Proceedings of the Sixteenth Session, Lae, Papua New Guinea, 12-21

Committee for Co-ordination of Joint Prospecting for Mineral Resources in South Pacific Offshore Areas (CCOP/SOPAC)

PROCEEDINGS OF THE SIXTEENTH SESSION

Lae, Papua New Guinea 12-21 October 1987

including

Report of the Sixteenth Session of its Technical Advisory Group, the CCOP/SOPAC Work Programme, and selected Technical Documentation.

Compiled by

J.V. Eade and M.L. Bukarau

1988

1 Prepared for publication by the CCOP/SOPAC Technical Secretariat, Suva.

The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatever on the part of CCOP /SOP AC concerning the legal status of any country or territory or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of the frontiers of any country or territory.

The mention of any firm or licensed process does not imply endorsement by CCOP /SOP AC.

COVER PHOTO PNG Geological Survey and Techsec staff preparing the boat for a day's bottom sounding at Lorengau, Manus Island during a province-wide survey for harbour and wharf development. (Photograph by John Harper).

2 CCOP /SOPAC Annual Proceedings Price List

AVAILABILITY

Available from: Technical Secretariat of CCOP /SOPAC, c/o Mineral Resources Department, Private Mail Bag, G.P.O., Suva, Fiji, upon receipt of remittance payable to "CCOP /SOPAC Techsec".

Proceedings of the Sixteenth Session of CCOP /SOP AC, Lae, Papua New Guinea, October 1987. US$8.00 Proceedings of the Fifteenth Session of CCOP /SOP AC, Rarotonga, Cook Islands, September 1986. US$8.00 Proceedings of the Fourteenth Session of CCOP /SOP AC, Honiara, Solomon Islands, September 1985. US$8.00 Proceedings of the Thirteenth Session of CCOP /SOPAC, Apia, Western Samoa, October 1984. US$8.00 Proceedings of the Twelfth Session of CCOP /SOP AC, Nuku'alofa, Tonga, October 1983. US$8.00 Proceedings of the Eleventh Session of CCOP /SOPAC, Wellington, New Zealand, November 1982. US$8.00 Proceedings of the Tenth Session of CCOP /SOPAC, Port Vila, Vanuatu, October 1981. US$5.00 Proceedings of the Ninth Session of CCOP /SOP AC, Tarawa, Kiribati, October 1980. US$6.00 Proceedings of the Eighth Session of CCOP /SOP AC, Suva, Fiji, September 1979. US$6.00 Proceedings of the Seventh Session of CCOP /SOP AC, Wellington, New Zealand, October 1978. US$5.00 Proceedings of the Sixth Session of CCOP /SOPAC, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea, October 1977. US$5.00 Proceedings of the Fifth Session of CCOP /SOP AC, Rarotonga, Cook Islands, November 1976. US$3.00 Proceedings of the Fourth Session of CCOP /SOP AC, Honiara, Solomon Islands, September 1975. US$6.00 Proceedings of the Third Session of CCOP /SOP AC, Apia, Western Samoa, September 1974. US$6.00 Report of the Preparatory Meeting and Proceedings of First and Second Sessions of CCOP /SOP AC. US$8.00

All prices include surface postage. Airmail postage extra - rates available on request.

3 4 CONTENTS

Page

CCOP/SOPAC :ANINTRODUCTION 7

SUMMARYOF CONCLUSIONSAND RECOMMENDATIONS 11 A Summary of the Committee in Plenary 11 B. Summary of the Technical Advisory Group 12 C. Sununary of the Committee in Special Session 15

Part 1 : REPORr OF TIlE COMMfITEE, SIXfEENIH SESSION 19 Annex I. Report of the Technical Advisory Group (TAG) 29 II. Report of TAGWorking Committee on a proposed Charles Darwin Cruise in 1988 55 III. Current and Proposed Cruises in the CCOP/SOPAC Region as at October 1987 56 IV. CCOP/SOPACWorkListfor 1988 57 v. Report of the Tripartite Review Meeting 65

Part 2 : CCOP/SOPAC WORKPROGRAMME 69 A List ofCCOP/SOPAC Projects 69 B. Work Programme Sununary 72

Part 3 : 16th SESSION DOCUMENTATION 97 A List of Documents 97 B. Sununary of Selected Documents 105

Part 4 : APPENDICES 131 A List of Participants 131 B. List of Publications and Charts on Display 137 C. List of Acronyms 141

5 6 CCOPI SOPAC: AN INTRODUCfION

The Committee for Co-ordination of Joint 1981 offshore work continued on major Prospecting for Mineral Resources in South oceanographic vessels provided as a special Pacific Offshore Areas (referred to briefly as contribution to CCOP /SOPAC by donor gov- the Co-ordinating Committee for Offshore ernments, and on vessels available locally Prospecting, South Pacific, and abbreviated throughout the region. Offshore prospecting CCOP /SOPAC) is an inter-governmental work has been undertaken for hydrocarbons, body established to: investigate mineral and polymetallic ferromanganese nodules and other nonliving resource potential in coastal, crusts, hydrothermal deposits, submarine inshore, nearshore and offshore areas of its phosphates and precious corals. Nearshore member countries; gather baseline data to work began in 1975 with searches being made determine design criteria for engineering for placer gold and lagoonal bauxite deposits. works or other developments in the coastal In 1978 the near-shore programme was ex- zone; co-ordinate marine geological and geo- panded to include construction materials and physical studies being made in the region; precious corals. In 1980 coastal and inshore and train nationals in the implementation and baseline and environmental studies com- management of their work programmes. menced. Subsequently wave energy and Member countries are currently Australia, geological hazards have been incorporated Cook Islands, Fiji, Guam, Kiribati, New into the CCOP /SOPAC Work Programme. Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Training of national staff has been per- Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, and Western formed aboard ships, at the Technical Secretar- Samoa. Since its inception at Suva in 1972 iat, and at special courses and workshops. under the sponsorship of the United Nations CCOP /SOP AC publishes technical informa- Economic and Social Commission for Asia and tion through the South Pacific Marine Geologi- the Pacific (ESCAP), the Committee has met cal Notes, its Technical Bulletin series, and annually (Table 1) to review work completed, internal reports, and produces a quarterly and to discuss and plan future work. In 1984 Newsletter and an Annual Proceedings vol- the Committee reaffirmed its legal status as an ume. It has sponsored workshops on petro- independent, regional inter-governmental leum potential, offshore and nearshore min- body by its member countries signing a Memo- eral resources, concrete from coral aggregate, randum of Understanding. coastal processes, and regional tectonics. In late 1974, a United Nations Development Financial support of approximately Fiji$1.7 Programme (UNDP) Marine Geologist was million annually is currently being provided appointed and a Technical Secretariat estab- by international agencies (primarily the lished in Suva, Fiji. By the middle of 1987 UNDP), donor governments, and the member staffing at the Technical Secretariat (including countries themselves. Substantial additional UNDP project staff) had grown to a level of 18 support in the form of services is provided to professional and 13 support persons. CCOP /SOPAC by donor governments mainly Survey work investigating nearshore and through major joint activities. Supporting offshore minerals started in 1975. Vessels countries include Australia, Canada, Federal were chartered for offshore surveys every year Republic of Germany, France, Japan, Nether- from 1977 to 1981 including a 6-month charter lands, New Zealand, Norway, Peoples Repub- each year for the 3-year period 1979-81. Since lic of China, United Kingdom, USA and USSR.

7 They provide assistance in areas such as International organisations, such as the funding, training, shiptime, non-reimbursable Commonwealth Science Council (CSC), the consultants, gifts and loans of equipment, European Economic Community (EEC), the editorial services, and publishing and printing United Nations Educational Scientific and costs. Member countries also provide con- Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) and its siderable support in kind, especially during associated Intergovernmental Oceanographic survey work, by providing personnel, faci- Commission (lOC), and the International lities (including ships), equipment, and Decade of Ocean Exploration (IOOE), have supplies. also assisted CCOP/SOPAC.

10 SUMMARY OF CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS SUMMARY OF CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

A. SUMMARY OF THE COMMITfEE IN PLENARY B. SUMMARY OF THE TECHNICAL ADVISORY GROUP C. SUMMARY OF THE COMMITTEE IN SPECIAL SESSION

A. THE COMMITIEE IN PLENARY(see cooperation between IOC and CCOP / Part 1, Report of the Committee): SOPAC including the carrying out of their 1. was informed that the Bureau of Mineral respective mandates in STAR (para. 37); Resources will arrange storage for geo- 8. was informed that the USA government physical magnetic tapes, and that Australia had approved budgetary assistance for would continue to provide training in CCOP /SOP AC totalling US$200,OOOper bathymetric mapping (para. 16); year for three years commencing in the US 2. decided that every effort would be made to fiscal year 1987/88 (para. 39); re-order meetings at future Annual Ses- 9. adopted the Report of the Technical Advi- sions to minimise the waiting time for non sory Group (TAG), including the STAR member country participants (para. 27); Report, and the recommendations of TAG 3. had decided that a review of the with two exceptions: Committee's constitution would take place - firstly, with respect to the TAG recom- and that pending this review the com- mendation on the distribution of SPOT position and scope of TAG would remain images, the Committee agreed in principle as in th~ past (para. 27); to accept the offer to have Techsec act as the distributing agent for SPOT images to 4. had adopted a Conceptual Five Year Pro- CCOP /SOPAC member countries; gramme which established general direct- - secondly, in accepting the TAG recom- ions for the period 1988-1992 (para. 28); mendation that some of the ECll's available 5. was informed that the possibility of fur- for marine surveys from Lome III funds be ther Netherlands support to CCOP / used to commission approximately 30 days SOPAC could be explored by ESCAP if of RRS Charles Darwin shiptime to con- requested (para. 30); duct GLORIA and multichannel seismic surveys, the Committee agreed that the 6. was informed that SPREP encouraged and suggested amount of approximately one stressed the importance of CCOP /SOP AC third of the 1.9 ECll's available was only a representation at ASPEI and BIWP meet- guideline for Techsec to note (paras 43-45); ings to further the cooperation between SPREP and CCOP /SOPAC (para. 35); 10.agreed that the 17th Session would be held in Fiji during October, 1988, and would be 7. was informed that the Secretary of IOC preceded by a CCOP /SOP AC Workshop intended to approach officially the Director on Non-fuel Nearshore Minerals (para. 47); of Techsec to discuss the possible basis for a Memorandum of Understanding which 11. stated that the 17th Session would consist would include the general framework for of, in order, the following meetings:

11 1. Plenary (Opening); Tonga (para. 12.1.2); 2. Committee in Special Session; 6. RECOMMENDED that whenever testing 3. Joint CCOP /SOPAC-IOC Working for phosphate, samples should also be Group on South Pacific Tectonics and checked for yttrium as this metal was begin- Resources (STAR); ning to be in short supply (para. 12.3.3); 4. Technical Advisory Group (TAG); 5. Committee in Special Session; 7. RECOMMENDEDthatTechsecandSPREP 6. Plenary (Closing) (para. 48). work together to advise member countries in the planning, siting, and mining of con- B. THE TECHNICAL ADVISORY GROUP struction materials and lagoonal phosphate (see Part 1, Annex 1>: to minimise adverse effects on adjacent environments and resources, especially 1. RECOMMENDED that the Australian rep- reef resources used by indigenous people resentative establish contact with RAN and (para. 12.3.5); OSI on Techsec's behalf to ensure that in the future Techsec and the member country 8. RECOMMENDED that whenever sub- representatives concerned received copies mersibles are working in the region on of cruise plans and cruise reports of work in programmes funded for scientific research, member countries' waters (para. 10.15); Techsec should request that a few dives be made available to evaluate the precious 2. RECOMMENDED that Techsec actively coral potential of sites where previous encourage implementation of the Coastal tanglenet surveys had indicated possible Processes Workshop recommendations, potential (para. 12.4.4); and seeks ways of implementing those recommendations which are part of the 9. RECOMMENDED that Techsec seek ways CCOP /SOPAC Work Programme (para. of maintaining manpower levels in the 11.1.3); hydrocarbon activity at no less than three experts beyond the two years already 3. RECOMMENDED that papers presented at funded by PCIAC and CFTC (para. 13.4); the Coastal Processes Workshop be published as a CCOP /SOP AC Technical Bul- 10. RECOMMENDED that Techsec produce a letin and that Techsec seek funds to facili- summary overview of the results stemming tate publication (para. 11.1.5); from the reviews being made of the hydrocarbon potential of Tonga and other mem- 4. RECOMMENDED that official delegations ber countries by Techsec as they are com- to future CCOP /SOPAC Annual Sessions pleted, and that this summary overview be include in their delegations experts in published as a CCOP /SOP AC Technical coastal studies relevant to the CCOP / Bulletin (para. 13.6); SOPAC Work Programme, and that Tech- sec also invite to future sessions of TAG 11. RECOMMENDED that Techsec look into appropriately qualified experts who are ways and means of purchasing or hiring currently active in coastal processes and equipment capable of drilling to depths of related studies in the region (para. 11.1.6); about 60m on land to obtain fresh material for source rock analysis. (para. 13.14); 5. RECOMMENDED that further work be done on the distribution and thickness of 12.RECOMMENDED that Techsec make no offshore sand and gravel resources in definite decisions on acquiring an in-house

12 seismic processing system but should keep GLORIA and multichannel seismic surveys its options open in case such equipment is intheCCOP /SOPAC region (para. 17.1.10); offered as a gift (para. 13.17); 19.RECOMMENDED that approximately 11 13. RECOMMENDED that any analysis of days of multichannel seismic survey time seamount samples for phosphate should be commissioned - 5 days for the Vanikula also include yttrium as this metal was be- Basin of Solomon Islands and Vanuatu and coming in short supply (para. 14.4.2); 6 days forLau Ridge of Fiji, and approximately 19days of GLORIA surveys in areas 14. RECOMMENDED thatTechsec investigate selected from the following - Western possible avenues of collaboration with the Woodlark Basin, Western (trench) side of Geomechanics Division of csmo (para. Vanuatu, Central BasinofVanuatu, Eastern 16.1.3); (backarc) side of Vanuatu, North Fiji Frac- 15. noting that both SPEC and PEDP had been ture Zone, Eastern Lau Basin, Samoa Basin approached in the past by Techsec to con- transit, North Penrhyn and South Penrhyn sider wave energy sources and that CCOP / Basins in Cook Island waters, Eastern SOPAC remained the only organisation to Manihiki Plateau, Western side of Line Is- sponsor marine energy activities, TAG lands, and Gilbert and Tuvalu island chains RECOMMENDED that Techsec attempt to (para. 17.1.12); be represented at the forthcoming PEDP meeting in Tonga in early 1988 (para. 20. RECOMMENDED the areas chosen should 16.2.4); depend on the logistics of the cruise programme and should the multichannel seis- 16. RECOMMENDED that Techsec convey to mic system not be available then more appropriate organisations and inter- GLORIA work should be accomplished national agencies the region's requirement (para. 17.1.13); to have -the existing seismic network strenghthened through the installation of 21. RECOMMENDED that "ground truth" sur- further instruments and, in particular, the veys be initiated as soon as possible for the additional provision for their operation Aitutaki SPOT imagery before the next and maintenance (para. 16.3.6); hurricane season (para. 17.2.5); 17.RECOMMENDED that CCOP/SOPAC 22. RECOMMENDED that CCOP /SOPACnot should take advantage of the visit to the become a distribution agent for SPOT South Pacific of RRS Charles Darwin in images at this stage but consider the possi- 1988 and that Techsec be instructed to bility of involvement at some future time obtain release of Lome III funds to allow (para. 17.2.6); CCOP /SOPAC to commission surveys of 23. RECOMMENDED that a working group selected areas of the CCOP /SOPAC region comprising at least one representative of by the RRS Charles Darwin (para. 17.1.9); USP and at least one representative of 18. RECOMMENDED that approximately one Techsec be established to look into the pres- third of the 1.9 million ECU's available for ent status of the Earth Science programmes marine surveys from the Lome III funds be at the University and to explore options for used to commission approximately 30 days the future and that the group should report of RRS Charles Darwin shiptime to conduct before the 17th Session (para. 18.2.5);

13 24. RECOMMENDED adoption of the pro- development of a high school course out- posed first-degree scholarship guidelines line in the Earth Sciences (para. 18.4.1). as presented to TAG with modifications as 29. RECOMMENDED that the Techsec Train- follows: ing Co-ordinator investigate the possibility a. that the term "Conditions" be changed to of training workshops being held during "Guidelines"; the International Geological Congress to be b. that any Conditions in the Guidelines held in Washington, DC during August may be overruled, at the discretion of the 1989, as already discussed by USGS and Director in consultation with the member IGC (para 18.4.6); country representatives, so that students may be eligible under special circum- 30. RECOMMENDED that USP take the lead stances; in any cooperative association between c. that a bonding committment be made to USP and Techsec and, in particular, ensure make sure the student applies the training involvement of IOC-TEMA in relevant received to the service of his home country areas (para. 18.5.5); for a period of 1.5 years per year of scholar- 31.RECOMMENDED that future SPREP ship funding; courses be co-ordinated with the CCOP I d. that provision be made to accommodate SOPAC training activity through Techsec annual return trips to the home country for (para. 18.5.8); non-married students; e. that CCOP lSOPAC is not responsible 32. RECOMMENDED that a technical expert for salaries as part of the scholarship be sent from Techsee, if invited, to the UN- scheme (para. 18.2.6); IOC group of experts meeting to be held in New York near the end of 1988 to discuss 25. RECOMMENDED that Techsec approach marine scientific research within national the Royal Australian Navy Hydrographer jurisdictions (para. 18.6.4-5); or the Director, BMR to finalise arrangements for continuation of the training in 33. RECOMMENDED that the island countries bathymetric drafting (para. 18.3.5); should now take action to obtain copies of data held by petroleum companies (para. 26. RECOMMENDED that UNISEARCH and 19.4); Techsec continue to communicate and attempt to identify possible funding 34. RECOMMENDED that a collection of sources for workshops in tune with mem- papers detailing the scientific results of the ber country needs (para. 183.7>; RV Natsushima Cruise to the Lau- Tonga Area be published together in the CCOP I 27. RECOMMENDED that as far as possible SOPAC Technical Bulletin Series and that sources of funding for, and interests of _ the cruise leaders should be the editors of member countries in workshops be identi- such a bulletin (para. 20.1.2); fied well in advance to assist in long-range planning and scheduling (para. 183.8); 35. RECOMMENDED that all future cruises should attempt to provide sufficient fund- 28. RECOMMENDED that Techsec should ing to cover the cost of publication of the assist, within resources available to results (para. 20.1.4); Techsec, educational authorities in CCOP I SOPAC island member countries in the 36. RECOMMENDED Techsec explore every

14 avenue available to identify funds and pur- Programme: chase nearshore survey equipment as soon - CCSP ICK.9:Management of Cook as possible (para. 21.1.5); Islands data relevant to CCOP ISOPAC Work Programme activities; 37. RECOMMENDED that links be established - CCSP IKI.7: Management of Kiribati between CCOP ISOPAC and ODP in order data relevant to CCOP ISOPAC Work Pro- to support drilling plans in the South Pacific (para. 22.1.4); gramme activities; - CCSP IKI.8: Offshore seabed mapping 38. RECOMMENDED that CCOP ISOPAC in the Kiribati EEZ; support the initiatives being made by sev- - CCSP IWS.11: Coastal and nearshore eral international agencies to conduct sub- mapping in Western Samoa; mersible dives in the CCOP ISOPACregion - CCSP IWS.12: Assessment of sand and (para. 22.1.7); gravel deposits in nearshore areas of West- ern Samoa for construction materials and 39. RECOMMENDED that technical advisers landfill; keep Techsec informed of work being - CCSP IREG.41:Long-range swath map- planned, work completed, and the results ping in Southwest Pacific offshore areas and publications produced of activities (para. 25.1.1); which relate to or meet the objectives of any of the Regional Projects in the CCOP I 44. RECOMMENDED that the forthcoming SOPAC Work Programme (para. 22.1.9); PEDP meeting, scheduled for early 1988 in Tonga, be advised of the need for additional 40.RECOMMENDED that Papua New equipment for the wave energy pro- Guinea, as a member of CCOP lEA, keep gramme (para.25.2.4). . Techsec informed of cruises sponsored by CCOP lEA planned for PNG waters (para. 22.1.10); C.THECO~ITTEEUNSPECLAL 41. RECOMMENDED that Techsec approach SESSION (Summary). the relevant authorities in France and FRG 1. The Acting Secretary of Minerals and to explore the use of Lome III funds for joint Energy, Papua New Guinea, Mr Lamech cruises on French and FRG research vessels Palaso chaired the opening part of the (para. 22.1.15); Session. Thereafter Mr Robin Moaina, head of the Papua New Guinea delegation, 42. RECOMMENDED that the "CCOP I chaired the Session acting on behalf of Mr SOPAC Conceptual Work Programme for W. Searson, Chairman of CCOP ISOPAC 1988-1992" be updated before the next for 1987-88. Annual Session to reflect the greater emphasis being placed on nearshore and 2. The Director presented a report on the coastal projects as reflected by the recom- administrative activities of Techsec. The mendations of the 1987 CCOP ISOPAC Director informed the Committee of his Nearshore Processes Workshop and the intention to visit member countries, start- current priorities of the member countries ing early next year and he requested feed- (para. 24.1); back from representatives on the performance of Techsec, 43. RECOMMENDED the following new projects be added to the CCOP ISOPAC Work 3. The Committee agreed that the Coastal

15 Processes Workshop had been very bene- New Zealand offer to prepare a draft docu- ficial to members and instructed Techsec to ment for the Committee's consideration. invite experts in coastal processes and 12.The Committee approved the draft CCOP / related problems to TAG in the future, SOPAC Conceptual Work Programme for especially those experts who are currently the period 1988-1992 and agreed that it working in the region. should be updated annually. The Com- ·4. The Committee adopted the Audit Report mittee noted that Techsec would prepare for Financial Year July 1985to June 1986and draft individual country work programme the report on expenditures and obligations statements reviewing activities imple- against the approved budget as at 31 mented over the past 16 years and outlin- December 1986. ing proposed activities to be undertaken in the next 5 years. 5. The Committee reviewed and revised its Accounting Instructions. 13.The Committee adopted a document out- lining aid required to implement projected 6. The Committee reviewed and revised its activities presented in the CCOP/SOPAC rules for Techsec staff remuneration and Conceptual Work Programme, with modi- other terms and conditions of employment. fications which included strengthening 7. The Committee agreed to appoint a Deputy resources in the hydrocarbon activity, in Director, who will be a technical person nearshore and coastal programmes, and in responsible for managing the Work Pro- training. gramme and a national of one of theCCOP / 14.The Committee approved with amend- SOPAC member countries. ments the proposed operating budget for 8. The Committee reiterated its preference 1988and the indicative budget for 1989and that CCOP /SOPAC's link with the Forum instructed Techsec to make every effort to be confined to a reporting function with prevent an increase in the contributions for executive authority on CCOP/SOPAC 1989 and prepare a paper for presentation matters continuing to be vested in the Com- at the 17th Session on a possible new for- mittee. mula for establishing member country contributions. 9. The Committee considered the national composition of TAG and agreed that pend- 15.The Committee agreed that a summary of ing decisions arising from the MOU review the Report on the Committee in Special the present national composition of TAG Session be published in the Proceedings. should continue. 16.The Committee agreed that Tuvalu, Kiri- 10. The Committee, whilst affirming the value bati, Cook Islands, and Western Samoa of free exchange of scientific data, directed should be given priority for the first three Techsec to dear with the CCOP /SOPAC ESCAP /UNDP scholarships. member countries cruise and survey 17.The Committee reviewed the TAG Report reports before circulation. and its recommendations and noted that it 11.The Committee agreed that it should pro- was acceptable except: it did not accept the ceed withareviewofitsMOU and Terms of TAG recommendation that "CCOP/ Reference as required and accepted the SOPAC not become involved in -distribut-

16 ing SPOT images" and agreed, in principle, 22. The Committee agreed that the 17th to accept the offer to have Techsec act as Session be held during October, 1988 at the distribution agent for SPOT images to Techsec headquarters in association with CCOP /SOP AC member countries, but at Tuvalu, should be preceded by a Work- no cost to the member countries; and it did shop, and consist of, in the following not accept the TAG recommendation "that order: Plenary (opening and admini- approximately one third of the 1.9 million strative statements), Committee in Special ECVs available for marine surveys from Session, STAR meeting, TAG, Committee Lome ill funding be used to commission in resumed Special Session, and Plenary approximately 30 days of RRS Charles (adoption of reports and closing) with Darwin shiptime to conduct GLORIA and other meetings being held as appropriate. multichannel seismic surveys in the CCOP /SOP AC region" but accepted it as a 23. The Committee agreed that the Director suggested guideline for Techsec to note. explore the possibility of finding assistance from external sources to assist with 18. The Committee agreed that if CCOP / the cost of the attendance at the Annual SOPAC were invited to have an observer Session of one representative from each at the Pre-Forum Meeting the Director island member country. should attend to represent CCOP / SOPAC. 24. The Committee received the Minutes of the MOV Sub-Committee and adopted 19. The Committee requested that Techsec them as the guidelines to be used in the keep the Committee fully informed on all preparation of the draft document arising matters requiring major policy decisions from the review of the MOV and Terms of and requested Techsec send to all member Reference. countries copies of the documents describing technical and financial assistance to 25. The Committee requested Australia con- CCOP /SOP AC under Lome III. sider hosting a CCOP /SOP AC Regional 20. The Committee requested Techsec to pre- Workshop on marine geology, geophysics, pare a document on actual and proposed and mineral resources in Canberra in 1989, Work Programme activities for the Com- and in association with it the 18th Annual mittee to consider in its Special Session Session. prior to TAG at the 17th Session. 26. The meeting closed with speeches by Mr 21. The Committee instructed the Director to Stevie Nion (PNG), Mr Tony Vtanga adopt a recruitment formula for Techsec (Cook Islands), Mr [ioji Kotobalavu staffing with a ratio of three Programme (Techsec), and the Acting Chairman, Mr Staff Members to one Administrative Staff Robin Moaina (PNG). Member.

17 Part 1 : REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE, SIXTEENTH SESSION

PLENARY well in its deliberations, she stressed the importance of the various work programme OPENING SESSION activities of CCOP/ooPAC to the countries in the region. Opening of the Session (Agenda Item 1) 6. The National Representative of Tonga, Mr Sione Tongilava, in reply to the Premier on 1. The Sixteenth Session of the Committee behalf of the Committee and the members of for Co-ordination of Joint Prospecting for its Technical Advisory Group (TAG), Mineral Resources in South Pacific Offshore expressed his sincere thanks for the Govern- Areas (CCOP/ooPAC) and the Sixteenth ment of Papua New Guinea and the Pro- Session of its Technical Advisory Group vincial Government of the Morobe Province (TAG) were held in Lae, Papua New Guinea, consenting to host the 16th Session and for the during 12-21October 1987. warm welcome to Lae. He stated that it was 2. Representatives from the following the Committee's intent to continue to improve member countries attended : Australia, Cook its Work Programme in the cooperative Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, New Zealand, Papua manner that CCOP /ooPAC had established New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Tonga, over the last sixteen years. Tuvalu, and Western Samoa. 7. The Acting Secretary for the 3. Technical Advisers to CCOP /ooPAC Department of Minerals and Energy, Mr provided by the following governments Lamech Palaso, welcomed all participants on attended : Canada, Federal Republic of behalf of the Minister of Minerals and Energy, Germany, France, Japan, Norway, United the Honorable John R. Kaputin. He expressed Kingdom, and the United States of America. appreciation for the financial support being Other Technical Advisers from UN/ESCAP, given to CCOP /OOPAC by the various inter- the Scripps Institution of Oceanography national organisations and supporting (510), Commonwealth Scientific and governments. He stated that Papua New Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Guinea was delighted to host the Annual University of the South Pacific (USP), Ocean Session for the second time. In stressing the Drilling Programme (ODP), Hawaii Institute importance of the development of mineral of Geophysics (BIG), and the Institute of and energy resources in Papua New Guinea, Oceanographic Sciences (IOS)/NERC also he noted the predominance of ocean area in attended. his country's own territory including its Exclusive Economic Zone. Papua New 4. Observers representing UNDP, IOC, Guinea was keen to promote the study and SPREP, and the UN Law of the Sea also development of its marine area and was attended the Session. therefore committed to playing a vital role in 5. The Premier of Morobe Province, Mrs CCOP /ooPAC. In formally opening the 16th Enny Moaita, welcomed all participants at the Annual Session of CCOP /ooPAC the Acting 16th Session of CCOP /ooPAC to Morobe Secretary hoped that this would be a Province and Lae. In wishing the meeting successful and memorable meeting.

19 Report of the Outgoing Chairman PLENARY SESSION (Opening) (Agenda Item 2) 1. Formal opening 2. a. Report of outgoing Chairman and Vice- .8. Mr Tony Utanga, Cook Islands dele- Chairman gate, presented a statement on behalf of Mr b. Election of new Chairman of CCOP / Stuart Kingan, outgoing chairman. He SOPAC for 1987-88 expressed his sincere thanks to the Govern- c. Appointment of Rapporteur for the 16th ment of Papua New Guinea for hosting the Session 16th Session and noted the appropriateness of 3. Adoption of the Agenda meeting in a country which demonstrated the 4. Designation of National Representatives importance of mineral resources to develop- •• Special Speeches ment. He reviewed the progress made by 5. Identification of Individuals Attending the Techsec commenting particularly on the 16th Session number of reports prepared which reflected 6. Administrative Reports from Member on the strengthening of Techsec's capability to Countries carry out Work Programme activities, the new 7. Administrative Report from Techsec Techsec temporary buildings, and the 8. Other Administrative Reports increased number of professional staff. Mr 9. Appointment of Chairman of TAG Utanga expressed the view that this Session was a critically important meeting in estab- TAG SESSION lishing future directives for the development of CCOP /SOPAC. He stressed the import- Summary Overview of Major Cruises and ance of its development as an independent other Multidisciplinary Activities regional organisation and the need to plan 10. Summary review of cruises and other ahead. He appealed to fellow members to multidisciplinary field activities com- continue to support its Techsec. Mr Utanga pleted in the last 12 months closed by expressing his thanks for the support the Cook Islands had received during Consideration of Reports from Meetings its tenure as Chairman. Associated with the 16th Session Election of Chairman and Vice Chairman of 11.Meeting Reports CCOP/SOPAC for 1987-88 (Agenda Item 2) 11.1 AnnuaICCOP/SOPACWorkshop 11.2 STAR 9. The Committee elected Mr William 11.3 Other Searson, National Representative for Papua New Guinea as Chairman for the next 12 CCOP/SOPAC Work Programme months and Mr Saufatu Sopoanga, National Representative for Tuvalu as Vice Chairman. 1~.Nearshore Minerals The Chairman appointed Mr James Eade, as 12.1 Construction materials Rapporteur. In the absence of the Chairman 12.2 Detrital minerals of CCOP/SOPAC, Mr_R. Moaina chaired in 12.3 Insular phosphates the Plenary Session. 12.4 Precious corals 12.5 Hydrothermal minerals Adoption of Agenda (Agenda Item 3) 12.6 Other nearshore minerals 10. The following agenda was adopted : 13.Hydrocarbons

20 14. Offshore Minerals Formulation of Plans for Future Work 14.1 Cobalt-rich crusts 24. Long-term Planning 14.2 Polymetallic manganese nodules 24.1 Five-Year Conceptual Programme 14.3 Polymetallic massive sulphides 14.4 Metalliferous sediments 25. Country Work Plans 14.5 Seamount phosphate 25.1 New country projects 14.6 Other offshore minerals 25.2 Formulation of 1988 Work List

15. Onshore Minerals 26.1988 Regional Work Plan 15.1 Oay Adoption of TAG Report and Closure 16. Coastal Development 27. Adoption of TAG Report 16.1 Coastal engineering 28. Oosure of TAG 16.2 Renewable energy 16.3 Geological hazards PLENARY SESSION (Closing) 16.4 Other development studies 29. Other Matters 17. Mapping 30. Adoption of 16th Session Reports 17.1 Offshore seabed mapping 31. Date and Venue of 17th Session 17.2 Coastal and nearshore mapping 32. Oosure of 16th Session 17.3 Other Mapping Designation of National Representatives 18. Training (Agenda Item 4) 18.1 On-the-job training 18.2 Courses 11. Plenary was informed that the follow- 18.3 Workshops ing had been designated National Represen- 18.4 Training assistance tative of their country by their government: 18.5 Other training 18.6 Meetings AUSTRALIA - Professor R. Rutland, Director, (reports from and notices of) Bureau of Mineral Resources, Geology and Geophysics, Canberra; 19. Data Management COOK ISLANDS - Mr S. Kingan, Scientific 20. Technical Information Research Officer, Office of the Prime Minister, 20.1 Publications Rarotonga; 20.2 Library FIJI - Mr A. Rahiman, Director, Mineral 21. Equipment and Techniques Resources Department, Suva; 21.1 New equipment GUAM - Mr P. Barcinas, Acting Director, 21.2 New techniques Department of Commerce, Tamuning; 22. Regional Co-ordination KIRIBATI - Permanent Secretary, Ministry of 22.1 Regional projects Natural Resource Development, Tarawa; 23. Other Matters NEW ZEALAND - Dr R.A. Heath, Director, 23.1 Law of the Sea Division of Marine and Freshwater Science (DMFS), DSIR, Wellington;

21 PAPUA NEW GUINEA - Mr W. Searson, Sec- the wish for a productive and successful retary, Department of Minerals and Energy, meeting. Port Moresby; 13. Mr Larry Machesky, ESCAP represen- SOLOMON ISLANDS - Mr S. Danitofea, tative presented a statement on behalf of the Chief Government Geologist, Ministry of Executive Secretary of ESCAP. The Executive Lands, Energy and Natural Resources, Secretary was grateful to the Government of Honiara; Papua New Guinea for hosting the 16th Ses- sion of CCOP /SOPAC ESCAP viewed with TONGA - Mr S. Tongilava, Permanent Sec- importance the role that CCOP /SOPAC had retary, Ministry of Lands, Survey and Natural to play in the ESCAP region. ESCAP was Resources, Nuku'alofa; pleased to have assisted the Committee in its TUVALU - Mr S. Sopoanga, Secretary, Minis- endeavours over the years and expressed try of Commerce and Natural Resources, gratitude to UNDP for approving the new Funafuti; phase of the regional project which provides programme support to CCOP /SOPAC The VANUA TU - Mr C Clark, Director, Depart- Executive Secretary wishes the Committee ment of Geology, Mines and Rural Water every success in its deliberations. Supply, Port Vila; 14. The Director of Techsec, Mr Jioji Koto- WESTERN SAMOA - Mr S. Iosa, Superinten- balavu, thanked the Government of Papua dent, Apia Observatory, Apia. New Guinea and the Provincial Government of Morobe for hosting the 16th Session. He Special Speeches stated that participants from overseas could 12. Mr Jan Wahlberg, UNDP Regional not help to be impressed by the vast and Representative, Papua New Guinea, in an varied mineral and energy resources in Papua opening statement expressed his pleasure and New Guinea. He noted that in the search for honour at being able to attend the 16th Session non-living resources in the vast offshore areas of CCOP /SOP AC. He referred to the now of countries in the region, there was an approved Project Document which covers enormous potential for development. He UNDP support of about 3 million US dollars concluded by thanking the Government of for CCOP /SOP AC over the next five years. Papua New Guinea for the support it had He stated that UNDP was pleased to have given Techsec. been associated with CCOP /SOPAC for some 15 years which was a good indication of the Identification of Individuals attending the importance UNDP attached to the activities of 16th Session (Agenda Item 5) the Committee. He stressed the importance of 15. All individuals attending the 16th Ses- training to ensure that work started by UNDP sion identified themselves in tum to the meet- would continue. On behalf of the Admini- ing. strator, Mr William Dreyser, he congratulated the Director of Techsec and his Administrative Reports from Member staff for their successful efforts and concluded Countries (Agenda Item 6) by thanking the Government of Papua New Guinea and the Provincial Government of 16. The Australian representative re- Morobe for their hospitality and expressed viewed his country's activities in marine geo-

22 logical and geophysical researches and 21. The Papua New Guinea representative marine mineral exploration work carried out summarised activities of the PNG Geological during the last 12 months. In support of SUNey. Techsec support was limited to train- CCOP /SOPAC he was pleased to inform the ing. He summarised progress made in geo- Committee that the Bureau of Mineral logical mapping and mineral exploration, Resources will arrange storage for geo- hydrocarbon assessment, geological services, physical magnetic tapes, and that Australia and volcanology. The representative thanked would continue to provide training in the Federal Republic of Germany for assis- bathymetric mapping. tance in geological mapping and seismicity programmes. 17. The Cook Islands representative reviewed activities carried out in his country's 22. The Solomon Islands representative marine area in support of its Work Pro- reviewed the geoscience work carried out by gramme. the Solomon Islands Ministry of Lands, Energy and Natural Resources whose 18. The Fiji representative reported that activities continued to be land based. A major Fiji's marine geological and geophysical achievement had been enactment of a Petrol- work programme, especially the hydrocarbon eum Bill to provide the legal framework for activity, was receiving more support from petroleum exploration and development in Techsec than in the past due to the increased the Solomon Islands. Techsec support for the staffing at Techsec. He presented a summary last 12 months has been mainly in training. of the activities of hydrocarbon, offshore, and seismology sections at Mineral Resources 23. The Tonga representative reviewed Department (MRD). He closed by thanking work programme activities where progress Techsec, the Technical Advisors, and support- had been made. These included hydrocar- ing governments, especially UK, Japan, and bons, construction materials, wave energy, Australia. coastal engineering, and training activities. The representative thanked Australia and 19. The Kiribati representative summa- New Zealand and other supporting govern- rised progress made on the Kiribati work pro- ments including Canada, Federal Republic of gramme and thanked Techsec for the support Germany, France, Japan, Norway, USA, and received over the last 12 months, especially in especially UK who had all contributed to the precious corals, manganese nodules and Tonga work programme. crusts, coastal erosion monitoring, and training activities. . 24. The Tuvalu representative presented a summary of activities in his country and was 20. The New Zealand representative particularly pleased with the Coastal Map- reviewed progress made in marine geoscience ping Workshop which Techsec conducted in activities in New Zealand during the last 12 Funafuti. months. The research vessel Rapuhia had 25. A report was received summarising revitalised geoscience programmes in New progress made on the Vanuatu Work Pro- Zealand. Government policy now required gramme. DSIR to carry out contract work and scientific output had been limited as a result. New 26. The Western Samoa representative equipment purchased included a MCS summarised his country's work programme reflection system. activities which are strongly oriented towards

