very commonly the case at this period that a seal bore only the name of its owner, stating whose son he was and A ‘ which god he worshiped . s seals probably also served as arnulets f ’ this would identi y the owner as under that god s protection , but it may have had the more mundane purpose of marking him as a member of a particular congregation . The exact relation of groups worship ff e l ing di erent gods has not yet be n fully worked out. Such a sea is often of great ass istance in reading the blurred names in the text itself. A more elaborate sort of seal depicted some scene from myth a r ology, or wo shiper introduced into the presence of some god , ’ s or ome ornamental design . This might have the owner s name as before or not. The seals were cylinder shaped with a hole drilled down the center, and ran in a setting which made them not unlike a n a g rden roller. On some tablets the marks of this metal mounti g can re re plainly be seen , as in N . 29 . M . 3 has an interesting seal p is a senting a single standing figure wearing a peculiar cap. N . 20 a i r o r se l mp ss si n and nothing else. Why it was done and what pu

e i m . pos t served it is impossible to say, but it is a very fine speci en

Perhaps the lump of clay was a label on a bale of goods or the like.

The seal impression on M . 96 is worth remarking. o- - The s called bullae N . 20 6 2 1 0 have a very fine seal. N . 2 1 1 a s is l o a sealed bulla. N . 2 1 2 is a mere cake of bitumen used to stop a bottle or jar and bears a seal impression which is probably late.

Several other tablets have seal impressions now much defaced .

HISTORICAL INSCRIPTIONS FROM ASSYRIA, ETC.

The German explorations conducted at the old capital of s s A syria, the la t four years , have made known the names of many r early ulers of Assyria, kings or patesis of Asshur. One of the earliest s ia h ilin of these , U p , was first made known by Professor Sc e the Rec ei de rav x 1 u l T a . x . . u (vol xii , p 55 who there published a fragment of an inscription from Kalat Shergat , the modern site of

It also names Erishum , another early ruler, and is now 1 3

. 1 A k enili a M 39 is part of the annals of ri d , a very e rly king As e s cheil Orienta of syria , which was published by Prof s or S in the L listische itteraturzeit n . . . 2 1 6 . a u g (vol vii , p f ) It is of consider ble historic value , but very fragmentary. 1 1 1 M . 40 , 42 , 43 are fragments of inscriptions of Assyrian n ki gs , as yet unpublished , but too little is preserved to identify them with certainty.

. 1 ilna M 34 is part of a Semitic inscription mentioning Samsu u , s a son and uccessor of the great H amm urabi , but in too fragmentary fashion for much to be made out of it. Subsequent discoveries will probably clear it up . It has not yet been published . 1 K ri al M . 37 contains a votive inscription of u g zu, king of Ur, o a probably from a door s cket or bowl . It w s published by Professor ii cheil R ec eilde T ravaux . . . S in the u (vol xxi , p and though s so short is of hi toric value as showing the extent of the Kassite rule. When Ashurbanipalsucceeded Esarhaddon on the throne of h hsh akin hino Assyria, his brother S amas um , the Saosduc s of the

33 was alas f x Greeks , inst led subject king o Babylon . The exact e tent has of his kingdom been disputed , but M. 1 46, a bond for twelve i shekels of silver, dated in the fifteenth year of his reign , at Nagit , a l rn ne r the mouth of the Euphrates , shows that he he d part of Southe a i Babyloni . It was published by Professor Schelin the Recueilde rov x T au (vol . xxiv. , p . It is remarkable for its beautiful 1 wnt ng. w in h ri Very little as known of S s a skkun, the Saracus of the a was a t erishe Greeks, s ve that he the l s king of Nineveh , who p hin

f a . the ll of his city , about B C. 60 6. It was with feelings of great a s r o cheil s ti faction , therefo e, that Profess r S published in the Zeit schri t ar As riolo e . . . f f sy gi ( vol xi , p 47 the fragment M . 1 49 of a i k a al charter of th s ing, in which he c lls himself son of Ashurbanip and grandson of Sennacherib . He, therefore, succeeded his brother fli ien Ashuretilitani on the throne. Only su c t is left of the tablet to discern its general purpose.