23 nearshore resources and coastal and near- would be covered by later items in the shore studies. Western Samoa through its agenda .. Apia Observatory is active in coastal stability stUdies, sUbSurface geological investigations Other Administrative Reports for theAfulilo Hydropower Project, seismo- (Agenda Item 8) logical studies, hydro- meteorology, and 30. The ESCAP representative reported wave energy studies. Techsec support was received in- sand and gravel surveys, and that ESCAP support to CCOP /SOPAC programme activities were set out in the training. regional project RAS/86/125 which had been approved at the level of US dollars 3.0 million Administrative Report from Techsec for the period 1987-1991. Acquisition of non-. (Agenda Item 7) expendable equipment had commenced, the 27. The Director thanked the observers in Training Co-ordinator and a short-term Con- Plenary for"their patience while the member sultant had been recruited, and other arrange- countriesNidmet over the past two days. He ments made that ensured implementation of inforMed tlie Jneetfug that every effort would the approved activities. on time. At the be made'tciiiorder meetings at future Annual request of the Netherlands' authorities, pay- SesSicmstO'nummise the waiting time for non ment hcutbeen made for the drill rig and member~participants. He infonned andllary plU1S used on the CCOP /SOPAC- thafa reviewem the Committee's constitution Netherlands Joint· Drill Project. This action would ·.take"-place' and . that pending this had ~xpencied,. all of the funds in the :reviewthe...omposition and scope of TAG Netherlands Budget. The possibility of wouklretnaltft'aamthe past He stated that a furth~r. N~ther1ands .. support to CCOP/ large- iI1crea8e .in staff at Techsec reflected SOPAC ~ould be explored by ESCAP if attenlpts· D'~eD Techsec capabilities requested. .Preparations for the ESCAP/ and increase the capacity of Techsec to self China Training Course in Coastal Geology ext!CUteiaUiS.programmes. (Guanghzou 21 November - 6 December 1987) and the ESCAP /RMRDC/Japan Kuroko 28. The Director thanked Australia, New Mineralisation Workshop (Suva, early Nov- Zealand, UNDP, Japan, France and the USA ember 1987)were continuing. for their support. He singled out Canada for speeialthanks.as the Committee had received 31. The ESCAP Representative also finnamunitments of support from PCIAC reported that the Marine Affairs Programme andICOD $ince.the last session. He acknow- Economic Affairs Officer would undertake a ledged Canada's generosity in assisting fact-finding mission to selected CCOP/ Techsec carry out Work Programme activities. SOPAC countries to learn of needs and He informed the meeting that the Committee capabilities concerning Law of the Sea and ha4.~ted a. Conceptual Five Year Pro- related matters as well as to inform ESCAP gr~ which established general directions Secretariat's relevant programme on that for the period 1988-1992. important subject. An expert to be based at the University of the South Pacific, and 29. The Dt!puty Director/Project Manager charged with implementing activities of the introdUCed the report QI\' Work, Programme Regional Remote Sensing Project had been Activities at Techsec noting that most items recruited. The Urban Geology project doeu-

24 ment had been approved by the Project The Convention for the Protection of the Review Committee and submitted to donors Natural Resources and Environment of the for consideration of funding. Elements of this South Pacific Region had been completed in sub-programme were of direct relevance to November 1986. Articles of particular CCOP /SOP AC member countries. relevance to CCOP /SOPAC were: 1 and 2 - geographical coverage; 7 - pollution from 32. The meeting was informed that ESCAP land-based sources; 8 - pollution from seabed would closely co-operate with CCOP / activities; 13- mining and coastal erosion; 17 - SOPAC, national and international bodies, scientific and technical cooperation; 18 - tech- and United Nations system agencies on nical and other assistance. The meeting was matters of mutual concern. informed that as of September 1987 eleven 33. The USP representative reported that it governments had signed the Convention and was some time since a representative from the one had ratified it. Much of SPREP's Work University of the South Pacific had attended a Programme is implemented by members of CCOP /SOPAC Annual Session. He inform- the Association of South Pacific Environ- ed the meeting that USP was a regional mental Institutions - ASPEI (UPNG, UNI- University, serving the Cook Islands, Niue, TECH, UOG, ORSTOM, LESE, UH and USP). Nauru, Western Samoa, Tokelau, Kiribati, The next meeting of ASPEI will be in the third Tuvalu, Tonga, Fiji, Vanuatu and Solomon week of June 1988 and the Biennial Inter- Islands, and that the Federated States of governmental Work Programme (BIWP) Micronesia were about to join. In addition, meeting would follow immediately. SPREP the University operated a student exchange encouraged and stressed the importance of scheme with the University of Papua New CCOP /SOPAC representation at both Guinea. The main University campus was at meetings to further the cooperation between Suva, Fiji but a second, smaller campus was SPREP and CCOP /SOPAC. located at Alafua, Western Samoa. There was 36. Plenary was informed that the United a University Centre in each of the member Nations had consolidated its marine affairs countries with the exception of Tokelau. The programmes by bringing together the Ocean University carried out and sponsored a Economics and Technology Branch and the considerable amount of research within the Law of the Sea Office into a single office region. Although there was no Geology or named the Office for Ocean Affairs and Law Earth Sciences Department, such courses of the Sea. The new work programme were taught by staff of. the Geography, covered all legal, and technical matters Physics and Chemistry Departments. related to the oceans including programme in 34. "The USP representative informed the nearshore minerals, coastal zone manage- meeting that the University welcomed the ment, marine technology and marine opportunity to attend the 16th Annual Session scientific research. of CCOP /SOP AC and thanked the 37. The IOC representative reported that at Committee for the invitation. the Fourteenth Session of the IOC Assembly 35. The SPREP Representative informed the Summary Report of the Third Session of the meeting that his organisation was a joint STAR had been accepted. The Assembly had programme of UNEP, SPC, SPEC and ESCAP noted the positive work of the Joint Working with 22 South Pacific member governments. Group and instructed the Secretary of IOC to

25 develop further a cooperative scientific to the coastal concerns of CCOP /SOPAC and programme with CCOP /SOPAC within the the project included provision for giving approved budget base for 1988-89. The hydrogeological advice to other Common- representative informed the meeting that the wealth territories in the region. A research IOC was publishing the report prepared by project examining some aspects of wall-rock the STAR Study Group on Age Dating alteration associated with gold mineralisation entitled Radiometric Ages from the Pacific had been concluded. Dr Cronan had con- within the IOC Technical Report Series, It was tinued his studies of manganese nodules and also participating in the organisation of the crusts, and of base metal distributions in STAR Workshop on Coastal Processes being oceanic sediments, and had continued to act held in conjunction with the 16th Session and in a consulting capacity for Techsec. is assisting with a financial contribution of 39. The USA representative was pleased to US$10,OOO. The Workshop report will be inform the meeting that his government had printed in an appropriate IOC report series as approved budgetary assistance for CCOP / a joint publication with CCOP /SOP AC. The SOPAC totalling US$200,OOOper year for representatives informed the meeting that the three years commencing in the US fiscal year Secretary of IOC intended to approach 1987/88. officially the Director of Techsec to discuss the possible basis for a Memorandum of Under- 40. The Committee thanked the US repre- standing which would include the general sentative for his government's timely offer framework for cooperation between IOC and and informed the representative that this type CCOP /SOPAC including the carrying out of of assistance was most welcome. their respective mandates in STAR. 38. The UK adviser indicated that the UK Appointment of Chairman of TAG was continuing its support for the objectives (Agenda Item 9) of CCOP/SOPAC mainly through a series of 41. Dr Donald I.J. Mallick was appointed bilateral agreements through which pro- Chairman of the Technical Advisory Group. fessional expertise was being provided to the Governments of the CCOP /SOPAC region as part of an extensive Aid programme. At the CLOSING SESSION present time UK was providing, on secondment or contract, 7 geologists and a Adoption of 16th Session Reports mining engineer on long-term assignment to (Agenda Item 30) Government geological organisations in Fiji, 42. The Committee adopted the Draft Solomon Islands, Tonga and Vanuatu. Workshop Report and Workshop Recom- Approval had recently been given to increase mendations of the CCOP /SOPAC Workshop the number of secondments to the Solomon on Coastal Processes in the South Pacific Islands Geology Division to three and Island Nations, held in Lae, Papua New recruitment of the additional geologist was Guinea, 1-8 October 1987. now in progress. In addition, two hydro- geologists had been provided for a Technical 43. The Committee adopted the Report of Co-operation project to investigate the the Technical Advisory Group (TAG), includ- groundwater resources in Fiji. This would ing the STAR Report, and the recom- generate information of more general interest mendations of TAG with two exceptions.

26 44. Firstly, with respect to the TAG 6. Plenary (Closing). recommendation on the distribution of SPOT images, the Committee agreed in principle to Closure of the 16th Session (Agenda Item 32) accept the offer to have Techsec act as the 49. The National Representative of Tonga, distributing agent for SPOT images to CCOP / Mr S. Tongilava, informed the meeting that it SOPAC member countries. was once again his great pleasure on behalf of 45. Secondly, in accepting the TAG the rest of the Committee, to extend to the recommendation that some of the ECU's host government, Papua New Guinea, thanks available for marine surveys from Lome Ill and appreciation for hosting and organising funds be used to commission approximately the 16th Session. He acknowledged with 30 days of RRS Charles Darwin shiptime to gratitude the warm welcome that had been conduct GLORIA and multichannel seismic extended and was grateful for the excellent surveys, the Committee agreed that the arrangements made by the staff of the suggested amount of approximately one third Department of Minerals and Energy. Mr of the 1.9ECU's available was only a guideline Tongilava noted that this was the second time for Techsec to note. CCOP /SOP AC had met in Papua New Guinea, a country with considerable Date and Venue of the 17th Session resources that would inevitably play an (Agenda Item 31) important part in the development of the region. 46. The meeting was informed that Tuvalu would host the 17th Session, and that because SO. Mr Tongilava informed the meeting it was difficult to conduct a meeting the size of that he had observed considerable growth of the CCOP /SOPAC Annual Session in Tuvalu, CCOP /SOPAC during the last 15 years. He it had been agreed that Techsec would observed that the work of the Committee was organise the 17th Session and conduct it in Fiji dependent on the generosity of those on behalf of Tuvalu. fortunate enough to be able to give and that the Committee was very grateful for this 47. The Committee also agreed that the support. He reminded the meeting that the 17th Session would be held 'in October, 1988, Committee was a fully independent and would be preceeded by a CCOP /SOPAC organisation which had developed, and was Workshop on Non-fuel Nearshore Minerals. implementing, a very productive Work 48. . The Committee, noting with regret Programme, and that it valued highly its inconveniences caused by the order of independence and right to determine its own meetings at the 16th Session, stated that the future. 17th Session would consist of, in order, the 51. On behalf of the Committee Mr following meetings: Tongilava thanked and congratulated the 1. Plenary (Opening); Director, Mr J. Kotobalavu, and Techsec staff 2. Committee in Special Session; for their contributions and achievements. He 3. Joint CCOP /SOPAC-IOC Working also thanked the Project Manager and Acting Group on South PacificTectonics and Deputy Director, Mr C. Matos, for his Resources (STAR); continuing valuable contribution to CCOP / 4. Technical Advisory Group (TAG); SOPAC. UNDP and ESCAP were thanked for 5. Committee in Special Session; their continued support, as were IOC and

27 other funding organisations. The repre- meeting it had been a very successful one. On sentative was especially grateful to the behalf of Techsec, he thanked the government supporting governments, including the of Papua New Guinea and its Department of Tripartite Partners, who had made it possible Minerals and Energy for their efforts, and for the Committee to achieve some of the complimented them on the choice of venue as goals defined by the Work Programme. He it had given participants a chance to see also expressed the Committee's appreciation something of the country. He noted that the to the Technical Advisors for making success of the meeting was due to the themselves available to assist the Committee presence of those member country repre- develop its Work Programme and plan its sentatives who had attended many Sessions. implementation. He also recognised the contribution made by those who had long supported the Com-- 52. In conclusion, Mr Tongilava thanked mittee, especially UNDP and ESCAP, and Mr R. Moaina for Chairing the 16th Session, acknowledged the support being given by all and the Rapporteur, staff of the Department donors. He commented that it had been a of Minerals and Energy, and Techsec staff for very constructive meeting from which Tech- their contributions which had ensured the sec had been given very clear instructions for success of the Session. the next 12 months. He concluded by thank- 53. The Canadian Technical Advisor, Dr P. ing the staff of the Department of Minerals Sherrington, on behalf of TAG offered his and Energy for organising the meeting. special thanks to the government of Papua 55. The Chairman, Mr R. Moaina, stated New Guinea and its Department of Minerals that it had been a pleasure to host the 16th and Energy for the efficient organisation of Session, especially as it had been a useful and the meeting and associated activities. He fruitful Session. He said that he looked stated that CCOP/SOPAC was a remarkable forward to an expansion of work in coastal organisation which had achieved success by and nearshore activities stemming from the discussion and consensus. Because the Com- Workshop, as recommended by TAG, and as mittee was successful Technical Advisors approved by the Committee. In closing the held CCOP /SOPAC in high regard and 16th Session he informed the Technical would continue to attend the annual meeting Advisors that their contribution was greatly of TAG. He welcomed the Committee's appreciated, thanked supporting agencies proposal for a tighter timetable for the 17th and countries, thanked the Director and the Session and concluded by congratulating the staff of Techsec for their continued con- Committee for a very successful meeting. tributions, and finally thanked member 54. The Director, Mr J. Kotobalavu, com- country representatives for their support in mented that although it had been a long ensuring the success of the meeting.

28 ANNEXES

PART 1 : REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE, SIXTEENTH SESSION ANNEX 1

REPORT OF THE TECHNICAL ADVISORY GROUP

A. INTRODUCTION 10.4 The RV Coriolis (EVA XIV Cruise) The Sixteenth Session of the TAG was spent one month in the Solomon Islands held from 15 to 20 October 1987 in Lae, Papua waters in the northwestern part of the North New Guinea, under the Chairmanship of Dr Fiji Basin. A preliminary analysis of data D. Mallick (UK). Mr J. Eade (Techsec) was collected (bathymetry, single-channel seismic, appointed Rapporteur. and magnetics) showed that the active grabens in the back-arc are faulted into North B. SUMMARY OVERVIEW OF MAJOR Fiji Basin crust and also showed juvenile- ACTIVITIES stage rifting. Summary Overview of Major Cruises and 10.5 The RV Jean Charcot (Multipso Cruise) Other Multidisciplinary Activities conducted a 17-day cruise in Vanuatu to (Agenda Item 10) survey in detail sites proposed by USGS and ORSTOM for drilling by ODP. Seabeam data 10.1 TAG was informed of cruises that had and 24-ehannel seismic with flexichoc sound been conducted in the CCOP /SOPAC region source were collected at the collision zone since the last Session. These included cruises between the d'Entrecasteaux Ridge and the by RV Jean Charcot - 3 legs (IFREMER-QR- New Hebrides Are, on the frontal are, in the STOM), RV Coriolis - 2 cruises (ORSTOM), . intra-arc Aoba Basin, and in the backarc Vot RV Moana Wave - 2 legs (Tripartite), .RV Taude Trough. Sonne - 3 legs (BGR), RV Thomas Washington - 3 legs (510), RV Hakurei Maru No.2 (Japan), 10.6 The RV Moana Wave cruise MW87-Ql and HMAS Cook (Australia): mapped and sampled active rifts and frac- tures in the North Fiji Basin. The study inclu- 10.2 The RV Jean Charcot (PapNoum ded the use of SeaMARC II. Cruise) collected Seabeam and SCS data in the Lau Basin to assist with planning for ODP 10.7 The Fiji representative informed TAG drilling. This had been collected during a that his country was particularly pleased with transit voyage from Papeete to Noumea. the results of the RV Moana Wave cruise in 10.3 The RV Jean Charcot (Nodco 2 Cruise) the North Fiji Basin. He appreciated the opportunity to have had input into the plan- spent 26 days investigating the distribution of cobalt-rich crusts in the Tuamotu Archi- ning of the cruise and make some changes to pelago. Several seamounts had been investi- the cruise plan. He also noted with pleasure gated using Seabeam, dredging, photo- that he had received a cruise report shortly after the cruise had ended, and MRD staff had graphy, and high-resolution side-scan sonar. benefited from a post-eruise briefing at which This work would continue in the future with the possible addition of submersibles being shipboard imagery and bathymetry mosaics used. had been displayed.

29 10.8 The RV Moana Wave cruise MW87-D2 informed TAG that he was grateful for the studied Machias Seamount, the eastern mar- work done, especially on RV Hakurei Maru gin of the Manihiki Plateau, and seamounts in No.2 and RV Moana Wave and the oppor- the Line Islands for seafloor mineral forma- tunities his country had had on those cruises tion, especially cobalt-rich crusts. Part of the for training. study included the use of SeaMARC II. 10.17 TAG was informed that the RV Fred 10.9 The RV Sonne investigated and H. Moore was currently collecting multi- mapped with Seabeam two seamounts pre- channel seismic data in the Western Solomon dicted by ORSTOM from satellite imagery Sea for the University of Texas. during a transit leg from Papeete to Suva. 10.18 Future cruises planned include: two 10.10 The RV Sonne conducted two legs in cruises on the RV Thomas Washington, plus a the Lau Basin studying mineralisation along transit leg from Majuro to Suva during which active rifts, including Valu Fa Ridge. there will be opportunities to do work subject to funds being available; three cruises on RSS 10.11 The RV Thomas Washington cruises Charles Darwin; a cruise on the RV Kaiyo; a Crossgrain 1 and 2 consisted of two legs east cruise on RV Le Suroit; a cruise on RV Le of the Line Islands where parts of the seafloor Nadir; a cruise on RV Hakurei Maru No.2; were mapped with Seabeam. and a cruise on RV Franklin. 10.12 The RV Thomas Washington cruise Crossgrain 3 studied polymetallic manganese REPORTS OF MEETINGS nodules in the North Penrhyn Basin in Cook (Agenda Item 11) Islands and Kiribati waters. 10.13 The RV Hakurei Maru No.2 carried out 11.1 Annual CCOP/SOPAC Workshop a detailed study of polymetallic nodules in 11.1.1 TAG was informed that the Workshop partsClf the North and SoutbP~ Basins on Coastal Processes in South Pacific Island in Cook Islands waters. nations was held in Lae, Papua New Guinea, 10.14 The HMAS Cook conducted a cruise in 1-8 October, immediately prior to the 16th Tonga studying the propagation of sound in Session of CCOP /SOPAC. the water column and seafloor sediments. 11.1.2 The Chairman of the Workshop 10.15 TAG welcomed the work being done thanked the speakers, the Rapporteur, and the on HMAS Cook in the region by the Royal Workshop organisers, as well as UNDP, IOC, Australian Navy (RAN) and Ocean Sciences and Government of Australia who funded the Institute (OSI), University of Sydney, and Workshop, all of whom contributed to its suc- RECOMMENDED that the Australian repre- cess. sentative establish contact with RAN and OSI on Techsec's behalf to ensure that in the future 11.1.3 TAG considered and adopted the Techsec and the member country representa- Workshop Report together with the seven tives concerned received copies of cruise recommendations from the Workshop and plans and cruise reports of work in member RECOMMENDED that Techsec actively countries' waters. encourage implementation of the Workshop recommendations and seeks ways of imple- 10.16 The Cook Islands Representative menting those recommendations which are

30 part of the CCOP/SOPAC Work Pro- 11.2 STAR Meeting gramme. 11.2.1 TAG was informed that the STAR 11.1.4 TAG was informed that the STAR Group met on 13 and 14 October 1987 and Study Group on Coastal Processes and elected Dr B.Biju-Duval as the new Chairman Resources had also considered and adopted and Mr R. Richmond as Vice-Chairman. the Workshop Report and that the recom- Sixteen scientific papers on research in the mendations would be incorporated into the area were presented at the session. The STARWork Programme. TAG also noted that Report of the Coastal Processes Workshop the recommendations agree closely with parts held 1-8October 1987was presented to STAR of the ICC/OSNLR programmes. and formally adopted.

11.1.5 TAG, in noting the success of the 11.3 Other Meetings workshop, RECOMMENDED that the papers 11.3.1 The ICC Representative informed presented be published as a CCOP/SOPAC TAG that the Second Session of the ICC- Technical Bulletin and that Techsec seek UN(OETB) Guiding Group of Experts on the funds to facilitate publication. Programme of Ocean Science in Relation to 11.1.6 TAG noted the increase in Non-Living Resources (OSNLR) had been importance of coastal and nearshore work in held in Paris in January 1987 and was the CCOP/SOPAC Work Programme and attended by Dr C. Helsley, the Chairman of RECOMMENDED that official delegations to STAR. The Guiding Groups recommend- future CCOP /SOPAC Annual Sessions ations on (i) global shallow water sub- include in their delegations experts in coastal programme on sedimentary environment, studies, and that Techsec also invite eustatic changes, tectonic and resources and appropriately qualified experts who are (ii) a deep ocean sub-programme, were currently active in coastal processes and endorsed by the ICC .Assembly at its related studies in the region. Fourteenth Session held in Paris in March 1987. 11.1.7 TAG was informed that ICC would cooperate with CCOP /SOPAC through STAR 11.3.2 The ICC's Regional Committee for and OSNLR programmes in implementing the Western Pacific (WESTPAC>, held its the scientific research recommended to the Fourth Session in Bangkok (Thailand), in June Workshop. TAG noted that the OSNLR's 1987 and endorsed the following regional shallow-water sub-programme included projects under the OSNLR programme: common interests such as Cenozoic reef (i) study of palaeo-geographic mapping, evolution, palaeo-geographic mapping, the (ii) study of marginal active plates. coastal zone as a resource, the mapping of The Regional Committee recognised that any strand-lines, and modification of the coastal WESTPAC activities in the field of marine environment. TAG also noted that under the geology and geophysics would benefit from framework of OSNLR, an exchange of co-ordination with STAR activities, and experiences and knowledge with scientists in should be implemented in close collaboration other regions would be possible and that this with SOPAC so as to optimise available would be beneficial to the scientists in the implementing mechanisms in this field in the CCOP /SOPAC region. South Pacific.

31 11.3.3 The US Adviser informed TAG that appropriate coring equipment was available. at the 1987 Annual Session of the American Geophysical Union (AGU) in San Francisco, 12.3 Insular Phosphates California, USA, 6-12 October 1987, a Special 12.3.1 TAG was informed that a drilling Session on the Tectonics of the Southwest programme had been carried out in Pacific would be held. This session would last Pukapuka and Rakahanga Lagoons in the for one full day and would consist of papers Northern Cook Islands and that the cores dealing with the results of Tripartite Cruises collected would be tested for phosphate. and other studies done in the region since 1982. This session would be chaired by Dr B. 12.3.2 Samples had been collected on Keating (HIG) and Dr G. Greene (USGS). Funafuti and these would be tested for phosphate. 11.3.4 The US Adviser informed TAG that the next International Geological Congress 12.3.3 TAG RECOMMENDED that when- aGC) would be held in Washington, DC, USA ever testing for phosphate, samples should in 1989. Plans for the Congress were well also be checked for yttrium as this metal was underway and the Adviser encouraged beginning to be in short supply. CCOP /SOPAC member countries to partici- 12.3.4 TAG endorsed the proposal to pate. continue the search for lagoonal phosphate with surveys and drilling programmes C. CCOP/SOPAC WORK PROGRAMME continuing in the Northern Cook Islands and NEARSHORE MINERALS in Tuvalu. (Agenda Item 12) 12.3.5 TAG RECOMMENDED that Tech- 12.1 Construction Materials sec and SPREP work together to advise member countries in the planning, siting, and 12.1.1 TAG was informed on the results of mining of construction materials and lagoonal surveys for nearshore sand and gravel off phosphate to minimise adverse effects on Tongatapu and Vava'u, Tonga. adjacent environments and resources, 12.1.2 TAG, noting that more information especially reef resources used by indigenous on the distribution and thickness of offshore people. sand and gravel resources in Tonga was required, RECOMMENDED that further 12.4 Precious Corals work be done. 12.4.1 TAG was informed of an overview which had been carried out by Techsec of the 12.2 Detrital Minerals precious corals activity and endorsed the 12.2.1 No fieldwork on detrital minerals conclusion that the potential for finding had been carried out by Techsec during the Corallium beds was good, especially in deeper reporting period. A bibliography on detrital water (1000-1500 m) where little work had minerals relevant to the work of CCOP / been done in the South Pacific. SOPAC had been compiled and put on com- 12.4.2 The Fiji Representative informed puter. TAG that he considered Corallium had a good 12.2.2 TAG agreed that the detrital mineral potential in Fiji and was changing the priority surveys in Fiji should be carried out as soon as of his country's project from B to A.

32 12.4.3 The use of submersibles and ROV's for donors to justify and approve technical was discussed and TAG reiterated the assistance. recommendation of the Submersibles Workshop that submersibles be used in the 13.6 TAG RECOMMENDED that Tech- evaluation of precious coral beds whenever sec produce a summary overview of the possible. results stemming from the reviews being made of the hydrocarbon potential of Tonga 12.4.4 TAG RECOMMENDED that when- and other member countries by Techsec as ever submersibles are working in the region they are completed, and that this summary on programmes funded for scientific research, overview be published as a CCOP /SOPAC Techsec should request that a few dives be Technical Bulletin. made available to evaluate the precious coral potential of sites where previous tangle-net 13.7 The USA Adviser from the USGS surveys had indicated possible potential. reviewed the status of the hydrocarbon studies in the CCOP /SOPAC- Tripartite HYDROCARBONS (Agenda Item 13) Programme. Tripartite I had been completed and Tripartite II would be completed as soon 13.1 Techsec reviewed progress made in as all data from Vanuatu had been processed. hydrocarbon work since three experts, two Tripartite II data was being distributed as provided by PCIAC and one by CFI'C, had agreed. Tripartite I and II reports were either joined Techsec during the reporting period to published (two), nearing publication (two) or form a Hydrocarbon Section. in advanced stages of preparation (one). 13.2 TAG was informed that work had 13.8 TAG noted with pleasure that the begun on reviewing the hydrocarbon Tripartite partners were progressing well potential of Tonga during a visit to Tonga with the publishing of the Tripartite volumes, when the hydrocarbon data base had been . and the Tonga Representative thanked reviewed, and a large amount of data copied Australia for agreeing to provide some to Techsec, Following this visit mapping of additional funds to assist with the costs of the Tonga Ridge had started. publishing the second Tonga volume. 13.3 TAG commended PCIAC and CFI'C 13.9 The Fiji Adviser informed TAG that for supporting the hydrocarbon activity. a hydrocarbon geologist had recently joined 13.4 TAG, noting that the hydrocarbon MRD and expressed appreciation to CFI'C for expert positions were funded for only two funding this post. years RECOMMENDED that Techsec seek 13.10. The New Zealand Adviser reported ways of maintaining manpower levels in the a considerable increase in activity in the hydrocarbon activity at no less than three Taranaki area with five new licences being experts beyond the two years already funded granted and a busy geophysical and drilling by PCIAC and CFTC. programrn:e that had resulted in promising 13.5 The Canadian Adviser commended hydrocarbon shows at several localities and Fiji for the detailed report which clearly stated better definition of the giant Maui Gas Field. Fiji's requirements for assistance with its On the debit side licences had been hydrocarbon programme and informed TAG relinquished in the Canterbury Basin and on that such clear statements made it much easier the East Coast of North Island where drilling

33 had continued to be unsuccessful despite in the North New Guinea Basin one well had widespread seeps in the area. been drilled but it was dry. 13.11 The Senior Technical Adviser 13.14 TAG emphasised the importance of informed TAG that with the recovery of oil drilling to depths of about 60 m on land to prices in Australia to a more stable US$18-20, obtain fresh material for source rock analysis onshore exploration levels in Australia were and RECOMMENDED that Techsec look into also improving. However, continuing low ways and means of purchasing or hiring levels of offshore exploration were a matter equipment for this purpose. for concern, especially as Australia's offshore 13.15 TAG was informed that the Aus- areas had the best potential for larger tralian Bureau of Mineral Resources (BMR) resources. The sizes of recent discoveries had was prepared to store magnetic tapes 01 been only 1-5 million barrels of crude onshore offshore seismic data collected in the CCOP / and only 5-20 million barrels of crude SOPACregionand thatBMR was prepared to offshore. The last Significant find had been assist with a certain amount of seismic the 270 million Forterous Field in the Gipps- reprocessing. land Basin in 1978. Main areas of activity remained the Bonaparte-Browne and Gipps- 13.16 TAG welcomed the offer from BMR land Basins offshore, and the Cooper /Ero- and thanked the Australian Adviser for his manga Basin onshore. Another major concern efforts which had made the offer possible. for Australia was that by the mid 19905much 13.17 TAG discussed the value of Techsec of the Giant Gippsland Basin fields would acquiring an in-house seismic processing have been depleted and Australia would have system and while it did not recommend that a to import most of its oil requirements and this system be acquired at present, it RECOM- would be largely from OPEC. To try to main- MENDED that Techsec make no definite tain a 50% self-sufficiency in oil by the year decisions and keep its options open in case 2000 Australia would need to find 120million such equipment is offered as a gift. barrels of crude oil per year but in the years 1970 to 1986 an average of only 62 million OFFSHORE MINERALS (Agenda Item 14) barrels per year had been found. 14.1 Cobalt-rich Crusts 13.12 The Solomon Islands Represent- ative informed TAG that a Petroleum Act, to 14.1.1 TAG was informed of two cruises in provide the legal base for future petroleum the CCOP /SOP AC region investigating exploration and development in Solomon cobalt-rich crusts. The RV Moana Wave Islands, had been enacted by Parliament in found crusts along the eastern margin of the August 1987. The regulations and the model Manihiki Plateau and along a ridge segment agreement to accompany the Act were to be in the Line Islands. RV Thomas Washington completed in 1988. found moderately thick crusts on all four seamounts investigated in the Central Line 13.13 The Papua New Guinea Adviser Islands. Samples from both these cruises informed TAG of progress being made in the were being analysed. search for hydrocarbons in PNG. In the Papuan Basin all options had been taken, in 14.1.2 TAG was informed that, starting in Bougainville and New Ireland Basins options 1987, the remaining cruises of the joint Five were available but there was no activity, and Year Japanese-CCOP /SOPAC Manganese

34 Nodule Programme on RV Hakurei Maru beyond the initial Five Year Programme. No.2 will include exploration for cobalt-rich 14.2.6 TAG was informed that Japan crusts on seamounts and ridges. Twelve would like to continue its nodule programme additional days of survey time will be added after the present Five Year Programme had to the 1987 cruise solely for cobalt-rich crust finished, but there were no funds for this work. extension as yet. The Japanese Adviser offered to prepare a proposal for such an 14.2 Polymetallic Manganese Nodules extension for discussion at the 17th Session of 14.2.1 TAG was informed of three cruises CCOP/SOPAC. in the region whose primary objectives were 14.2.7 TAG also endorsed the continuation to investigate the distribution and metal of scientific studies researching the content of polymetallic manganese nodules. composition and origin of nodules as these RV Hakurei Maru No. 2 had found high studies assisted with exploration activities. nodule abundances in the two areas studied, both of which lie in the South Penrhyn Basin. 14.2.8 TAG was informed that several Copper and nickel values are higher in the mine sites had been identified in international northern area and cobalt values are higher in waters in the North Pacific and Indian the southern area. RV Thomas Washington Oceans, one of which is now registered with had investigated nodule variability and the UN as a prospecting area. formation in the North Penrhyn Basin in Cook Islands and Kiribati waters. RV Hakurei 14.3 Polymetallic Massive Sulphides Maru No.2 had completed a cruise near and 14.3.1 TAG was informed that RV Moana east of the Phoenix Islands predominantly Wave had mapped and sampled active rift studying manganese nodules. systems in the North Fiji Basin. Anomalous 14.2.2 TAG welcomed the effort being methane levels were found in the vicinity of made on evaluating the manganese nodule the ridge west of Viti Levu and along the potential in the region as it considered this northern arm of the newly found triple work to be very important. jucntion. RV Sonne continued previous surveys of active rifts in the Lau Basin. 14.2.3 TAG agreed that a reconnaissance Sulphide-impregnated volcanic rocks were survey of the nodule potential in the Ellice recovered from the Valu Fa Ridge. In the Basin would be most valuable. northern segment of the Valu Fa Ridge old 14.2.4 The Japanese adviser informed TAG sulphide vents were found at several that it would be very difficult to add a locations and lumps of massive sulphides preliminary survey of nodules in the Ellice were dredged in one haul. Basin to the RVHakurei Maru No.2 Five Year 14.3.2 TAG was informed that much of the Programme as the budget was fixed. mineralisation in the Lau Basin was low 14.2.5 TAG welcomed the concentrated temperature on the seabed and agreed that effort being made by the Japanese in these may be low temperature halo deposits evaluating manganese nodules as a resource above deeper stockworks. Sub-bottom and thanked them for their valuable sampling would be required to establish a contribution. It hoped that the Metal Mining three dimensional picture of mineralisation, Agency of Japan would continue its work but it was agreed that this would be very

35 difficult to do in the Lau Basin with available 16.1 Coastal Engineering technology. 16.1.1 TAG was informed of Techsec work 14.3.3 The West German Adviser inform- in support of the Coastal Engineering activ- ed TAG of mineralisation found on ridges in ities of the CCOP /SOPAC Work Programme the North Fiji Basin. This consisted of manga- which included: a report on the proposed nese oxide crusts of hydrothermal origin, seawall for the western end of the Mulinu'u Early Pliocene in age, coated with younger Penninsula, in Apia, Western Samoa; a review crusts of hydrogenous origin. of the A/E design of a boat launching ramp for Umatac village, Guam; baseline hydraulic 14.5 Seamount Phosphate study for Fanga Uta, Fanga Kakau, and Mu'a lagoons on Tongatapu, Tonga; and bathy-. 14.5.1 TAG was informed that phos- metric mapping of Teouma Bay, Efate, phatised material had been found at the bases Vanuatu. of manganese crusts recovered from parts of the margin of the Manihiki Plateau. 16.1.2 The representative of the Ceo- mechanics Division of CSIRO informed TAG 14.5.2 TAG RECOMMENDED that any of the close parallels between the current analysis of seamount samples for phosphate research programmes of the Division of Ceo- should also include yttrium as this metal was mechanics and the Coastal Engineering becoming in short supply. activity of the CCOP/SOPAC Work Pro- gramme, and made known his Division's ONSHORE MINERALS (Agenda Item 15) research and consultative capacities. Current 15.1 The UK Adviser reported that a relevant research is in the fields of: coastal/ study of ammonium in alteration associated offshore construction; remote sensing in with gold mineralisation in the Circum- rugged terrain and shallow water; landslides; Pacific region was continuing. There were and active faulting and earthquake effects. encouraging signs that in South America 16.1.3 TAG agreed that the Geomechanics there were high levels of ammonium similar Division's research on the engineering to those in North America and that this might characteristics of calcareous soils was of be used as a guide to the occurrence of gold. particular interest to CCOP /SOP AC, and that Study of samples from Gold Ridge on the research on foundations for oil production Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands, from new platforms was of particular relevance to sites prospects on Espiritu Santo and Malekula in for the wave energy generators planned for Vanuatu and from the Emperor Mine on Fiji the Southwest Pacific. TAG, in noting these showed that there were significant contents of capabilities, RECOMMENDED that Techsec ammonium in some samples from those investigate possible avenues of collaboration alteration zones but that the ammonium with the Geomechanics Division of CSIRO. levels were generally low and rather sporadic, suggesting that in the Circum-Pacific island 16.2 Renewable Energy arcs ammonium is unlikely to prove a useful prospecting guide for gold. 16.2.1 TAG was informed that nearshore bottom profiles have been made by Techsec at COASTAL DEVELOPMENT three possible wave-energy sites seaward of (Agenda Item 16) the reef off Tongatapu, Tonga. TAG noted

36 with interest that a Waverider Buoy, provided Papua New Guinea during the past year; by Norway aid, was now collecting data at large damage-producing earthquakes occur- one of the sites on the south side of the island. red in the region during October 1986 and TAG heard that four months of data already August 1987; coastal erosion and flooding had been collected and processed, but the occurred in Kiribati in December 1986; and system was now inoperative as it required extensive damage was inflicted by cyclones to new batteries which were currently unavail- the coastlines of many islands during the past able in the South Pacific. year including Cook Islands, Fiji, Tokelau, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, and Western Samoa. 16.2.2 The Cook Island Representative informed TAG that Waverider Buoys had 16.3.2 The HIG Adviser reported on the been installed on opposite sides of Rarotonga results of SeaMARC II survey of Rabaul by New Zealand and Norwegian Govern- Harbour undertaken during a Tripartite II ments, and that good wave data had been cruise and indicated that volcanic doming of collected during a recent cyclone. He thanked the seafloor was not apparent in either the both the New Zealand and Norwegian SeaMARC II data or the ROV images Governments for provision of the technology subsequently obtained. and acquisition of the data. 16.3.3 The UK Adviser informed TAG that 16.2.3 The Tonga Representative con- MacDonald Seamount had recently erupted veyed the appreciation of his Government to under the RV Melville with Dr Harmon Craig Norway and Techsec for the installation of the on board. Waverider Buoy off Tongatapu. He also informed TAG that an offer to install a 300 kw 16.3.4 The US Adviser reported that over wave energy plant on Tongatapu in 1988 had the next several years the World-Wide been received. Standard Seismic Network (WWSSN) will be upgraded. The USGS, working in co- 16.2.4 Noting that both SPEC and PEDP operation with over 40 universities, will had been approached in the past by Techsec to design and install new digital equipment at consider wave energy sources and that many WWSSN sites. This new programme is CCOP /SOP AC remained the only organ- called IRIS (Incorporated Research Institute isation to sponsor marine energy activities, for Seismology) and is funded by the USA TAG RECOMMENDED that Techsec attempt National Science Foundation (NSF). One of to be represented at the forthcoming PEDP the first stations to be upgraded will be the meeting in Tonga in early 1988. Apia Geophysical Observatory in Western 16.2.5 TAG was informed that both PEDP Samoa (in 1-2 years time). Other stations in and SPEC acknowledge the accomplishments the SW Pacific to be upgraded are Honiara of CCOP /SOP AC in the field of wave energy and Rarotonga (in 2-3years time). Installation and that discussions have been held regard- of the new equipment will also include ing Techsec participation in future PEDP maintenance and operational training. Data meetings. from the new system will be telemetred to the US and will be available for reporting and 16.3 GeologicalHazards analysis on a realtime basis. 16.3.1 Techsec informed TAG that: 16.3.5 TAG welcomed plans for upgrading volcanic activity occurred at various places in WWSSN but expressed concern about the

37 withdrawal of USAID funding for seismic 16.3.10 TAG was informed by the French studies in Tonga and Fiji. Adviser that the Government of Vanuatu, the University of Cornell, and ORSTOM have 16.3.6 Recognising that there was a con- maintained a seismological network of 21 tinuing need for a regional seismic network, telemetred seismological stations, and some TAG RECOMMENDED that Techsec convey tide gauges and bench marks. After ten years to appropriate organisations and internation- observing the local seismicity it was now al agencies the regions requirement to have possible to demonstrate that there is no the existing network strengthened through systematic land deformation and no obvious the installation of further instruments and, in precursor seismological event which occurs particular, the additional provision for their prior to a major earthquake. It has been operation and maintenance. concluded from this that land deformation. 16.3.7 The Fiji Adviser pointed out that and precursor earthquakes cannot be used in although seismic research proved to be Vanuatu to predict major earthquakes. Such a particularly useful for studying geological conclusion is however, restricted to Vanuatu. structure and in designing construction codes, Consequently the number of stations in Vanu- the immediate objective was to provide atu will probably be reduced and only those information for educational programmes needed to locate earthquakes precisely in the designed to alert the populace to the dangers framework of the world wide network will arising from locally generated tsunamis, and be kept. the appropriate safety measures to be taken. 16.3.11 The IOC Representative informed 16.3.8 The PNG Adviser reported that the TAG of the work of the International Co- Port Moresby Geophysical Observatory ordination Group for the Tsunami Warning Project 1988/1989 includes a proposed PNG System in the Pacific (ITSU) and the Inter- Digital Seismic Network that has been national Tsunami Information Center (ITIC) designed as a powerful, realtime processing in the region. CCOP /SOPAC members of network. The network consists of 20 micro- ITSU currently include Australia, Cook processor controlled field stations planned to Islands, Fiji, New Zealand, Tonga, and operate remotely throughout PNG. This net- Western Samoa. Tsunami stations and com- work will replace the present system which munication systems have also been estab- records FM analogue data transmitted by lished in Papua New Guinea, Marshall telephone line. The reasons for changing the Islands, Tuvalu, Kiribati, the Federated States present system include: poor quality of trans- of Micronesia, and Nauru, although they are mitted analogue signal; loss of data because of not yet member states of ITSU. PTC line-fault or large earthquakes; high cost 16.3.12 The Fiji Representative reported for rented telephone lines; and no possibility that about 27 draft copies of charts showing of expanding the current infrastructure to tsunami travel times for various places in the include stations operated by part time region had been received and was grateful observers. that the charts had been prepared. 16.3.9 The PNG Adviser thanked the Fed- 16.4 Other Development Studies erated Republic of Germany for funding the network at a cost of about one million US 16.4.1 TAG was informed that SPREP sup- dollars. ports an on-going lagoon watezr quality

38 monitoring programme co-ordinated by the match those requests with appropriate Institute of Natural Resources, USP, covering: students. Laucala Bay, Suva, Fiji; Tarawa Lagoon, Kiribati; Port Vila and Luganville Harbours, MAPPING (Agenda Item 17) Vanuatu; Fanga'uta Lagoon, Tonga; and 17.1 Offshore SeabedMapping Marovo Lagoon, Solomon Islands. Other SPREP projects, all of which are related to 17.1.1 TAG was informed of Techsec ef- coastal development, include: PNG coastal forts in support of the CCOP /SOPAC seabed water quality monitoring for heavy metals mapping activities which included: Sea- and organochlorines (in association with MARC II surveys - on the RV Moana Wave in UPNG); heavy metal monitoring in PNG North Fiji Basin northwest of Viti Levu in Fiji rivers affected by mining (with UNITECH); waters, in Western Samoa waters, across the coastal water quality monitoring in French Manihiki Plateau in the Cook Islands, and in Polynesia (with LESE); coastal water quality Kiribati waters; and Seabeam surveys - on the monitoring on Guam (with GEPA); moni- RV Thomas Washington in the North toring of the Vitogo Estuary in Fiji to study Penrhyn Basin in Kiribati and Northern Cook water quality affected by wood chip mill Islands waters, on the RV Sonne in Lau Basin operations (with USP); groundwater quality and over seamounts southeast of the Southern monitoring in the Tuamotus (with LESE); Cook Islands, and on the RV Jean Charcot in development of effluent and waste disposal the central New Hebrides Arc, Fore-arc, and standards for the region (with USP); reef and Trench. lagoon management plan development 17.1.2 TAG was informed by the US Ad- Tahiti, Bora Bora, (SPREP); and coastal viser that the compilation of the Geological resource management plan development in Map of Vanuatu is continuing. Compilation Pohnpei, FSM (SPREP). of most of the northern and central part of the 16.4.2 The UK Adviser reported that the arc-platform has been completed and compi- UK government had recently launched a pro- lation of the southern part began in March gramme to identify enabling technologies for 1987. It was noted that H.G. Greene of the surveying, exploration, development, and USGS visited ORSTOM, Noumea in March to management of ocean resources, These re- examine seismic reflection profiles obtained sources include minerals, renewable energies, by ORSTOM from the southern part of the arc and mariculture. A series of studies to iden- and produced a preliminary, roughly tify the enabling technologies has recently sketched geological map. Island geology has been completed whilst others are continuing. been compiled by A. Macfarlane and it is now anticipated that a final draft map will be com- 16.4.3 The USP Adviser informed TAG pleted in twelve months time. that in the last two years he had supervised two students who had carried out water 17.1.3 The HIG Adviser informed TAG of quality work, one on a small catchment in SeaMARC II swath mapping results in the southeast Viti Levu (Fiji)for a Masters Degree, North FijiBasin, in Western Samoa waters, on and the other on an offshore island. Member the Manihiki Plateau in the Cook Islands, and country representatives were invited to in Kiribati waters in the Line Islands. TAG inform USP of their requirements for water heard of the discovery of a new triple junction quality studies and USP would attempt to and new seamount in the North Fiji Basin, the

39 breakup of Machias Seamount as it moves the cost of SeaMARC II mapping at 2000 m, into the Tonga Trench, and the formation of but GLORIA costs were substantially less at mud volcanoes caused by the overpressuring greater depths. of Cretaceous sapropels on the Manihiki Plateau. TAG was informed that the Tripartite 17.1.8 TAG noted that limited progress II sidescan mosaic and bathymetric charts had been made during the past year in defin- would be produced at a scale of 1:250,000 on ing a prioritised programme of needs for shal- UTM projection. The group were also low and deep-water seabed mapping of the informed that GLORIA, Seabeam, and Sea- ooPAC region using EEC Lome III funds. MARC II survey data were presently avail- 17.1.9 Although there appeared to be a able only through operating institutions, i.e. problem in timing of the availability of RRS. there is no central swath-map data repository. Charles Darwin and availability of EEC Lome Nor is there a unique data format on scale, III funds, TAG RECOMMENDED that as each institution has its own data manipu- CCOP /ooPAC should take advantage of the lation programmes. visit to the South Pacific of RRS Charles 17.1.4 TAG was informed by the UK(IOS) Darwin in 1988 and that Techsec be instructed Adviser that the RRS Charles Darwin would to obtain release of Lome III funds to allow be in the CCOP /ooPAC region during the CCOP /ooPAC to commission surveys of middle part of 1988. Three cruises have been selected areas of the CCOP /ooP AC region by programmed for this region on which NERC the RRS Charles Darwin. If necessary, Tech- offers "on-the-job" shipboard training for at sec should seek the support of the Govern- least two island member country scientists. ments of France, the Federal Republic of One of these cruises would include 10-12 days Germany, and the United Kingdom in the dis- of GLORIA mapping in the Lau Basin for cussions with the EEC. ODP work funded by NERC. 17.1.10 TAG RECOMMENDED that ap- 17.1.5 TAG was also informed that a joint proximately one third of the 1.9 million ECUs venture of NERC and MUSL were offering available for marine surveys from the Lome CCOP /SOPAC the use of RRS Charles Dar- III funds be used to commission approxi- win for GLORIA surveys, at a rate subsidised mately 30 days of RRS Charles Darwin ship- by both NERC and MUSL, for a period of up time to conduct GLORIA and multichannel to two months. It was emphasised that the seismic surveys in the CCOP /ooP AC region. ships programme would remain very flexible until CCOP /ooPAC proposals had been for- 17.1.11 TAG agreed to have a working mulated. group develop a preliminary proposal during the 16th Session for a RRS Charles Darwin 17.1.6 In addition TAG was informed that cruise in 1988 (See Part 1: Annex II, this vol- NERC would also consider any proposal by ume). CCOP /ooPAC to use RRS Charles Darwin 17.1.12 TAG was informed of the con- for non-GLORIA work, in which case NERC clusions reached by the working group in may subsidise the cost depending on the scientific interests within any proposal. their preliminary proposal which identified 12 potential areas for GLORIA surveys and 17.1.7 TAG noted that the cost per unit two for multichannel seismic surveys. TAG area of GLORIA mapping was comparable to adopted the working group's RECOMMEND-

40 ATIONS that: approximately 11 days of and above the surrounding seafloor estimated, multichannel seismic survey time be com- and the general shape described. Funding for missioned - 5 days for the Vanikula Basin of the final stage processing, however, is still to Solomon Islands and Vanuatu, and 6 days for be found. TAG also noted that two seamounts Lau Ridge of Fiji; and approximately 19 days predicted by Seasat data have been located of GLORIA surveys be made in areas selected mapped by the RV Sonne. from the following: Western Woodlark Basin; Western (trench) side of Vanuatu; Central 17.1.16 TAG further noted the work re- Basin of Vanuatu; Eastern (back-arc) side of ported in the STAR session on bathymetric Vanuatu; North Fiji Fracture Zone; Eastern and magnetic compilations in the South Pa- Lau Basin; Samoa Basin transit; North cific Ocean between the Tonga Trench and the Penrhyn and South Penrhyn Basins in Cook East Pacific Rise. Since this area is little Island waters; Eastern Manihiki Plateau; known and contains newly-discovered, large Western side of Line Islands; and Gilbert and bathymetric features and magnetic anomalies, Tuvalu island chains (See Part 1: Annex II this TAG encouraged and supported production volume). of a synthesis of the bathymetric and magnetic-anomaly data of the region. 17.1.13 TAG RECOMMENDED the areas chosen should depend on the logistics of the 17.2 Coastaland NearshoreMapping cruise programme and should the multichannel seismic system not be available then 17.2.1 TAG was appraised of Techsec's ef- more GLORIA work should be accomplished. fort in air photo interpretation and ground truth surveys in Tuvalu and high-resolution 17.1.14 TAG was reminded ofahighresolu- SPar imaging projects in both Cook Islands tion imaging and bathymetric mapping sys- and Solomon Islands. tem, SeaMARC S, developed by SSI for use in the nearshore and shallow water offshore 17.2.2 . TAG was also informed of a study environment. The system, capable of imaging undertaken by UK of a complimentary SPar objects as small as an underwater communi- image covering Guadalcanal, Solomon Is- cation cable 2.5 em in diameter and providing lands. bathymetric contours at a 1 m interval, has been used on contractual surveys for power 17.2.3 TAG observed that at the 15th Ses- and telecommunication and cable routes in sion of CCOP /SOPAC held in Rarotonga, the Hawaiian Islands and suitable for use in Cook Islands, it was recommended that four detailed mapping of the shallower EEZ areas pilot projects be initiated in co-operation with of many countries. CCOP /SOPAC Techsec. The purpose was to assess the potential use of high-resolution 17.1.15 TAG noted with interest that SPar imagery in the South Pacific area. The preliminary processing of Seasat altimeter four areas that were recommended included data using the recent ORSTOM/Universite Aitutaki,. Suva, Guadalcanal, and Madang. d'Orsay method had enabled the discovery of TAG were informed that two images had been 50 previously uncharted seamounts. At this acquired by the SPOT satellite, Aitutaki and stage of processing, the location of the Guadalcanal. BGS was responsible for pro- seamounts is uncertain (within 40 km), After cessing the Guadalcanal image and IFREMER the final stage of processing the predicted was responsible for processing the Aitutaki location should be within 15 km, the elevation image. Unfortunately, the other two areas,

41 Madang and Suva, were clouded over and no should be completed by the end of the year. images of these areas had been acquired. 17.2.9 TAG was informed by the French 17.2.4 TAG was informed that the first ob- Adviser that ORSTOM (Noumea) expects to jective of the Aitutaki study was to construct a receive a new 28-metre ship which could be bathymetric map of the lagoon and to deter- made available at economic rates for coastal mine the nature of the seabed. The second and nearshore activities of mutual interest to objective was to assess the damage done by CCOP /SOPAC and ORSTOM. cyclone Sally by comparing SPOT images taken before and after the cyclone. The main 17.3 OtherMapping results of this preliminary study included: detailed bathymetry of the lagoon the distri- 17.3.1 The US Adviser informed TAG on bution and character of the shallow water the status of the Southwest Quadrant Map of sediments and results of the cyclone damage the Circum-Pacific Map Project. More addit- including modification to the barrier reef. ions and corrections to the geological map had been received requiring further work on 17.2.5 TAG was informed by the Cook the final copy and was now estimated that Islands Adviser that there was an urgent need reproducible copy will be sent to the printer to acquire "ground truth" for the Aitutaki in early October 1987. Explanatory notes SPOT imagery before the next hurricane were complete and had been prepared for season. Accordingly, TAG RECOMMENDED reproduction. Completed parts of the Mineral that ground truth surveys be initiated as soon Resources Map had been sent to carto- as possible. graphers while awaiting completion of manu- 17.2.6 TAG was informed of a suggestion script by the the panel. The Energy Resources to make Techsec the distribution agent of Map was waiting for a compilation manu- SPOT images for CCOP /SOPAC island mem- script from the panel. The colour proof of the ber countries. TAG expressed the view that Tectonic Map had been reviewed in detail at a this might be an inappropriate function to June meeting in Honolulu and had been sub- develop within Techsec, particularly consid- mitted to panel members in Tokyo for final ering that the space, equipment, and labour corrections. Target date for printing was now requirements might not be commensurate early 1988. with the demand for images. TAG therefore 17.3.2 TAG was informed that the USGS in RECOMMENDED that CCOP /SOPAC not cooperation with NOAA would produce in become a distribution agent for SPOT images the Circum-Pacific Map Project series, physi- at this stage but consider the possibility of cal oceanographic maps of the Pacific show- involvement at some future time. ing parameters such as tsunami paths, cy- 17.2.7 TAG was pleased to note that the clone and storm tracks, areas of upwelling, University of the South Pacific, through their mean wave heights, mixing zones, etc. Such Remote Sensing Centre would be happy to maps will be compiled for the CCOP /SOPAC assist Techsec with processing problems asso- region on the Southwest Quadrant sheets. ciated with SPOT images and with advice on 17.3.3 TAG was informed that planimetric their potential use in assisting the region. base maps for the East Asia Geotectonic Map 17.2.8 The Tonga Adviser informed TAG Project, scale 1:200,000, had been completed that a coastal morphology map of Tongatapu and had been provided to the panels. Bathy-

42 metry and topography was being added to for funding this project. base maps at the Reston USGS office. National 18.1.3 Techsec reported that training had compilers had been identified through cooperation with CCOP lEA. Dr Tadashi Sato, been carried out in association with field work .Tsukuba University, Japan, had agreed to be in the Cook Islands, Western Samoa, and Chief Compiler. The first meeting had been Tonga, and that training had also been carried held in Beijing, China, 29 August 1987. Sheet out on various research vessels visiting the Number 7 of this map series overlaps with region during the past 12 months. PNG and Solomon Islands and is being pre- 18.1.4 Member countries expressed their sented to CCOP lSOPAC for comment and thanks to the appropriate agencies and donor corrections. countries for their support in on-the-job train- 17.3.4 The UK Adviser informed TAG that ing activities. Dr Artemjev, USSR Academy of Sciences, had 18.1.5 The US Adviser reported that Solo- telexed that space photographs of the priority mon Islander Rennel Maghu, was doing well areas indicated by CCOP lSOPAC had been in his degree course at Fairhill College in Cali- ordered from the USSR space archive, that fornia. He had been editing the maps pro- they were expected to be available by early duced from the Coastal Mapping Workshop October 1987, and that he offered to have the held in Vanuatu in 1983. USSR delegation bring them to the 16th Ses- sion of CCOP lSOPAC. Also Dr Artemjev 18.1.6 TAG was informed by Techsec that had requested from the USSR space agency a one-month long on-the-job assignment had further coverage of these areas twice a year for been arranged by Techsec during the report- the next two years. ing period for: a Cook Islands trainee to work at the Geological Survey of Japan, for which 17.3.5 TAG was informed that the USGS at the Cook Islands Representative thanked Woods Hole had produced a high-cobalt I1CA for funding; and for a Kiribati trainee to manganese-crust distribution map for .the work at the Hawaii Institute of Geophysics as world, and a 500-page publication containing follow up to his participation on the 1986 RV the station and chemical data used to con- Moana Wave cruise for which the Kiribati struct the map would be available soon. Representative expressed his appreciation. TRAINING (Agenda Item 18) 18.1.7 TAG was informed that the Cook Island trainee had found the one month 18.1 On-the-job Training attachment to be too concentrated. Techsec 18.1.1 Techsec informed TAG that a agreed to co-ordinate future attachments CCOP lSOP AC Fellowship Scheme had been with the appropriate institution to ensure that established. ICOD had agreed to fund at least necessary modifications can be made to the three fellowships per year over the next three proposed programme for each trainee's years for country nationals to be attached to assignment. Techsec for periods of tip to three months for 18.1.8 Techsec informed TAG of a pro- on-the-job training. The first Fellowship had posed new scheme for management training gone to a Tongan (Saimone Helu) and had of island member country delegates through already been completed. participation of a second person from each 18.1.2 TAG expressed its thanks to ICOD island member country to attend the CCOP I

43 SOPAC Annual Session. Although no fund- Scheme guidelines for first degree studies in ing had yet been identified for this scheme, geology or engineering (see document CR16/ Techsec would endeavour to obtain funding. 18.2/2) with modifications as follows: a. that the term "Conditions" be changed to 18.1.9 The New Zealand Adviser noted "Guidelines"; that the NZ Geological Survey offer for on- b. that the Director of Techsec in consultation the-job training in petroleum exploration had .with the appropriate member country Na- not as yet been taken up. He requested that tional Representative, will have discretion member countries pass details of suitable can- in applying the scholarship guidelines; didates to Techsec, c. that a financial bonding commitment be made to make sure the student applies the 18.2 Courses training received to the service of his home. 18.2.1 Techsec reported on the three- country for a period of 1.5years per year of month Basic Earth Science and Marine Geol- scholarship funding; ogy course held at the IMR/USP during Jan- d. that provision be made to accommodate uary - March, 1987 which was funded by annual return trips to the home country for CFfC, the Government of New Zealand, and non-married students; UNDP. e. that CCOP /SOPAC is not responsible for salaries as part of the scholarship scheme. 18.2.2 TAG acknowledged the support of HIG and the Federal Republic of Germany for 18.2.7 The Japanese Adviser reported that allowing the course participants to visit RV several training courses are conducted in Ja- Moana Wave and RV Sonne during port stops pan for South Pacific countries. An 8-month in Suva. group training course on Offshore Mineral Prospecting was currently provided at the 18.2.3 PCIAC was thanked for the gift of a Geological Survey of Japan, supported by binocular petrological microscope for use on funding from the Japan International Coop- CCOP /SOP AC training courses and at eration Agency. Offshore and onshore train- Techsec, ing courses are provided by the Ministry of 18.2.4 The USP Adviser reported on the International Trade and Industry in associa- history of Earth Science teaching at USP and tion with the RV Hakurei Maru No.2 Cruise TAG noted with concern the low numbers studying mineral resources for CCOP / and declining numbers enrolling for the Earth SOPAC, and by the Science and Technology Science major at the University. Agency as part of the Japan-France-CCOP / SOPAC programme on rift systems in back- 18.2.5 TAG RECOMMENDED that a arc basins in the Southwest Pacific. working group comprising at least one representative of USP and at least one repres- 18.2.8 The Fiji Representative noted the entative of Techsec be established to look into excellent Marine Geological Training Course the present status of the Earth Science pro- provided by the Japanese Government and grammes at the University and to explore highly recommended this course. options for the future and that the group 18.2.9 The Canadian Adviser informed should report before the 17th Session. TAG that PCIAC sponsored three 2-month 18.2.6 TAG RECOMMENDED adoption coursess offered annually by the Alberta of the proposed CCOP /SOPAC Scholarship Summer Institute for Petroleum Industry

44 Development (ASIPID) in Edmonton, Can- - the Pacific Rim Congress in Brisbane, ada. Complete funding is available for quali- Australia (funded by ESCAP /UNDP), fied students to attend Upstream (explora- attended by Fiji. tion), Downstream (refinery and marketing), and Management courses. Details on the 1988 18.3.3 TAG noted with gratitude the sessions will be sent to Techsec. funding provided by the various donor countries and agencies. 18.2.10 The US Adviser reported that funds for a marine geology course offered by the 18.3.4 The ESCAP Representative inform- USGS were being sought by ESCAP. ed TAG that the Coastal Geology Training Arrangements would be made with the Course hosted by the Government of China Training Co-ordinator to have this course for CCOP/SOPAC nationals would be held at incorporated into the current CCOP/SOPAC Guangzhou, China from 21 November to 6 Earth Science Course at USP. Funds for other December 1987. USGS courses, Data Management and 18.3.5 TAG was informed that Techsec had Electronic Maintenance, had not yet been received from member countries requests for identified. training in bathymetric drafting and noted with pleasure that Australia was willing to 18.3 Workshops continue bathymetric training either through 18.3.1 TAG noted that two CCOP /SOPAC the Royal Australian Navy Hydrographer or workshops were held during 1987. These through BMR, and RECOMMENDED that were: the Coastal Processes Workshop in Lae, Techsec approach those organisations to final- PNG (funded by Australia, IOC/UNESCO, ise arrangements. and ESCAP/UNDP); the Coastal Mapping 18.3.6 TAG was informed about training Workshop in Tuvalu (funded by Australia, programmes at the University of New South ESCAP/UNDP, New Zealand, and USGS). Wales, Sydney, related to CCOP/SOPAC 18.3.2 In addition, TAG noted that other activities and of interest to member country workshops attended by island member trainees. A specific proposal was tabled to country trainees were: conduct a Gold Workshop. - an ICOD Non-fuel Marine Minerals 18.3.7 TAG noted that the proposed Gold Workshop held in Halifax, Canada (funded Workshop would be of high interest to a by ICOD), attended by Cook Islands, Tonga, number of member countries. However it and Papua New Guinea; was ackowledged that there was a real prob- - a Conference on How Volcanoes Work in lem in finding funds for workshops. TAG Hawaii (funded by Circum-Pacific Council RECOMMENDED that UNISEARCH and for Energy and Mineral Resources and PNG Techsec continue to communicate and Government), attended by Papua New attempt to identify possible funding sources Guinea; for workshops in tune with member country - an Earthquake Engineering Conference in needs. New Zealand (funded by the New Zealand Government), attended byFiji; 18.3.8 TAG RECOMMENDED that, as far - a Computer Software Training Course in as possible, interests and requirements of Bangkok (funded by CIDA), attended by the member countries for future workshops, and Techsec Documentalist; sources of funding for them, be identified well

45 in advance to assist in long-range planning logue with the International Geological and scheduling. Congress (IGC) had been established to determine the feasibility of offering training 18.3.9 The Western Samoa Representative noted that a Remote Sensing Workshop in workshops at the IGC in Washington, DC in August 1989. More specific information Indonesia, was currently being offered. regarding content and numbers of potential 18.4 TrainingAssistance participants was required from Techsec before anything could be finalised. TAG 18.4.1 Noting that earth science has an RECOMMENDED that the Training Co- important place in high school curricula, TAG ordinator investigate this matter. RECOMMENDED that Techsec should assist, within resources available to Techsec, edu- 18.4.7 The US Adviser also reported that, cational authorities in CCOP/SOP AC island the Solomon Islands trainee was doing well in member countries in the development of a his studies at Foothills College in USA and high school course outline in the Earth should return to the Solomon Islands by July Sciences. 1988. 18.4.2 The Tonga Adviser suggested that 18.4.8 The Solomon Islands Represent- Techsec should be prepared to promote ative thanked USAID for funding their seminars and workshops for teachers. trainee. Techsec indicated that they would do so and 18.4.9 The Fiji Representative noted that attempt to find funding for such seminars. several offers of training assistance had been The advisers from Western Samoa and Fiji received but not acted upon due to lack of likewise indicated their support for develop- personnel available at the time. They wished ing an earth science curriculum and teacher to express their appreciation for such offers training. and stated that non-participation in the past 18.4.3 The SPREP Representative stated does not mean a lack of interest for the future. that they could assist Techsec in the area of high school curriculum development and 18.5 OtherTraining would co-ordinate their assistance with 18.5.1 In response to a request from the Techsec, USP Adviser for closer cooperation between 18.4.4 The adviser from the University of CCOP/SOPAC and USP, Techsec indicated New South Wales noted that an AGID/IPSU that they agreed in principle to become more geoscience teaching workshop is being involved in the teaching of earth science planned for Madras, India in 1989. He stated courses at USP. that funding for 2 or 3 island country mem- 1~.5.2 In lieu of a formal cooperative bers to attend might be forthcoming. lecture programme between USP and CCOP/ 18.4.5 Techsec informed TAG of lecture SOPAC as proposed by the USP Adviser, contributions by Techsec to a workshop on TAG suggested the formation in Fiji of a geo- Ocean Resources Management held in logical association of the South Pacific to bring Kiribati and to the Ocean Resources Course together both transient and local expertise conducted at USP. available in the region. 18.4.6 The US Adviser reported that dia- 18.5.3 TAG also suggested that the USP

46 staff might periodically approach CCOP / informed TAG of the Visiting Scientists Pro- SOPAC on the possibility of involving gramme at the International Tsunami Infor- university students in current work activities. mation Centre in Honolulu which is operated with IOC assistance. Two selectedscientists 18.5.4 Regarding the request for the pro- from the Pacific received 4 to 6 weeks com- duction of a register of earth scientists work- prehensive training at the ITIC and the Pacific ing in the South Pacific region, TAG was of Tsunami Warning Centre. The IOC seeks the view that this item was not in the mandate nominations of scientists for this programme of CCOP /SOP AC. through its Circular Letter every year. 18.5.5 TAG RECOMMENDED that USP 18.5.11 The Western Samoa Adviser report- take the lead in any cooperative association ed that a six-month satellite training course is between USP and Techsec and, in particular, available from UNEP /UNIT AR for Landsat ensure involvement of IOC-TEMA in relevant and SPOT image data analysis and inter- areas. pretation. 18.5.6 The SPREP Representative reported 18.5.12 The IOC Representative informed that a two week multi-disciplinary inter- TAG of the availability of educational agency training course on Coastal Resource material related to tsunamis and also of the Management Planning had been held in library of films, videos and slides on tsunamis Tonga during May 1987 and again in Feder- which are maintained at the International ated States of Micronesia during July 1987. Tsunami Information Centre (me> in Hono- 18.5.7 The Tonga Delegation thanked lulu. He suggested that the films, videos, and SPREP for this training course but noted that slides on tsunamis could be borrowed by there had been overlap with the CCOP / Techsec for loan to member countries on SOPAC Coastal Processes Workshop held in request. Lae, PNG, prior to the 1987 Annual Session. 18.6 Meetings 18.5.8 TAG expressed regret that the overlap had occurred and that this SPREP course 18.6.1 The PNG Adviser reported on the had not been co-ordinated with Techsec, and great success of the PacRim Congress held in RECOMMENDED that future SPREP courses Australia with over 1000 delegates in be co-ordinated with the CCOP/SOPAC attendance. training activity through Techsec. 18.6.2 TAG noted with regret however, the 18.5.9 The SPREP Representative inform- general lack of funding for island nationals to ed TAG that a SPREP sponsored course attend the PacRim Congress, and asked Tech- would be held in Vanuatu in February 1988 sec to write to the organisation emphasising and would be available to island member the importance of such funding for future countries upon request to SPREP. In late 1988 PacRim Congresses. a regional training course on Environmental 18.6.3 The following meetings were Impact Assessment (EIA) would also be identified by TAG as being of interest to the sponsored by SPREP, and be followed by a region: series of in-eountry EIA workshops in 1989 - the 6th International Coral Reef Sympo- and 1990. sium to be held in Townsville, Australia, 8-12 18.5.10 The IOC Representative also August 1988;

47 - the Association of South Pacific Environ- used to develop a digital bathymetric data mental Institutions meeting to be held in bank. The Data Manager had visited Western Noumea, New .Caledonia, 20-24 June 1988, Samoa, Tonga and Guam to discuss their followed by an inter-governmental meeting needs for data management and to formalise June 27-July 1 to develop the 1989-1990SPREP their priorities in respect to future develop- work programme; ments at Techsec. There was a need to - Seismic Probing of the Continents and develop regional and international networks their Margins to be held in Canberra, Aus- with organisations involved in marine infor- tralia, 6-8 July 1988; mation exchange. The Data Manager - the Ninth World Conference on Earth- attended, as observer, a meeting held in quake. Engineering to be held in Tokyo/ March 1987 to establish a Pacific Island Kyoto, Japan, 2-9 August 1988; Marine Regional Information System. The. - the 28th International Geological Congress Data Manager also attended the 12th to be held in Washington DC, USA, 9-19 July International Data Exchange Working Com- 1989; mittee meeting in Moscow, December 1986. - the 4th International Symposium on Analysis of Seismicity and Seismic Risk to be 19.2 TAG was informed that the Data held in Bechyni, Czechoslovakia, 4-9 Septem- Manager had met with BMR in Canberra in ber1989. March 1987 to discuss the location and possibility of storage of member country magnetic 18.6.4 The UN Law of the Sea Repr- tapes. esentative indicated that a UN-IOC group of experts meeting will be held in New York in 19.3 TAG noted with gratitude the offer the fall of 1988 to discuss marine scientific of BMR to house marine magnetic tapes from research within national jurisdiction. She the island member countries. These would be indicated that attendance at the meeting made available for copying by outside would be by invitation only and that she organisations on conditions to be agreed with would ascertain whether a representative Techsec and the member countries concerned. from the CCOP /SOPAC region would be The details will be arranged between Techsec invited to attend. and BMR, probably along the lines of the proposal to the Australian National Archives 18.6.5 TAG RECOMMENDED that a tech- who are unable to store non-Australian data nical expert be sent from Techsec if invited. (except for PNG). TAG agreed that Techsec should discuss with BMR the possibility of a DATA MANAGEMENT (Agenda Item 19) provision being made for seismic data com- 19.1 Techsec reported that the computer paction. facilities have been completed with the 19.4 TAG RECOMMENDED that the purchase of a digitizer, a laser printer, and island countries should now take action to expansion of the hard disk memory to 250 obtain copies of data held by petroleum megabytes as well as software for contouring companies. and statistics. The marine geophysical database (MAGEONC) is now fully operational 19.5 Techsec reported that the EEC had and more than 50 cruises had been incor- been asked to provide funding as soon as porated. The 1983 CCOP/SOPAC Bathy- possible (expected to be early 1989)for an IBM metric Map had been digitized and will be PC compatible system for each island member

48 country which is a member of the ACP lection of papers detailing the scientific results countries. This would consist of a hard disk of the RV Natsushima Cruise to the Lau- drive, monitor, printer, peripherals, and soft- Tonga Area be published together in the ware. Training in the use of the equipment CCOP/SOPAC Technical Bulletin Series and would be given at Techsec. that the cruise leaders should be the editors of such a bulletin. 19.6 The Data Manager informed TAG that no on-line network existed in the region 20.1.3 TAG also noted that the papers at present, except for the USP network which given at the Coastal Processes Workshop in is for its own purposes. Lae were planned to be published as a bulletin. The IOC Representative indicated 19.7 Techsec noted that following an that IOC would be willing to share in the costs information survey of the needs of member of publishing this bulletin. countries for SPOT imagery to be used in establishing baselines, a total of at least 70 20.1.4 As it was often difficult to find images had been identified. An archive of funds for publishing results, TAG RECOM- SPOT images will be established at Techsec as MENDED that all future cruises should images are received. attempt to provide sufficient funding to cover the cost of publication of the results. 19.8 The SPREP Representative noted that their Natural Resource Data Bank project 20.2 Library will commence with a Solomon Islands pilot project designed to be compatible with the 20.2.1 Techsec reported that the library UNEP Global Resource Inventory Database had been shifted to more spacious quarters in (GRID) system. the new Techsec building. Funding is being sought to assist with the reorganisation of the TECHNICAL INFORMATION library and its expansion. The library will be (Agenda Item 20) developed as a small specialist collection supplementing the USP library and not 20.1 Publications duplicating it. 20.1.1 TAG was informed that a new post of Technical Editor had been established at EQUIPMENT AND TECHNIQUES Techsec with funding from New Zealand. A (Agenda Item 21) list of publications and reports produced by 21.1 New Equipment Techsec during the last '12 months were presented. Techsec has also produced a 21.1.1 The UK Adviser reported that detailed description of CCOP /SOPAC activ- geological mapping of the Offshore Desig- ities for use in EEC funding documents and a nated Area around the UK landmass by the Five Year Conceptual Programme. Funding British Geological Survey had led to the proposals for future support from ICOD and development of various pieces of equipment New Zealand had also been prepared. for sea bottom survey and sampling. These Techsec will introduce a Contribution Report included gravity corers, vibrocorers, various series which will be circulated as a list with rock drills, and shallow water sonar and the Newsletter. seismic instruments, details of which had been sent to Techsec. Deep-water equipment 20.1.2 TAG RECOMMENDED that a col- developments had included the Deep Tow

49 Boomer /Sparker which now operates in 21.1.5 TAG, recognising a shortage in water up to 2000 m deep, producing high- Techsec of nearshore survey equipment resolution/ shallow penetration (0.25-1.5 m/ including high-resolution seismic sources and 75-100msec.) profiling of the seabed, and can recorders at present available to an ever be used in conjunction with GLORIA type increasing number of technical staff, RECOM- wide swath mapping to provide details of the MENDED Techsec explore every avenue seafloor. Under development at present is a available to identify funds and purchase such modification to the casing of the micro- nearshore survey this equipment as soon as processor control unit of the BGS Rockdrill/ possible. vibrocorer unit which will extend its use from its current 500 m to 2000 m water depth; this 21.2 New Techniques modification will be completed by early 1988. 21.2.1 TAG was informed that software for 21.1.2 The UK Adviser also pointed out processing satellite imagery on IBM PC com- that a new instrument, PUPPI (Pop-Up-Pore- patibles was now available commercially. Pressure-Instrument) has been developed at 21.2.2 TAG was informed that IFREMER lOS. The PUPPI measures differential pore- was at present improving shallow and deep pressures in sediments and hence provides water seismic recording systems. For shallow crucial data on the in-situ state of stress. waters the improvements in geophysical Likely areas of potential sediment instability methods had concentrated on detailed carto- could be surveyed and monitored using this graphy of the coastal zones. A logging system PUPPI technology. This new equipment (AOOP) allowed simultaneous control of sev- would have applications in coastal and off- eral pieces of equipment including position- shore construction projects and in under- ing, high-resolution digital bathymetry, a new standing the process of local earthquake- generation of side-scan sonar, and very high- induced tsunamis. resolution seismic reflection. For deep waters 21.1.3 In addition to well known instru- the analogue high-speed seismic system on ments, such as GLORIA, lOS has a wide range the RV Jean Charcot will be replaced by a of equipment and expertise in oceanography digital system. of which TAG was informed. REGIONAL COORDINATION 21.1.4 The French Adviser, informed TAG (Agenda Item 22) that a new ship, NO Alis, is on the way to Noumea where it will be based. The vessel is 22.1 Regional Projects 28 metres long with a spacious afterdeck. It 22.1.1 The advisers from Japan and France has bow thrusters to aid in manoeuvering, a 5- described the joint Japan-France-CCOP / tonne A-frame and two winches, one with a SOPAC research programme on the rift capacity of 1800 m of 18 mm diameter cable, system in the Pacific Ocean (STARMER). For the other with a capacity of 4000 m of 13 mm this programme, Science and Technology diameter cable. The engine has 800 horse- Agency of Japan (STA) will provide RV power with ample electrical power supply. In Kaiyo, the 2000 m class submersible Shinkai addition to the classical "Transit" satellite 2000, (a 6000 m class submersible to be com- navigation system, the vessel is equipped pleted in 1989) the 3000 m class remotely- with the new "Global Positioning System". operated vehicle Dolphin 3K, and other

50 research vessels. IFREMER will provide the great interest in seeing drilling done in the submersible Nautile with mothership Nadir South Pacific as soon as possible, and RE- in 1989. Areas to be covered by STARMER COMMENDED that links be established would be rifts in and around the North Fiji between CCOP /SOPAC and ODP in order to Basin (Phase 1), followed by studies of other support drilling plans in the South Pacific. backarc basins such as the Lau, Bismarck, and 22.1.5 The Hawaii Institute of Geophysics Woodlark Basins (Phase 2). The timetable for (HIG) Adviser reported on the status of Tri- the project is: Phase 1 - 1987 FY site survey, partite II investigations in PNG, concerning 1988 FY diving and site survey, and 1989 the mineral potential of the Manus Basin and diving; Phase 2 - 1990 FY and 1991 FY continuing research. the assessment of volcanic hazards in the Rabaul Caldera. All objectives of the cruise as 22.1.2 The ODP Adviser described the defined in the Tripartite Agreement and Ocean Drilling Program and facilities on the reported at the 15th Session of CCOP /SOP AC ODP drilling vessel Joides Resolution. The had now been satisfied. vessel is a dynamically positioned drillship with the capability of handling a drillstring 22.1.6 The US Adviser informed TAG that up to 9000 m in length in 8000 m of water. there was a co-ordinated effort underway to The Adviser emphasised that ODP drill sites plan submersible dives in the Southwest must meet long-term scientific goals and site Pacific. The ORSTOM-IFREMER and HURL selection is carried out only within the JOIDES (Hawaiian Underwater Research Laboratory) organisational structure. groups are jointly planning submersible dives in Vanuatu and Tonga. Approximate dates 22.1.3 The ODP Adviser notified TAG that for the French submersible Nautile to dive in the DV Joides Resolution will be in the the SOPAC region is 1989, while the HURL CCOP /SOP AC and adjacent regions from submersibles Makali'i and Pisces V are being October 1989 into 1990. Three drilling legs, considered for diving in the region sometime each of two months duration, are being in late 1989-early 1990. During October 1987 planned. They are : HURL will review proposals for diving in - Northeast Australian Margin (Sea level, PNG, Vanuatu, and Tonga and diving plans Environmental, and Tectonics (SET) object- should be finalised by late 1988. ives) - supported by the Sediments and Ocean History Panel; 22.1.7 TAG, noting with interest the - Vanuatu (Collision subduction tectonics in different objectives of the diving proposals the d'Entrecasteaux Fracture Zone/Santo and the involvement of several international fore-arc area, and in the Aoba Basin) - sup- partners in such programmes, RECOM- ported by the Tectonics Panel; MENDED that CCOP /SOPAC support these - Lau-Tonga (Evolution of a back-arc basin, initiatives. including site 3 on the Tonga Platform and 22.1.8 TAG was informed that SPREP is sites 2 and 7 near 180 45'N) - promoted by the co-ordinating the task teams who are pre- Lithosphere Panel. paring Pacific Region Reports on 'The State of The 1990 schedule will be finalised by the the Marine Environment" (part of GESAMP ODP Planning Committee in late 1988. global report>, and "The Effects of Climatic 22.1.4 TAG, noting the high scientific Change and Sea-level Rise" (part of UNEP value of the Ocean Drilling Program, has global report). SPREP continues to partly

51 support ORSTOM in open-ocean oceano- final plans and a timetable for the RRS Charles graphic research. Darwin in the South Pacific had not yet been completed because of the possibility of 22.1.9 As a result of discussions on CCOP/ including CCOP /SOPAC proposals in the SOPAC Regional Projects TAG RECOM- programme. MENDED that technical advisers keep Techsec informed of work being planned, 22.1.14 TAG was informed that plans for a work completed, and the results and publ- cruise by the RV Thomas Washington in ications produced of activities which relate to Tonga waters during 1988 were not yet final- or meet the objectives of any of the Regional ised. Projects in the CCOP/SOPAC Work Pro- 22.1.15 TAG was informed that funds had gramme. been requested from the EEC under Lome III 22.1.10 TAG also RECOMMENDED that for marine surveys and RECOMMENDED Papua New Guinea, as a member of CCOP / that Techsec approach the relevant authorities EA, keep Techsec informed of cruises spon- in France and FRG to explore the use of Lome sored by CCOP /EA planned for PNG waters. III funds for joint cruises on French and FRG research vessels. 22.1.11 TAG was informed of the IFREMER programme for submersible dives in the OTHER MATI'ERS (Agenda Item 23) South Pacific which at present is as follows: November-December 1988 - submersible 23.1 Law of the Sea Nautile with mothership RV Nadir will dive 23.1.1 The adviser from the United along the New Hebrides collision/ subduction Nations Office for Ocean Affairs and Law of zone in areas defined by the SEAPSO project the Sea informed TAG that as of October 1987, (SUBPSO 1); December, 1988 - submersible 34 nations had ratified the United Nations Cyana with mothership RV Le Suroit will Convention on the Law of the Sea, and that a study volcanism and hydrothermal deposits total of 60 nations must ratify or accede to the near Tahiti (TEAHITIA); 1989 - dives to Convention to put it into force. Another two study cobalt-rich crusts in French Polynesia to three years are expected to pass for this to (NODCO 3); possibly in 1989 - dives in the take place. Of great interest to CCOP /SOP AC back-arc troughs east of the New Hebrides member nations is that the comprehensive Arc. Law of the Sea defines Exclusive Economic 22.1.12 TAG was informed of three dive Zones (EEZs) as well as Archipelagic Waters. programmes which may possibly occur in So far 76 nations have enacted EEZ legislation 1989: the STARMER project in the North Fiji while another 20 have enacted both 2OD-mile Basin in conjunction with Japan; a French- fishery zones and continental shelf legislation. FRG project in the Lau Basin studying hy- To date one country (India) has been granted drothermal deposits on the Valu Fa Ridge; an exclusive right to an exploration area, and ORSTOM programmes to study collision while three other nations (France, Japan and tectonism where the Louisville Ridge meets the USSR) will also be registered in 1987 with the Tonga Arc/Trench System and to investi- the United Nations as "pioneer investors". gate the back-arc troughs east of the New 23.12 The UN Adviser informed TAG, fol- Hebrides Arc. lowing a query by Tonga as to whether there 22.1.13 The UK Adviser informed TAG that were provisions in the LOS Convention on

52 nuclear waste and pollution in the inter- 25.1 New Country Projects national area, that there were many provisions governing dumping, waste 25.1.1 TAG RECOMMENDED the follow- disposal, and pollution of the marine environ- ing new projects be added to the CCOP / ment. In addition, TAG was informed that SOPAC Work Programme: there are other international conventions - CCSP/CK.9: Management of Cook dealing with specific environmental topics. Islands data relevant to CCOP /SOPAC Work Programme activities; 23.1.3 The USA Adviser informed TAG - CCSP/1<1.7: Management of Kiribati that the United States Government had not data relevant to CCOP /SOPAC Work Pro- signed the LOS Convention nor requested any gramme activities; mining licences under the UN system because - CCSP/1<1.8: Offshore seabed mapping the US objects to the seabed mining provi- in the Kiribati EEZ; sions of the Convention. - CCSP/WS.ll: Coastal and nearshore 23.1.4 TAG was pleased to note that it was mapping in Western Samoa; planned for an officer of the ESCAP Marine - CCSP/WS.12: Assessment of sand and Affairs Programme to undertake a fact-find- gravel deposits in nearshore areas of Western ing mission to selected countries of the South Samoa for construction materials and landfill; Pacific on Law of the Sea and related matters - CCSP/REG.41: Long-range swath map- early in 1988. ping in Southwest Pacific offshore areas.