CONTRACTS "ROM ASSYRIA

The vast majority of the Assyrian tablets come from Nineveh and a are in the British Museum . The deeds and documents rel ting “ ac to the transfer of property , commonly but loosely called contr ts, for the eighth and seventh centuries B . C . , were published by the wri ter in 1 898 , but the natives still occasionally find one or two .

x i . 1 e css s vel . They are y rare One , M 48 , records the loan of five - 6 1 a s homers of barley by the lady Amat Ishtar, in B . C . 8 It is l o interesting by its deviations from the stereotyped f ormula of the tablets concerned with the business of the RoyalHousehold in ab he r h Nineveh . It is dated in the limmn of N uac e es . The Assyrians had modified the ancient Babylonian custom of giving each year a name after some great event, but they continued to a a a oflicial give e ch year a name, the n me of some gre t . Thus, in turn , the king, the Tartan or Rabshakeh , commanders in chief of the army, s i ch v the chief ju t ce, the ief over the le y or militia, the chief secre n tary of state , the chief steward a d cupbearer, and the governors a an of Ass hur, Arbel , Nineveh , d other great cities , in a fixed order of precedence , even the governors of distant provinces, Carchemish , ofli Damascus or Cilicia, were chosen to the ce of Eponym for the a limmu was year. The year was c lled the of whoever thus Eponym .

34 s Lists of these Eponym , in strict chronological order, were drawn an e up d are known as the Eponym Canons. Several copies ar and known published giving an exact chronology from B . C. 893 to

6 . B . C . 68 A great many names of Eponyms are to be found on dated documents which are not in the lists preserved , but the writer has succeeded in fixing the order of the Post Canon Eponyms down to B . C . 640 . The German explorations at Asshur have recovered a o m ny of the early Ep nyms, whom it is not possible to place in order yet. The discovery of each new Eponym is an event in Assyriology , and when Professor Scheilpublished M . 1 47 in the R ecueilde r T avaax ( vol . xxiv. , p . the discovery was hailed with delight . n The tablet records the sale of a female slave, a d is dated in the b a - a t talak R . . Eponymy of N u pput I , the abshakeh It is after B C .

a . . . 640 , and , of course , before the f ll of Nineveh about B C 60 6

Syllabary, M . 1 45 , is of great interest as a specimen of the vocabularies drawn up by the Babylonian scribes to aid in the in

terpretation of archaic words and ways of writing. The language of the Pre- Semitic inhabitants long continued to be used for the religious and scientific works much as Latin was the language of

theology and science in the Middle Ages . These syllabaries are of

many kinds. Some in four columns give the sign to be explained , the a name of it , the pronunciation in the old language, Sumeri n , or other,

and the meaning of it in Babylonian. Other syllabaries explain ch Sumerian words and phrasss in Babylonian , of whi this is an

example , notable for its beautiful writing, but unfortunately only a R c e rav x e u ilde T an . . fragment. It was published in the (vol xxvii ,

p. 1 2 5 ) . ANZANITE TE"T n The Medes and Persia s, with the help or connivance of the n . . and a a Babylonians, destroyed Nineveh about B C 60 6 m de

end of the empire of Assyria. Cyrus the Great was a Persian a of the Achaemenid family, but at first only king of Anzan , dis

trict on the Babylonian borders of Elam and subject to Media. s a Nabonidus, the la t king of Babylonia of native race , c lled Cyrus “ ” a petty vassal of Astyages , king of the Medes . Cyrus, however, by an uninterrupted career of conquest rose to be master of the

whole of Western Asia. a The language of Anzan , or Ansh n as it is called by Cyrus , is

rs . es o of great interest , though not yet completely unde tood Prof s r 3S Seheil has published many of the monuments from Susa in this

a u . o s l ng age The pe ple u ed the cuneiform script , but in a modified se form , clo ly related to that of the inscriptions of Darius , Artaxerxes , Aerxes Carnb ses , y , etc. , at Persepolis, which were first deciphered rotefen by G d and Rawlinson . In the publications of the French D ele ation en Per g se will be found a long series of such insc riptions, of the deepest interest for the ancient history of Elam . It was known that the last kings of Assyria frequently corre s onded p with these kings of Elam , and in the Ninevite archives were a a found number of tablets in Anz nite , which have been published

. . . ei hba h e tr W s c B i e z r As rio o . ii n s lie . by Dr J H in the g y g ( vol iv , - pp . 1 68 20 2 ) but very little progress has been made in reading them .