D. FORMULATION OF PLANS FOR 25.2 Formulation of 1988 Work List FUTURE WORK 25.2.1 TAG was informed of each Long-term Planning (Agenda Item 24) member's requirements for work to be carried out or co-ordinated by Techsec in their Five-year Conceptual Programme country's waters and the 1988 Work List 24.1 TAG was presented with a docu- (Annex IV), listing these requirements, was ment titled "CCOP/SOPAC Conceptual Work subsequently compiled. Programme for 1988-1992"prepared by Tech- 25.2.2 TAG was informed of the need to sec. TAG commended Techsec on the report rapidly survey in detail sites where Corallium and RECOMMENDED it be updated before was known to occur and noted that many of the next Annual Session to reflect the greater these sites were in remote areas which would emphasis being placed on nearshore and be difficult and costly to survey. coastal projects as reflected by the recommendations of the 1987 CCOP /SOPAC Coastal 25.2.3 TAG noted that both projects SI.2 Processes Workshop and the current priori- (Evaluation of the hydrocarbon potential of ties of the member countries. The Tonga the Central Solomons Trough (the Slot area) Adviser suggested some additional modifica- and Manning Strait> and VA.2 (To collate all tions and it was agreed these also be incorpo- data relevant to hydrocarbon potential in rated into the next revision. Vanuatu and to carry out and promote further exploration) would be addressed jointly by COUNTRY WORK PLANS Techsec and the Tripartite Cruise Programme (Agenda Item 25) partners.

53 25.2.4 TAG noted that additional equip- E. ADOPTION OF TAG REPORT AND ment was needed for the wave energy pro- CLOSURE gramme and RECOMMENDED that the Adoption of TAG Report (Agenda Item 27) forthcoming PEDP meeting, scheduled for early 1988in Tonga, be advised of this need. 27.1 TAG reviewed the draft report of the TAG session and, subject to changes 1988 REGIONAL WORK PLAN made, adopted it on 20 October 1988 as its (Agenda Item 26) report for the 16th Session. 26.1 TAG was informed of cruises in CLOSURE OF TAG (Agenda Item 28) progress or being planned which would con- tribute to Regional Projects of the CCOP/ 28.1 TAG congratulated Dr Don Mallick SOPAC Work Programme. Annex III (of Part for a very successful TAG session and 1, this volume) summarises these cruises. thanked him for his excellent services as Chairman. TAG having been informed that 26.2 TAG was informed of plans to con- this would be the last Annual Session the duct a joint submersible- dive programme by Chairman would attend representing his STA (Iapan) and IFREMER (France). Site sur- country as Technical Adviser, noted that his veys would be made by RV Kaiyo in 1987,and presence would be sincerely missed, thanked 8 dives in the southern rift in the North Fiji him for the contribution he had made to TAG Basin by the submersible Nautile are planned in recent years, and wished him well in his for early 1989. This programme would be new job. continued for at least 3 years, and probably last 5 years, and would include site surveys 28.2 The Chairman of TAG, in closing and dives in the South Pacific. the TAG session, extended his appreciation to fellow TAG members for their kind words 26.3 TAG was informed of tentative pro- and said he regretted that this was his last posals for RRS Charles Darwin cruises in the session. On behalf of TAG he thanked the South Pacific, including work using the GLO- government of Papua New Guinea for host- RIA mapping system. Recommendations for ing the session, for their warm hospitality, work on a CCOP /SOPAC cruise on this ves- and for the efficient organisation of the ses- sel are presented as Annex II (of Part 1, this sion, due largely to staff of the Geological volume). Survey of PNG supported by Techsec staff.

54 ANNEX II

REPORT OF TAG WORKING COMMITTEE ON A PROPOSED CHARLES DARWIN CRUISE IN 1988

PRELIMINARY PROPOSAL FOR A CCOP/SOPAC CRUISE ON RRS CHARLES DARWIN IN 1988

This proposal is for approximately 30 days 3500 m. Extending to maximum area 9- of work by RRS Charles Darwin on behalf of 11.505, 151-155°E. CCOP /SOP AC using EEC Lome III funds. 2. Western Vanuatu along New Hebrides The preferred option is 11 days of MCS and 19 Trench at collision zone of D'Entrecasteaux days of GLORIA work, but if this were logisti- Ridge and New Hebrides Arc. Water cally and economically impossible, a full depths range from 1000 to 8000 m. Within GLORIA programme might be substituted. area 13-17.505, 165.5-167°E. Hence the GLORIA suggestions exceed the 3. Central Basin region of Vanuatu. Water possible thirty days. NERC/Marconi would depths range from 2000 to 3000 m. Within put together a logistically sound programme area 14.5-1605, 167-168°E. for consideration by the CCOP /SOPAC Tech- 4. Eastern Vanuatu (back-arc spreading nical Secretariat. The detailed suggestions centres and Hazel Home Fracture Zone). are listed below: Water depths range from 2000 m to 4000 m. Within area 12.5-1605, 168-1690E. MCS PROFILING 5. North Fiji Fracture Zone. Water depths range from 500 to 3000 m. Within area 1. Ndende-Vanikolo Basins of Solomon 14.5-16.5°5, 176.5°E-173.5°W. Islands and Vanuatu. 5 days of MCS pro- 6. Eastern Lau Basin of Tonga. Water depths gramme (4 days profiling), comple- range from 2000 to 2500 m. Within area 15- mentary to RV S.P. Lee data, on platform 21.505, 174-176.5,W. region between 9°S and 13.5°S, and 7. Samoa Basin transit, area to be determined. approximately 166° and 167.5°E. Water 8. North Penrhyn Basin manganese nodule depths generally range from 1000 m to 2000m. . area in Cook Islands waters. Water depths approximately 5000 m. Within area 15- 2. Lau Ridge of Fiji. 6 days of MCS pro- 16.505, 158.5-160.5°W. gramme (5 days of profiling), complemen- 9. South Penrhyn Basin manganese nodule tary to RV S.P. Lee data, on ridge between area in Cook Islands waters. Water depth 19.5°5 and 24.soS, and approximately 178° approximately 5000 m. Within area 15- and 179°E. Water depths generally range 16.505, 158.5-160.5,W. from 500 to 2,000 m. 10. Eastern Manihiki Plateau mudvolcano swath between (8) and (9) above. GLORIA MAPPING 11. Western side of Central Line Islands 1. Western Woodlark Basin of Papua New (Kiribati). One swath from Fanning Island Guinea. Water depths range from 500 to to Northern Cook Islands. Water depths ss range from 2000 m to 5000m. island chains. One swath from 7°N to 100S 12. Gilbert Islands (Kiribati) and Tuvalu on side of island chain to be determined.

ANNEXm

CURRENT AND PROPOSED CRUISES IN THE CCOP/SOPAC REGION AS AT OCTOBER 1987 . Date Vessel Organisationts) Area Programme

Aug-OCt. 1987 Hakurei Maru Japan-CCOP / Near Phoenix Is, Mn nodules and Co- No.2 SOPAC Kiribati rich crusts

Nov. 1987- Kaiyo STA(Japan) - South rift, North Site surveys for sub- Jan. 1988 IFREMER(France) FijiBasin mersible dives on vents STARMERprog. (Seabeam)

Jan-Feb. 1988 Franklin CSIRO(Aust.)- W. Woodlark Basin, Back-arcspreading and and Cook Canada, Goodenough Bay hydrothermal vent PACKLARKprog. studies

May-OCt.1988 Charles Darwin NERC (UK:lOS 1. Equatorial 1. Physical ocean- and others) ography 2. Lau Basin 2. ODP site surveys (GLORIA) 3. Valu Fa Ridge 3. Geophysics

July-Dec. 1988 Thomas Scripps Instn 1. Ontong Java Plat. 1. ODP site surveys Washington of Oceanography 2. Lau Basin 2. Vent studies/ODP surveys

Aug-e>ct. 1988 Hakurei Maru Japan-CCOP / Elliceand Central Mn nodules and Co- No.2 SOPAC Pacificbasins, rich crusts Tuvalu

Dec.1988- Le Suroit/ IGP (France) French Polynesia Submersible dives on Jan. 1989 Cyana active volcanoes

Early 1989 Nadir/Nautile IFREMER(France)- New Hebrides Trench Subduction processes BGR(PRG) study, ODP site surveys

1989 Nadir /Nautile STA (Japan)- Rift system, North Submersible dives on IFREMER(France) FijiBasin active vents STARMERprog.

56 ANNEX IV

CCOP/SOPAC WORK LIST FOR 1988

(WORK REQUESTED BY MEMBER COUNTRIES FOR IMPLEMENTATION IN 1988)

A : LISTING BY ACTIVITY

NEARSHORE MINERALS ity, and physical and oceanographic Construction Minerals environment of a precious coral bed in Kiribati. KI.6 Investigation of nearshore areas for FJ.20 Review bathymetric data and recon- potential sand resources (in the Tarawa naissance dredging for intermediate area). water-depth, deepwater precious cor- TG.6 Continued assessment of sand and als. gravel deposits, Vava'u, Tonga. TU.2 Investigations for nearshore sand Other resources in Funafuti. WS.5 Nearshore surveys for constructional TG.5 Offshore surficial sediment surveys in materials, on Savai'i Island (Ist prior- preparation for geochemical core ity) and Upolu (2nd priority) collection in 'Eua Channel (see Hydro- carbon, TG.5, task 7). Detrital Minerals HYDROCARBONS FJ.18 Detrital mineral survey, Ba Delta. FJ.1 1. Analyse kerogen types, vitrinite Insular Phosphates reflectance, and thermal alteration indices in samples collected at MRD; CK.2 Manihiki and Manuae Island phos- 2. Perform rock-eval pyrolysis on phate drilling programme. unweathered material (samples to be TU.9 Map Nukufetau lagoon in preparation collected by MRD); for lagoonal phosphate drilling. 3. Assist MRD scientists on computer modelling of subsidence and geother- Precious Coral mal-gradient histories of sedimentary TU.1 Reconnaissance dredging for deep- basins; water precious corals. 4. Acquire new seismic data on the Lau K1.3 1. Reconnaissance dredging for deep- Ridge area and assess the hydrocabon water precious corals in the Gilbert and prospectivity of the Lau Ridge; Line Islands. 5. Faunal analysis and determination 2. Investigate the possibility of using a of relevant age-ranges of enclosing submersible to study the extent, qual- sediments with paleo- environmental

57 implications (Micro-paleontologist to potential, including integration of re- work in co-operation with MRD geol- processed seismic data and acquired ogists); magnetometer data; 6. Review gravity and magnetic data 5. Provide training at Techsec for from offshore exploration licenses; national geologists (Estimated six man 7. Acquire infill seismic, gravity, mag- weeks); netic and refraction data in marginal 6. Prepare a brochure of hydrocarbon and deepwater basins. prospects for presentation to third par- PN 5 1. Provide one petroleum geologist and ties; one petroleum geophysicist on a advis- 7. Geochemical survey of 'Eua Chan- ory basis to work in Port Moresby nel: preliminary high resolution seis- (Estimated a total of six man weeks); mic survey with trial coring excercise. 2. Provide training at Techsec for a VA.2 1. Visit of one petroleum geologist and national geophysicist or geologist one petroleum geophysicist to Port (Estimated six man weeks of training). Vila to assess data and discuss work SI.10 1. Visit of one petroleum geologist and requirements; one petroleum geophysicist to Honiara 2. Reprocess selected seismic data if to assess data and work requirements; warranted; 2. Identify and reprocess seismic data 3. Prepare technical review document as necessary; of the hydrocarbon potential of Vanu- 3. Assess the hydrocarbon prospectiv- atu; ity of Iron Bottom Sound; 4. Prepare descriptive brochure of 4. Analyse samples for source rock Vanuatu and its geology for distri- potential; bution to third parties; 5. Produce a brochure of hydrocarbon 5. Assess source rock potential of prospects to be presented to third par- samples collected by a shallow drilling ties; programme; 6. Provide training at Techsec for a national geophysicist (Estimated six OFFSHORE MINERALS man weeks); 7. Acquire new seismic data in the FJ.16 Cooperate with and coordinate the Vanikoro Basin and provide an inter- following cruises in Fiji waters: pretation of the data. (a) UK-NERC programme for GLORIA TG.5 1. Magnetometer survey of the island coverage of proposed ODP sites in Lau groups of Nomuka and Ha'apai; Basin; 2. Reprocess approximately 1,000 kilo- (b) Cambridge University E-M pro- metres of seismic data from the 'Eua gramme on Charles Darwin in Lau Channel and the Tonga Ridge, south of Basin; Tongatapu; (c) French-Japanese programme in 3. Construct composite base maps con- North Fiji Basin on Kaiyo, for submer- taining track plots or shotpoint loca- sible and ODP site surveys; tions for all cruises relevant to hydro- (d) Scripps programme on hydrother- carbon exploration; mal vents in Lau Basin on Thomas 4. Complete report of hydrocarbon Washington.

58 KI.2 Assess and assist with interpretation of position of fresh water lens, degree of reports on scientific results and eco- palm tree cover, and water transport nomic evaluation of the Hakurei Maru facilities; No.2 cruise to Pheonix Islands area. 2. Conduct baseline monitoring study PN.8 (a) Coordinate PACLARK2 expedition on Betio- Bairiki causeway and borrow in western Woodlark Basin; pits with respect to hydraulic impact (b) Interpret and evaluate seafloor pho- and sediment transport. tographs taken along Manus Basin PN.4 1. Characterise the harbour bottom of spreading centre during Moana Wave several proposed wharf sites on Manus Tripartite cruise. Island, using seismic surveys, sediment TG.4 Coordinate and cooperate with pro- texture, bottom profiles, and geology - posed work as follows: sites to be photographed and where pos- (a) UK-NERCGLORIAcoverage of pro- sible foundation characteristics for pile posed ODP sites in Lau Basinon Charles requirements to be established - the Darwin; wharf facilities to accommodate 200 to (b) Cambridge University E-M pro- 400 ton and smaller vessels; gramme in Lau Basin on Charles Dar- 2. Survey the bottom characteristics win; along two proposed submarine pipeline (c) $cripps programme on. hydro- alignments in Joyce Bay - develop sub- thermal deposits ·In Lau Basin on surface characteristics of the benthos Thomas Washington. ' over the reef face out to a water depth of TUAIS Coordinate with Japanese the plan- 10metres- collect sediment samples and ning for Hakuref Maru No.2 cruise in examine the bottom along the outfall late 1988 to survey for manganese nod- alignment between the reef and the dif- ules and oobalt-rich crusts. fuserarea. VA.1 Cooperate with and coordinate the SI.17 1. Collect baseline oceanographic data I

59 lagoon system for future water quality cessing wave data in real time for use in management of the lagoon waters. a warning system by fishermen, and TV.3 1. Develop a monitoring programme others, and for use in coastal protection and aid in its execution for the pro- developments; posed pilot borrow pit filling operation 3. Conduct baseline surveys of reef face - the monitoring to include dredging and island rise in the vicinity of the operation within the lagoon, filling operating Waverider buoy. operations in the borrow pit, ground TV.6 1. Updating the wave data collected water impacts in adjacent areas, and from the Bebe Ridge wave station. tail water discharge; WS.8 1. Locate a site to deploy a Waverider 2. Continue the evaluation of cyclone buoy in Western Samoa - determine the frequency for Funafuti and the seawall general depth and slope of the bottom protection required for waves resulting at the site for designing of the anchor- from cyclones and strong winds at ingsystem; Funafuti and other atolls in the group; 2. Establish bathymetry of the ocean 3. Conduct a preliminary study for the bottom in the vicinity of the Waverider proposed Marine School causeway at buoy site; Funafuti. 3. Design anchor system for the site W5.5 1. Conduct a baseline hydraulic selected, install anchor system, and study off Matautu Point reef for com- deploy Waverider buoy. parison with the Sogi submarine outfall location for Apia; Geological Hazards 2. Conduct a baseline hydraulic survey KI.4 1. Continue beach profiling pro- in Vaiusu Bay in the vicinity of the gramme on Bairiki and Betio Islands. Vailima Brewery. PN.14 1. Explore submarine structure and composition of ash deposits of the vol- Renewable Energy canoes in the Bismarck Arc on a vol- CK.8 1. Continue to operate and maintain canology oriented cruise; the Waverider buoy and anchor system 2. Integrate all marine cruise data currently collecting data on waves from collected in the last five years in the Ra- the south and southeast of Rarotonga; baul Caldera area - to be done jointly by 2. Develop onsite capability for proc- Techsec and Tripartite partners. essing wave data in real time for use in TV.3 1. Continue of the Funafuti beach pro- a warning system by fishermen, local file surveys. mariners and others, and for use in coastal protection developments; MAPPING 3. Conduct baseline surveys of reef face Coastal Mapping and island rise in the vicinity of the operating Waverider buoy. CK.4 1. Ground truth field survey for inter- TG.7 1. Continue to operate and maintain preting SPOT images of Aitutaki La- the Waverider buoy and anchor system goon. currently collecting wave data from the PI.18 1. Ground truth surveys; southern exposure of Tongatapu; 2. Assistance with acquisitoin and in- 2. Develop onsite capability for pro-

60 terpretation of remote sensing data : Scripps programme to survey pro- spar pilot project in northwest Viti posed ODP sites on Ontong Java Pla- Levu; teau on Thomas Washington. 3. Assessment of modem remote sens- TG.13 (a) Collect GLORIA swaths in eastern ing techniques for cost effectiveness. Lau Basin on Charles Darwin. KI.4 1. Betio causeway : acquire SPOT im- TU.8 Collect a GLORIA swath along Tuvalu- age for monitoring natural changes; Gilbert islands chain on Charles Dar- 2. Set up a specific archive for SPar win. images of Kiribati. VA.4 Collect GLORIA swaths in three areas PN.14 1. Acquire and interpret 2 SPOTim- using Charles Darwin: ages, one each of Rabaul and Central (a) Central Basin area including north New Britain. and south Aoba Basin; 51.23 1. Continue SPOT pilot project - ac- (b) East of eastern island belt including quire and interpret 3 additional images junction with Hazel Holme Fracture for West Guadalcanal, North Malaita, Zone; and Marovo Lagoon. (c) New Hebrides Trench between 15°5 TG.12 1. Map coastal areas of Tongatapu and 19°5. and Vava'u using SPar imagery. TU.2/3 1. Map coastal areas of Funafuti DATA MANAGEMENT using SPar imagery CK.9 1. Assess needs for data management - WS.ll 1. Map coastal areas of Apia using Data Manager to visit. SPar imagery. FJ.21 1. Supply an IBM PC ; Offshore Seabed Mapping 2. Supply PC compatible geological software for modelling, contouring, CK.l GLORIA swath mapping using Charles basin statistics, grain size analysis; Darwin over two areas where manga- 3. Use of MicroV AX II computer for nese nodule abundances and minerali- earthquake epicentre location; sation is high. 4. Continue support for tasks initiated CK.S Collect GLORIA swath through Samoa during 1987. Basin to search for seamounts, and a KI.7 1. Supply an IBM PC computer, swath along eastern Manihiki Plateau peripherals, software, and training. to outline large mud volcanoes. 51.22 1. Supply an IBM PC computer, FJ.11 .GLORIA swath mapping using Charles peripherals, software and training; Darwin to provide coverage of the Fiji 2. Develop database for geochemical Fracture Zone north and east of Fiji. data; KI.8 Bathymetry and seabed mapping of the 3. Arrange training at Techsec in data EEZ of Kiribati. management. (a) Collect GLORIA swath along the TG.ll1. Supply an IBM PC computer, Gilbert Island chain; peripherals, software and training; (b) Collect GLORIA swath along the 2. Arrange training at Techsec in data central and south Line Islands Ridge to management; assist in cobalt-rich crust evaluation. 3. Arrange storage of magnetic tapes. PN.ll Coordinate and cooperate with TU.7 Data management for Tuvalu to be set Scripps programme to survey pro- up at Techsec.

61 WS.9 1. Supply an IBM PC computer, Courses peripherals, software, and training. 1. Certificate in Earth Science and Marine TRAINING Geology: Advance Course 1, Earth Materi- als, and Advanced Course 2, Marine Geol- On the job attachments using Fellowship Scheme ogy and Earth History. 11 Ianuary-I April (12 weeks). 1. On the job attachments to Techsec professional staff for up to 3 months: 2. CCOP /SOPAC Scholarship Scheme: One (a) Nearshore Minerals: Cook Island (1), student from Tuvalu and a second from Papua New Guinea (1), Kiribati (1), Kiribati (Mr. K. Babo) are being scheduled W. Samoa (1), Tonga (1). to commence in February, a first degree (b) Hydrocarbons: Tonga (2), Solomon course in Geology at James Cook Univer- Islands (1). sity, Queensland. (c) Data Management: Fiji (1), W. Samoa (1). Training Assistance Workshops 1. Discussions will continue with member country national representatives and Edu- 1. Coastal Geology Workshop, Guangzhou, cation Department officials with regard to China, 21 Nov - 7 Dec (completed) High School Curriculum Development in 2. Kuroko Mineralisation Workshop, Suva, Earth Science. February 1988. (organised by ESCAP). 3. Coastal Mapping Workshop, Kiribati, July 2. The Training Co-ordinator is expected to (2 weeks) again be an instructor for the Ocean 4. Non-Fuel Nearshore Minerals Workshop, Resources Management Programme at Savusavu, Fiji; prior to 17th Session, 10 USP. This will include contributions to (i) days, October 1988. a workshop in Vanuatu at the end of 5. Bathymetric Mapping Training, Canberra January, and (ii) lectures/tutorials in the (2 Months). first degree courses 00301 and UU201.

B : LISTING BY COUNTRY

(for full listing see CCOP /SOPAC Work List for 1988 A : Listing by Activity - above)

:OOK ISLANDS Mapping . . CK.4 SPOT image study, Aitutaki rearshoreMinerals CK.l &: 5 GLORIA swaths for mapping :K.2 phosphate drilling, Manihiki &: Man- nodule fields, seamounts, &: minerali- uae sation 'oasialDevelopment Data Management :K.8 wave data collection, Rarotonga CK.9 assess country needs

62 FIJI ping Gilbert cSt line Is Nearshore Minerals Data Management FJ.18 Detrital mineral survey, Ba KI.7 supply computer FJ.20 Corallium assessment and reconnaissance dredging PAPUA NEW GUINEA Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbons FJ.l assist MRD, assess Lau Ridge potential, PN.5 provide assistance in Port Moresby cSt review geophysical data provide training at Techsec Offshore Minerals Offshore Minerals FJ.16 coordinate cruises studying hydrother- PN.8 coordinate PACLARK 2 cruise, review mal minerals Manus Basin seafloor photographs Mapping Coastal Development FJ.19 ground truth surveys, SPOT pilot proj- PN.4 harbour surveys Manus Is, seafloor ect, assess remote sensing techniques survey of proposed pipeline align- available ments in Joyce Bay FJ.ll GLORIA swaths of Fiji Fracture Zone PN.14 cruise to study active volcanoes in Data Management Bismarck Arc, review work on Rabaul caldera FJ.21 supply computer, assist MRD seismology programme, continue 1987 work Mapping PN.14 acquire 2 SPOT images covering Ra- GUAM baul cSt Central New Britain Coastal Development PN.ll coordinate Scripps Ontong Java Pla- GM.I0 assist with seamount study teau cruise

KIRIBATI SOLOMON ISLANDS Nearshore Minerals Hydrocarbons KI.6 identify sand resources, Tarawa 51.10 assess requirements, collect, reprocess, KI.3 reconnaissance deepwater dredging for and review data, assess potential of Corallium in Gilbert and line Islands, Iron Bottom Sound, study Vanikoro assess use of submersible Basin, provide training Offshore Minerals Coastal Development KI.2 review results from cruise in Phoenix Is 51.17 baseline studies of Marovo Lagoon cSt area areas west of Lungga Point Coastal Development Mapping KI.4 complete stable-beach study in North- 51.23 acquire SPOT images for West Guadal- ern Tarawa and Maiana, monitor Betio- canal, North Malaita, cSt Marovo La- Bairiki causeway goon Mapping Data Management KI.4 SPOT image study Betio-Bairiki 51.22 supply computer, develop geochemical KI.8 bathymetry and GLORIA swath map- database, arrange training

63 TONGA Coastal Development TU.3 monitor pilot filling of borrow pits, Nearshore Minerals evaluate cyclone frequency, Marine TG.6 sand & gravel surveys Vava'u School causeway study, continue Funa- TG.5 surficial sediment survey in 'Eua Chan- futi beach profiling nel TU.6 update wave data records Hydrocarbons Mapping TG.5 magnetometer surveys off Nomuka TU.2&3 coastal mapping using SPOT and Ha'apai, geochemical survey in images 'Eua Channel, reprocess data, promote TU.8 GLORIA swath mapping of Tuvalu is- hydrocarbon potential, provide train- land chain ing Data Management Offshore Minerals TU.7 set up system for Tuvalu at Techsec TG.4 coordinate hydrothermal mineral cruises VANUATU Coastal Engineering Hydrocarbons TG.8 monitor developments made at Queen VA2 assess requirements, collect, reprocess, Salote Wharf, continue inner lagoon and review data, assess and promote observations on Tongatapu potential of Vanuatu, provide training TG.7 continue collecting wave data Offshore Minerals Mapping VAl coordinate Kaiyo cruise in North Fiji TG.12 map coastal areas of Tongatapu & Basin Vava'u using SPOT images Mapping TG.13 GLORIA swath mapping in eastern VA4 GLORIA swath mapping in trench, Lau Basin Central Basin, & Hazel Home Fracture Zone areas Data Management TG.II supply computer, arrange storage of WESTERN SAMOA tapes Nearshore Minerals TUVALU WS.5 sand and gravel surveys on Savai'i & Upolu Nearshore Minerals Coastal Development TU.2 sand resource surveys Funafuti WS.5 baseline studies off Matautu Point & TU.9 preparatory work for drilling in Vaiusu Bay Nukufetau Lagoon WS.8 survey site & deploy Waverider buoy TU.I dredging for deepwater Corallium Mapping Offshore Minerals WS.II SPOT image mapping of Apia area TU.4 assist cruise planning for Japanese nod- coast ulework TU.5 assist cruise planning for Japanese Data Management crust work WS.9 supply computer

64 ANNEX V : REPORT OF THE TRIPARTITE REVIEW MEETING

Project RAS/861125 Development of South Pacific Institutional Capacility in Marine Minerals and Technology (CCOP/SOPAC)

Introduction Observers Mr K. Joyce Australia 1. The Tripartite Review Meeting was held Mr K. Lewis New Zealand on 15 October 1987 in Lae, Papua New Guinea. Opening Statements Attendance 3. The Director thanked UNDP on behalf of the Committee for approving 3 million US 2. The following attended the meeting: Government Representatives dollars for CCOP /SOPAC activities for the five years 1987 to 1991. Mr A. Utanga, Cook Islands Mr A. Simpson Fiji 4. The UNDP representative explained that Mr A. Takaio Kiribati UNDP wished to give the Committee the Mr R. Moaina Papua New Guinea opportunity to evaluate the success of the (Chairman) Project in meeting its goals. These were to Mr S. Nion Papua New Guinea strengthen the managerial capacity of Tech- Mr S. Danitofea Solomon Islnads sec, and to provide expertise to evaluate min- Mr S. Tongilava Tonga eral potentials, assist with coastal zone devel- Mr S. Helu Tonga opment, improve the technical capabilities at Mr D. Tappin Tonga Techsec, and improve the technical capabili- Mr S. Taafaki Tuvalu ties at country level. The representative stated Mr A. Titimaea Western Samoa that this project was UNDP's largest Pacific UNDP Representative programme and it had received a substantial amount of support in the 15 years UNDP had Mr R. Mountain Deputy Resident Repre- been providing funding. He stressed that sentative, Suva while the long term benefits of the Project ESCAP Representative were apparent, concern had been expressed Mr L. Machesky Natural Resources Divi that some economic returns must be realised. sion UNDP support was for development activi- Mr C. Matos Project Manager RAS/ ties and based on the premise that it was pos- 86/125 sible to identify mineral deposits that could be Technical Secretariat exploitable within the foreseeable future for the benefit of Pacific Island states. He in- Mr J. Kotobalavu Director formed the meeting that UNDP was pleased Dr L. Kroenke Senr Technical Advisor with the training activity. In relation to the Mr R. Richmond Senr Technical Advisor new fields of activity proposed for CCOP / Mr J. Eade (Rapporteur) SOPAC he recommended that the Committee

65 develop or continue collaboration with the Review of the Projecfs Activities and 1987 UNDP /UNDTCD Water Resources Project Work Programme and the ESCAP/UNDP Regional Remote 8. In reviewing the project progress toward Sensing Project, both at USP Suva; the achieving its established objectives, the Com- UNDP /ESCAP Pacific Regional Energy mittee noted that: Development Programme, and the UNDP / a. Techsec was successfully progressing to- WMO Meteorological Programme based in wards its managerial capacity objective. Nadi, Fiji. He expressed UNDP's appreciation Policy and proceedures manuals were for the substantial amount of work completed being produced and the recruitment of a by Techsec and the Project and urged the Deputy Director had been agreed at this Committee to move toward creating the session of the Committee; , capacity for nationals to manage their own b. Nationals were successfully participating work programme activities. in report writing and other training activi- 5. The ESCAP representative informed the ties; meeting that the representative from the c. The involvement of nationals in Work Pro- Technical Cooperation Division regretted gramme activities at Techsec was not pro- being unable to attend. The Representative gressing as fast as desired; congratulated the Director and his staff for the d. Project outputs were satisfactory except accomplishments of Techsec. He stated that that reports on the collection of baseline ESCAP appreciated the support UNDP had data for coastal zone development were given to have the Project Document approved being received late and some were too and thanked UNDP for continuing to agree to technical and not easily understood by lay- have the Project Manager act as Deputy Direc- men; tor. e. The appointment of qualified locally- recruited support staff at Techsec had been 6. The Tonga representative thanked both implemented but the development of a UNDP and ESCAP on behalf of the Commit- core of qualified Pacific island nationals in tee for the support they had given CCOP / the professional staff category remained to SOPAC, especially for the funding provided, be done; and stated that the Committee looked for- f. Satisfactory progress was being made in ward to future cooperation. developing technical capabilities in member countries. Matters arising from the 1987 Tripartite Review Meeting 1988 Work Programme 7. In response to a query about arrangements 9. The 1988 Work Programme would be for bonding students if UNDP funds were to developed as a function of the priorities and be used for first degree training, it was requirements being established at this 16th stressed that member countries must give Session by the member countries. nationals the incentive to return home and have jobs available for them in the field of Self Execution of Project by CCOP/SOPAC their training. It would be beneficial, furthermore, if arrangements could be made 10. The Committee were informed that the for students to work at Techsec during school Project evaluation, which would be made vacations as possible. early in 1989, would look at the capacity of

66 Techsec to execute UNDP financial support from semi-annual to annual and that the re- and that it might be possible to transfer reporting format used in this TPR meeting sponsibilities from ESCAP to Techsec in mid would be used in future TPR meetings. 1989. 16. In response to the matter of the use of proj- 11. As set out in the approved project docu- ect vehicles (which UNDP procedures now ment for RAS/86/125, an evaluation mission require all TPR meetings to review), the Direc- shall be fielded to determine whether the tor of Techsec gave an assurance that the ve- administrative, financial and other manage- hicles were a vital necessity at Techsec head- ment procedures necessary for self execution quarters in meeting the official transportation could be handled by the CCOP /SOPAC Tech- needs of the professional and technical staff. nical Secretariat. ESCAP also expects that the The vehicles were being intensively used and terms of reference for the evaluation would be in accordance with UN regulations consulted with all parties concerned at an appropriate time. The issues would be further Summary and Conclusions discussed at the Tripartite Review during the 17th Session of CCOP /SOP AC in 1988. 17. The ESCAP representative offered sincere appreciation to the Director and his staff and Other Matters to Project Staff for their efforts, and thanked UNDP for its support. 12. The UNDP representative agreed to take under consideration the Committee's request 18. The UNDP representative stated that he to extend the Project Manager's contract for a had enjoyed working with Techsec and noted period of up to three months beyond the end that the success of the Committee's work of 1988 when his contract expires, noting that would depend on the support given by mem- if agreed, a reallocation within the existing ber countries. budget would be required. This would allow 19. The Cook Islands representative offered, the new Deputy Director, who the Committee on behalf of the member countries, his appre- expects to interview and appoint during the ciation for the contribution made by the UN 17th Session, to overlap with the present Proj- Project. He thanked Mr Cruz Matos, Project ect Manager. Manager, for his considerable efforts in sup- 13. ESCAP agreed to explore, in conjunction porting all aspects of the work of CCOP / withUNDP, the possibility of recruiting SOPAC. either Associate Experts or UN Volunteers 20. The Senior Technical Advisor (Mr L. who could be located in those member coun- Kroenke) congratulated the member countries who have the least national technical tries, UNDP and Techsec for their profess- capacity. ional deportment. He noted that there had 14. ESCAP agreed to approach the Japanese been an increase in the competence shown by and Swedish governments for assistance with Techsec and looked forward to seeing the the CCOP /SOPAC training activity, based on regional technical capacity develop and priority needs identified by Techsec and improve. He stated that he was proud to be member countries. associated with this group. 15. UNDP informed the Committee that the 21. The Tonga representative, in closing, ex- Project Manager's report had been changed pressed appreciation that the group had

67 reached a sense of maturity and was now devoted much of his personal time, beyond working well together. He stressed that the his immediate responsibilities as Project Man- Committee greatly appreciated the services of ager, in managing and coordinating the Mr Cruz Matos and thanked Mr Machesky for CCOP/SOPAC Work Programme, including his valuable contribution. He concluded by the onerous task of putting together the 5-year thanking all present for their support. Conceptual Work Programme and the documentation of the submission to the European 22. The Director also took the opportunity to Commission. express his warm appreciation to Mr Cruz Matos both as Project Manager and as Acting 23. The Chairman thanked everyone for Deputy Director. In this dual capacity, he had attending and closed the meeting.

68 PART 2 : CCOP/SOPAC WORK PROGRAMME

A. LIST OF PROJECTS (as at October 1987)

AUSTRALIA FJ. 14 Detailed aeromagnetic data AU. 1 Continental shelf & slope basins 15 Position fixing 2 Non-basinal areas 16 Metalliferous muds/hydro- 3 Offshore metallic deposits thermal deposits 17 Mn nodules COOK ISLANDS 18 Detrital minerals CK. 1 Mn nodules 19 Coastal engineering 2 Phosphate 20 Precious corals 3 Precious corals 21 Data management 4 Coastal engineering 22 Island drilling (NEW) 5 Bathymetry 23 Offshore seabed mapping 6 Oay (DELETED) (NEW) 7 Co-rich crusts 8 Ocean energy 9 Data management (NEW) GUAM 10 Construction materials (NEW) GM. 1 Geoll geophys. data review 2 (OTEC, DELETED) FIJI 3 Mn nodules/Co-rich crusts FJ. 1 Hydrocarbons 4 Hydrothermal deposits 2 Data review for relinquished 5 (Precious corals, DELETED) mineral concessions (COM- 6 Hydrocarbons PLETED) 7 Coastal engineering 3 (Hydrocarbons W of Yasawas 8 (Deepwater hydrostation, DELETED) DELETED) 4 Geoll geoophys. shallow shelves 9 (Radiological survey, 5 Phosphate Lau Group DELETED) 6 Ocean energy 10 Seamount ecosystems 7 Geophysicalsurveys (COM- 11 Offshore seabed mapping PLETED) 12 Geohazard studies 8 Regional aeromagnetic data (COMPLETED) KIRIBATI 9 Seismic refraction Viti Levu & KI. 1 Phosphate Vanua Levu 2 Mnnodules 10 Bathymetry and sediments Kan- 3 Precious corals davu Passage (COMPLETED) 4 Coastal engineering 11 Geoll geophys. N. margin, Fiji 5 Co-rich crusts Platform 6 Construction materials 12 Geoll geophys. Suva-Beqa 7 Data management (NEW) seismic zone 8 Offshore seabed mapping 13 (Geoll geophys. S. Viti Levu, (NEW) DELETED) 69 NEW ZEALAND 9 Bauxite on Indispensable Reefs NZ 1 Shelf and slope geology and Rennell 2 Structure S. end Kennadec 10 Hydrocarbons outer islands Trench 11 (Geoll geophys. Manning Strait, 3 Offshroe sedimentary basins DELETED) 4 Mafic sands on Western Shelf 12 Mn nodules Polkington Trough 5 Detrital sand and gravel 13 (Hydrocarbons Rennel Arc 6 Chatham Rise phosphorite and DELETED) , glauconite 14 Precious corals 7 Gold in shelf sediments 15 Bathymetry PAPUA NEW GUINEA 16 Detrital minerals Santa Isabel, PN. 1 Geoll geophys. outlying islands ~oiseul, Guadalcanal, San 2 Detrital minerals Cnstobal 3 (Crustal study, DELETED) 17 Coastal engineering 4 Coastal engineering 18 Oay 5 Hydrocarbon data review 19 Cement materials 6 Hydrocarbons Cape Vogel 20 Construction materials Honiara Basin Bay 7 Hydrocarbons New Ireland 21 Geoll geochem. Santa Isabel, Basin Malita, Guadalcanal, San 8 Hydrothermal deposits Cristobal 9 Phosphate 22 Data management 10 Mn nodules N. of Manus Trench 23 Geohazard studies 11 Bathymetry 24 Offshore seabed mapping 12 Precious corals TONGA 13 Industrial minerals TG. 1 Mn nodules (COMPLETED) 14 Geohazard studies 2 Phosphate SOLOMON ISLANDS 3 Precious corals SI. 1 Geoll geophys. Choiseul to 4 Hydrothermal deposits Santa Isabel 5 Hydrocarbons 2 Hydrocarbons Slot and Man 6 Construction materials ning Strait 7 Ocean energy 3 (Geoll geophys. Solomon Sea, 8 C~as~l.engineering DELETED) 9 Seismicity/tsunamis 4 Bauxite in Manning Strait to 10 Co-rich crusts Choiseul 11 Data management 5 Detrital minerals (gold) N. 12 Coastal & nearshore mapping Guadalcanal 13 Offshore seabed mapping 6 Phosphate TUVALU 7 Hydrothermal deposits, active TU. 1 Precious corals volcanoes 2 Construction materials 8 Hydrothermal deposits Vella 3 Coastal engineering Lavella 4 Mn nodules

70 TU. 5 Co-rich crusts REG 8 Planktonic sediments South Fiji 6 Ocean energy Basin 7 Data management 9 Geollgeophys. New Caledonia 8 Bathymetry to Solomon Islands 9 Phosphate 10 Hydrothermal deposits back-arc 10 Training basins 11 Seamount phosphate VANUATU 12 Mn nodules Nauru and Ellice VA. 1 Hydrothermal deposits Basins 2 Hydrocarbons 13 Mn nodules Cook Islands - 3 Precious corals Tuamotu transect 4 Bathymetry 14 Chemical analysis of sediments 5 Oay regional compilation 6 Coastaldevclopment 15 Mn nodules regional data 7 Data management compilation 8 Nearshore geological mapping 16 Seismicity SW Pacific 9 Offshore seabed mapping 17 Data compilation and manage 10 Training ment WESTERN SAMOA 18 Ocean thermal data WS. 1 Phosphate (COMPLETED) 19 (Tectonics Fiji Plateau, 2 Mn nodules (COMPLETED) DELETED) 3 (Mn nodules W Samoa Platform, 20 Lithosphere study SW Pacific DELETED) 21 Line Islands evolution 4 Precious corals 22 Mn nodules Central Pacific Basin 5 Coastal engineering 23 Mn nodules Marquesas Fracture 6 Hydrocarbons Zone 7 Co-rich crusts 24 Tectonic synthesis SW Pacific 8 Ocean energy 25 Geophysical Atlas, SW Pacific 9 Data management 26 Sedimentary basins SW Pacific 10 Onshore clay minerals 27 Carbonate sediments SW Pacific 11 Coastal & nearshore mapping 28 Subduction effects aseismic (NEW) ridges and plateaus . 12 Construction materials (NEW) 29 Co-rich crusts SW Pacific 30 Coastal erosion regional review REGIONAL PROJECTS 31 Saline lakes and lagoons SW REG 1 Geoll geophys. Coral Sea Pacific 2 Geollgeophys. Manus, Solo 32 Evolution of coral reefs SW mon, Woodlark Basins Pacific 3 Geoll geophys. Melanesian 33 Hydrocarbon source, matura- t Borderland ion, entrapment models 4 Geoll geophys. North Fiji Basin 34 Evolution of geomorphic ter 5 Geoll geophys. Lau Basin rains Papua New Guinea 6 Deep sea drilling SW Pacific 35 Pre-Pliocene evolution SW 7 Abyssal sediments SW Pacific Pacific Basin

71 REG 36 Hydrothermal deposits & haz- 39 Regional information exchange ards near surface volcanoes 40 Geophysics Micronesian Trench 37 Sediment budgets in lagoons 41 Long range swath mapping S 38 Island drilling SW Pacific Pacific (NEW)

B : WORK PROGRAMME SUMMARY FOR 1987-1987

The CCOP/SOPAC Work Programme (b) Status: consists of projects, each project identifying a indicates whether project is: "to be initi- particular target in one country. The Work ated"; "initiated" with appropriate TAG Programme is defined on Project Data Sheets Session identified; "completed"; or "de- which are kept on file at the CCOP/SOPAC Ieted", Technical Secretariat. Changes to the programme and advances made on individual (c) Work completed: projects are given below under the following describing work completed with headings. referencets) to appropriate reports and publications. (a) Proposed, Revised: identify those TAG sessions at which these Priority: were made; details of project proposals The categories of priorities are: and project revisions are given under the "A" - very important, early performance following headings - desirable; BACKGROUND "B"- scientifically and economically OBJECTIVES important. ECONOMICTARGET

AUSTRALIA AU.1: STUDIESOF THE CONTINENTAL Proposed: 15th Session SHELFAND SLOPEBASINS Work Completed: Multichannel seismic cruises (a) in the Priority A Great Australian Bight, (b) in the Gippsland Basinand off southern New South Wales' coast, and (c)on the Queens- land and Marion plateaus and across the intervening Townsville Trough. AU.2: STUDIESOF NON-BASINALAREAS Proposed: 15th Session Priority B AU.3: STUDIESOF OFFSHOREMETALLIC Proposed: 15th Session DEPOSITS Work Completed: Phosphate sampling cruise off the New Priority B South Wales' coast.

72 COOK ISLANDS CK.l: SEABED INVESTIGATIONS FOR Proposed: 2nd Session MANGANESE NODULES IN COOK Revised: 7th Session ISLANDS OCEANIC AREAS Status: initiated, 3rd Session Priority A Work Completed: detailed surveys of two areas in South Penrhyn Basin by RV Hakurei Maru No.2 (JICA; MMAJ 1987: Ocean resources investigation in the sea area of CCOP/SOPAC Report on the joint basic study for the development of rsources (Volume 2) Sea area of Cook Islands. Japan International Cooperation Agency and Metal Mining Agency of Japan. 173 p, 66 figs, 29 tables); A survey by RV Thomas Washington (CRONAN, D.S.; TIFFIN, D.L.; MEADOWS, P.S. 1987: A study of manganese nodules, crusts, and deep-sea sediments in the Northern Cook Islands, Central Line Islands, and adjacent high seas. Cruise report of the Crossgrain Expe- dition, Leg 3, Papeete, Tahiti to Hilo Hawaii, April 29-June 3,1987. CCOP/SOPAC Cruise Report 119: 14 p, 4 figs). CK.2: DISTRIBUTION AND ECONOMIC Proposed: 4th Session POTENTIAL OF SUBMARINE Revised: 7th Session PHOSPHATE DEPOSITS IN COOK Status: initiated, 5th Session ISLANDS Work Completed: test drilling in Aitutaki Lahoon (RICH- Priority A MOND, B.: HEIN, J. 1986: Lagoonal drilling at Aitutaki, Cook Islands, 5 May to 1 July 1986. CCOP/SOPAC Pre- liminary Report 1 : 4 p, 9 figs, 2 tables). CK.3:INVESTIGATION FOR PRECIOUS Proposed: 5th Session CORALS IN COOK ISLANDS Revised: 7th Session NEARSHORE WATERS Status: initiated, 6th Session PriorityB CK.4: STUDY OF COASTAL AND NEAR- Proposed: 6th Session SHORE PROCESSES TO ASSIST WITH Revised: 7th Session COASTAL MANAGEMENT PRO- Status: initiated, 7th Session GRAMMES Priority A CK.5: BATHYMETRIC MAPPING IN COOK Proposed: 7th Session ISLANDS WATERS Status: initiated, 9th Session Priority A CK.6: POTENTIAL OF CLAY DEPOSITS FOR Status: deleted, 12th Session POTTERY, BRICKS OR TILES CK.7: INVESTIGATION OF POTENTIl\L OF Proposed: 11th Session COBALT-RICH MANGANESE CRUSTS Status: initiated, 12th Session Priority A \ Work Completed: eastern escarpment of Manihiki Plateau surveyed by RV Moana Wave (COULBOURN, W.T.; HILL, P.J. 1987: CCOP/SOPAC Moana Wave cruise 3

73 (MW87-Q2)to the territorial waters of Western Samoa, the Cook Islands, and Kiribati. February 5 - March 3, 1987. CCOP jSOPAC Cruise Report 122: 65 p); a survey by RV Thomas Washington (CRONAN, D.S.; TIFFIN, D.L.; MEADOWS, P.S. 1987: A study of manganese nodules, crusts, and deep-sea sediments in the Northern Cook Islands, Central Line Islands, and adjacent high seas. Cruise report of the Crossgrain Expedition, Leg 3, Papeete, Tahiti to Hilo, Hawaii, April 29 - June 3, 1987. CCOP jSOPAC Cruise Report 119: 14 p, 4 figs.). CK.8: FEASIBILITY STUDIES FOR Proposed: 12th Session HARNESSING WAVE ENERGY Status: initiated, 15th Session Priority A Work Completed: Waverider Buoy installed off Rarotonga (CARTER, R. 1987: Installation of Waverider Buoyoff- shore Rarotonga 21.174 deg S and 159.726 deg W. CCOP j SOPAC Technical Report 80: 10 p,6 figs.). CK.9: DATA MANAGEMENT NEW PROJECT Priority A BACKGROUND: The growing amount of data on marine minerals and energy, the coastal environment and processes, and related geological and engineering topics in the Cook Islands region demands a data management system which ensures proper storage, cataloging, and retrieval capabilities. OBJECTIVES: To establish and manage a system which will ensure preservation and easy access to all data relevant to Cook Islands Projects of the CCOP jSOP AC Work Programme. CK.I0: CONSTRUcnON MATERIALS IN NEW PROJECT COOK ISLANDS NEARSHORE AND BACKGROUND: Beaches have been the traditional COASTAL AREAS source of sand for a variety of uses. In recent years the Priority A growing tourist industry has required beaches be pre- served and even increased in size by artificially adding sand from elsewhere. New sources of sand will be needed and an inventory of available sand on beaches, in lagoons, and on shallow shelves outside reef channels will make it possible to identify these new sources. (Work on sand and gravel resources prior to the 16th Session was done under Project CK.4 which is now restricted to Coastal Development work including assistance with coastal management). OBJECTIVES; To establish an inventory of sand resources on beaches, in lagoons, and on shelves outside reef channels on those islands where current or planned development is or will put a strain on existing resources. Work Completed: LEWIS, K.B.; UTANGA, A.T.; HILL, P.J.; KINGAN, S.G. 1980: The origin of channel-fill sands and

74 gravels on an algal-dominated reef terrace, Rarotonga, Cook Islands. S. Pad!. mar. geol. Notes 2(1): 1-24. GAUSS, G.A. 1982: Seabed studies in nearshore areas of Rarotonga, Cook Islands. S. Pad!. mar. geol. Notes 2(9): 131-154. LEWIS, K.B.; HILL, P.J.; UTANGA, A.; BATCHELOR, J.; KINGAN, S. 1978: Rarotonga nearshore survey, 15-26 May 1978. CCOP/SOPAC Cruise Rep. 14: 12 p. GAUSS, G.A. 1981: Rarotonga nearshore survey, Cook Islands, 6-26 April 1981, Cruise CK 81(1). CCOP/SOP AC Cruise Rep. 59: 10 p, 2 app.

FIJI FJ.1: ASSESSMENT OF THE HYDRO- Proposed: 1st Session CARBON POTENTIAL OF FIJI Revised: 10th & 16th Session Priority A Status: initiated, 7th Session Work Completed: Preliminary evaluation of source rocks (JOHNSON, H. 1987: Petroleum source rocks in Viti Levu, a preliminary assessment and general recommendations for sampling. Fiji Mineral Resources Department Note BP48/1. - restricted). FJ.2: REVIEW OF SHALLOW PENE- Status: completed, 8th Session TRATION SEISMIC DATA IN RELINQUISHED OFFSHORE CONCESSIONS DETRITAL HEAVY MINERALS FJ.3: RE-EVALUATION OF DATA FROM Status: deleted and transferred to Fl.l, 7th Session PETROLEUM CONCESSIONS WEST OF THE YASAWA GROUP FJ.4: OFFSHORE GEOLOGICAL MAPPING Proposed: 1st Session OF THE SHALLOW SHELVES IN FIJI Revised: 7th & 10th Sessions PriorityB Status: initiated, 6th Session FJ.5: SEABED SAMPLING FOR Proposed: 1st Session PHOSPHORITES IN THE Revised: 7th Session LAUGROUP Status: initiated, 6th Session PriorityB FJ.6: ASSESSMENT OF ENERGY Proposed: 2nd Session POTENTIAL FROM MARINE Revised: 10th Session RENEWABLE SOURCES SUCH Status: initiated, 11th Session AS OTEC, WAVES, AND Work Completed: Aerial reconnaissance of potential OTEC LAGOON CURRENTS sites along the southern Viti Levu coast (HOLMES, PriorityB R.; EVERINGHAM, LB.; EDEN, R.A. 1987: Slides taken from a helicopter of the reef and coast, South Viti Levu. Reef and lagoon geology. Fiji Mineral Resources Depart- ment Note BP23/28.).

75 F}.7: BATHYMETRIC, GRAVITY AND Status: completed, 8th Session MAGNETIC SURVEYS IN SELECTED AREAS F}.8: INTERPRETATION OF REGIONAL Status: completed, 8th Session AEROMAGNETIC DATA F}.9: SEISMIC REFRACTION SURVEY Proposed: 2nd Session VITI LEVU AND VANUA LEVU Revised: 7th Session PriorityB Work Completed: HOLMES, R. 1987: Refraction experi- ments, SE Viti Levu. Fiji Mineral Resources Department Note BP23/26. F}.10: BATHYMETRY AND BOTTOM Status: completed, 8th Session SAMPLING, KADA VU PASSAGE, SOUTH AND SOUTHWEST OF SUVA F}.ll: MARINE GEOLOGICAL AND GEO- Proposed: 3rd Session PHYSICAL INVESTIGATION OF Revised: 7th & 10th Sessions THE NORTHERN MARGIN OF THE Status: initiated, 5th Session FIJI PLATFORM PriorityB F}.12: MARINE GEOLOGICAL AND GEO- Proposed: 3rd Session PHYSICAL STUDIES OF THE Revised: 7th &: 10th Sessions SUVA-BEQA SEISMIC ZONE, Status: initiated, 5th Session SOUTH AND SOUTHWEST VITI LEVU Priority B F}.13: MARINE GEOLOGY AND GEO- Status: deleted and transferred to F}.12, PHYSICS OF AREA SOUTH AND 7th Session SOUTHWEST OF VITI LEVU F}.14: INTERPRETATION OF DETAILED Proposed: 6th Session AEROMAGNETIC DATA Revised: 7th Session Priority B Status: initiated, 7th Session F}.15: RELOCATION OF SELECTED POINTS Proposed: 6th Session THROUGHOUT THE FIJI GROUP BY Revised: 7th Session MULTIPLE PASS SATELLITE FIXES Status: initiated, 7th Session Priority A F}.16: INVESTIGATION OF MARINE Proposed: 6th Session METALLIFEROUS MUDS IN Revised: 7th &: 10th Sessions RELATION TO SEAFLOOR Status: initiated, 9th Session SPREADING AND OTHER Work Completed: Moana Wave cruise to North Fiji Basin VOLCANIC ACTIVITY active rifts - SeaMARC II, seismic reflection, gravity, Priority A magnetics, and seabed sampling(KROENKE, L.; PRICE, R. and shipboard science party, 1987: Cruise Report - CCOP /SOP AC North Fiji Basin expedition, RV Moana Wave cruise MW 87--01, 13 January - 2 February 1987. CCOP/SOPAC Cruise Report 1119 p, 12 figs, 1 table, 1 app.)

76 investigations of hydrothermal mineral formation at active spreading centres in the Lau Basin on RV Sonne (STACKELBERG, U.VON 1987: Untersuchung der geologischen entwicklung und des hydrothermalismus eines aktiven back-arc-beckens (Lau-Becken, SW-Pazifik) mit F.S. SONNE (SO 48). Bundesanstalt fur Geowissenschaf- ten und Rohstoffe, Hannover. Archiv-Nr. 101309. 86 p, 25 figs, 2 appendices - in German and English). FJ.17: CHARACTERISATION OF THE Proposed: 9th Session EXTENT AND QUALITY OF DEEP Status: to be initiated SEA MANGANESE NODULES PriorityB FJ.18: NEARSHORE SURVEYS OF COASTAL Proposed: 10th Session AREAS, BEACH TO REEF, FOR Status: initiated, 10th Session METALLIFEROUS DETRITAL MINERALS Priority A FJ.19: BASELINE STUDIES OF INSHORE Proposed: 10th Session AND NEARSHORE AREAS IN FIJI Status: initiated, 10th Session FOR COASTAL DEVELOPMENT Work Completed: Baseline seismic (3.5 kHz) survey of PROGRAMMES Togalevu, Namuka Harbour (SMITH, R. 1987: Seismic Priority A surveyTogalevu, Namuka Harbour, Fiji.Mineral Resources Department Note BP35/9.). FJ.20: INVESTIGATION OF DEEP WATER Proposed: 10th Session PREOOUS CORALS IN FIJI Status: initiated, 10th Session WATERS Priority A FJ.21: DATA MANAGEMENT Proposed: 14th Session Priority A Status: initiated, 15th Session FJ.22: ISLAND DRILLING NEW PROJECT Priority A BACKGROUND: At the Third Session of STAR the Island Drilling Study Group concluded that there was sufficient interest in an Island Drilling Programme to justify its inclusion in the CCOP/SOPAC Work Programme as a Regional Project. Fourteen specific proposals for deep drilling were recommended, including two for drilling in Fiji. Both Fiji proposals have the same objectives of investigating the nature of basement and the stratigraphic sections above basement. As this work is an important part of Fiji's own work programme this element is introduced here as a new project. OBJECTIVES: To understand the tectonic evolution of the Fiji Platform, particularly during Oligocene and Miocene times; and to assist in the interpretation of offshore stratigraphic data and basin analysis.

77 FJ23: OFFSHORE SEABED MAPPING NEW PROJECT Priority A BACKGROUND: With the development of several different seabed swath-mapping systems, such as GLORIA, Seabeam, and SeaMARC, it is now possible to obtain continuous-eoverage maps of the seafloor, both side-scan images and bathymetric maps. These images and maps are of considerable assistance to other projects in Fiji's work programme, especially mineral exploration and tectonic evolution studies. In examining its requirements for offshore seabed mapping Fiji has initially identified reconnaissance mapping of part of the North Fiji Basin and the northern margins of the Fiji Platform as its highest priority work within this project. OBJECTIVES: To collect swath mapping data from selected areas to: allow structural analysis and integration with previous backarc research knowledge for assessing the best prospect areas to find massive polymetallic sulphide deposits; determine the regional pattern of fracture zones: identify new areas with potential for commercial fishing. ECONOMIC TARGETS: To establish the economic potential of Fiji's offshore mineral deposits; to find new areas suitable for commercial fishing. Status: initiated 16th Session Work Completed: Moana Wave cruise to North Fiji Basin active rifts - SeaMARC II, seismic reflection, gravity, magnetics, and seabed sampling (KROENKE, L.; PRICE, R. and shipboard science party, 1987: Cruise Report - CCOPjSOPAC North Fiji Basin expedition, RV Moana

Wave cruise MW 870m, 13 January - 2 February 1987. CCOP/SOPAC Cruise Report 11: 19 p, 12 figs, 1 table, 1 app): Fiji's priority areas identified, to be included in CCOP jSOP AC swath mapping strategy manual. GUAM GM.1: REVIEW OF BASIC GEOLOGICAL Proposed: 11th Session AND GEOPHYSICAL DATA Status: initiated, 14th Session Priority A GM.2: OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY Status: deleted, 14th Session CONVERSION GM.3: MANGANESE CRUST AND Proposed: 11th Session NODULE STUDIES Status: to be initiated Priority A GM.4: EVALUA nON OF METALLIFEROUS Proposed: 11th Session ENRICHMENT RELATED TO ISLAND Status: pending completion of GM.l ARC VOLCANISM Priority B

78 GM.5: PRECIOUS CORALS IN GUAM Status: deleted, 14th Session WATERS GM.6: EVALUATION OF THE HYDRO- Proposed: 11th Session CARBON POTENTIAL OF THE Status: pending completion of GM.1 GUAM AREA Priority B GM.7: BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL Proposed: 11th Session SURVEYS OF BEACH INSHORE Status: deleted, 14th Session; reinstated AND NEARSHORE AREAS 15th Session FOR COASTAL EROSION AND Work Completed: an in-office evaluation of plans and COASTAL ENGINEERING STUDIES designs for a boat launching ramp (CARTER, R. 1986: Priority B Review of boat launching ramp AlE design for Umatac Village, Territory of Guam. CCOP/SOPAC Technical Re- port 74: 7 p, 4 figs.). GM.8: ESTABLISH DEEPWATER HYDRO- Status: deleted, 14th Session STATION IN TRENCH AREA GM.9: RADIOLOGICAL SURVEY OF Status: deleted, 14th Session MARINE ORGANISMS AND SEDIMENTS GM.I0: STUDY OF THE SEAMOUNT Proposed: 13th Session ECOSYSTEMS NEAR THE MARIANA Status: initiated, 14th Session ISLANDS PriorityB GM.ll: BATHYMETRIC AND SEABED Proposed: 15th Session MAPPING OF GUAM'S EXCLUSNE Status: to be initiated ECONOMIC ZONE Priority A GM.12: GEOLOGICAL HAZARDS Proposed: 15th Session Priority B Status: to be initiated

KIRIBATI KI.l: DISTRIBUTION AND ECONOMIC Proposed: 4th Session POTENTIAL OF SUBMARINE AND Revised: 7th, 10th, & 11th Sessions LAGOONAL PHOSPHATE DEPOSITS Status: initiated, 9th Session IN KIRIBATI WATERS Priority A KI.2: INVESTIGATION OF THE Proposed: 4th Session OCCURRENCE OF MANGANESE Revised: 7th, 10th, & 11th Sessions NODULES IN THE KIRIBATI Status: initiated, 9th Session REGION Work Completed: a survey by RV Thomas Washington Priority A (CRONAN, D.S.; TIFFIN, D.L.; MEADOWS, P.S. 1987: A study of manganese nodules, crusts, and deep-sea sediments in the Northern Cook Islands, Central Line Islands,

79 and adjacent high seas. Cruise report of the Crossgrain Expedition, Leg 3, Papeete, Tahiti to Hilo, Hawaii, April 29 - June 3,1987. CCOP/SOPAC Cruise Report 119: 14 p, 4 figs.); a survey by RV Hakurei Maru No.2 in the Phoenix Islands area (CRONAN, D.S. 1987: Report on the first leg of the 1987 cruise of RV Hakurei Maru No.2 to the Kiribati EEZ, Phoenix Islands area (Primary stage survey), 30 August - 20 September 1987. CCOP/SOPAC Cruise Report 123: 3 p, 1 fig.). KI.3: SEARCH FOR PRECIOUS CORALS Proposed: 5th Session IN KIRIBATI WATERS Revised: 7th &: 11th Sessions Priority A Status: initiated, 9th Session KI.4: BASELINE STUDIES OF INSHORE Proposed: 9th Session AREAS IN KIRIBATI FOR Revised: 11th Session COASTAL DEVELOPMENT AND Status: initiated, 11th Session PROTECTION PROCRAMMES Work Completed: baseline survey of sedimentation along Priority A Betio/Bairiki Causeway (HARPER, J.R. 1987: Initial survey of the Betio/Bairiki causeway Tarawa, Republic of Kiribati. CCOP/SOPAC Tech. Rep. 82: 34 p, 13 figs, 3 Tables, 2 Appendices. HARPER, J.R. 1988: Follow-up survey of the Betio-Balriki causeway, Tarawa, Republic of Kiribati. CCOP/SOPAC Tech. Rep. 86: DRAFT). KI.5: SEARCH FOR COBALT-RICH CRUSl Proposed: 11th Session IN OFFSHORE AREAS OF KIRIBATI Status: initiated, 15th Session Priority A Work Completed: surveys of Line Islands seamounts by (a) RV Moana Wave (COULBOURN, W.T.; HILL, P.J. 1987 CCOP/SOPAC Moana Wave cruise 3 (MW87-D2) to the territorial waters of Western Samoa, the Cook Islands, and Kiribati. February 5 - March 3,1987. CCOP/SOPAC Cruise Report 122: 65 p), and (b) RV Thomas Washington (CRONAN, D.S.; TIFFIN, D.L.; MEADOWS, P.S. 1987: A study of manganese nodules, crusts, and deep-sea sediments in the Northern Cook Islands, Central Line Islands, and adjacent high seas. Cruise report of the Crossgrain Expedition, Leg 3, Papeete, Tahiti to Hilo, Hawaii, April 29 - June 3,1987. CCOP/SOPAC Cruise Report 119: 14 p, 4 figs.). KI.6: INVESTIGATION OF NEARSHORE Proposed: 13th Session AND COASTAL AREAS FOR LAND- Status: initiated, 13th Session FILL AND CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS Priority A KI.7: DATA MANAGEMENT NEW PROJECT Priority A

80 BACKGROUND: The growing amount of data on marine minerals and energy, the coastal environment and processes, and related geological and engineering topics in the coastal, lagoon, nearshore, and offshore areas of Kiri- bati demands a data management system which ensures proper storage, cataloging, and retrieval capabilities. OBJECTIVES: To establish and manage a system which will ensure preservation and easy access to all data relevant to Kiribati Projects of the CCOP jSOPAC Work Pro- gramme. KI.8: SEABED MAPPING IN OFFSHORE NEW PROJECT AREAS OF KIRIBATI BACKGROUND: In the large offshore areas in the Gilbert Priority A Phoenix, and Line island groups, lines of depth sound- ings are few and most areas are very poorly mapped. With the development of several different seabed swath- mapping systems, such as GLORIA, Seabeam, and Sea- MARC, it is now possible to obtain continuous-coverage maps of the seafloor, both side-scan images and bathymetric maps. These images and maps would be of considerable assistance to other projects in the Kiribati work programme, especially mineral exploration including the search for precious corals, and tectonic evolution studies. In examining its requirements for offshore seabed mapping Kiribati has initially identified reconnaissance mapping of seamounts and ridges, especially areas in the Gilbert Group where cobalt-rich crusts and Coral- lium may be found, and where seamounts suitable for exploiting living resources may be found. OBJECTIVES: To collect bathymetric and long-range swath mapping data from offshore areas where nonliving and living resources may be found, and prepare maps which can be used when assessing the resource potential of these offshore areas.

NEW ZEALAND NZ.l: MORPHOLOGICAL, SEDIMENTARY Proposed: 2nd Session STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF THE Status: continuing project NEW ZEALAND SHELF AND SLOPE Priority A NZ.2: STUDIES OF THE SOUTHERN Proposed: 2nd Session TERMINA nON OF THE TONGA- Status: initiated, 3rd Session KERMADEC TRENCH Priority A NZ.3: TECTONIC HISTORY AND STRUCT- Proposed: 3rd Session URE OF SEDIMENTARY BASINS Status: initiated, 5th Session OFFSHORE FROM NEW ZEALAND Priority A 81 NZ.4: STUDY OF MAFIC SANDS ON Proposed: 6th Session THE WESTERN SHELF Status: initiated, 6th Session PriorityB NZ5: SURVEY OF NEARSHORE Proposed: 6th Session DETRITAL SAND AND GRAVEL Status: initiated, 6th Session PriorityB NZ.6: INVESTIGATION OF PHOSPHORITE Proposed: 6th Session AND GLAUCONITE DEPOSITS OF Status: initiated, 6th Session THE CHATHAM RISE Priority A NZ.7: DISTRIBUTION OF GOLD IN Proposed: 6th Session SHELF SEDIMENTS Status: initiated, 8th Session PriorityB

PAPUA NEW GUINEA PN.l: REGIONAL RECONNAISSANCE Proposed: 1st Sesmon GEOLOGICAL MAPPING, Revised: 7th Session PARTICULARLY OF THE Status: initiated, 7th Session OUTLYING ISLANDS Priority A PN.2: PRELIMINARY APPRAISAL OF Proposed: 1st Session DETRITAL HEAVY MINERALS IN Revised: 7th Session COASTAL AND NEARSHORE AREAS Status: initiated, 7th Session AND RECONNAISSANCE SAMPLINC OF POTENTIALLY FAVOURABLE AREAS PriorityB PN.3: CRUSTAL STUDY OF EASTERN Status: deleted and transferred to PN .14, PAPUA NEW GUINEA 15th Session PN.4: INSHORE AND NEARSHORE Proposed: 4th Session SURVEYS RELATED TO HARBOUR Revised: 7th Session DEVELOPMENT AND COASTAL Status: initiated, 8th Session MANAGEMENT Work Completed: Marine geophysical survey near the Priority A mouth of the Kikori River as part of the Dames and Moore geotechnical study for an oil pipeline from the Southern Highlands. PN.5: EVALUA TION OF THE HYDRO- Proposed: 7th Session CARBON POTENTIAL OF OFF- Status: initiated, 9th Session SHORE AREAS IN PAPUA NEW GUINEA FROM EXISTING DATA Priority A PN.6: INVESTIGATION INTO THE HYDRO- Proposed: 7th Session CARBON POTENTIAL OF CAPE Status: initiated, 14th Session VOGEL BASIN Priority A

82 PN.7: INVESTIGATIONINTOTHE Pruposed: 7th Session HYDROCARBON POTENTIAL OF Revised: 11th Session NEW IRELAND AND MANUS BASINS Status: initiated, 9th Session Priority A PN.8: EXPLOR FOR AND EVALUATE Pruposed: 7th Session HYDROTHERMAL DEPOSITS IN Status: initiated, 8th Session BASINS WITH HIGH HEAT FLOW OR NEARBY VOLCANIC ACTIVITY Priority A PN.9: POTENTIAL FOR SUBMARINE AND Pruposed: 7th Session LAGOONAL PHOSPHATE DEPOSITS Revised: 10th Session IN NORTHERN PAPUA NEW GUINEA Status: initiated, 8th Session Priority B PN.10: EXPLORE FOR AND EVALUATE Pruposed: 7th Session MANGANESE NODULE DEPOSITS Revised: 11th Session NORTH OF THE MANUS TRENCH Status: to be initiated PriorityB PN.11: BATHYMETRIC MAPPING OF THE Proposed: 7th Session SEAFLOOR OF PAPUA NEW GUINEA Status: initiated, 11th Session Priority A PN.12: ASSESSMENT OF THE POTENTIAL Pruposed: 7th Session OF DEEP WATER PREOOUS CORALS Status: initiated, 8th Session (ESPECIALLY CORALLIUM) IN PAPUA NEW GUINEA Priority B PN.13: POTENTIAL FOR INDUSTRIAL Pruposed: 14th Session MINERALS IN PAPUA NEW GUINEA Status: to be initiated Priority B PN.14: STUDY AND ASSESSMENT OF Proposed: 15th Session GEOLOGICAL HAZARDS IN PNG Status: initiated, 15th Session Priority A Work Completed: Continuous surveillance of Rabaul, Manam, Bagana, Karkar, Langila, UIawun, and Laming- ton volcanoes.

SOLOMON ISLANDS S1.1: COASTAL SURVEY, CHOISEUL Proposed: 1st Session TO SANTA ISABEL ISLANDS Revised: 7th Session Priority B Status: initiated, 2nd Session

S1.2: EVALUA TION OF THE HYDRO- Proposed: 1st Session CARBON POTENTIAL OF THE Revised: 7th, 10th, & 11th Sessions CENTRAL SOLOMON TROUGH Status: initiated, 8th Session (THE SLOT) AND MANNING STRAIT Priority A 83 Work Completed: VEDDER, J.G.; POUND, K.S.; BOUNDY, S.Q.(eds) 1986: Geology and offshore resources of Pacific island arcs - Central and Western Solomon Islands. Cir- cum-Pacific Council for Energy and Mineral Resources Earth Science Series 4: 306 p. SI.3 GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS OF Status: deleted and transferred to CCSP/REG.1, THE SOLOMON SEA 4th Session; then to CCSP /REG.2, 8th Session S1.4: INVESTIGATION OF SHALLOW Proposed: 3rd Session SUBMERGED PLATEAUS IN Revised: 7th Session MANNING STRAIT AND SOUTH- s.tatus: initiated, 5th Session WEST OF CHOISEUL ISLAND FOR BAUXITE DEPOSITS Priority B S1.5: INVESTIGATION OF DETRITAL Proposed: 4th Session GOLD IN BEACH AND NEARSHORE Revised: 7th &: 11th Sessions AREAS OF CENTRAL NORTH Status: initiated, 5th Session GUADALCANAL Priority A S1.6: INVESTIGATION OF THE PHOS- Proposed: 4th Session PHATEPOTENTIALOFLAGOON~ Revised: 7th &: 10th Sessions SUBMERGED SEAMOUNTS, AND Status: initiated, 9th Session CURRENT -SWEPT RIDGES PriorityB S1.7: INVESTIGATION INTO DISCHARGES Proposed: 4th Session FROM SUBMARINE VOLCANOES IN Revised: 7th Session THE SOLOMON ISLANDS Status: initiated, 9th Session Priority B S1.8: INVESTIGATION INTO METAL Proposed: 4th Session DISPERSION IN MARINE SEDI- Revised: 7th Session MENTS AROUND VELLA LAVELLA Status: initiated, 8th Session AND IN OTHER NEARBY AREAS Work Completed: TAYLOR, 8.; EXON, N.F. (eds) 1987: PriorityB Marine geology, geophysics, and geochemistry of the Woodlark Basin - Solomon Islands. Circum-Pacific Council for Energy and Mineral Resources Earth Science Series, 7: 363p. S1.9: SEARCH FOR BAUXITIC SEDIMENTS Proposed: 5th Session INSIDE INDISPENSIBLE REEFS AND Revised: 7th Session IN LAKE TE NGGANO, RENNELL Status: initiated, 6th Session ISLAND Priority B SUO: EVALUATION OF HYDROCARBON Proposed: 6th Session POTENTIAL IN SOLOMON ISLANDS Revised: 7th &: 11th Sessions OFFSHORE AREAS (RENNELL ARC, Stl;ltuS: initiated, 7th Session

84 SAN CRISTOBAL AND SANTA CRUZ AREAS) Priority A 51.11: MARINE GEOLOGY OF MANNING Status: deleted and transferred to CCSP /SI.I0, STRAIT 9th Session; then to CCSP .SI.2, 11th Session 51.12: SURVEY OF DEEP SEA AREAS SOUTH Proposed: 6th Session OF THE SOLOMON ISLANDS TO Revised: 7th & 9th Session INVESTIGATE THE POSSIBLE Status: initiated, 9th Session OCCURRENCE OF MANGANESE NODULES PriorityB 51.13: HYDROCARBON POTENTIAL OF Status: deleted and transferred to CCSP /SI.10, RENNELARC 9th Session 51.14: THE POTENTIAL OF PRECIOUS Proposed: 7th Session CORALS, ESPEOALLY CORALLIUM Status: initiated, 8th Session SPECIES, IN SOLOMON ISLANDS PriorityB 51.15: BATHYMETRIC MAPPING OF Proposed: 7th Session SOLOMON ISLANDS Revised: 9th Session Priority A Status: initiated, 9th Session 51.16: DETRITAL HEAVY MINERALS IN Proposed: 9th Session BEACH AND NEARSHORE AREAS Revised: 10th Session AROUND SANTA ISABEL, CHOI- Status: completed, 14th Session SEUL, GUADALCANAL, AND SAN CRISTOBAL PriorityB S1.17: INSHORE STUDIES RELATED TO Proposed: 9th Session COASTAL DEVELOPMENT Status: initiated, 10th Session Priority A S1.18: INVESTIGATION OF SUITABILITY Proposed: 9th Session OF LOCAL MATERIALS FOR THE Revised: 11th Session MANUFACTURE OF CERAMICS Status: initiated, 10th Session Priority B S1.19: INVESTIGATIONOFSUITABILITY Proposed: 10th Session OF LOCAL MATERIALS FOR THE Status: to be initiated MANUFACTURE OF CEMENT PriorityB S1.20: INVESTIGATION OF CONSTRUCTION Proposed: 11th Session MATERIALS IN HONIARA BAY AND Status: initiated, 14th Session EFFECTS OF BEACH MINING ON THE COASTAL ENVIRONMENT NEAR HONIARA Priority A

85 S1.21: GEOLOGICAL MAPPING AND Proposed: 12th Session GEOCHEMICAL EXPLORATION ON Status: to be initiated SANTA ISABEL, MALAITA, GUADALCANAL, AND SAN CRISTOE ~L PriorityB SI.22: DATA MANAGEMENT Proposed: 13th Session Priority A Status: initiated, 14th Session

SI.23: NEARSHORE AND COASTAL ZONE Proposed: 14th Session CHANGES DUE TO EARTHQUAKES Status: initiated, 14th Session Priority A S1.24: LONG-RANGE ACOUSTIC MAPPING Proposed: 14th Session OF THE SEAFLOOR Status: initiated, 16th Session Priority A Work Completed: Solomon Islands' priority areas identified, to be incorporated in CCOPjSOPAC swath mapping strategy manual.

TONGA TG.l: INVESTIGA rtON OF MANGANESE Status: completed, 12th Session NODULES ON THE OEEP SUBMARlNl SHELF ON THE EAST SlOE OF TONG) PLATFORM TG.2: ASSESSMENT OF PHOSPHATE Proposed: 1st Sessiort POTENTIAL ON THE TONGA Rer1ised: 7th, 10th, &t 11th Sessions PLATFORM AND IN LAGOON AREA~ Status: initiated, 5th Session Priority B TG.3: .SURVEY OF NEARSHORE AREAS Proposed: 5th Session FOR PRECIOUS CORALS Rer1ised: 7th Session Priority A Status: initiated, 6th Session TG.4: SEARCH FOR HYDROTHERMAL Proposed: 5th Session DEPOSITS IN ACTIVE VOLCANIC Revised: 7th Session AREAS IN TONGA (TOFUA RIDGE Status: initiated, 6th Session AND LAU BASIN) Work Completed: cruise on RV Sonne investigating areas Priority A in north and south part of Lau Basin for hydrothermal deposits (STACKELBERG, U.VON 1987: Untersuchung der geologischen entwickIung und des hydrothermalismus eines aktiven back-arc-beckens (Lau- Becken, SW-Pazifik) mit F.S. SONNE (SO 48). Bundesan- staIt fur Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe, Hannover. Archiv-Nr. 101 309.86 p, 25 figs, 2 appendices - in German and English).

TG.5: SEISMIC REFLECTION SURVEYS OF Proposed: 6th Session THE TONGA PLATFORM TO Revised: 7th Session DETERMINE SEDIMENT THICKNESS Status: initiated, 7th Session

86 AND BASEMENT STRUCTURE, WITH Work Completed: advice received on the management of PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO OIL existing hydrocarbon data (CFTC project). PRODUCTION POTENTIAL Priority A TG.6: STUDY OF COASTAL, BEACH, AND Proposed: 6th Session INSHORE SAND DEPOSITS TO Revised: 7th, 9th, & 10th Sessions DETERMINE THE NATURE OF Status: initiated, 7th Session KNOWN DEPOSITS AND TO Work Completed: geophysical and sampling surveys to LOCATE NEW DEPOSITS SUIT- map sand and gravel resources off Tongatapu and Vava'u ABLE FOR CONSTRUCTION, (RICHMOND, B. 1987: High resolution seismic surveys ROADING, LANDFILL AND for lagoonal sand and gravel resources in Tongatapu and OTHER PURPOSES Vava'u, Tonga. CCOP/SOPAC Preliminary Report 2: 8 p, Priority A 6 figs.). TG.7: INVESTIGATION OF OCEANO- Proposed: 9th Session GRAPHIC CONDITIONS AT Revised: 11th Session TONGATAPU BLOW HOLES Status: initiated, 13th Session FOR ASSESSMENT STUDIES Work Completed: Waverider Buoy deployed off southern OF POWER FROM WAVE ENERGY coast of Tongatapu (CARTER, R. 1987: Installation of Priority A Waverider Buoy offshore Tongatapu 21 deg 13.26 min S and 175 deg 12.9 min W. CCOP/SOPAC Technical Report 79: 8 p, 5 figs). TG.8: BASELINE STUDY OF INSHORE Proposed: 10th Session AREAS IN TONGA FOR COASTAL Status: initiated, 11th Session DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES Work Completed: bathymetry, water sampling, and cur- Priority A rent meter survey of Tongatapu Lagoon, (CARTER, R. 1988: Bathymetry of nearshore area proposed wavepower site, Makeke area, Tongatapu, Kingdom of Tonga. CCOP/ SOP AC Prelim. Rep. 6: 16 p, 5 figs.). TG.9: INSTALLATION AND OPERATION Proposed: 11th Session OF A SEISMIC NETWORK AND A Status: initiated, 12th Session TSUNAMI WARNING SYSTEM IN TONGA Priority A TG.I0: INVESTIGATION OF POTENTIAL Proposed: 11th Session OF COBALT -RICH MANGANESE Status: initiated, 12th Session CRUSTS IN TONGA WATERS PriorityB TG.11: DATA MANAGEMENT Proposed: 13th Session Priority A Status: initiated, 14th Session TG.12: COASTAL AND NEARSHORE Proposed: 14th Session MAPPING IN TONGA Status: initiated, 14th Session Priority A Work Completed: reconnaissance mapping of Tongatapu and Vava'u islands (ROY, P.S.; RICHMOND, B.M. 1988: The morphology and surface geology of the islands of

87 Tongatapu and Vava'u, Kingdom of Tonga. CCOP / SOPAC Tech. Rep. 62: DRAFT); coastal features mapped and sediment budget investigated for Tongatapu beaches (RICHMOND, B.M.; ROY, P.S. 1986: Nearshore sediment distribution and sand and gravel deposits in lagoonal areas, Northern Tongatapu, Tonga. CCOP/SOPAC Tech. Rep. 63: 6 p, 3 figs.). TG.13: RECONNAISSANCE SWATH AND Proposed: ISth Session BATHYMETRIC MAPPING OF THE Status: initiated, 16th Session SEAFLOOR IN OFFSHORE AREAS Work Completed: Tonga's priority areas for GLORIA mapping Priority A identified, to be included in CCOP / SOPAC swath mapping strategy manual.