. 1 M 50 is another such text , but it is hazardous to attempt to state its contents or purpose. s The mo t recent texts in the collection are Neobabylonian. They abo olass r belong to the empire founded by N p a , on the fall of the s Assyrian empire , of which the mo t distinguished member was Nebu

n z r . chad ez a II , known to us from the Bible . Very many tablets of i ara Bor i a this period were found at S pp , s pp and Babylon . N . 1 5 bears no date, nor does N . they are exquisite specimens of writing.

The little statuettes of Ishtar and the head of Nabu , N . 1 9 8 ,

1 99 , are very interesting for a study of the plastic art in Babylonia. 2 The little alabaster foot of an image is rare and curious, N. 0 0 .

STYLE OF WRITING

The student may remark some very fine specimens of calli graphy, important for the study of the signs at these periods. r On M . 37, at the lower end of the reve se , are three lines of writing scratched on the tablet when nearly dry and not inscribed . r They are in very archaic characte s , such as were used before the amm ahni wedges became pronounced . They contain the name of N , - v father of the last mentioned person , Amel Nina, who recei ed a ration “ or loan . Such a docket, as is usually called , may well have been n written by Namm ahni himself, who used a ancient method of writing.

6 . 1 1 a . 2 a — M . 5 is a be utiful specimen ; M is another ; M 9 nother l . al of early date , while others have already been noticed FUNERARY CONE

1 N . 97 is a good example of an object of which there are sev a er l examples in European museums, all bearing precisely the sam e inscription . It appears to have been placed on a stick to mark the place of a grave. Professor Scheilgave a partial account of it in

R ec e de rava . 1 T hureau u il ux . . o T (vol xxii , p 54 Profess r a l Orientalistisch Litteratarzeita n D ngin published it in fu l in the e lg c ec (vol . iv. , p . 5 Professor Delitzs h quoted from it in his a n b is tures on B bela d B i el. It deeply interesting for the light it

on Babylonian ideas of the future world .

an At y time ,

in the gliding of days ,

in the days to come ,

in the days hereafter, this tomb let one look upon and remove it not ; i to ts place let him restore it. Such a one who sees this and

does not disdain it, saith thus “This tomb to its place I will restore it

come to its help .

Let him pour a libation on it . In the world above may his name be blessedl In the world below may his spirit drink the pure waters "

As in the Gilgamish Epic the Babylonian thought of the lot of k the blessed as lying on a couch drin ing the waters of life.

37

CU NE I "ORM I NSCRI PT I ONS C HALDEAN AN D ASSY RIAN

A collection of Chaldean and Assyrian clay tablets with cunei il form inscriptions, formerly the property of the Rev. Father V. Sche ,

S .J. , professor of Assyriology at the Ecole pratique des Hautes

E a tudes , t the Sorbonne, Paris.

ABBREVIATIONS USED

Z — . . . Litteraturzeitun . O L Orientalistische g, Ed . F . E . Peiser, pub

. . 2 B ran en r s r s W Peiser, Berlin , S 4 , d bu g t a se 1 1 . — ’ R. T . Recueil de Travaux relatifs 1 la Philologie et a lArchéologie E i nn t e es et . . . gyp Assyriennes , Ed G . Maspero, pub E u Bouillon , Paris, 67 R e de Richelieu .

- . A . fii r Z Zeitschrift Assyriologie , Ed . C . Bezold , Strassburg, Ver

. . T riibner. lag, K J

— “ N . B . This collection exhibits about 1 90 0 lines of text . x About 60 of the te ts, mostly short ones , date from the time of

- Sargon I . and Naram Sin , circa B . C . 380 0 .

s . 2 . About 40 belong to the dyna ty of Ur, circa B C . 50 0

Nearly 1 20 are temple accounts from Lagash or Telloh .

The tablets from Jokha are unique , so far. m Ten tablets are Assyrian and of i portance for the history, sev eral being unique. b The five tablets with legends of Adapa, Deluge, Etana, Kut a are priceless and unique . iniribam a A new king, S , and sever l other little known rulers , are represented .

An extraordinarily large proportion of the tablets are perfect . The Anzanite text is very remarkable ; as yet it can hardly be x n said to be translatable , but every new te t adva ces knowledge and eliminates errors.

T wenty-two of th e most im portant texts h av e already been publish ed b Prof es sor S cheil y . Note of 5 shekels of silver and 5 homers of

corn , served out to each of six persons . Note of small cattle counted out and assigned al n to sever perso s, perhaps shepherds

Receipt for loan of 1 0 shekels of silver, witnessed and sealed

Note as to 4 gazelles . Note of 20 sheep sent for food Note of small cattle counted out Note of small cattle counted out Note of small cattle counted out Note of smallcattle counted out and assigned

Note of small cattle counted Note of smallcattle counted over and entrusted to shepherds Note of sheep and birds ( l) counted

Note of kids entrusted to various persons .