TUVALU TU.l: INVESTIGATIONOFPRECIOUS Proposed: 13th Session CORALS INCLUDING CORALLIUM Status: initiated, 14th Session AND BLACK CORALS PriorityB TU.2: NEARSHORE INVESTIGATIONS OF Proposed: 13th Session CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND Status: initiated, 13th Session LANDFILL Priority A TU.3: BASELINE STUDIES OF INSHORE Proposed: 13th Session AREAS IN TUVALU TO ASSIST Status: initiated, 13th Session WITH COASTAL MANAGEMENT Work Completed: coastal mapping on Funafuti and air PROGRAMMES photo interpretation of all 9 atolls in Tuvalu made during Priority A 1987 Mapping Workshop (HOWORTH, R.; RICHMOND, B.M. 1987: CCOP/SOPAC Coastal Mapping Workshop, 1-12 June 1987, Tuvalu. CCOP/SOPAC Training Report 14: 20p.). TUA: INVESTIGATION OF MANGANESE Proposed: 13th Session NODULES IN TUVALU WATERS Status: to be initiated Priority B TU.S: INVESTIGATION OF COBALT-RICH Proposed: 13th Session CRUSTS IN TUVALU WATERS Status: to be initiated Priority A TU.6: BASELINE STUDIES TO ASSIST IN Proposed: 13th Session DEVELOPING THE USE OF OCEAN Status: to be initiated ENERGY Priority B TU.7: DATA MANAGEMENT Proposed: 13th Session Priority A Status: initiated, 13th Session TU.8: BATHYMETRIC MAPPING OF THE Proposed: 13th Session SEAFLOOR IN TUVALU'S EEZ Status: to be initiated Priority A 88 TU.9: INVESTIGATIONOFPHOSPHATE Proposed: 13th Session RESOURCES IN TUVALU Status: initiated, 14th Session Priority A Work Completed: on-land deposits mapped in preparation for lagoon drilling programme (RADKE, B.M. 1985: Seis- mic and bathymetric profiling of Nukufetau Lagoon, Tuvalu, for evaluation of phosphate potential, Tuvalu, February-March 1985. CCOP/SOPAC Cruise Rep. lOB: 6 p, 3 figs, 2 tables, 1 Appendix.). TU.I0: TRAINING PROGRAMMES FOR Proposed: 13th Session TUVALUANS IN GEOLOGY, Status: initiated, 13th Session GEOPHYSICS AND RELATED TOPICS Priority A

VANUATU VA.1: METALLIFEROUS MUD POTENTIAL Proposed: 7th Session IN THE ACTIVE VOLCANIC ARC Status: initiated, 9th Session ANDTHEBAC~ARCBA@NSOF VANUATU Priority B VA.2: INVESTIGATE THE HYDROCARBON Proposed: 7th Session POTENTIAL OF VANUATU AND Status: initiated, 9th Session CARRY OUT AND PROMOTE FURTHER EXPLORATION Priority A VA.3: DETERMINE THE POTENTIAL FOR Proposed: 7th Session PRECIOUS CORAL OCCURRENCE Status: initiated, 8th Session IN VANUATU WATERS PriorityB VA.4: BATHYMETRIC MAPPING OF Proposed: 7th Session VANUATU ISLAND ARC AND THE Status: initiated, 10th Session ADJACENT DEEP SEAFLOOR Priority A VAS: INVESTIGATION OF SUITA- Proposed: 9th Session BILITY OF CLAY DEPOSITS FOR Status: initiated, 10th Session THE MANUFACTURE OF POTTERY BRICKS OR TILES Priority A VA.6: BASELINE STUDIES OF INSHORE Proposed: 10th Session AREAS IN VANUA TU FOR COASTAL Revised: 11th Session DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES Status: initiated, 13th Session Priority A Work Completed: bathymetric study of Toouma Bay (CARTER, R. 1987: The bathymetry of Teouma Bay for harbour development, Efate, Vanuatu. CCOP/SOPAC Technical Reporl81: 8 p, 5 figs.).

89 VA.7: DATA MANAGEMENT Proposed: 11th Session Priority A Status: initiated, 15th Session VA.8: EXTENSION OF GEOLOGICAL MAP Proposed: 14th Session OF VANUATU INTO OFFSHORE Status: initiated, 15th Session AREAS Priority A VA.9: LONG-RANGE ACOUSTIC MAPPING Proposed: 14th Session OF THE SEAFLOOR IN THE Status: to be initiated VANUATUEEZ Priority A VA.lO: TRAINING ON MONITORING Proposed: 15th Session POLLUTION LEVELS Status: SPREP to implement Priority

WESTERN SAMOA WS.l: POTENTIAL OF SEABED Status: completed, 12th Session PHOSPHORITES ON THE SLOPES OF THE SAMOA PLATFORM AND SEAMOUNTS NORTHWEST OF SAVAll AND SOUTH OF UPOLU WS.2: INVESTIGATION OF MANGANESE Status: completed, 9th Session DEPOSITS ON THE SAMOA PLAT- FORM AND IN SAMOAN OCEANIC AREAS WS.3: MANGANESE DEPOSITS ON WESTERN Status: deleted and transferred to WS.2 at SAMOA PLATFORM 9th Session WS.4: INVESTIGATION OF THE FLANKS OF Proposed: 5th Session ISLAND SLOPES FOR PRECIOUS Revised: 7th Session CORALS Status: initiated, 6th Session PriorityB WS.5: BASELINE STUDIES OF INSHORE Proposed: 6th Session AREAS TO ASSIST WITH COASTAL Revised: 7th & 16th Session (Construction materials f;ONE MANAGEMENT transferred to WS.12, WS.5 restricted to Priority A Coastal development studies) Status: initiated, 7th Session Work Completed: a seawall to protect the Mulinu'u Point shoreline from erosion has been designed (CARTER, R. 1987: Seawall protection facility for Mulinu'u Point, West- ern Samoa. CCOP/SOPAC Tech nical Report 78: 18 p, 10 figs, 4 tables.). WS.6: STUDIES OF SEDIMENT THICKNESS Proposed: 7th Session AND BASEMENT STRUCTURE OF Status: initiated. 9th Session THE SAMOAN PLATFORM TO

90 DETERMINE THE HYDROCARBON POTENTIAL Priority A WS.7: INVESTIGATION OF COBALT-RICH Proposed: 13th Session CRUSTS IN WESTERN SAMOAN Status: initiated, 16th Session WATERS Work Completed: Machias Seamount surveyed by RV Priority A Moana Wave Priority Acruise (COULBOURN, W.T.; HILL, P.J. 1987: CCOP/SOPAC Moana Wave cruise 3 (MW87-02) to the territorial waters of Western Samoa, the Cook Islands, and Kiribati. February 5 - March 3, 1987. CCOP/SOP AC Cruise Report 122: 65 p.). WS.8: BASELINE STUDIES TO ASSIST Proposed: 13th Session IN EVALUATING THE PROSPECTS Status: initiated, 16th Session OF USE OF OCEAN ENERGY AS A Work Completed: potential sites identified and surveyed SOURCE OF POWER (CARTER, R. 1988: Site location for waverider buoy in Priority A Western Samoa. CCOP/SOPAC Prelim. Rep. 3: 9 p, 4 figs.). WS.9: DATA MANAGEMENT Proposed: 13th Session Priority A Status: initiated, 14th Session WS.10: INVESTIGATE POTENTIAL OF Proposed: 14th Session ONSHORE CLAY DEPOSITS FOR Status: to be initiated MANUFACTURE OF CERAMICS PriorityB WS.11 MAPPING OF COASTAL AND NEW PROJECT NEARSHORE AREAS IN WESTERN BACKGROUND: Geological mapping of coastal and SAMOA areas has proved to be of considerable assistance in Priority A assessing resources, combating erosion, and coastal management programmes. In Western Samoa most people live on the coast. Information on the coastal environment, especially when presented on maps, is a valuable tool for planning future development. OBJECTIVES: To map coastal and nearshore areas by direct observation and measurement and aerial photo- graphy and other remote sensing methods, and present the information in a format most suitable for mineral exploration and coastal development and management programmes. WS.12 ASSESSMENT OF SAND AND GRAVEL NEW PROJECT (transferred from WS.5) DEPOSITS IN NEARSHORE AREAS OF BACKGROUND: Sand and gravel are basic raw materi WESTERN SAMOA FOR als needed for many development projects. They are con MATErJALS AND LANDFILL stantly being required in Western Samoa as an ingredient Priority A in concrete for major projects such as wharves, cause- ways, hotels, and other large buildings; good quality sand will be required for airport runway extensions; sand and gravel are required as infill during major road works; sand and gravel are also needed from time to time by

91 small manufacturing industries for a variety of projects; a supply of sand and gravel is needed on a regular basis for the building industry. The quantity and quality of material is such that an inventory of sand and gravel resources, close to areas where they will be used, is required to assist with planning and ensure convenient and appropriate supply from the most suitable source. (Work on sand and gravel resources prior to the 16th Session was done under Project WS5 which is now restricted to Coastal Develop- ment work including assistance with coastal management). OBJECTIVES: To establish an inventory of sand and gravel resources in Western Samoa, especially in areas near where the resource is likely to be needed, and to establish quantities and qualities of these resources. Work Completed: EADE, J.V. 1979: Solosolo Beach report. CCOP/SOP AC Cruise Rep. 27: 5 p, 2 figs. RUBIN, D.M. 1984: Landfill materials and harbour surveys at Apia Harbour, Mulinu'u Point, Faleolo Airport and Asau Harbour, Western Samoa, 15 May - 4 June 1984. CCOP/SOP AC Cruise Rep. 98: 8 p, 8 figs. RICHMOND, B. 1985: Reconnaissance survey for construction and landfill materials at Aleipata, Western Samoa. CCOP/SOPAC Cruise Rep. 110: 14 p, 10 figs. CARTER, R. 1985: Faleolo Airport, Western Samoa. CCOP/SOP AC Tech. Rep. 46: 12 p. RESTRICTED RICHMOND, B.M.; ROY, P.S. 1986: Nearshore studies in Apolima and Manono Districts of Upolu, Western Samoa. CCOP/SOP AC Tech. Rep. 64: 4 p, 2 figs. (Preliminary)

REGIONAL ELEMENTS REG.1: GEOLOGICAL AND GEOPHYSICAL Proposed: 1st Session INVESTIGATIONS IN THE CORAL Revised: 8th Session SEA

REG.2: STUDY OF THE MANUS, SOLOMON Proposed: 1st Session SEA, AND WOODLARI< BASINS Revised: 8th Session

REG.3: MELANESIAN BORDERLAND STUDY Proposed: 1st Session Revised: 8th & 12th Sessions

REG.4: GEOLOGICAL AND GEOPHYSICAL Proposed: 1st Session INVESTIGATIONS OF THE NORTH Revised: 8th & 12th Sessions FIJI BASIN (FIJI PLATEAU) Work Completed: SeaMARC II imagery and bathymetry, seismic reflection, and bottom samples collected by RV Moana Wave cruise MW87~1 (KROENKE, L.; PRICE, R. and shipboard science party, 1987: Cruise Report - CCOP /SOP AC North Fiji Basin expedition, RV Moana

92 Wave cruise MW 87~1, 13 January - 2 February 1987. CCOP/SOPAC Cruise Report 11: 19 p, 12 figs, 1 table, 1 app.). REG.S: GEOLOGICAL AND GEOPHYSICAL Proposed: 1st Session INVESTIGATIONS OF THE LAU Revised: 8th &: 12th Sessions BASIN Work Completed: Seabeam bathymetry, high resolution seismic profiling, deep-tow sidescan, gravity, magnetics, and bottom photographs, sediment, and rock samples collected by RV Sonne cruise S048 (STACI

93 REG.13: SEARCH FOR MANGANESE Proposed: 4th Session NODULES ALONG A COOK Revised: 8th Session ISLANDS- TUAMOTUTRANSECT REG.14: COMPILATION OF CHEMICAL Proposed: 4th Session ANALYSES OF SEDIMENT IN THE Revised: 8th Session SOUTH PACIFIC REG.IS: COMPILATION OF MANGANESE Proposed: 4th Session NODULE DATA Revised: 8th Session REG.16: THE STUDY OF ENERGY RELEAS Proposed: 4th Session AND SEISMICITY IN THE Revised: 8th Session SOUTHWEST PACIFIC REG.17: REGIONAL DATA COMPILATIOr Proposed: 4th Session AND SYNTHESIS Revised: 8th & 12th Sessions

REG.18: OCEAN THERMAL DATA Proposed: ~hSesswn COLLECTION Revised: 8th Session Work Completed: Scripps Institution of Oceanography continues to collect XBT data using hourly drops from commercial vessels trading between Suva and Auckland. REG.19: TECTONICS OF FIJI PLATEAU Status: deleted and transfered to REG.4, 8th Session REG.20: AN INVESTIGATION OF Proposed: 5th Session LITHOSPHERIC PROPERTIES BY Revised: 9th & 16th Sessions TELESEISMIC STUDIES IN THE (extended to SW Pacific) SWPACIFIC Work Completed: SUNDARALINGAM, K.; DENHAM, D. 1987: Structure of the upper mantle beneath the Coral and Tasman Seas, and phase velocities of Raleigh Waves. N.Z. Journal of Geology and Geophysics 30: 329-341. REG.21: ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF Proposed: 8th Session THE LINE ISLANDS REG.22: SEARCH FOR MANGANESE Proposed: 8th Session NODULES IN THE CENTRAL Revised: 9th & 12th Sessions PACIFIC BASIN Work Completed: cruises by RV Hakurei Maru No.2 to area around Phoenix Islands (see project KI.2), and by RV Thomas Washington to area along SW margin of Line Islands (see project KI.2). REG.23: SEARCH FOR MANGANESE Proposed: 8th Session NODULES IN THE NEIGHBOUR- HOOD OF THE MARQUESAS FRACTURE ZONE REG.24: A TECTONIC ANALYSIS OF THE Proposed: 9th Session SOUTHWEST PACIFIC

94 REG.25: CCOP jSOPAC GEOPHYSICAL Proposed: 9th Session ATLAS OF THE SOUTHWEST PAOFIC REG 26: DELINEATION OF SEDIMENT Proposed: 9th Session BODIES IN TIME AND SPACE Revised: 12th Session REG.27: CARBONATE SEDIMENT STUDIES Proposed: 9th Session IN THE CCOP jSOPAC REGION REG.28: EFFECTS OF SUBDUCTION OF Proposed: 9th Session ASEISMIC RIDGES AND SMALL PLATEAUS IN THE SOUTHWEST PACIFIC REG.29: COBALT POTENTIAL IN Proposed: 11th Session MANGANESE CRUSTS FROM Work Completed: cruises by RV Moana Wave (MW87-Q2) GUYOTS AND RIDGES in Central Line Islands, Manihiki Plateau, and Machias OF THE SOUTHWEST PACIFIC Seamount (see project KI.5), by RV Thomas Washington (Crossgrain Leg 3) in the Line Islands (see project KI.5), and by RV Sonne (SO 48) in the southern part of French Polynesia (see project TG.4). REG.30: COASTAL EROSION STUDIES IN Proposed: 12th Session THE SOPAC REGION REG.31: STUDIES OF SALINE LAKES AND Proposed: 12th Session LAGOONS IN THE SOPAC REGION REG.32: EVOLUTION OF CORAL REEFS Proposed: 12th Session AND ASSOCIATED ENVIRONMENTS IN THE SOUTH PACIFIC REG33: HYDROCARBON SOURCE, Proposed: 12th Session MATURATION AND ENTRAPMENT MODELS IN ISLAND ARC SETTINGS AND COLLISION TERRAINS REG.34: EVOLUTION OF MAJOR GEQ- Proposed: 12th Session MORPHIC TERRAINS IN THE PAPUA NEW GUINEA REGION

REG.3S: PRE-PLIOCENE BREAK-UP HISTORY Proposed: 12th Session OF THE SOUTHWEST PAOFIC REG.36: NEAR SURFACE SUBMARINE Proposed: 12th Session VOLCANOES: METALLOGENESIS AND ASSESSMENT OF VOLCANIC HAZARDS REG.37: SEDIMENT BUDGETS IN REEF- Proposed: 12th Session FRINGED LAGOONS

95 REG.38: ISLAND DRILLING IN THE Proposed: 13th Session SOUTHWEst PACIFIC Work Completed: drilling in lagoons on Aitutaki, Puka- puka, and Rakahanga, Cook Islands (see project CK.2). REG.39: I

96 Part 3 : 16th SESSION DOCUMENTATION

A: LIST OF DOCUMENTS

Document Title Submittedby

,CRI6/1/1 Statementon behalfof the outgoing A.Utanga Chairman, (seePart 1:Plenaryreport para. 8) CRI6/1/2 Openingaddress on behalfof the LamechPalaso, HonorableJohnR.Kaputin,CMG,MP ActingSec. Ministerfor Mineralsand Energyat Dept of Minerals&: the Openingof 16thCCOP/SOPAC. Energy (seePart 1:Plenaryreport para. 7) CRI6/1/3 Responseto Premier.S.L. Tongilava (seePart 1:Plenaryreport para. 6) CRI6/1/4 Opening Addressby UNDPRepresentative JanWahlberg, (seePart 1:Plenaryreport para. 12) UNDPRes.Rep.PNG CRI6/1/5 Opening Addressat the 16thSession LarryMachesky by ESCAPRepresentative. (seePart 1:Plenaryreport para. 13) CRI6/3/1 AnnotatedProvisionalAgendafor Techsec Plenaryand TechnicalAdvisoryGroup Sessions see Part 1:Plenaryreport para. 10) CRI6/5/1 list of Participants. Secretariat (seePart 5:Appendices- A) CRI6/6/1 Vanuatu:Progresson 1987WorkProgramme Vanuatu Representative (seePart 1:Plenaryreport para. 25) CRI6/6/2 FijiCountry Report:16thAnnual R.Singh,H. Johnson Session,CCOP/SOPAC. R.Smith,&: A.Simpson (seeDocumentationitem 1,also Part 1:Plenaryreport para. 18) CRI6/6/3 Reporton New Zealand Offshore K.B.Lewis Geoscience1986-87. (seeDocumentationB.item 2,also Part 1:Plenaryreport para. 20)

97 Document Title Submitted by

CR16/6/4 Australia: Review of Marine N.F. Exon, BMR Geoscience Activities in 1987. (see Documentation B. item 3, also Part 1: Plenary report para. 16) CR16/6/5 CCOP /SOPAC 16th Session, Lae 1987: PNG Delegation Country Report Papua New Guinea. (see Documentation B. item 4, also Part 1: Plenary report para. 21) CR16/6/6 Country Report, Kingdom of Tonga, 1986-1987 D. Tappin, & S. Helu (see Documentation B. item 5, also Part 1: Plenary report para. 23) CR16/6/7 Country Report - Kiribati. Kiribati Delegate (see Part 1: Plenary report para. 19) CR16/6/8 Member Country Report - Western Samoa. A.K. Titimaea (see Documentation B. item 6, also Part 1: Plenary report para._26) CR16/6/9 Country Report - Cook Islands. A. Utanga (see Part 1: Plenary report para. 17) CR16/7/1 Report on Work Programme Activities of the Techsec CCOP /SOP AC Technical Secretariat for the Period 1 October 1986 through 30 September 1987. CCOP /SOPAC Misc. Rep. 33. (see Part 1: Plenary report para. 27) CR16/8/1 Brief Note on the Status on Norwegian Jan Magne Markussen Ocean Mining Efforts. (see Documentation B. item 7) CR16/8/2 Articles of the SPREP Convention of P. Holthus, SPREP Relevance to CCOP /SOPAC. (see Part 1: Plenary report para. 35) CR16/8/3 UNDP Regional Project of the R. Mountain, UNDP Governments of Pacific Island Countries for Water Resources. (see Documentation B. item 8) CR16/10/1 CCOP /SOPAC Moana Wave Cruise 3 W.T. Coulbourn, P.J. Hill, (MW87-o2) to the Territorial Waters of Western and shipboard scientists Samoa, the Cook Islands and Kiribati Feb 5 - Mar 3, 1987.CCOP /SOPAC Cruise Rep. 122. (see TAG report para.10.6)

98 Document Title Submitted by

CR16/10/2 A study of Manganese Nodules, Crusts and 0.5. Cronan, D.L. Tiffin, Deep-sea Sediments in the Northern Cook P.S. Meadows, and Islands, Central Line Islands, and Adjacent shipboard party High Seas. (Abstract). CCOP /SOPAC Cruise Report 119. (see TAG report paras 10.12, 14.1.1) CR16/10/3 Brief update of the Tripartite Marine N.F. Exon, BMR , Geoscience Program. (see TAG report paras 10.6, 10.7, 14.1.t, 14.3.1) CR16/10/4 Outline SONNE Cruise 5048: Geological U. Von Stackelberg, BGR Development and Hydrothermalism of an Active Back-arc Basin (Lau Basin, SW Pacific Ocean) (Abstract). BGR Report 12335/87. (see TAG report paras 10.10, 14.3.1) CR16/10/5 Crossgrain Expedition, Leg 1. J. Mammerickx, 510 (see Documentation B. item 9) CR16/10/6 Crossgrain Expedition, Leg 2. J. Mammerickx, SID (see Documentation B. item 10) CR16/10/7 Crossgrain Expedition, Leg 3. J. Mammerickx, 510 (see TAG report paras 10.12, 14.1.1, 14.2.1) CR16/l0/8 Status of HIG Tripartite II Investigations - L. Kroenke, HIG Mineral Potential of the North Fiji Basin. (see TAG report para. 14.3.1) CR16/11.1/1 CCOP/SOPAC Workshop on Coastal Processes Techsec in the South Pacific Island Nations: Draft Report and Workshop Recommendations. CCOP /SOPAC Train. Rep. 15. (see Documentation B. item 11, also TAG report paras 11.1.1-7) CR16/12.1/1 High Resolution Seismic Surveys for B. Richmond, Techsec Lagoonal Sand and Gravel Resources Tongatapu and Vava'u, Tonga Jan 7 - Feb 6, 1987 (Abstract). CCOP /SOPAC Prelim. Rep. 2. (see TAG report para. 12.1.1) CR16/12.3/1 Lagoonal Drilling at Aitutaki, Cook Islands B. Richmond, Techsec; 5 May -1 July, 1986 J. Hein, USGS (Abstract). CCOP /SOPAC Prelim. Rep. 1.

99 Document Title Submitted by

CRl6/13/1 Petroleum Developments in New Zealand R.H. Herzer, NZGS (see TAG report para. 13.10> CR16/13/2 General Summary of Petroleum PNG Delegation Division Activities and Exploration Review (compiled from PNG Geological Survey report no. 87/14). (see TAG report para. 13.13) CR16/13/3 PNG's Petroleum Promotion Project - PNG Delegation Summary; Results; and ·PPL 82, Gulf of Papua. An Exploration Case History. (see Documentation B. item 12) CR16/14.2/1 Ocean Resources Investigation in Japanese Delegation the Sea Area of CCOP /SOPAC. (see TAG report paras 10.13, 14.1.2, 14.2.1) CR16/16.1/1 Seawall Protection Facility for Mulinu'u Point, R. Carter, Techsec Western Samoa (Abstract). (CCOP /SOPAC Tech. Rep. 78. (see TAG report para. 16.1.1) CR16/16.2/1 Installation of Waverider Buoy Offshore R. Carter, Techsec Rarotonga 21.2745'S, 159.726W Cook Islands (Abstract). CCOP /SOPAC Tech. Rep. 80. (see TAG report para. 16.2.2) CR16/16.2/2 Installation of Waverider Buoy Offshore R. Carter, Techsec Tongatapu 21°13.26'S, 175°12.90'W Kingdom of Tonga (Abstract). CCOP /SOPAC Tech. Rep. 79. (see TAG report para. 16.2.1) CR16/16.2/3 Brief Note on the Status of Norwegian Wave NECOR Energy Plant Projects in the South Pacific. (see Documentation B. item 13) CR16/16.2/4 Wave Power - a State of the Art Report Torkild Carstens (see Documentation B. item 14) CR16/16.3/1 Geological Hazards (Tsunamis). R. Richmond (for IOC) (see Documentation B. item 15, also TAG report para. 16.3.11) CR16/17.1/1 Using the GLORIA Side-scanning H. Gary Greene, USGS Sonar System to Map the Sea floor. (see Documentation B. item 16)

100 Document Title Submitted by

CR16/17.1/2 NERC, RRSCharles Darwin and GLORIA P.J. Schultheiss, lOS in the SW Pacific - 1988. (see TAG report paras 17.1.4-6) CR16/17.1/3 High Resolution Swath Bathymetry D.M. Hussong, J.G. and Side-scan Mapping: SeaMARC S Blackington, J.F. (MS of paper in press). Campbell, SSI Inc CR16/17.2/1 SPOT 1Status and First Applications J.e. Rivereau, Results in Geology, Coastal Studies, SPOT IMAGE and Oceanography (Abstract). CR16/18.2/1 Report on the Recent History of Teaching P. Nunn, USP of the Earth Sciences at the University of the South Pacific. (see TAG report paras 18.2.4-5) CR16/18.2/2 Draft Regulations for the CCOP /SOPAC Techsec Scholarship Scheme. (see Documentation B. item 18, also TAG report para. 18.2.6) CR16/18.2/3 Earth Science and Marine Geology Training R. Howorth, Techsec Programme Jan - Mar 1987. Course Instructor's Report. CCOP /SOPAC Train. Rep. 13. (see TAG report para. 18.2.1) CR16/18.3/1 CCOP /SOPAC Coastal Mapping Workshop Techsec 1-12June 1987,Tuvalu. CCOP /SOPAC Train. Rep. 14. (see TAG para. 18.3.1) CR16/18.3/2 Proposal to: TAG - CCOP/SOPAC for a M. Katz, Univ. NSW SOMRC - Unisearch Gold Workshop/Short Course to be held in conjunction with STAR - 1988 CCOP /SOPAC Meeting. (see TAG report para. 18.3.6-7) CR16/18.4/1 High School Curriculum Development Techsec in the Earth Sciences for Island Member Countries of CCOP /SOPAe. CCOP /SOPAC Misc. Rep. 26. (see TAG paras 18.4.1-4)

101 Document Title Submitted by

CR16/18.5/1 Call for Increased Co-operation between Dr P. Nunn, USP CCOP /SOPAC and Institutions of Higher Education in the Region. (see TAG report paras 185.1-5) CR16/20.1/1 Goo-Marine Letters, Vol. 6(4), 1987 D. Tiffin, Techsec Special Issue: Western Solomon Sea and Region, Part 1 (Contents). (also issued as CCOP/SOPAC .Tech. Rep. 75) CR16/20.1/2 Goo-Marine Letters, in press (1987) D. Tiffin, Techsec Special Issue: Western Solomon Sea and Region, Part 2 (Contents). (also issued as CCOP /SOPAC Tech. Rep. 76) CR16/20.1/3 Call for the Establishment of an International Dr P. Nunn, USP Geoscience Journal dedicated to the Pacific Basin and its Margins. CR16/20.1/4 Tripartite Marine Geoscience Program H. Gary Greene, USGS Publications. (see TAG report paras 13.7-8) CR16/22.1/1 The Joint Research Program on the Rift System Dr E. Honza, GSJ in the Pacific Ocean, Japan-France-SOPAC. (see TAG report para. 22.1.1) CR16/22.1/2 The Ocean Drilling Program: Operations L.E. Garrison, P.o. Rabin- in the Western Pacific Region owitz, & A.W. Meyer (see TAG report p.aras 22.1.2-4) CR16/22.1/3 Materials for SOPAC Annual Meeting, H. Gary Greene, USGS Ocean Drilling Program. (see TAG report para. 22.1.2) CR16/22.1/4 Status of HIG Tripartite Investigations B. Taylor, HIG in PNG: Mineral Potential of the Manus Basin and Volcanic Hazards Assessment of Rabaul Caldera. (see TAG report para. 22.1.5) CR16/23.1/1 Status of the Law of the Sea M. Fisk, UN Office of Convention and Progress Report on Ocean Affairs and Law of the Work Being Undertaken in the the Sea Preparatory Commission, 8 Oct. 1987. (see TAG report para. 23.1.1)

102 Document Title Submitted by

CR16/23.1/2 Circum-Pacific Council, East Asia H.Gary Greene, USGS Map Project, Status - July 1987. (see TAG report para. 17.3.3) CR16/24/1 DRAFf CCOP /SOPAC Conceptual Work Techsec Programme for 1988 -1992. CCOP /SOPAC Misc. Rep. 34. (see TAG report para. 24.1) CR16/25/1 Vanuatu: Proposed Work Programme, 1988. Vanuatu (see Part 1: Annex IV. CCOP/SOPAC Work List for 1988)

103 104 B : SUMMARIES OF SELECTED DOCUMENTS

1. DOCUMENT CR 161612: CCSP IF].1 - Hydrocarbons is attached as Fiji Country Report: 16th Annual Session, Annex I. CCOP lSOPAC, by R. Singh, H. Johnson, Efforts of the Hydrocarbons Section have R. Smith, and A. Simpson been directed towards planning programmes for hydrocarbons prospectivity evaluation. INTRODUCTION Petroleum source-rock evaluation and preparation of a hydrocarbons prospectivity report The increase in CCOP lSOPAC Technical has commenced. Secretariat's manpower resources has re- The activities of the Seismology section sulted in a greater direct involvement of were concentrated on routine data acquisi- CCOP lSOP AC in Fiji's marine geological I tion, analysis and exchange; seismic risk geophysical work programme, particularly in study; seismographic network consolidation the Hydrocarbon area. .CCOP lSOPAC has and mitigation of seismic and tsunami haz- continued to playa vital role in technical sup- ards through a public awareness and educa- port for the Mineral Resources Department tion programme. (MRD) shallow-water marine geological/ geophysical investigations and the various train- OFFSHORE SECTION ACTIVmES ing schemes. It also has played an essential role in co-ordination of international marine The Offshore Section has had mixed for- geological/ geophysical research. tunes with staff resources. Mr H. Johnson, This report summarises the activities of Petroleum Geologist, has been a valuable Mineral Resources Department's Hydrocar- addition to MRD, however, Offshore Section bons, Offshore and Seismology Section activi- lost the services of Marine Geologist R. ties for the period October 1986 to September Holmes at the end of his contract, without 1987. During this period, emphasis has been replacement, and also lost an upcoming placed on staff training, capital resource up- young local scientist, Mr T. Vuibau, who has grading, reducing backlog of data interpreta- been drafted for military duties for an indefi- tion and, of highest priority, the hydrocarbons nite period of time. work. The moderate field programme was A total of twenty-seven man-months was curtailed during the latter half of the report- spent on training of local staff (this does not ing period, due to the reduction in manpower include on-the-job training). One technical resources. Substantial time was devoted to officer completed a post-graduate training testing the newly acquired survey equipment course in Marine Geology in December, four and the acceptance trials for the new survey technical assistants completed the Basic Earth vessel RV Yautalei. The refit and A-frame Science Course at USP, a seismologist is on a modifications to the shelf survey vessel HMFS full time M.Sc. course in Australia, and an- Latui have been completed and the vessel is other technical assistant is doing a part-time now standing by for trials using the CCOP I B.Sc. course at USP. This indicates MRD's SOPAC Geomarex Vibrocorer. A complete very strong commitment towards training of revision of Fiji projects in the CCOP lSOPAC local staff. Work Programme elements (CCSP IF]) has In relation to CCOP lSOPAC projects commenced. The revision for the project within the Fiji EEZ: 100% completion can be

105 reported for the third leg of the Tripartite II HYDROCARBONS SECTION ACTIVrnES cruise on RV Moana Wave, (a brief on the cruise results was presented by Co-Chief Sci- The Hydrocarbons Section activities com- entist Dr L. Kroenke at MRD in February menced in March 1987 after the arrival of Pe- 1987); 50% completion can be reported for the troleum Geologist Mr H. Johnson on a two- RV Sonne cruise results; no progress for the year contract. He has been seconded by the vibrocoring programme; 100% completion for British Geological Survey (BGS) and sup- nearshore and inshore baseline studies; 50% ported through the Commonwealth Fund for completion for data management; 100% for Technical Cooperation (CFTC). A local raining; 80% for equipment. and technician graduate trainee will be recruited for training loan. Work on the project CCSP /FJ.l (Hydro- and eventually to take over the responsibili- carbons) has just been initiated with about ties. 30% of the CCOP /SOPAC agreed work due A two-year work programme has been to be completed in September 1987. planned and it includes three major projects: With the staff restrictions and training 1. Hydrocarbons-prospectivity evaluation commitments mentioned elsewhere, survey and seismic interpretation of the area effort has been directed to: regional bathy- around Nadi Bay (Viti Levu) and the metric compilation of sheets 1, 2, 3 in the Yasawa Group. 1:250,000 Bathymetry of Fiji; interpretation of 2. Preparation for publication of a report on seismic-reflection data for Laucala Bay, south- the hydrocarbons prospectivity of Fiji. ern Viti Levu; interpretation of seismic-reflec- 3. Hydrocarbons-prospectivity evaluation tion and geological- sampling data from and seismic interpretation of Bau Waters. Savusavu Bay, Vanua Levu. A complete revision of the Fiji work pro- Three geophysical cruises were completed gramme CCSP /FJ.l - Hydrocarbons has been during the year, at Nukubuco, Togalevu, and completed (refer to Annex Ifor details). the Navua River; a control-point survey was Work has commenced on the following completed along the southeast coast of Vanua tasks with considerable support from CCOP / Levu and Taveuni; more Seabeam data were SOPAC Technical Secretariat: collected by RV Sonne on transit into Suva. a) Assessment of requirements for repro- Software development for processing Tris- cessing and acquisition of seismic data; ponder data and computer-assisted mapping b) Assessment of hydrocarbon shows in are now part of the Mineral Resources Depart- Fiji wells; ment Offshore work programme. c) Assessment of hydrocarbon source- With the addition of the new research rock potential in Viti Levu. vessel Yautalei, the Mineral Resources Also, the Hydrocarbons Section has com- Department now has available an excellent menced work on a hydrocarbon prospectivity platform for inshore and nearshore geo- evaluation and seismic interpretation of the physical surveys. Recent cruises have area around Nadi Bay and the Yasawa Group. indicated that this vessel will be invaluable to There has been a downturn in commercial the section's future programme. Also, Off- activity during the reporting period. Three of shore Section support to Seismology, the four Oil Exploration Licences (OELs) that Hydrogeological and island geological- were granted previously became due for re- mapping programmes has been increased newal in July 1987. The holders offered to with the acquisition of the Yautalei. surrender the OELs and apply for an option in a new area. They proposed to drill one hole in

106 the option area. Negotiations for the renewal nisms of the events are being investigated. of the fourth OEL are continuing. During the reporting period, no significant tsunamis (tidal waves) were detected. As a SEISMOLOGY SECTION ACTIVITIES result of the Pacific-wide tsunami warning issued on 7 May 1986, after the Alaskan earth- Routine monitoring of earthquake activity quake, some faults within the National Tsu- in the Fiji Region is continuing and an annual nami Warning Procedure was detected. A summary of seismicity has been published review of the Procedure has been initiated in since 1982. Research relating to Fiji seismicity an attempt to improve it. Public education is being carried out on focal mechanisms, and awareness continues to be a high priority local earthquake sequences, crustal structure, task. A permanent display has been prepared earthquake magnitudes, seismic risk and and displayed at MRD for visiting schools, tsunamis. institutions and occasional visitors. The The cooperative research project to evalu- earthquake information pamphlets "Fiji ate seismic risk in Fiji (funded by USAID) was Earthquakes" and "Earthquake Rules" have completed in 1986 and. USAID support for been proven extremely popular, requiring a maintenance of the Fiji seismographic net- reprint of 15,000 copies; these have been cir- work terminated in the same year. Strategic culated to schools allover Fiji. planning for network management was completed during the reporting period and has been implemented earlier than envisaged due ANNEX I: to financial difficulties. Stations at Galoa, REVISION OF CCOP/SOPAC PROJECT Magodro, Namosi, Taveuni, Udu and Vun- idawa have been closed. A temporary station at Ahau, Rotuma, has also been closed. Fur- CCSP-FJ.l: Assessment of the Hydrocarbon thermore, the establishment of a permanent Potential of Fiji. station at Kadavu has been deferred indefinitely. The programme to introduce digital INTRODUCTION strong-motion accelerographs has been post- poned indefinitely. Project FJ.l has been given a high priority The Hon. Tadashi Kuranari, Minister for by the Fiji Government since it was proposed Foreign Affairs, Japan, Mrs Kuranari and a at the 1st Session. Recently, considerable Japanese Delegation visited the Seismological assistance has been provided by the Hydro- Observatory at MRD on 13 January 1987 to carbons Group at CCOP /SOP AC. The initial inspect the seismic telemetry system installed project proposal was as follows: under a bilateral aid agreement between Fiji CCSP-lIFJ.l: (new project) Stratigraphic and Japan and meet the Japanese volunteer test drilling northern margin of Fiji shelf (Priority working at MRD. "A"). (a) Proposed: TAG-l, paragraph 38, to No unusual seismic activity was detected obtain subsurface stratigraphic data bearing during the period. Two moderate earth- on the petroleum potentials of adjoining shelf quakes (MS 5.0 and 5.4) occurred on 18 May areas. CCSP-l/FJ.1A: Location, Viwa Island, 1987, six minutes apart. Both were felt in Yasawa Group. CCSP-l/FJ.1B: Location, on Labasa, on Vanua Levu, with maximum in- the Great Sea Reef, north of Vanua Levu. tensities of MM III and MM N respectively. At the 7th Session the project was revised No damage was reported. The focal mecha- and its scope was broadened as follows:

107 CCSP-VFJ.l: Assessment of hydrocarbon poten- regard to lateral variation within stratigraphic tial of northwest Fiji about Bligh Water systems or series. (Priority A). The purpose of the following revision is to In this revision project FJ.3 (Re-evaluation identify specific tasks within the project and of seismic and other data available on relin- to put them in order of priority. Some tasks quished petroleum concession west of the have already been initiated by the Mineral Yasawa Group, (Priority A» was incorpo- Resources Department, but considerable rated into the revised FJ.l project. assistance from CCOP /SOAPC is also At the 10th Session the project was again requested. revised. The intention was to bring together under one project all hydrocarbon studies in PROJECT FJ.l: Fiji offshore areas. Prior to this the aims of the ASSESSMENT OF THE HYDROCARBON following projects were, at least in part, to POTENTIAL OF FIJI (REVISION) assist in the evaluation of hydrocarbon Proposed: 1st Session potential: Revised: 7th, 10th and 16th Sessions CCSP-FJ.9 (Priority B): Seismic refraction Status: initiated, 7th Session. survey, Viti Levu and Vanua Levu. Proposed Background information: see introduction, 2nd Session. above CCSP-FJ.ll (Priority B): Marine geological Project Objectives: To provide, initiate, partici- and geophysical investigation of northern pate or generally support all activities which margin of the Fiji Platform. Proposed 3rd will provide an assessment or assist in the Session. assessment of the hydrocarbon potential of CCSP-FJ.12 (Priority B): Marine geological Fiji, both offshore and onshore. and geophysical investigation of the southern Elements of FJ.l and List of Tasks. Koro Sea between Viti Levu, Kadavu and 1. Evaluation of hydrocarbon source rocks in Moala islands. Proposed 3rd Session. Viti Levu (this project has been initiated by CCSP-FJ.14 (Priority B): Interpretation of MRD). detailed aeromagnetic data. Proposed 5th 1.1 Sampling of outcrops and existing Session. . borehole material can be carried out by At the 10th Session the project was revised the MRD, and has been initiated. as follows: 1.2 Analysis of total organic carbon content CCSP/FJ.l: Assessment of the hydrocarbon poten- of samples is to be carried out at the tial of Fiji (Priority A). University of the South Pacific. Element objectives: To promote, initiate, 1.3 Analyse kerogen types, vitrinite reflec- participate or generally support all activities tance and thermal alteration indices. which will assess or assist in the assessment of 1.4 Drill shallow holes (about 30 m) for un- the hydrocarbon potential in Fiji offshore weathered samples of the most promis- areas. ing lithofacies. Recommendations: to outline the major fault 1.5 Perform Rock-Eval pyrolysis on un- and basement boundaries defining marine weathered material. sedimentary basins by seismic interpretation; 1.6 Model subsidence and geothermal gra- to determine source rock potential of various dient histories of sedimentary basins to lithostratigraphic formations; to analyse determine the timing of hydrocarbon facies in relation to basin evaluation and with generation and migration.