Note of rations served out . Note of rations served out in month Isin-Dungi Note of kids entrusted to Ur- Ishtar Note of skins given out Note of rations in meal Note of rations served out Fragment of list of rations Note of rations served out Note of rations served out in month GUD-DU N B- SAR - SAR Note of rations served out in meal Note of rations served out Fragment of list of rations Note of rations served out ote of rations served out l fi a a s ote of rations served out in me l, s ck ( )

2 9 Note concerning 62 1 fish .

4a Note of rations served out to Dada Note of rations served out

Note of rations served out .

Note of rations served out . Note of rations served out

- Note of 50 doves counted by Amel Udda . Note of rations served out

Note of silver delivered to diff erent persons . Note of delivery of articles to Ati son of

Receipt for spices served out in month of Isin

Note as to musical instruments served out . Note of rations served out

Order for thousands of bricks . Note of rations served out Note of rations served out Fragment of list of rations Note of rations served out

Note of rations served out . Note of rations served out Receipt for loan of corn in m onth ASHA Dungi 46

Rations served out . Note of rations served out Note of rations served out Note of fishes received and served out Note of rations served out Note of rations served out in month SH E-IL-LA Note of rations served out Note of quantities of food and drink ( ta tions Note of rations served out Fragment of accounts Fragment of accounts

List of quantities of provender for asses .

43 Bulla for one person Pass for 3 women Note of rations served out a a Inc nt tion text, very early example, R. T.

XXVIII . p . 2 1 6

a i . Dedic tion of vase to goddess N saba ; O . L. Z

VII . 284 List of places in neighborhood of Telloh with

amounts of taxes due ; R . T. XX . 69 . Note of rations served out ; Bur- Sin 1 I - Deed of sale from Jokha, ancient G SH U H ;

. l R . i k T XIX . 63, Urb u, Patesi .

Deed of sale of a house, from Jokha ; R . T. il XIX . 63, Dungi 37, Urb ku, Patesi . List of slaves and owners from Jokha Legal decision by Patesi ; Dungi 45 Receipt for 20 ewes in month Isin- Ninasu; Gimil-Sin 3 Note of rations served out in month Isin Dungi ; Gimil- Sin 3 Return of corn from two fields in month Isin Bau ; Dungi 47a Cargo account in month Amarasi ; Bur- Sin 8 Cargo account of ship from Susa to Telloh

- 6 . with sesame , crew of 3 ; Bur Sin 6, R . T

XXII . 1 53 Note of allowances to messengers from Sa

bum , etc . Note of rations served out Note of rations served out Note of rations served out in month Isin Dungi Note of corn delivered by order of two officials Receipt for meal in month S H E- IL-LA

Receipt for loan of 756 shekels of silver, inter S H U -K U L-A - 8 est 5 shekels, month ; Bur Sin Receipt for loan of corn and silver ; Dungi 31

44 Receipt for loan of corn in month Isin- Dungi Bur- Sin 1 1 Loan of corn to Gudea ; Dungi 46

- - List of names , time of AN A AN the king ;

R . T. XXIV. 25 List of advances to several persons a ib ili Bull for one mm to R am t , shepherd . Bulla for one mm to same Bulla for one mm to same Bulla for one ram to same Bulla for one ram to Haliaum o Bulla for two kids , g od seal impressions . Re eipt for two brick moulds ( l) Gimil g1n 1 Note of rations served out in month CAN - M ASH

Note of rations served out . Bulla for one big ox to Apia Order for corn from two officials Note of rations served out in month Isin

li l Note of rations served out to Be auruga ,

- AN M R . patesi of Susa, in month C ASH ; . T I 1 XXII . p . 1 53 9 % % h Note of 295 cattle confided to Nam ani, shep herd of Ur- Ninsu Note of rations served out Receipt for 6 women hired for 1 day by Ur ‘ Abba ; Bur-Sin 8 8 1 96 1 1 s

Calculation of hire of 1 23 workmen ; R. T.

- XXII . 1 5 1 , Bur Sin 2 .