108 2. Assess parameters for acquisition and 4.2 Assess the significance of the recorded processing of all multichannel seismic reflec- hydrocarbon shows. tion data and carry out reprocessing require- 4.3 Recommend future work requirements. ments. 2.1 Review acquisition and processing 5. Analysis of pre-Colo Unconformity, shal- parameters of all multichannel seismic low-water sediments at outcrop in Viti Levu reflection data. to assist identification of petroleum source 2.2 Recommend data which would par- rocks. ticularly benefit from reprocessing. 5.1 Measure sections through pre-Colo Un- 2.3 Recommend reprocessing parameters. conformity, shallow-water facies strata. 2.4 Reprocess the data, as recommended. 5.2 Describe lithofacies, sedimentary struc- 2.5 Highlight areas where reprocessing of tures, ichnofacies. present data could not significantly 5.3 Carry out palaeontological studies for improve the data quality and where dating and palaeoenvironmental acquisition of new data is desirable. analysis. 2.6 Recommend parameters for the acqui- 5.4 Interpret environments of deposition. sition and processing of new multi- 5.5 Assess source rock potential. channel seismic data. 5.6 Assess reservoir potential. 3. Assess the hydrocarbon prospectivity of 5.7 Assess palaeogeography, sea level the Lau Ridge. changes and plate tectonic reconstruc- 3.1 Interpret all available, deep-penetration. tion, multichannel and singlechannel 5.8 Assess palaeofacies belts and suggest seismic reflection data. sites for stratigraphic and source rock 3.2 Assess the available gravity and mag- drilling. netic data. 6. Micropalaeontological study to assist 3.3 Assess the availability and style of evaluation of the geological evolution of the potential hydrocarbon traps. Fiji Platform. 3.4 Assess source rock potential. 6.1 Identify fauna and flora in the samples. 3.5 Assess the thermal history and com- 6.2 Determine age-range of enclosing sediment on the likely level of maturation ments. of the sediments. 6.3 Interpret palaeoenvironments. 3.6 Comment on timing of maturation with 6.4 Further micropalaeontological work is respect to trap formation and on pos- required on samples from the Nadi sible migration routes. area and the Yasawa Islands in particu- 3.7 Assess reservoir potential. lar, and other parts of Fiji. 3.8 Make recommendations for future 7. Drill deep (1000 m or more), extensively work, such as stratigraphic drilling, cored, stratigraphic wells. source rock sampling, geochemical sur- 7.1 Analyse lithofacies and lithostratigra- veys, collection of dredge samples, etc. phy. 4. Assessment of hydrocarbon shows in oil 7.2 Assess palaeoenvironments. exploration wells. 7.3 Analyse biostratigraphy and chrono- 4.1 Review hydrocarbon test results, geo- stratigraphy. physical well logs, hot wire instrument 7.4 Analyse source rock quality and degree charts, final well reports, etc. of thermal maturation.

109 7.5 Analyse reservoir quality of significant 12. Basin analysis of the Rewa and Nadi coarse-grained epiclastic and volcani- Basins, Viti Levu. clastic units and of limestone intervals. 12.1 Analyse lithofacies, sedimentary struc- 7.6 Wells in areas including the following tures and trace fossil assemblages. are desirable: Central Viti Levu Basin; 12.2 Additional palaeontology. Lau Ridge (Futuna Limestone); Vanua 12.3 Assess depositional environments and Levu; Yasawa Islands; Vatulele. sea level changes. 8. Review of gravity and magnetic data. 12.4 Assess structural development of the 8.1 Apply geological models to obtain a basin. best fit for each sedimentary basin. 12.5 Assess source rock potential and levels 8.2 Assess depth to effective economic of thermal maturation. basement for hydrocarbon prospec'" 12.6 Assess reservoir potential. tivity. 12.7 Make recommendations for future 8.3 Assess seismically defined build-ups work. and comment on the likelihood of 13. Acquire seismic data across sedimentary reefal or volcanic origin. basins on land. 9. Carry out geochemical surveys to seek and 13.1 Analyse structure, seismic facies and identify seepages of thermogenic hydro- ties to offshore data. carbons. 13.2 Use land seismic control to recommend 9.1 Regional survey over Lau Ridge, sites for stratigraphic boreholes. particularly concentrating on the part 14. Collect dredge samples from the rifted opposite Tongatapu and 'Eua, where arc margin of the Baravi Basin. oil seeps have been verified. 14.1 Analyse lithofacies. 9.2 Detailed surveys over the most promis- 14.2 Analyse palaeontology. ing seismically defined prospects in 14.3 Interpret environments of deposition. Nadi Bay, Lomaiviti area and Bligh 14.4 Correlate with seismic stratigraphy. Water sedimentary basins. 15.Seismic interpretation and evaluation of 9.3 Regional surveys over the Baravi and the hydrocarbon prospectivity of sedimentary Suva deep-water sedimentary basins. basins east, west and northwest of Viti Levu. 10. Acquire seismic refraction data to deter- 15.1 Interpret seismic data and produce mine crustal structure and estimate depth to structure contour maps for significant effecti ve economic basement for hydrocarbon geological horizons. exploration, particularly across the axis of the 15.2 Assess the structural evolution of sedi- Oligocene to Mid-Miocene island arc, includ- mentary basins. ing the following locations: across the Yasawa 15.3 Assess the presence and likely level of Group; from the Mamanuca Group to Nadi thermal maturation of hydrocarbon Bay; across Bau Waters; across Vanua Levu; source rocks. across the Lau Ridge 15.4 Assess the timing of hydrocarbon gen- 11. Acquire multichannel seismic reflection, eration and likely migration pathways. gravity and magnetic data over the Lau Ridge 15.5 Assess the presence and likely quality (particularly the part opposite Tongatapu and of reservoir rocks. 'Eua, where oil seeps have been verified) and 15.6 Assess the timing of trap formation from deep-water sedimentary basins around with respect to hydrocarbon genera- Viti Levu, especially the Suva Basin. tion.

110 15.7 List potential hydrocarbon targets SCAIS A.B. in late 1984 and final reports have identified by this study and make re- been received. These three OELs became due commendations for future work. for renewal in July 1987. The holders offered 15.8 Publication of a document describing to surrender the OELs and apply for an option the hydrocarbon prospectivity in Fiji. in a new area largely included within the sur- 15.9 Training of local professional person- rendered OELs. They proposed jo drill one nel in petroleum geology. hole in the option area. Negotiations for the Work planned for 1987-1988 renewal of the fourth OEL are continuing. (ii) Inventories of hydrocarbon exploration (i) Sampling of outcrop and borehole data held by two oil companies have been material for petroleum source rock obtained. analysis. (ii) Evaluation of hydrocarbon shows in oil Reports exploration wells. JOHNSON, H. 1987. Petroleum source rocks (iii) Assessment of seismic reprocessing in Viti Levu, a preliminary assessment and acquisition requirements. and general recommendations for sam- (iv) Basin analysis of the Nadi Basin, Viti pling. Fiji Mineral Resources Department Levu. Note BP48/1 (unpublished), Restricted cir- (v) Seismic interpretation and evaluation culation. of the hydrocarbon prospectivity of JOHNSON, H. 1987. Revision of CCOP/ sedimentary basins west and northwest SOPAC project FJ.1: Assessment of the of Viti Levu. hydrocarbon potential of Fiji. Fiji Mineral (vi) Preparation for publication of a docu- Resources Department, Note BP48/2 (Unpub- ment describing the hydrocarbon pro- lished). spectivity in Fiji. Publications Work completed BROCHER, T.M.; HOLMES, R. 1985. The A review of the work completed prior to marine geology of sedimentary basins October 1981 is included in the Proceedings of south of Viti Levu, Fiji. In the Northern the Tenth Session of CCOP /SOP AC. The list Melanesian Borderland. Circum-Pacific that follows includes work completed from Council for Energy and Mineral Resources, November 1981 to September 1987. Earth Science Series, Volume 3: pp 123-138. (i) A comprehensive review of commer- BUCHBINDER, B.; HALLEY, R.B. 1985. cial activities in the (OELs) up to February Source rock evaluation of outcrop and 1984 has been produced (Eden and Smith, .borehole samples from Tongatapu and 1984). Not included in this are geochemical 'Eua Islands, Tonga, and from Viti Levu and gravity surveys carried out in 1983 by Dr and Vanua Levu Islands, Fiji. Page 335-349 D. O'Brien. Most of the records of this work in in Scholl, D.W.; Vallier, T.L. (comps, and OEL 7, and possibly other areas, have not yet eds.) 1985. Geology and offshore resources been received by MRD. In 1985 a geochemical of Pacific island arcs- Tonga region. Cir- "sniffer survey" was carried out in OEL 8 by cum-Pacific Council for Energy and Mineral Interocean but a final interpretation report Resources, Earth Science Series, Volume 2. has not been received. EDEN, R.A.; SMITH, R. 1984. Fiji as a petrol- A regional study of three OELs using re- eum prospect. Mineral Resources Depart- mote sensing techniques was completed by ment, Suva. 38 pp.

111 EVERINGHAM,I.B. 1987. Seismic refraction Contract Work data and crustal structure for southeastern The second major change has been the Viti Levu. Fiji Mineral Resources Depart- change in Government policy that requires us ment Reporl63. to earn a significant part of our revenue from KATZ, H.R. 1986. Hydrocarbon potential in commercial contracts. In the last year NZOI the SW Pacific. Pages 83-116 in Cronan, (DSIR Division of Marine and Freshwater D.5. (ed.) 1986. Sedimentation andf Min- Science) has completed over 40 contracts, the eral Deposits in the Southwestern Pacific majority in geosciences. These include small Ocean. Academic Press. London. jobs such as data reviews, impact reports, and equipment servicing. There have been 2. DOCUMENT CR 16/6/3: numerous route surveys for sewer outfalls, Report on New Zealand Offshore Geo- gas pipelines and electricity cables. There was science 1986-87, by K.B. Lewis a dam stability study after the Bay of Plenty earthquake. A big contract, involving use of In the last year there have been some sig- the Rapuhia, was a site survey for the New nificant changes to marine geoscience in New Zealand era of the trans-Tasman fibre optics Zealand. cable. Some of these contracts have involved Offshore Strategic Research the cooperation of the marine geophysicists at Firstly, commissioning of our own re- DSIR Geophysics Division. One effect of the search vessel, Rapuhia, has completely revi- commercial work has been to limit the output talised marine geoscience programmes in of scientific publications. New Zealand. The RV Rapuhia was previ- Changes ously the German Hydrographic Institute's Staff The other major change for us is that, after research vessel Meteor. She is large, stable, almost a quarter of a century at NZOI, Jim comfortable, with all facilities but somewhat Eade has left to accept the post of Technical expensive to run. The vessel's stability and Editor with CCOP /SOPAC. Jim's knowledge maneuverability means that we can operate in and experience is sorely missed, and not only sea states where previously we would have in science but in his understanding of the been hove to. administrative procedures that affect science Of the 12 strategic science cruises this last in this region. Fortunately he is still heavily year, 6 have been for geoscience projects by involved and he is only as far away as the NZOI and Geophysics Division. These have nearest telephone. included studies of the crust beneath the He has been replaced by two recent gradu- Hikurangi Trough, the basement structure of ates who have considerable enthusiasm but the southern Lord Howe Rise, the evolving not yet; his depth of experience. One of them, fault system in Cook Strait, the geomechanics Phil Barnes, an engineering marine geologist, of slope failure on the active Hikurangi Mar- has begun work on the geomechanics of sub- gin and the mechanics of lahar deposition on marine slope failure under earthquake stress. the shelf around the volcanic cone of Mt The other, Ian Wright, is also in the field of Egmont. One biological sciences cruise was to geological hazards. He is studying the effects determine growth rates of precious coral us- of volcanic eruptions in the Bay of Plenty and ing isotope tracer fed to live colonies. Most of the evolution of the transform between the the cruises have evolved from data syntheses Havre Trough and the Taupo Volcanic Gra- during our 2.5 years without a ship. ben.

112 At DSIR Geophysics Division, Fred Davey, cast doubt on the conventional understanding who was appointed Director of the division, of the nature of the subducting slab, the fate of has been replaced at the workface by Ray sediments at the plate boundary, and the Wood, from NZ Geological Survey's Petro- evolution of a backarc basin at a continental leum Basin Studies Group. margin. Now that a series of studies of critical areas New Equipment is nearing completion, it is hoped to proceed Along with our new research vessel, we with a synthesis of geological information on have received some funds to buy new equip- New Zealand's very large EEZ. This will be ment. The first purchase was a 16 transducer published in a series of offshore geological ORE hullmounted 3.5 kHz system, which maps and monographs. The existing research gives high resolution seismic image of the top programme and expected load of contract 100 ms (75 mm) at almost any ocean depth. work means that New Zealand's 9 marine Geophysics Division have complimented this geoscientists expect to be heavily committed. with a multichannel seismic system that uses However, all of them retain a keen interest in a 24-channel Teledyne Model 178 hydro- what is happening to the north and a desire to phone array reconfigurable between 900 m for assist where their expertise is appropriate. deepwater work and 360 m for high-resolution inshore work. This is used with twin 3. DOCUMENT CR 16/6/4: 120/130 cu.in. airguns. Full seismic process- Australia: Review of Marine Geoscience ing is available up to migration and a migra- Activities in 1987, byN.F. Exon tion package is being developed. At present we are in the processes of purchasing anew, BMR's marine operations included six twin frequency Klein Side-scan Sonar system geoscience cruises including one multichan- with full slant range and speed correction to nel seismic cruise in the Gippsland Basin and replace our 15 year old Klein system. For off the southern New South Wales coast, one nearshore work we have purchased a small phosphate sampling cruise off the New South airgun with interchangeable 1 to 10 cu.in. Wales coast, and one multidisciplinary cruise chambers. This consistently gives better on the Queensland and Marion plateaux and penetration but poorer resolution than the across the intervening Townsville Trough. boomer and is extensively used in contract The final cruise is of particular interest to work. CCOP /SOP AC, and a preliminary cruise re- During the year NZOI has updated its port is expected soon. computer facilities with purchases of Pes The geoscience capability of BMR's marine appropriate to particular tasks (including vessel Rig Seismic, has been upgraded during desk top publishing) and with full digitising the year. On the geophysical side it now has and plotting capabilities. An extensive data two airgun strings with a total capacity of base of station and underway data is now 3200 cubic inches, and a 96-ehannel seismic readily accessible. cable with a length of up to 4500 m. High- resolution seismic work has been greatly Future Plans strengthened by the purchase of 40 and 80 In the near future, we intend to concen- cubic inch waterguns. The coring system has trate resources on several studies of New also been improved, and more than 7 m of Zealand's active margin, particularly the core has been recovered in favourable sedi- northern part where recent observations have ments.

113 Australian scientists remained heavily Barrier Reef, and Vanuatu. Should these be involved in the Tripartite marine geoscience approved they would probably take place in programme. On Moana Wave cruise MW87- 1990. 01, in the North Fiji Basin, Dick Price of La At the Fifteenth Session of CCOP /SOPAC, Trobe University was petrological Co-Chief Australia was asked to consider arranging the Scientist, and Jock Keene of Sydney archiving of geophysical magnetic tapes, University was a sedimentologist. On Moana mostly seismic tapes collected by petroleum Wave cruise MW87-Q2, in Cook Islands, exploration companies from CCOP /SOPAC Western Samoan and Kiribati waters, Peter countries. The Bureau of Mineral Resources is Hill of BMR was geophysical Co-Chief willing to arrange storage of such tapes, and Scientist, and Jules Bogi of the New South to make them available for copying, under Wales Institute of Technology was a metals conditions to be agreed with member coun- geochemist, Both cruises met most of their tries and CCOP /SOPAC Techsec. objectives. A request was made at the Fifteenth Ses- Work continued on the results from these sion for bathymetric drafting training in Aus- and earlier Tripartite cruises, and the Circum- tralia. The Division of National Mapping, Pacific Council for Energy and Mineral Re- which had provided such training in past sources Earth Science Series Volume 7: "Ma- years, is vacating the bathymetric area, but it rine Geology, Geophysics and Geochemistry is highly probable that either the Hydro- of the Woodlark Basin - Solomon Islands", graphic Service of the Royal Australian Navy, edited by Brian Taylor (HIG) and Neville or BMR, will be able to undertake such train- Exon (BMR), was published. Two more vol- ing. umes (Vanuatu and New Ireland) should go Australia continues to provide direct to press this year. Australia, New Zealand financial support to CCOP /SOPAC, beyond and the United States of America have agreed its membership contribution and its support to a Third Phase of the Tripartite Programme, of the Tripartite Programme. This amounted which should come into effect early next year. to A$250,OOOin 1986/87, and it is estimated to Seven Australians attended the very be the same in 1987/88. important CCOP/SOPAC-IOC "Coastal Processes WorkShop" in Lae, in earlyOctober 4. DOCUMENT CR 16/615: 1987, and most were speakers. Summary of Activities, Related to CCOP / Australia is still considering joining the SOPAC Work Programme since October Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) in partnership 1986, by PNG Delegation with Canada. Four ODP cruises in Australian waters are scheduled for 1987 and 1988; two INTRODUCTION in the southern Indian Ocean, and two on the Exmouth Plateau and Argo Abyssal Plain off The government of PNG is represented by northwest Australia. The recent Rig Seismic the Minerals and Energy Department, in par- cruise off northeast Australia included site ticular personnel from the Geological Survey, surveys for a Queensland Plateau ODP leg, which is the chief function of the department. which is proposed for 1989, and which has Hence,the work programme and/or scientific good prospects of going ahead. Joint pro- projects carried out in the region are closely posals for submersible work, using NOAA's moni tored and assessed by one of the four ''Pisces V" have been submitted for various divisions of the Geological Survey, which are areas including the Manus Forearc, the Great the Minerals, Petroleum, and Geological Serv-

114 ices (i.e, Engineering Geology IGround Water zone, particularly low magnetic areas. Per- and Geophysical Observatory), and the Vol- haps the highlight of the year in terms of vil- canological Observatory in Rabaul. lage-level development is a much successful demonstration of special small-scale alluvial WORK PROGRAMME WITH TECHSEC gold mining on Bougainville Island. ASSISTANCE Petroleum Division Techsec activity in the region for the pe- Much of the work for the past twelve riod 1986-1987 has been non-existent. Much of months has been promotion of PNG as a the work relating to the PNG Work Pr0- prospective petroleum province, in particular gramme (PNl-14) was carried out inhouse. the geological assessment of the New Ireland However Techsec has been in contact with the Basin and Manus Island. Although the oil Geological Services Division in regard to bot- market is depressed, Iagifu oil field discovery tom sampling of Fairfax Harbour, and we was encouraging to prospectors. There is were fortunate enough to send two officers for much activity in the Papuan Basin. training to the CCOP 19:)PAC Earth Science Geological Services Division and Marine Geology Course, and to the Plans have been completed for compre- Coastal Mapping Workshop in Tuvalu. The hensive study in November 1987 of the sub- officers, namely Upu Kila and John Kawatt, marine geotechnical conditions in Fairfax have expressed their gratitude and apprecia- Harbour. This will involve Techsec, GSPNG tion and report that the training was success- (Mr Joe Buleka) and later CCOP lEA. Mr ful and beneficial. As English skills were a Buleka will take this project as partial ful- problem faced by one of our participants on fillment of a postgraduate diploma in Science the course, it was suggested that CCOP I atUPNG. 9:)P AC consider sponsoring a course on A marine geophysical survey was carried "English as a Second Language". out near the mouth of Kikori River as part of the Dames and Moore geotechnical study for WORK PROGRAMME- an oil pipeline from Southern Highlands, and INHOUSE AND RELATED ACTIVmES we are still awaiting the report. The division Minerals Division is embarking on an establishment of a ge0- The major push since the last session has technical and hydrogeological data bank, and been documenting all South Sepik geological this would be with the help of United Nations mapping and mineral exploration into Mem- Department of Technical Cooperation for De- oir 12, and carrying out a similar programme velopment Project in conjunction with the for the northern portion of the Bougainville UNDP Project ''Planning and Management of Island in conjunction with personnel from the Water Resources in Small Island Countries in German Federal Institute for Geosciences and the Pacific". Natural Resources (BGR). The Bougainville Proposals for future work are in two parts: Island project is in part a ground follow-up of (i) a pilot project along the coastline of aerophysical anomalies detected by the Ger- Morobe and East Sepik provinces for man airborne geophysical team in 1986. geootechnical information in regard to The joint geoscientific team has confirmed small wharves construction; and the use of ground geophysics (EM, Magnetic (ii) a project to monitor and control severe plus Radiometric) for highlighting the argillic coastal erosion at Bereina and coastline of

115 the Gulf of Papua. 1987, by Dave Tappin and Saimone Helu. A proposed PNG Digital Seismic Network has been designed and would be funded by CCOP/SOPAC WORK PROGRAMME the Federal Republic of West Germany for Tonga Country Projects addressed during about K1 million (US$1 million). It is a power- the year include: ful, realtime processing network consisting of 20 microprocessor controlled field stations, TG.3: Survey of nearshore areas for precious with a sophisticated earthquake-alarm sys- zorals. A draft Technical Report was received tem. Its main function is to accurately locate from Dr J. Harper of Techsec entitled "Pre- earthquake hypocentres. cious Corals Prospecting Strategies for the South Pacific Region". This report reviews VOLCANOLOGICAL OBSERVATORY - precious coral work in the Tonga Region and RABAUL recommends further surveys. Volcanic activity in Rabaul, Manam, and TG.4: Survey for zones of metalliferous enrich- Bagana has been low and mild. Surveillance ment in active volcanic areas in Tonga. A report of the volcanoes including Karkar, Langila, was received detailing the initial results of the Ulawun, Lamington is continuous. Hori- HMNZS Tui Cruise carried out in 1986 as part zontal measurement networks for Karkar, of Tripartite II and co-authored by Drs M. Ulawan and Manam, and new dry tilt assays Meylan and G. Glasby. The RV Sonne carried in Manam have been established. The new out surveys in the Southern Lau Basin investi- observatory has a new outstation seismo- gating areas of hydrothermal mineralisation. graph system, new receiver/demodulators for Rabaul Harbour Network stations, and TG.5: Seismic reflection survey of the Tonga new computers. Platform to determine sediment thicknesses and basement structure with particular reference to oil. CONCLUSION During the year, work continued on the interpretation of data from the SP Lee cruise of CCOP /SOPAC Techsec activity in PNG 1984 carried out under the Tripartite II Pro- for the period 1986-1987 has been very quiet. gramme. Presentations of some of the results PNG proposals for the coming 12 months of this cruise were made at the Circum-Pacific include: Energy and Minerals Conference held in Sin- (i) side-scan sonar mapping in Woodlark gapore in 1986 and at the International Asso- Basin and Goodenough Bay (reintro- ciation of Sedimentologists meeting held in duced); Canberra in the same year. It is planned to (ii) pilot geotechnical project for the coast- complete the report of this cruise by early line of the north coast of PNG; and 1988. The Director and the three Techsec pe- (iii) a project to monitor severe coastal ero- troleum specialists, visited the Kingdom of sion of Bereina and Gulf of Papua. Tonga in June at the invitation of the Govern- Training for indigenous scientific and ment of Tonga, for discussions on the organi- technical officers is paramount, in particular sation and implementation of a hydrocarbon to strengthen geotechnical and petroleum re-interpretation programme utilising all expertise. available hydrocarbon data from both commercial and non-eommercial sources. One of 5. DOCUMENT CR 16/611: the Kingdom's highest priorities is the promo- Country Report, Kingdom of Tonga 1986- tion of the hydrocarbon prospects and Tech-

116 sec were strongly urged to begin the re-inter- ties. These are to develop a data base of coun- pretation as soon as was practicable, Tonga try information, notably of cruise data, for use already having a substantial archive of hydro- in programme and country activity as soon as carbon data available for reproduction. As a possible. result of the mission, re-interpretation of data TG.12: Reconnaissance coastal and near-shore was initiated as part of a programme includ- mapping. A draft report was received from Dr ing reprocessing of data as and when funds P. Roy on reconnaissance mapping in Ton- become available. gatapu and Vava'u Islands, Tonga. TG.6: Study of Coastal, Beach and Inshore TG.13: Reconnaissance and bathymetric map- sand deposits to determine the, nature of known ping of the seafloor. A report prepared by Tonga deposits suitable for construction, roading, on priority areas in Tonga EEZ for sea floor landfill, and other purposes. Techsec (Mr B. mapping by GLORIA was presented at 16th Richmond) carried out geophysical and sam- Session. pling surveys investigating sand and gravel resources offshore of theislands of Tongatapu and Vava'u. Additionally, geophysical sur- OTHER ACTlVmES veys were carried out off Lifuka in the Ha'apai Training Group in an attempt to locate the B_ritish pri- The Training Co-ordinator (Dr Russell vateer Port au Prince, burnt and sunk in 1906 Howorth) visited the Kingdom twice for dis- by Finau Uluha'ala, a Tongan warrior chief. cussions with the Ministry of Lands and the The ship was reportedly treasure laden. The Minsitry of Education on issues relating to search was unsuccessful. curriculum development in the field of geo- TG.7: Investigation of oceanographic condi- logical sciences. Mr Fuka Kitekei'aho assisted tions at Tongatapu Blcrw Holes for assessment Dr Howorth on the Earth Science and Marine studies of puwer and wave energy. Techsec (Dr Geology Course, held at the University of the Carter), in association with experts from Nor- South Pacific in the first quarter of the year. way, deployed a Waverider buoy off the Mr Kitekei'aho also attended the ICOD-spon- southern coast of Tongatapu in March. Dur- sored Workshop 'Non-fuel Marine Resources ing Dr Carter's visit, engineering consultants of the Ocean Basins" held in Halifax, Nova from Norway were in the Kingdom assessing Scotia in March. Mr Saimone Helu spent one possible locations for the construction of a month with Techsec in Suva on an on-the-job wave- powered electricity generator. training exercise in multichannel seismic interpretation. Mr Sione Tongilava, Mr David TG.8: &seline study of inshore areas in Tonga Tappin and Mr Saimone Helu attended the for coastal development programmes. Dr R. Car- Coastal Processes Workshop held in Lae ter carried out a bathymetric water sampling immediately preceding the 16th Session. Mr and current meter survey of the Tongatapu Tappin gave a paper on "Coastal Morphology Lagoon. This also included tidal measure- and Sediment Budget of Tongatapu, Tonga" ments of the lagoon and open ocean for com- and Mr Helu on "Seawall Construction and parison in estimating tidal exchange. Coastal Development, Nuku'alofa, Tonga". TG.ll: Data Management. Techsec Data Manager visited Tonga briefly in September Hydrocarbons to outline new developments in the SOPAC In-country work continued on promotion region and to be informed of national priori- of the prospects. Companies expressing inter-

117 est were sent information packages and data INTRODUCTION lists. Preliminary reprocessing of existing Western Samoa has been a member of commercial data, funded by was car- mc, CCOP /SOAPC since its inception as a UN ried out and resulted in substantial improve- project in 1972. Being an initial signatory to ments in the quality of the data. Advice was the 1984 Memorandum of Understanding received, funded by on the manage- mc, indicates Western Samoa's support to the ment of existing hydrocarbon data. An appli- fully fledged inter-governmental organisa- cation for an oil agreement has been received tion. However, it is poorly gifted with poten- and this is now being assessed. tial in offshore minerals as compared to other Bulk Minerals member countries and therefore Western A coastal morphology map together with ~ Samoa's projects are orientated towards report describing the main coastal features nearshore resources, cost-effective coastal and the sediment budget of the beaches of development projects, and to the training Tongatapu was produced to draft form. A component provided by CCOP /SOPAC. paper describing the results of this study was presented at the Coastal Processes Workshop, ORGANISATION held in Lae, A preliminary visit by a member of the New Zealand Geological Survey, Engi- The Apia Observatory, a division of the neering Division was made to Tonga as a pre- Department of Agriculture, Forests and Fish- cursor to the "Bulk Minerals Investigation eries, is the executing arm of the government Project", funded by New Zealand on a bilat- in all CCOP /SOPAC activities, with the Su- eral basis. perintendent being the National Representa- tive. The Observatory is divided into several Environment sections: SPREP held a two day Workshop on "Envi- ronmental Issues in Tonga and Future Re- Meteorological - weather forecasting and c1i- sponses" in Nuku'alofa followed by a two- mate data; week training course on Coastal Resource Hydrological - surface; groundwater hydrol Management Planning. ogy, water quality, CCOP /SOPAC; Geological - subsurface geological investi- Offshore Cruises gation water well drilling and CCOP / The RANL Cook carried out a survey in SOP AC activities; association with the Ocean Sciences Institute Geophysics - geomagnetics, seismology, of Sydney University, investigating the acous- CCOP /SOPAC, DSIR; tic properties of sound in the water column. Administration - financial and administrat- Minerals Exploration ion, CCOP /SOPAC. Two Exploration Licences were issued during the year and preliminary exploration STAFFING carried out by one company on the islands of Vava'u and Eua, The primary objective of the Current staff consists of3 professional staff exploration Is-the discovery of gold. (2 hydrologists, 1 seismologist), 1 technical adviser (NZ) and 13 persons either techni- 6. DOCUMENT CR 161618: cians or administrators. Country Report, Western Samoa, by A.K. Titimaea ACTIVITIES

118 (a) A joint-project on Coastal Mapping (Muli- northeast of Upolu Island early in the year linu'u Peninsula) to assess shoreline by the Techsec Marine Scientist. recession/progradation is now underway (b) The Training Co-ordinator visited us in between the office and Lands and Survey June to discuss with staff training officers Department. The overlay technique is and education personnel, Western applied using 4 sets of aerial photographs Samoa's in-eountry training needs. taken since 1950. The technique is applied (c) Two staff members undertook the CCOP / to a digitised database and processed on a SOPAC Basic Earth Science Course at USP, Pc. one participated on the RV Moana Wave (b) Subsurface geological investigation drill- cruise, and one participated in the Coastal ing by the drilling crew of the Geological Mapping Workshop in Tuvalu. Section on the Afulilo Hydropower Project (d) The Techsec Data Manager visited us in funded by ADB, EDF, and GWS, northeast September to discuss our data require- of Upolu Island. Data is now available. ments. (c) The computer system for seismic signal detection is still in operation. Seismologi- 7. DOCUMENT CR 16/811: cal data reliability has been enhanced tre- Brief Note on the Status on Norwegian mendously with the present facilities. This Ocean Mining Efforts, by Jan Magne is the responsibility of the Geophysics Sec- Markussen . tion with assistance from the Alburque Institute of Seismology (Colorado). SUMMARY (d) The Apia Observatory provides a continu- The Fridtjof Nansen Institute is an inde- ous service to the Tsunami Warning Net- pendent research institution, primarily en- work in Hawaii, as one of its major stations gaged in questions related to the world in the South Pacific. oceans, the seabed and the polar regions. The (e) A substantial amount of hydro-meteoro- Institute's efforts also comprise a project en- logical equipment has been received under gaged in studies of the international markets Australia's DIG programme. for oil and natural gas. These activities are (f) The Australian Navy has undertaken air- financed through grants over the national borne mapping of the Exclusive Economic budget, and through contributions from the Zone. ministries, the research councils and the busi- (g) A member of our staff participated on a 6- ness community. month fellowship to study Geographical The Fridtjof Nansen Institute has been Information Systems and Satellite Image engaged in studies of various aspects of the Processing at the UNEP Processor Facility deep seabed minerals since 1973. In January in Geneva. 1981, the Institute established its Ocean Min- (h) A team of Norwegian experts from the ing Project, whose aim is to keep Norwegian commercial firm Kvaerner visited Apia to companies, research institutions and govern- discuss progress of our wave energy proj- mental authorities informed as to the devel- ect which was initiated by CCOP /SOP AC. opments and emerging industrial opportunities related to the seabed minerals. CCOP /SOP AC ACTIVITIES As of today, the Ocean Mining Project has (a) A reconnaissance survey of nearshore published a total number of 90 reports, sand and gravel was conducted on the memos, etc. with analyses of the perspectives

119 for the exploitation of polymetallic nodules in EEZ east of Christmas, Malden, Caroline, and the Indian Ocean and the Pacific, polymetallic Flint islands. sulfide deposits along the East Pacific Rise, polymetallic crust deposits in the Pacific, Red 10. DOCUMENT CR 1611016: Sea metalliferous mud, phosphorite nodules, Crossgrain Expedition, Leg 2, by J. Mam- placer deposits, etc. merickx Three reports will be published during 1987-88 which are intended to provide a total SUMMARY overview of the status and perspectives for the exploitation of nodules, sulfides, and crust Bathymetry (including Seabeam), magnet- deposits, and for market development of cop- ics, gravity, and seismic reflection were col- per, cobalt, nickel, and manganese. . lected in the waters of French Polynesia The Ocean Mining Project also organises (Tuamotu Archipelago and Marquesas Is- seminars and conferences. lands).

8. DOCUMENT CR 161813: 11. DOCUMENT CR 16111.111: UNDP Regional Project of the Govern- CCOP /SOPAC Workshop on Coastal ment of Pacific Island Countries for Water Processes in the South Pacific Islands Na- Resources by R. Mountain tions, by Techsec

SUMMARY SUMMARY A new project document "Water Re- The Workshop made the following Rec- sources/ Assessment and Planning in Pacific ommendations to the sponsoring organisa- Islands" was expected to be signed before the tions. end of 1987 and would operate for four and a Recommendation 1: half years. Objectives include improved liv- IMPLICATION OFPASf, PRESENT AND ing conditions of urban and rural populations FUTURE SEA-LEVEL FLUCTUATIONS by providing adequate water supply, and in- The Workshop expressed its concern about creased industrial and agricultural produc- the likely implications to the Pacific island tion by proper development of water re- nations of an accelerated rise in eustatic sea- sources for industrial use and irrigation. Most level expected to occur during the next cen- CCOP /SOP AC member countries will benefit tury, and recommended that the CCOP / from this project. SOPAC and the IOC undertake an assessment of the probable impacts of sea-level fluctua- 9. DOCUMENT CR 1611015: tions on the land and its coastal resources, and Crossgrain Expedition, Leg I, by J. Mam- assemble information to enable the produc- merickx tion of Sea Level Hazard Assessment Maps and Contingency Plans, with a view to pre- SUMMARY venting and/ or mitigating the effect of an accelerated rise in eustatic sea level, and, in due Bathmetry (including Seabeam), magnet- course, the development of a public aware- ics, gravity, and seismic reflection were col- ness programme. lected mostly in international waters but some Recommendation 2: data was collected at the edge of the Kiribati INFLUENCE OF OCEAN CLIMATE AND

120 WEATHER PATTERNS OF THE COASTAL landslides as they are likely to affect the ZONES coastal zone. It also requested that detailed The Workshop recommended that the ocean-bottom maps of submarine slopes be CCOP /SOPAC Technical Secretariat, with the prepared to identify potential areas of slump- collaboration of the IOC, consider collecting ing and mass wasting. and co-ordinating appropriate meteorological Recommendation 5: data from all available sources with a view to DETAILED STUDIES OF COASTAL AND developing a regional climatic data base use- SHALLOW WATER SYSTEMS ful in coastal studies and, from this, commis- The Workshop recommended that de- sion a series of reports on the implications and tailed shallow-water investigation with par- effects of any climatic changes on the coasts of ticular attention to coastal and shallow water Pacific island countries and, in collaboration environmental systems, typical of various is- with the Australian Institute of Marine Sci- land settings, be established in ·cooperation ence (AIMS), establish a systematic Porites with the Global Shallow Water Sub-pro- coral coring programme in selected areas for gramme of OSNLR. the determination of environmental history. Recommendation 6: Recommendation 3: DESIGN CRITERIA, ENGINEERING COASTAL ZONE INVENTORY AND PRACTICES, GEOTECHNICAL QIARAC- MAPPING TERISATtON AND ENVIRONMENTAL Recognising the concerns expressed by IMPACT ASSESSMENT CCOP /SOPAC member countries relating to The Workshop felt that there was a need such matters as environmental hazards (hur- for the control of engineering works proposed ricanes, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, in the coastal zone. The Workshop recom- landslides, etc.), development and conserva- mended that CCOP /SOP AC, in collaboration tion issues in the coastal zone, and acknowl- with IOC, prepare Guidelines on Environ- edging that there is inadequate baseline infor- mental Impact Assessment of Coastal Con- mation for planning/management purposes, struction. the Workshop recommended that: (iLCCOP / Recommendation 7: SOPAC and IOC use or develop appropriate DEVELOPMENT OF CAPABIU1Y AND methods and procedures for compiling INFRASTRUCTURE OF CCOP /SOPAC FOR coastal-zone inventories and for coastal-zone COASTAL ZONE INVENTORIES AND IN- mapping; and Oi) CCOP/SOPAC and IOC FORMATION DISSEMINATION AND DIS- encourage their members to initiate coastal ASTER RESPONSE; AND TRAINING OF inventory programmes and identify priority MEMBER COUNTRY NATIONALS areas relating to specific themes (e.g. hazard The Workshop recommended that the maps). CCOP /SOPAC in collaboration with IOC Recommendation 4: and/or other appropriate international/ inter- ASSESSMENT OF VOLCANIC, SEISMIC governmental organisations, establish a set of AND RELATED EVENTS RELEVANT TO data related to the coastal zone, including COASTAL ZONE UTIUSATION natural hazard data, to provide services for The Workshop recommended that a tec- the needs of Member countries on coastal tonic framework be established for the under- zone management and to provide training for standing of geological hazards, such as earth- member governmental personnel in marine quakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis and information management.