Loan of four wooden implements ; R. T. l- 6 a XVII . 38 , Gimi Sin

- Receipt for quantities of wool ; Gimil Sin 1 , Bur- Sin 1 1 Account of revenues furnished by 3 cities ; Gimil-Sin 8

4S h t s d e a eh r cn B I I I I Note of rations served out to messenger from I ll I I 2 Rations for people from Huhunuri and Sa bum I S 1 1 3 Note of rations served out in month Z IB - K U 1 2 1 1 4 Note of rations served out in month SH B-lL-LA 1 0 1 1 5 Note of rations served out to oflicials from I I Note of rations served out to Gudea in month SH B-lL-LA 1 4 Note of rations served out 1 5 Note of rations served out ; Bur- Sin 1 4 Note of rations served out in month GAN M ASH Note of rations served out Note of rations served out to Gudea in month Isin- Dungi I O List of names Note of rations served out List of foreigners with amounts (of taxes

- time of Rim Anum ; R . T . XX . 64 List of contributions in accession year of Sin

irib . am ; O . L. Z . VIII 350 33

Seeds of vegetables given out to five barbers ,

- - 1 King AN A AN ; R. T. XXIV. 2 5 . 8 -A List of corn loans , month ASH , King Ardi - 1 N E N E ; O . L. Z . VIII . 35

Fragment of the Legend of Kutba ; R . T.

XX . 65 73 Mythological fragment naming Uddushu

i . 6 . I namir and other pates s ; R . T. XX 3 3

‘ Fragment of the Legend of Etana, R . T.

XXIII . 1 8 5 5 Fragment of a new mythological legend I 3 Receipt for corn ; Ammiditana 1 5 9

46

CUN E I "ORM IN SC RIPT ION S BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN

CU N E I "ORM I NSORI PT ION S BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN

A collection of Babylonian and As syrian clay tablets with cunei

a. form inscriptions, formerly the property of the Sheik of Abu Habb

ABBREVIATIONS

A denotes tablet from Abu Habba.

B denotes tablet from Babylon .

T denotes tablet from Telloh .

x The collection exhibits about 540 0 lines of te t . o At least 90 tablets are perfect and 30 others nearly s , a very unusual proportion . Forty tablets date from the times of the very early kings and i pates s of Lagash , B . C . 40 0 0

Over 1 50 tablets date from the first dynasty of Babylon , and were found at Abu Habba.

a . 2 At le st one new king is represented by No 49 , some 0 new x dates not being yet fi ed in their correct chronological sequence . Two tablets come from Bism aya and are as yet excessively rare in Europe . The collection is exceptionally valuable for the chronology of the First Dynasty. x A large number of te ts are remarkable for beauty of script .

e s s x 1 All th se tablet are unpubli hed e cept No . 9 7, a duplicate of

O . L . Z. IV. 5 .

inmubali 1 . Sale of a building ; S t 4 , perfect , A inm b i 1 e a alt t . L g l decision ; S u 4 , perfec , A in o m ubalit 6 . L an of silver ; S , perfect , A i m la l . Sale of a field ; Su u u 1 9 , perfect , A i n 1 . Money loan ; Amm dita a 1 , perfect , A

iza a 1 6 . Loan of oil ; Amm dug , perfect , A iz 1 6 Money accounts ; Amm aduga , perfect, A

S I Loan of silver by the god Shamash ; Ammi zadu a g 8 , nearly perfect , A . r e T ust d ed for small cattle , new kind of docu Am miza ment duga 1 5 , perfect, A

burbal Zabi . Sale of estate ; um 8 , perfect , A u A i Money acco nt ; mm zaduga 5 , perfect , A .

Corn account ; no date, perfect , A a Am mi Money ccount ; zaduga 1 6, perfect, A . iz Money account ; Amm aduga 1 3, perfect, A eob b loni Corn account ; no date, N a y an, end o broken ff , B

a Am z . Corn ccount ; mi aduga 1 3, imperfect , A

Corn account ; no date , perfect , A

Am i i an 1 . Corn account ; m d t a 3, perfect, A

Letter ; no date , perfect, A

Seal impress ion , label or pass ; no date , nearly

perfect , A

Corn account ; 24th of Elul , nearly perfect , A iz Corn account ; Am m aduga E , perfect, A . ’ Money account (wages bill i ) 1 4th of Tam

muz , perfect , A a burbal S le of estate , fragment of the envelope

of No . 1 0 Am iza u a Bread , or meal account ; m d g E , per

f ect, A

Letter ; probably to the king ; no date, perfect, A i 1 Sale of 22 palm trees ; Amm zaduga 3, per

fect, A Sale of burbalestate ; Apil-Sin C per

- - am it na I. Sale of 3year old cow ; S sud a , per

f ect, A

Meal account; 1 6th of Ab , perfect, A

Wages bill ; sth of Elul , perfect , A

Corn account ; no date , perfect , A

Wages bill 1 st Sivan , perfect, A

52 Dedication of maid to a god , or manumission Samsud1tana A, perfect , A

Memorandum ; no date, nearly perfect, A . a 2 - - Ammi i an S le of year old cow ; d t a 2 5 , nearly r pe fect, A a Ammizadu a Corn ccount ; g E , perfect A . R l iz call of militia ; Amm adu a 1 , perfect ai g 3 ,

a - - Am i i ana 2 r S le of 3 year old cow ; m d t 4, pe f ect, A Rations served out or corn account ; the year Simurum was e d stroyed , nearly perfect, T . Rations served out or corn account ; the year imur S um was destroyed , nearly perfect, T Rations served out or corn account ; the year i r S mu um was destroyed , nearly perfect, T Rations served out or corn account ; the year im S urum was destroyed , nearly perfect, T

- - Sale of one year old cow, perfect case of No . miz 47; Am aduga 2 , A te Rations served out same date as No. 40 ,

verse weathered , T

Rations served out year the temple of Gur,

nearly perfect , T al - - Ammizadu a 2 er S e of one year old cow ; g , p

f ect, A

Rations served out ; same date as No. 40 ,

nearly perfect , T i ik n i . Loan of silver ; Amm ab , perfect , A

Meal account ; 1 8th day, perfect , A

Letter ; no date , perfect, A

h . Temple accounts , fis , etc , 7 columns ; Uru

kagina king of Lagash , perfect, T u Lu al Temple accounts, skins , etc. , 7col mns ; g e anda, patesi of Lagash , perf ct, T

mulailu 6 . al a Su S e of field ; , perfect , A

53 alf 3- - ; Ammiditana 20 S e o year old cow , dam

aged , A a S le of adult bull , portions broken out ; Am miditana 7, damaged , A . R a oll c ll ; no date, perfect , A o Ammiza u 1 L an of money and corn ; d ga 4 ,

perfect , A a Ammid tana S le of bull for chariot ; i 34, dam

aged , A a Corn account for each d y of a month , Neo

babylonian ; no date, perfect , B Am iz Corn account ; m aduga 1 3, A

Letter to a brother ; no date, perfect, A 6 Corn account ; 2 th of T eshri , perfect , A . a mi n Sale of fem le slave ; Am dita a 1 3, dam

aged , A

Temple accounts ; same date as No. 4 , dam

aged , T s a Legal decision ; Abe hu U , dam ged , A o lni n h N bab o a Corn account , e y , 4t of Sivan ,

nearly perfect , B

i i na m . . Loan of corn ; Amm d ta 8 , da aged , A

Temple accounts ; no date , damaged , T

Bitumen seal of jar, with seal ; no date , nearly

perfect , T r in Temple accounts ; 2 1 cols . , U ukag a king

of Lagash , much damaged , T

Temple accounts ; 1 9 cols. , date lost, much

damaged , T a Temple accounts ; 1 7 cols. , d te lost , much

damaged , T ka in Temple accounts ; 1 3 cols. , Uru g a patesi

of Lagash , much damaged , T s ruka in Temple accounts ; 1 7 col . , U g a king e of Lagash , much damag d , T

Temple accounts ; 7 cols Lugalanda patesi

of Lagash , fragment , T n L l Temple accou ts ; 4 cols. , uga anda patesi ,

perfect , T

ac . L alan a Temple counts ; 3 cols , ug d patesi , 1 1

2 . e 2 Temple accounts ; cols , no date , p rfect, T S % 1 0 0 e T mple accounts , 5 cols. no date, nearly per f ect , T 1 '

[ 0 1 a u . Lu alan Temple cco nts , 4 cols g da patesi , 20 ac ruka ina Temple counts ; 4 cols. , U g , dam

aged , T ruk in Temple accounts ; 3 cols. , U ag a king of

Lagash , perfect , T nli rzi Temple accounts ; 3 cols . , E ta patesi of

a . Lagash , dam ged , T

s. Temple accounts ; 2 col , no date, damaged , T.

. a c . Temple accounts ; 2 cols , no d te , perfe t , T s Temple accounts ; 4 cols. , date lo t , damaged ,

a in Temple accounts ; 4 cols. , Uruk g a king,

damaged , T

2 . Temple accounts ; cols. , no date, perfect, T

Temple accounts ; 2 cols no date, illegible, T .

m i i . Loan of silver ; Am d tana 2 7, fragment, A n Marriage contract ; Ammidita a 3, pieces

gone , A

S ale of female slave ; Abeshu S , lower edge

gone , A

i itana at . Loan of corn ; Amm d 34 , we hered , A z a 1 Trust deed for cattle ; Ammi adug , per

feet, A .

i i n 1 c . Loan of money ; Amm d ta a 3 , perfe t , A i n Account rendered ; Amm idta a 24, nearly per

n c . Account rendered ; Ammidita a 24, perfe t , A

56 a Lo n of corn ; Ammiditana 1 8 , perfect, A . o n i ana L a of corn ; Ammidt 37, damaged , A . c Ammiz A counts , aduga H , perfect , A al a Hire of ox by sever partners ; Abeshu, fr g

ment, A . al i S e of female slave ; Amm ditana 2 1 , weath

ered, A . Assignment of property for debt ; Amm iditana

29 , damaged , A .

Share of family estate ; date lost , damaged , A.

e iz . M morandum ; Amm aduga 5 , perfect , A

Memorandum ; Ammizaduga 3, perfect , A . i Deposit ; Amm id tana 2 8 , damaged , A

Deposit ; date lost, A 1 Loan of silver ; Ammiditana 3 , perfect, A . n Loan of silver, Ammidita a 1 9 , damaged, A .

z u . Loan of silver ; Ammi ad ga 1 , damaged , A i n Loan of silver ; Ammid ta a 9 , perfect , A M “ v Ammizadu a 2 a Aof sil er ; g , b dly broken ,

Loan of silver ; date gone , mere fragment, A . i Loan of silver ; Ammid tana 1 9 , weathered , A

Loan of silver ; Ammiditana 32 , damaged , A .

an 1 . Loan of silver ; Ammidit a 3, damaged , A

i an l . Loan of silver ; Ammidt a ( ) damaged , A n Deposit of silver ; Ammidita a 33, damaged , A

i . Loan of silver ; Amm ditana 29 , perfect , A

i i ana 1 1 . Loan of silver ; Amm dt , damaged , A

Deed of exchange ; Abeshu, damaged , A

i n 6 . Loan of oil ; Amm dita a 3 , perfect, A

Lease of fields ; date lost, only lower part , A . c Case of tablet ; no date, perfe t , A c Corn account ; no date, perfe t , A ‘of a Sale of a house; reign Abeshu , no d te, al lower h f only, A n Loan of silver ; Ammidita a 29 , pieces gone, A

Loan of corn ; Ammiditana 32 , damaged, A .

S7 1 1 oa A i 5 L n of corn ; mmidtana 1 6, weathered , A . 1 3 1 2 A 5 Trust deed for sheep ; mmiditana 25 , edge

o n a e Ilani C rn accou t, n mes Crown Princ ss t Ammidi tana 1 3, perfect, A

Order, or report ; no date, perfect, A a lni Corn ccount, names Princess I ta ; no date,

perfect, A a Le se of fields ; date lost , a fragment, A . e al L g decision on lease of estate ; date lost, a fr gment, A .

List of hired workmen ; no date , fragment, A .

Loan of silver ; date lost, fragment, A lni Loan of corn ( rations possibly) , I ta ; no

date, perfect , A s Lea e of field ; date lost, pieces lost, A i Loan of money for reapers Amm ditana 1 2 ,

Corn rations ; new date, perfect , from Bis maya

Loan of money to buy corn ; , Abeshu 1 5 , from Bismaya r Loan of corn ; no date, f agment , A

Corn account ; no date, fragment, A

Corn list of rations ( i ) , no date, fragment, A. A Money loan ; Ammizaduga fragment, . n Corn list ; Samsudita a L, perfect , A

Corn list ; no date, perfect , A .

Corn loan ; Ammizaduga 0 , fragment, A .

Account rendered ; Ammizaduga T, fragment,

I 73 Corn list ; no date, fragment , A a 1 74 List of houses with their rents ; no date, fr g I 7 2% a 1 I 7S Corn list ; no d te, perfect , A 9 94 W4

1 76 List of gifts ; no date, perfect, A 9 W6

58 oan L of oil ; Ammizaduga 1 1 , nearly perf ect,

oa A L n of corn ; mmizaduga 8 , fragment, A . no Corn list ; date, weathered , A . a Lease of field ; date lost, fragment, A . i n L st of money spent ; Samsudita a S , nearly

perfect , A

Letter ; no date, lower piece, A U S initum Samsuditana e Aof ; S , piec s gone, ini m itan List of tu ; Samsud a S , pieces gone,

1 o l 85 L an of silver ; date ost, defaced , A

1 86 Lo er edge of a large tablet ; Samsuditana B , ) x 0 0 1 m uiluna . 87 Religious text ; Sa s 7, pieces gone, B 31 0

1 88 Religious text in two cols. , no date , fragment,

Accounts ; no date, A

Possibly historical text ; no date, calcined, B ( i ) iditan 0 Loan of corn for reapers ; Am m a 25 , t p

edge gone , A o Ammizadu a L in (hf corn ; g T, obverse lost,

Corn loan ; no date , perfect, A iz Loan of money ; Amm aduga U , fragment, A i Loan of corn ; Amm zaduga 1 6, nearly per

f ect, A lni Contract Neobaby o an; no date, corners

gone, B

Funerary cone ; no date, damaged , B

Statuette of Ishtar ; no date , feet gone, A .

Statuette of Nabu, head , Ishtar body ; no date, A

Alabaster foot of small image ; no date, A . h h s t s t d s g e e e nh a h n c e c i e n r a L L i B

Ra s v d o tions er e ut ; no date, perfect, B ra a F gment of t blet ; no date, A a Fr gment of tablet ; no date, A eas al la a . L e of f low nd ; d te lost, damaged , A Bulla or label sent with goods ; Ammiditana i ( ) , heart shaped, A a Bull or label sent with goods ; no date, fine

seals, A Bulla or label sent with goods ; duplicate of

last, A Bulla or label sent with goods ; duplicate of

last , A Bulla or label sent with goods ; duplicate of

2 1 0 Bulla or label sent with goods ; duplicate of

last , A 1 1 2 Bulla or label sent with goods ; different seals,

al Jar stopper with se , A

Statement of area of field and corn rent, A .

Lease of estate ; Samsuditana C, nearly per

feet , A

Magical text ; no date, fragment, A . iza Loan of silver ; Amm duga 8 , pieces broken 1 4 1 56 1 %

Temple accounts list of clothes, etc. ; no date,

damaged , T

Money lent , with weights of silver ; Amm idi

tana 2 1 , perfect, A al Money account ; Ammizaduga 5 , lower h f gone A

Lease of field ; Abeshu 28 , perfect, A Lo n Ammiditana 28 zof silver ; , corner gone,

Loan of silver ; date lost, top edge gone , A .

i . Lease of fields ; Samsud tana D , perfect, A

a a . Hire of house; Ammizaduga 1 3, d m ged , A

60 2 2 al 1 5 S e of field ; Hammurabi 4, half reverse

gone , A 2 2 6 l o Bulla or abel sent with g ods ; no date , per

ul B la or label sent with goods ; no date, per f ect, A

Religious text ; no date, weathered , A

e . Bulla, or lab l ; no date , perfect , A é Bulla, or label ; no dat , perfect , A o iz L an of silver ; Am m aduga 1 3, corner gone,

2 2 3 Loan of silver ; date uncertain , nearly per

f . ect, A 2 o v iz a 33 L an of sil er ; Am m adug 9 , nearly per

o Am i itana a . L an of silver ; m d , we thered , A N ob loni n Memorandum , e aby a ; no date, edge

gone, B a Lo n of silver ; Ammiditana 1 6, edge gone, A lni n ab o a Rations served out , Neob y ; no date,

reverse half gone, B i i n Loan of silver ; Amm d ta a 2 5 , edge gone, A

List of names with contributions or rations , lot of lines apparently efiaced n 1 Loan of silver ; Ammidita a 2 , perfect , A . l th Corn account, mention of horses ( ) 24 of

Nisan , perfect, A Roll call with check marks to each name ; per

f ect, A

Corn list ( rations perfect, A

61 Of this edition of the catalogue of “ r al Cuneifo m Inscriptions ; Ch dean , ” Babylonian and Assyrian , there have been printed two hundred and fifty copies during the month of April

MCMVIII .