121 12. DOCUMENT CR 16/13/3: explorers to work with as well as for the PNG's Petroleum Promotion Project: Sum- Government to develop its own appraisals mary; Results; and PPL 82, Gulf of Papua: of subsequent exploration work; An Exploration Case History, by PNG 2. a petroleum section with personnel and Delegation facilities to administer and monitor oil activities within the country; INTRODUCTION 3. an influx of explorers in spite of the rather dismal economic time for the oil industry In 1982 the Papua New Guinea (PNG) from early 1986 to present - this was of Geological Survey and the Department of course aided by the [uha and Iagifu dis- Minerals and Energy set out to encourage a coveries that were part of a programme more thorough and accelerated evaluation of already in operation; PNG's petroleum potential. 4. an aggressive exploration programme is in A project to. accomplish these goals was progress - PNG is seeing more concurrent initiated, executed in a large part, and still drilling activity than at any time in its his- continues to some degree. This project was tory and active new seismic programmes undertaken with the combined funding from are developing further drilling prospects. the World Bank and OPEC, and guidance from the Department of Minerals and Energy, PPL82 the PNG Geological Survey, and outside consultants (Robertson Research Australia Ltd, 1. Original tender awarded to Placid Oil. For Flower Doery Buchan Pty, Worldwide Explo- reasons unknown (economic ?) it was ration Consultants Inc.), dropped in 1986. 2. International Petroleum Corporation filed TIlE PROJECf in late 1986; awarded in February 1987. 3. Preliminary assessment of lead and re- In retrospect the project can be seen to process Shell data. have had the following major phases: 4. !PC seismic survey in April/May 1987, 888 1. Initial planning and design of work effort; line-kms. 2. Assessment, collection, and cataloguing of 5. Results - excellent prospect!! all available data, 1982; 6. Plans - Detailed Seismic to define drill 3. Technical evaluation/legal review; 1983- sites; drilling in 1988. 1984; 4. Promotion efforts, 1984; CONCLUSION 5. Call for tenders, Papuan Basin, 1985; 6. Subsequent promotion by basins - 1985- It is believed that the PNG Petroleum Pro- 1986 Eastern islands and Trobriand area, motion Project has been a success. It has ac- 1987 North New Guinea Basin; complished many of its original goals. If fu- 7. Exploration acceleration, 1985 - present. ture discoveries of oil or gas result from exploration work initiated as a result of the project, RESUL1S then the return on investment will be almost infinite in terms of new investment, jobs, in- Some of the major items that have accrued dustry, and foreign exchange earnings. to PNG as a result of the project are: (Report by E.F. Durkee) 1. a good, accessible, technical data base for

122 13. DOCUMENT CR 13/16.213: cooperation from the Norwegian side is co- Brief Note on the Status of Norwegian ordinated by NECOR Foundation, which is Wave Energy Plant Projects in the South the appointed national counterpart agency to Pacific, by NECOR Foundation. CCOP /SOPAC. ras PROf01YPE PLANTS EVALUATIONS OF mE PROf01YPE PLANTS Two different types of wave energy plants have been operating since autumn 1985 on the Extensive testing of the two prototype Norwegian west coast, feeding electricity into plants has been carried out during a period of the local grid. One of the prototypes is based about two years. A committee has been on the multiresonant oscillating water column appointed by the Norwegian Ministry of Oil (MOWC) principle, the other on the tapered and Energy (OED) which is expected to channel (TO principle. finalise its report at the end of 1987. The task The development and the construction of of this Committee is to sum up the experience these two prototype. plants have been obtained, to compare ideal construction costs financed in cooperation between private of the two plants, and to compare energy industry and the Norwegian Government conversion efficiencies and kWh cost. (Kvaemer Brug A/S, Norwave A/S, and the When hopefully the first prototype plant is Royal Norwegian Ministry of Oil and put into operation on a South Pacific island Energy). sometime in the near future, we have to be sure that the country and community it serves ACTIVITIES IN ras SOUTH PACIFIC will benefit from it. A next step in the evaluation process therefore is to determine the In cooperation with CCOP /SOPAC a usefulness, i.e. the efficiency and operating wave energy programme was started in 1984. reliability of the plant, for use in a developing Interested member countries were visited country. To perform this task an independent by a wave energy utilisation mission which highly qualified body will be appointed by recommended favourable sites as regards our Foundation. The work will to a large ex- wave energy potential. Wave measurement tent be based on the evaluations carried out by equipment including Waverider buoys OED, and should be completed early in 1988. Buoys and satellite communication equip- Further Norwegian Government support ment were purchased, and stations set up off to the CCOP/SOPAC wave energy pro- southwest coast of Tongatapu Island (King- gramme will depend on the result of this inde- dom of Tonga) and off Rarotonga Island pendent verification. (Cook Islands). Prefeasibility studies of favourable construction sites have been 14. DOCUMENT CR 16/16.214: carried out including cost estimates for con- Wave Power - A State of the Art Report, struction of a prototype plant in the region. A by Professor Carstens rough estimate is about 1.9 million USD excluding cost of the power generating BACKGROUND equipment. The Norwegian support to the CCOP / In 1983, ten years after the OPEC action SOP AC programe is granted by the Ministry that triggered a world-wide search for alter- for Development Cooperation (DUH). The native energy, an evaluation was made in the

123 countries most deeply involved in research on energy. There must be thousands of sites near ocean wave power (UK, Japan and Norway). existing power grids and consumers. In UK practically all research came to a halt as government funding was cut off. In Japan POWER COMBINATIONS ambitious plans for further research were se- Wave power shares with other renewable verely curtailed and a modest programme energy sources the problems caused by fluc- adopted, primarily a continuation of ongoing tuations. Whether we deal with solar, wind or testing of air turbines on the moored vessel wave energy, there are periodicities and more Kaimei. random fluctuations in the available power. In Norway things took a different tum. Storage of electric energy is very expensive, so While the other nations backed up or out, we the general utilisation of any of these renew- went ahead with two full scale pilot plants: able energies presently requires a back-up This remarkable decision was more than any- generating system of some kind. Whenever thing else due to the willingness of some pri- the demand exceeds the output of the alter- vate companies to come up with the matching native source, the conventional back-up money required by our government for fund- power source is turned on. ing of innovate research. Norway has more Wind and wave energy have an advantage energy per capita than perhaps any other na- over solar energy in that their power is rather tion, so we were not driven into this research well correlated with domestic demand. The by a need greater than other people. cold season is also the stormy season. But What made the Norwegians think differ- there will be cold days without wind or ently? First, it should be made clear that like waves, and there may be a calm season when everyone else we have discarded offshore electricity is still needed. Hydropower from wave power plants, which are definitely too storage reservoirs can be turned on and off costly. However, unlike everyone else we without loss of energy, making it an ideal conceived two onshore systems that looked, back-up for a fluctuating power source like and still look, promising. Of the more than waves. But hydropower is also renewable and 2000 patents for devices to extract wave tends to be cheaper than wave power. A more power, some 99 percent deal with offshore interesting combination is therefore wave plants, i.e, floating or bottom-mounted ones. power and diesel power. The latter is a con- It is easy to understand the fascination with veniently turned on and off as hydro, but offshore devices. The temptation with off- generally produces more expensive energy. shore wave power is that the power source is Thus the perfect setting for a wave power so huge. But that is precisely what makes it so project is a rocky island in the trade wind expensive to harness. Except for a class of zones, where an abundance of unused wave select, very large petroleum fields the invest- power beats the shores almost continuously ment and operating costs of stationary off- while expensive electricity is produced from shore facilities seem to be prohibitive. imported diesel. It is not difficult to point out By going onshore most of the available such islands in the South Pacific. power is abandoned and we are limited to that small fraction which hits the steep sub- TAPERED CHANNEL WAVE POWER marine shores of the world. Even so there are PLANT(TWC) tens of thousands of potential onshore sites with enough waves to produce inexpensive The energy absorber or collector is a taper-

124 ed channel acting as a sort of side channel with an air turbine. with spillways running into the wide end of A breakthrough in power absorption was the channel which grows in height as the obtained when a harbour was added to the channel. narrows, spilling over the crest and simple OWC proposed by others, turning it into the reservoir. The idea11WC is passive into a MOWe. The harbour consists of collector without any resonance or wave two walls protruding into the sea from the response, i.e. neither wave reflection nor entrance to the OWe. Model studies at the wave breaking. Any real case will display Norwegian Hydrotechnical Laboratory some selective response and perform best for proved that the quarter wave resonator waves of a certain period. created by the walls improved the response of The crest elevation of the tapered channel a simple fixed geometry over a surprisingly determines the maximum reservoir level. The large bandwidth of wave frequencies. Its reservoir must be large enough to smooth out direction response is also very favourable. short-term variations in the trapped water The MOWC employs a new rectifying air flux generated by the spilling waves. The turbine designed to rotate in the same direc- actual reservoir size should be tuned to the tion even when driven by a reversing flow. turbine allowing enough storage to provide The WELLS turbine eliminates complex smooth governing. valves that would otherwise be needed. The Earlier versions of the TWC featured an reversing air flowing past the fixed blades of elaborate wave lens in the sea to focus waves the turbine cannot maintain the same high in to the channel entrance. The lens was aban- conversion efficiency as a turbine in steady doned as it proved too costly and also as it flow. This drop in efficiency must be weighed might create hazards to other activities. against the lower cost of the WELLS turbine. The energy convertor is a conventional low- THE MULTIRESONANTOSCILLATING head hydropower plant through which the WATER COLUMN (MOWC) seawater returns. In contrast to the TWC which is a passive Technically the MOWC is more of a collector with little effect on the waves on novelty than the TWC as it is based on an either side of the channel entrance, the entirely new turbine design and also features MOWC is an active resonator. By emitting a collector built on a new idea. waves with the right phase, this type of col- The Oscillating Water Column (OWC) is a lector acts as a point absorber, drawing wave vertical or inclined cylinder communicating energy from a capture width substantially with the sea through a submerged opening. exceeding the collector width. The simple water column has a natural frequency of D-tube oscillation which are excited EXPERIENCE WITH THE PILOT PLANTS by the waves arriving at the opening. The water column acts as a piston in the cylinder, The pilot plants at Toftestallen were origi- pushing air out on its upstroke and sucking nally conceived partly as demonstration air in on its downstroke. The vertical excur- plants, and partly to obtain conversion effi- sion of the water surface is many times that of ciencies between electric power output and the wave outside. It turns out that when the mechanical wave power input. As demon- action in the cylinder is damped, energy can strations the plants have been very successful. be extracted from the flowing water. In the When it comes to extraction of generally KVAERNER design the energy is harnessed meaningful efficiencies, there are certain

125 drawbacks: tsunami warning, and to promote exchange of - The plants are not sufficiently flexible. information on developments of observation Certain parts can be changed, but those methods and techniques of tsunami forecast- parts that are blasted into bedrock or made ing. The membership of ITSU is open to inte- of con-crete cannot be changed without a rested Member States in the Pacific. Present lot of expense. ITSU Membership consists of 24 nations, - The plants were not optimised on before- including the following CCOP /SOP AC hand. Reduced scale model tests, always a member countries: Australia, Cook Islands, reassuring but also costly phase of design Fiji, New Zealand, Tonga, and Western development, were not carried out. Samoa. Many tsunami stations and com- - Underwater blasting, never an easy opera:- munications have already been established in tion in a place with waves, did not produce several Pacific Island nations, i.e. Papua New quite the intended geometries. Guinea, Marshall Islands, Tuvalu, Kiribati, In these circumstances it is difficult to de- the Federated States of Micronesia, and rive general statements, or even to make a fair Nauru, although they are not yet Member comparison between the two systems. Per- States of ITSU. formance results are influenced by a number The International Tsunami Information of more or less arbitrary and unnecessary Center (me> in Honolulu was given the gen- constraints in addition to system-specific and eral mandate of mitigating the effects of tsu- site-specific constraints. Understandably, the nami throughout the Pacific by supporting two companies are not eager to release gen- Member States of ITSU in developing and eral efficiencies for their designs at present. improving the Tsunami Warning System for The obtained efficiencies never-the-less the Pacific; by gathering and disseminating make a population of sites attractive for explo- knowledge on tsunamis; by fostering tsunami ration. Whether any site belongs to this popu- research; and by bringing to non-Member lation or not depends on the local cost of States a knowledge of the Tsunami Warning power. With higher plant efficiencies the System and ITIC, and information on how to population of attractive sites increases. But become participants through IOC/ITSU. even with the present state of the art the cost The ITIC operates, with IOC assistance, the of wave energy compares favourably with Visiting Scientist Programme under which actual costs in a number of places. Perhaps two selected scientists from the Pacific receive the best proof of the economic feasibility of individual training of 4 to 6 weeks at the mc these systems is the recent interest shown by and PTWC. The training these visiting scien- investment capital. tists receive is comprehensive. The scientists are thoroughly familiarised with the operations of the Tsunami Warning System. In 15. DOCUMENT CR 16/16.3/1: addition, the visiting scientists receive a thor- Geological Hazards (Tsunamis), by IOC ough introduction on all aspects of the tsu- The International Co-ordination Group for nami problem, and work on specific problems the Tsunami Warning System in the Pacific related to tsunami warning in their own coun- (ITSU) was established in 1%5 as a technical try and on improvements of communications. body within the IOC framework to liaise ef- The IOC seeks nominations of scientists for fectively among participating Member States this programme through its Circular Letter as well as with interested organisations on every year.

126 The mc produces education materials phase of the programme covered 850,000 related to tsunami, such as: (1) Tsunami square kilometers of the U.S. EEZ off the Glossary, and (2) Tsunami Brochure, which western conterminous states (California, are both in preparation anbd will be issued Oregon, and Washington), requiring 96 days before long; and (3) Tsunami Bibliography, of surveying time. In the succeeding years, the first version of which was published in the EEZ off the Atlantic states, the Gulf of 1982, and the mc is now compiling necessary Mexico, the Bering Sea, and part of Hawaii information for a revised version. Besides were mapped. The major geologic features of these series of publications, the ITIC holds a these regions are clearly displayed on the library of films, videos and slides on tsunami. mosaics. Many new features (particularly These are available to Member States upon seamounts) were discovered, and knowledge request for rent. about the geometry and interrelations of some known features was revised. 16. DOCUMENT CR 16/17.111: The GLORIA system operates by the Using the GLORIA side-scanning Sonar periodic transmission of strong acoustic System to Map the sea Floor, by G. Greene pulses, centered around 6.5-kHz frequency and with 100-Hz bandwidth, from a total of The GLORIA (Geological LOng Range 120 transducers housed in two banks along Inclined Asdic side-scanning sonar system the port and starboard sides of the towfish. At can be used to construct acoustic, plan-view a pulse-repetition rate of 30 sec, the acoustic images of the seafloor similar in appearance to energy strikes a swath of seafloor that extends aerial photomosaics of the land surface. The to a distance of about 22 km laterally on each system was developed by the British Institute side of the trackline and is backscattered with of Oceanographic Sciences (lOS) and has been a strength that depends on the topography used primarily by them as an oceanographic and hardness of the seafloor. The strength of research tool to study specific, large-scale the backscattered energy sensed by the features of the seafloor such as faults that transducers is digitally encoded onto mag- accommodate motion between adjacent netic tape, computer processed to make blocks of the earth's crust, spreading centers geometric corrections, and transmitted to a where oceanic crustal rocks form, and deep- camera that produces a line-by-line (pulse-by- sea fans where large volumes of marine sedi- pulse) photo-acoustic image on which the ment accumulate. strongest reflections appear white and the In 1984, the United States Geological weakest appear black. Placement of the Survey (USGS) began a long-term cooperative images along a properly scaled rendering of programme with lOS to use GLORIA in a new the ship's tracklines forms a mosaic of the application to map the seafloor of the U.S. seafloor. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). The objec- The GLORIA system has proven to be ex- tive was to collect overlapping GLORIA ceptionally reliable. During the 96-day west- images along adjacent tracklines and coast survey, the system was inoperable for construct mosaics that for the first time show less than 4 days. Surveys proceed at 8 to 10 large regions of the seafloor (hundreds of knots (4 to 5 meters Isec), and at a nominal thousands of square kilometers). In this trackline spacing of 30 kilometers in water mode, GLORIA is used as a reconnaissance, depths greater than about 2,000 meters, more medium-resolution mapping tool. The first than 10,000 square kilometers of seafloor can

127 be mapped per day of surveying time. The shade balancing, and optimal contrast stretch- surveys are less efficient in successively shal- ing over a 256 ON range. lower depths because a narrower swath of Overall, the GLORIA system probably is seafloor is insonified, and tracklines must be the best available system for regional recon- more closely spaced. Because of the configu- ration of the deployed system, and because of naissance mapping of the deep seafloor. narrow isonification widths, the GLORIA sys- Other side-scan systems exist with higher tem is not used in water depths less than resolution capability and are more appropri- about 300 to 400 meters, which excludes the ate for certain applications, in particular in large areas of continental shelf. shallow water and for obtaining detailed Theoretically, features larger than about views of small areas. The GLORIA mosaics 100 meters in plan dimension and with more clearly show most large-scale geomorphic than a few meters relief will appear on the and sedimentologic features of the seafloor. images. However, the direction of isonifi- When properly interpreted within the con- cation (i.e. the direction of the ship's track straints of the sonographic technique, the relative to the trend of a feature), the relative mosaics can be an invaluable base for deci- hardness of adjacent features, and the surface phering marine geologic structures and pro- smoothness of a feature all determine the cesses, for planning marine scientific expedi- degree of correspondence of the mosaic to the tions, and for making decisions regarding use actual geology of the seafloor. For example, of the seafloor. some fields of large sand waves (dune-like features) in the west-coast EEZ, with 17. DOCUMENT CR 16118.212: dimensions greater than the minimum for Draft Regulations for the CCOP /SOPAC detection, are indistinct to obscure on the Scholarship Scheme, by Techsec mosaics. Also, comparison of images along crossing tracklines in a few locations shows GENERAL CONDITIONS better display of low-relief bedrock lineations in one direction than the other. 1. CCOP/SOPAC Scholarships are awarded Other types of geological data are collected with funds made available from the during GLORIA operations, including me- United Nations Development Programme. dium and high-resolution seismic-reflection 2. All island country members of CCOP / profiles that reveal the geology up to a depth SOPAC are eligible to put forward candi- of about 1 kilometer beneath the seafloor dates for scholarships. along the tracklines, bathymetry, and gravity 3. Scholarships are tenable in any country and magnetic-field measurements. These member of the United Nations. Examples data significantly augment the GLORIA im- of the scholarships are attached for study ages for geologic interpretations. in Australia, Canada, New Zealand and Because GLORIA data are in digital for- United States. mat, they can be subject to a multitude of 4. Scholarships are available for study lead- computer-aided image processing and en- ing to a first degree in marine geology and hancement techniques. Standard processing marine mineral resource assessment pro- includes removal of the water column, slant- grammes. range and anamorphic shape correction, high- 5. Normally 3 scholarships will be available and low-pass filtering, near- to far-range per year. Under normal circumstances

128 scholarships would be granted for a period FINANOAL CONDmONS of two years. 1. All allowances, stipend etc. will be paid 6. Selection of scholarship holders is by the direct to scholarship holders. CCOP / appropriate CCOP /SOP AC member SOPAC will not be responsible for bills in- country representative and the scholarship curred by scholarship holders. office in consultation with the Director of 2. Scholarship holders are expected to make CCOP /SOP AC or his nominee. their own accommodation arrangements 7. Personal and educational merit together during the study period. with experience are the major selection cri- 3. CCOP /SOPAC will arrange most direct teria. and economical air travel and any neces- 8. The scholarship should be adequate to sary stopovers en route to/from training fully cover costs of the first two years of destination at appropriate C€OP /SOP AC study and will be awarded in conjunction rates. with a second scholarship which will cover 4. The Scholarship will meet the costs of the final two years of study. spouses and immediate family. 9. A scholarship holder would normally be 5. Stipend will not normally be reduced dur- aged 30 or under at the time of taking up ing periods of hospitalisation. the scholarship. 6. The Scholarship will cover costs of all tui- 10. Scholarships are granted on condition that tion fees, examination fees, fieldwork fees, those who take up the awards return to an outfit allowance on first arrival, and an their country at the completion of the annual book and equipment allowance. Scholarship to apply the skills they have 7. It is understood the salaries of all em- acquired. ployed scholarship holders will continue 11. CCOP /SOP AC should not be responsible to be paid. for the results of misconduct of scholar- 8. The Scholarship will cover reasonable in- ship holders.. Scholarships would nor- surance costs. mally be terminated in such instances. 9. All international travellers are entitled to 12. In cases of emergency affecting either the 20kg baggage. Each scholarship holder scholarship holder or his immediate fam- will be entitled to 10kg excess on outward ily, CCOP /SOP AC would treat such mat- travel and up to 50kg on return travel. ters as important for the well-being of the 10.Single scholarship holders receive a return Scholarship holder. airfare after two years of study. 13. Processing of entry requirements with in- 11.Married scholarship holders with family at stitutions where scholarship holder will horne receive a return airfare at the end of study will be handled by CCOP /SOPAC. each year of study.

129 130 Part 4 : APPENDICES

A: LIST OF PARTICIPANTS 16th CCOP/SOPAC Annual Session, Lae, Papua New Guinea

MEMBER COUNTRY REPRESENTATIVES Mr Rajendra Singh Principal Geophysicist Australia Mineral Resources Department . Private Mail Bag Dr Neville Exon (Rep~ntative) G.P.O. Principal Research Scientist Suva [Telephone: 381 611] Bureau of Mineral Resources P.O. Box 378 Kiribati Canberra ACT 2601 [Telephone: 062499 111] Mr Abureti Takaio (Representative) Assistant Secretary Mr Roy Clogstoun Ministry of Natural Resource Second Secretary Development Australian High Commission P.O. Box64, Bairiki P.O. Box 9129, Hohola Tarawa [Telephone: 21099] Port Moresby Papua New Guinea [Telephone: 259333] New Zealand

Mr Keith Joyce . Mr Gerald McGhie (Representative) Second Secretary (Development AsSIS- High Commissioner tance) New Zealand High Commission AIDAB . . P.O. Box 1144 C/ - Australian High Commission Boroka Suva, Fiji [Telephone: 312 844] Papua New Guinea [Telephone: 259 444]

Cook Islands Dr Keith Lewis Marine Geologist Mr Anthony Utanga (Representative) N.Z. Oceanographic Institute Secretary DSIR,DMFS Ministry of Internal Affairs Private Mail Bag P.O. Box 98 Kilbirnie Rarotonga [Telephone: 20378] Wellington [Telephone: (04) 861 189]

Fiji Papua New Guinea Mr Alfred Simpson (Representative) Mr Lamech Palaso (Representative) Assistant Director Acting Secretary Mineral Resources Department Department of Minerals and Energy Private Mail Bag P.O. Box 778 G.P.O. Suva [Telephone: 381 979] Port Moresby [Telephone: 214 011]

131 Mr Greg Anderson Mr David Tappin Chief Government Geologist Chief Government Geologist Geological Survey of Papua New Guinea Ministry of Lands, Survey & Natural Department of Minerals & Energy Resources P.O. Box 778 P.O. Box 5 Port Moresby [Telephone: 212 422] Nuku'alofa [Telephone: 21 511] Mr Robin Moaina Deputy Chief Government Geologist Tuvalu Geological Survey of Papua New Guinea Department of Minerals & Energy Mr Semu Taafaki (Representative) P.O. Box 778 High Commissioner Port Moresby [Telephone: 212 422] Tuvalu High Commission P.O. Box 14449 Mr Stevie Nion Suva, Fiji [Telephone: 25 021] Principal Geologist Geological Survey of Papua New Guinea Department of Mineral and Energy Western Samoa P.O. Box 778 Port Moresby [Telephone: 212 422] Mr Ausetalia Titimaea (Representative) Senior Hydrologist Apia Observatory ;olomon Islands Dept of Agriculture, Forests & Fisheries P.O. Box 3020 Mr Stephen Danitofea (Representative) Apia [Telephone: 20 855] Chief Government Geologist Ministry of Natural Resources P.O. BoxG24 Honiara [Telephone: 22 563] OTHER PARTICIPANTS

Australia ronga Mr Sione Tongilava (Representative) Mr Graham Shorten Permanent Secretary Scientific Secretary Ministry of Lands, Survey & Natural CSIRO, Division of Geomechanics Resources P.O. Box 54, Mt Waverly P.O. Box 5 Victoria 3149 [Telephone: 2 351 355] Nuku'alofa [Telephone: 21210] Dr Mike Katz Mr Saimone Helu School of Mines Regional Centre for Assistant Geologist Asia and the Pacific Ministry of Lands, Survey & Natural University of New South Wales Resources P.O. Box 1, P.O. Box 5 Kensington Nuku'alofa [Telephone: 21 511] NSW 2033 [Telex: AA 26054]

132 Canada Dr Jean-Philippe Eissen Mr Howard Hume Marine Geologist Director Antenne ORSTOM ICOD, Technical Assistance Division C/ - IFREMER BP 337 5670 Spring Garden Road 29273 Brest [Telephone: (33) 98224040] Nova Scotia B3J 1H6 Dr Jacques Recy [Telephone: (902)4 265 255] Director of Research ORSTOM Dr Peter Sherrington BP 45, Noumea Cedex Project Supervisor New Caledonia PCIAC [Telephone: (687) 261 000] P.O. Box 2844, Calgary Alberta [Telephone: (403)2 965 579] Mr [ean-Claude Rivereau Head, SPOT Image Federal Republic of Germany . Technical Marketing &t Development 16. Bis Avenue Edouard-Belin Dr Ulrich Von Stackleberg 31030 Toulouse [Fax: 61 273179] Geology Director Bundesanstalt fur Geowissenschaften und Japan Rohstoffe Dr Eiichi Honza Postfach 51 01 53 Chief - Marine Geophysics Division 3000 Hannover 51 Geological Survey of Japan [Telephone: 0511 643 2790] 1-1-3 Higashi Yatabe, Ibaraki 305 [Telex: 3652570] France Mr Minoru Kuriki, Deputy Director DrRonis Science and Technology Agency Scientific Counsellor Ocean Development Division French Embassy Research &t Development Bureau 6 Perth Avenue 2-21 Kasumigaseki Yarralumba ACT 2601 Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100 [Telex: 02 226 720] Australia Dr Masato Nohara Dr Jean-Marine Auzende Senior Research Scientist Marine Geologist Geological Survey of Japan IFREMER Centre de Brest Tsukuba PB337 Ibaraki 305 [Telex: 3652570 AIST] 29273 Brest Cedex [Telephone: 33-98224229] Mr Hiroyasu Takagi Section Chief Dr Bernard Biju-Duval Ministry of International Trade &t Industry Programme Manager Ocean Development Office IFREMER/Marine Geosciences 1-3-1 Kasumigaseki 66 Avenue d'Lena Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo Paris 75016 [Telephone: (1) 47235528] [Telephone: 03-501-1951]

133 Norway ODP Mr Torkild Carstens Dr Louis Garrison Head of Research Deputy Director NECOR Ocean Drilling Programme Norsk Hydroteknisk Laboratorium Texas A & M University Klaevuveien 153 College Station, TX Trondheim N-7034 [Telex: 792 779 TAMU] [T~ephone: 477592300] SIO United States of America Dr Jacqueline Mammerickx Mr William Erb, Research Geologist Director Scripps Institution of Oceanography Department of State Geological Research Division Office of Marine Science and La Jolla, CA 92093 Technology Affairs [Telex: 9103 371 271] Washington DC 20520

Dr Gary Greene SPREP Marine Geologist USGS/CPCEMR Mr Paul Holthus 345 Middlefield Road MS-999 Project Officer (Scientist> Menlo Park SPREP /South Pacific Commission B.P. D5 California [Telex: 176994] Noumea Cedex [Telex: 3139 NM] Dr Brian Taylor Associate Professor UN.ESCAP Hawaii Institute of Geophysics 2525 Correa Road Mr Larry Machesky Honolulu, HI· 96822 [Telex: 72~8 661] Economic Affairs Officer ESCAP, United Nations Building United Kingdom Rajadamnem Avenue Dr Donald Mallick Bangkok 10200 [Telex: TH 82392] Regional Geologist (Pacific) British Geological Survey UN. Law of the Sea Office Keyworth Nottingham NG12 5GG MsMaryFisk [Telex: 378 173 BGSKEY] Law of the Sea Officer Office for Ocean Affairs & Dr Peter Schultheiss Law of the Sea NERC/IOS United Nations DC2-480 Brook Road, Wormley, New York 10017 Godalming, [Telephone: (212) 963-3947] Surrey [Telex: 658 6331]

134 UNDP Mr Laurent d'Ozouville Marine Geologist (Data Management) Mr Ross Mountain Deputy Resident Representative Mr James Eade UNDP Technical Editor Private Mail Bag Dr John Harper Suva, Fiji [Telephone: 312 500] Marine Geologist Mr Jan Wahlberg Dr Kenneth Havard Resident Representative Petroleum Geologist UNDP Port Moresby Dr Russell Howorth Training Co-ordinator UNESCO Dr Yoshihisa Okuda Dr Kazuhiro Kitazawa Marine Geologist Assistant Secretary IOC/UNESCO Dr John Pflueger 7 place de Fontenoy Petroleum Geophysicist 75700 Paris [Telex: 204 461] Mrs Colette Samson Adminstrative Assistant USP Mr Gyan Singh Dr Patrick Nunn Finance/ Administration Officer Lecturer School of Economic and Dr Donald Tiffin Social Development, USP Marine Geophysicist P.O. Box 1168 Dr Loren Kroenke Suva, Fiji [Telephone: 313900] Senior Technical Advisor CCOP /SOPAC Techsec TEC~CALSECRETARIAT C/ - HIG, 2525 Correa Road Mr Jioji Kotobalavu Honolulu 96822 Director [Telephone: (808) 948 7845] CCOP /SOPAC Techsec Mr Ronald Richmond C/ - Mineral Resources Department Senior Technical Advisor Private Mail Bag /SOPAC Techsec Suva, Fiji [Telex: 2330 SOPACPRO] ccor C/-APEA Mr Cruz Matos GPO Box 3974 Deputy Director Sydney, NSW 2001 [Telephone: (612) 279 651] Techsec staff also at the above address: Mrs Rose-Marie Thompson Ms Mereseini Bukarau Consultant Documentalist CCOP /SOPAC Techsec Dr Ralf Carter C/ - NZOI, Private Mail Bag, Kilbirnie Marine Scientist Wellington

135 136 B : LIST OF PUBLICATIONS AND CHARTS ON DISPLAY

Australia }OLY,F.; SIMONIN, A.; GUILLEMar,}. 1985 Photo interpretation (Images aeriennes e CSIRO, Australia, 1986: Biennial Report spatiales). Editions Technip, Paris. CSIRO Division of Geo- LAFOY, Y.; AUZENDE, }.-M.; GENTE, P. mechanics 1985-85. Institute of Energy EISSEN, }.-P. 1987: GEODYNAMICS - Thl and Earth Resources. western end of the Fijian Fracture Zone 140p. and the 16 40'S triple junction - Results 0 CSIRO, Division of Geomechanics, 1986: Sci- SEAPSO cruise (Leg III) (December 1985 ence and Engineering for of N.O. [ean-Charcot in North Fiji Basil Australia. [Brochure] (SW Pacific). Compte rendu hebdomaires Ac ademie du Seances, Paris Vol. 304, series II, no Canada 8: 147-152. RIVEREAU, j.c, roUSSE, M. 1987: spar ~ INTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR OCEAN current status and first application results DEVELOPMENT: Synopsis; Technical 15 p. + photo. Assistance; World Fisheries; New Oppor- SPar IMAGE: Spot Grid Reference System tunities and Responsibilities. [Brochure] Solomon, Marshall and Hawaiian Island: PETRO-CANADA INTERNATIONAL AS- 1:5,000,000. Sheet GRSI6. SISTANCE CORPORATION, 1986: An- SPar IMAGE, 1986: Spot Newsletter. Na nual Report. 18 p. tional Center for Space Studies, Paris. 24 p

France New Zealand AUZENDE, }.-M.; EISSEN, }.-P.; SINGH, R. CRONAN, 0.5.; HODKINSON, R.; HARK et al., 1986: GEODYNAMICS - Ocean ac- NESS, D.O.; MOORBY, S.A.; GLASBY cretion and deformation in the southern G.P.1986: Accumulation rates of hydro part of North Fiji Basin: First result of thermal metallliferous sediments in the SEAPSO-III cruise (R.V. "[ean Charcot", Lau Basin, SW Pacific. GeoMarine Letters 6 December 1985). Compte rendu hebdomaires 51-56. Academie Seances, Paris, Vol. 303, series II, CULLEN, D.}.; BURNETT, W.e. 1986: Phos no. 1 : 93-98. phorite associations on seamounts in the AUZENDE, }.-M.; et al. 1986: GEODYNAM- tropical Southwest Pacific Basin. Marini ICS - Strike slip intra-oceanic tectonic west Geology 71 : 215-236. of Fiji Islands (North Fijian Basin). CULLEN, D.}.; MITCHELL, }.S. 1986: Centra SEAPSO III cruise of R.V. [ean-Charcot. Chatham Rise Phosphorite distributior Compte rendu hebdomaires Academie du Se- (Eastern sheet>. NZ. Oceanographic lnstiiui. ances, Paris, Vol. 303, series II, no. 3 : 241- Chart, Miscellaneous Series 65. 246 CULLEN, D.}.; MITCHELL, }.S. 1986: Centra EISSEN, }.-P. et al. 1987: "Matemsis" volcanol- Chatham Rise Phosphorite distributior ogy-seismology on Matthew Volcano (SW (Western sheet). NZ. Oceanographic Insti Pacific). ARGOS Newsletter 30 : 9. tute Chart, Miscellaneous Series 65.

137 NZ. DIVISION OF MARINE AND FRESH- Bathymetry. NZ. Oceanographic Institute WATER SCIENCE [1986]: Sea and Lake Chart, Island Series 1:200,000, and CCOP/ Services. [Brochure] SOPAC Chart No. 22. FROGGATI, r.c, NELSON, cs, CARTER, L.; GRIGGS, G.; BLACK, K.P. 1986: An United Kingdom exceptionally large Late Quaternary erup- BGS. British Geological Survey, Marine Sur- tion from New Zealand. Nature (London) veys Director. [Brochure] 319(6054) : 578-582. lOS. Institute of Oceanographic Sciences - GLASBY, G.P. 1986: Marine minerals in the Deacon Laboratory. [Brochure] Pacific. Oceanography and Marine Biology : MUSL. Marconi Underwater Systems, 1987: an Annual Review 24 : 11-64. GLORIA, deep ocean survey. GLASBY, G.P.; STOFFERS, P.; GRAPES, R.H.; PLUGER, W.L.; McKNIGHT, D.G.; MAIN, United States W. deL. 1986: Manganese nodule occur- GREENE, H.G.; TIFFIN, D.L.; McKEE, CO. rence in the Tasman Sea. NZ. Journal of 1986: Structural deformation and sedi- Marine and Freshwater Research 20 : 489-494. mentation in an active caldera, Rabaul, HODKINSON, R.; CRONAN, D.5.; GLASBY, Papua New Guinea. Journal of Volcanology G.P.; MooRBY, S.A. 1986: Geochemistry and Geothermal Research 30 : 356. of marine sediments from the Lau Basin, GREENE, B.G.; WONG, F.L. (Eds) 1987: Havre Trough, and Tonga-Kermadec Geology and offshore resources of Pacific Ridge. NZ. Journal of Geology and Geo-phys- Island Arcs - Vanuatu region. Circum- ics 29 : 335-344. Pacific Council for Energy and Mineral HOSKING, A.; EADE, J.V. 1987: Palmerston Resources. bathymetry. NZ. Oceanographic Institute HAWKINS, J.W. 1985: Low-K rhyolitic pum- Chart, Island Series 1:200,000 and CCOP/ SOPAC Chart No. 23. ice from the Tonga Ridge. Pp 171-178 in Scholl, D.W.; Vallier, T.L. (Comps and Eds) MITCHELL, J.S.; CULLEN, D.J. 1984: Central "Geology and offshore resources of Pacific Chatham Rise Bathymetry (Eastern sheet>. NZ. Oceanographic Institute Chart, Miscella- island arcs - Tonga region". Earth Science Series vol. 2. neous Series 60. HAWKINS, J.W.; BLOOMER, S.H. et al. 1984: MITCHELL, J.S.; CULLEN, D.J. 1984: Central Evolution of intra-oceanic arc-trench sys- Chatham Rise Bathymetry (Western tems. Tectonophysics 102: 175-205. sheet). NZ. Oceanographic Institute Chart, Miscellaneous Series 60. HAWKINS, J.W.; MELCHIOR, J.T. 1985: Pe- trology of Mariana Trough and Lau Basin SCHMITZ, W.; MANGINA, A.; STOFFERS, basalts. Journal of Geophysical Research 90 P.; GLASBY, G.P.; PLUGER, W.L. 1996: (B13): 11431-11468. Sediment accumulation rates in the south- LONSDALE, P. 1987: A multibeam recon- westernPacific Basin and Aitutaki Passage. naissance of the Tonga Trench axis and its Marine Geology (Letter Section) 73: 181-190. intersection with the Louisville Guyot THOMPSON, R.M.e. (Comp.) 1987: Division chain. Journal of Geophysical Research. of Marine and Freshwater Science List of LONSDALE, P. (in press): Geogrpahy and Publications 1954-1986. [Government history of the Louisville hot spot chain in Printer, Wellington]. 133p. the Southwest Pacific. Journal of Geophysi- TUPIA, V.; EADE, J.V. 1987: Suwarrow cal Research.

138 US. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, Geologic Divi- 510, Geological Data Center, 1987: Track in- sion,1986: The Cross Section 17(9) : 15 p. dex of 510 Seabeam cruises. Seabeam Series VEDDER, J.G.; BRUNS, T.R.; COLWELL, J.R. 4:41 p. (Comps) 1987: Aspects of regional geol- WINTERER, E.L.; SANDWELL, D.T. (in ogy, Solomon Islands and Papua New press): En-echelon crossgrain Pacific Plate. Guinea Joint Cruise Report R/V S.P. Lee, Nature, London. 1984. USGS Cruise Report.

Hawaii Institute of Geophysics United Nations

TAYLOR, B.; CROOK, K.; SINTON, J. and DIESA,1987: Acquisition of Marine Survey- Shipboard Party of Moana Wave : Fast ing Technologies. Report of the Expert spreading and sulfide deposition in the- Group meeting on Acquisition of Marine Manus Basin [Chart]. Surveying Technologies, Bangkok, 28 October-l November 1985. United Ocean Drilling Program Nations, New York. 260 p. [TEXAS A & M UNIVERSITY] OCean Drilling DIESA, 1987: Economic Co-operation among Program - 1. To explore the structure and developing countries in marine affairs. history of the earth beneath the global sea. United Nations, New York. 68 p. 2. JOIDES Resolution - Opportunities for UNITED NATIONS, 1987: The Law of the oceanographic research. [Brochure] Sea : Current Developments in State Prac- tice. Office of the Special Representative of Scripps Institution of Oceanography the Secretary-General for the Law of the Sea. New York. 225 p. CRAIG, H; POREDA, R. 1987: Papatua UN. OCean Economics and Technology Expedition Legs V and VI, 1 February-IS Branch, 1987: Delineation of mine-sites March 1986. .Studies of methane and and potential in different sea areas. Sea- helium in hydrothermal vent plumes, bed Minerals Series 4 : 79 p. (Published by spreading-axis basalts, and volcanic island Graham & Trotman Ltd, London, for the lavas and gases in Southwest Pacific United Nations.) marginal basins. SID Reference Series 87- 14 :80p. [MAMMERICKX, J.] 1986: Informal report USP and index of navigation, depth, magnetic and sub-bottom prof Her data, Papatua NUNN, P.O. 1987: Small islands and geo- Expedition, Leg 3. RV Thomas Washing- morphology: review and prospect in the ton. (Manzanillo, Mexico to Pago Pago, context of historical geomorphology. Samoa - 21 November-26 December 1985). Trans. lnst. Br. Geogr. N.S. 12: 227-239. 31 p.

139 140 C : UST OF ACRONYMS

AAPG - American Association of Petro- CNEXO - Centre National pour l'Exploi- leum Geologists tation des Oceans (Paris, Brest, ADAB - Australian Development Aid France; Tahiti, French Polynesia: Bureau (Canberra, Australia) renamed IFREMER in 1984) AGID - Association of Geoscientists for CNR - Committee on Natural Re- International Development sources (ESCAP) (Bangkok, Thailand) CPCEMR- Circum-Pacific Conference on ANU - Australian National University Energy and Mineral Resources (Canberra, Australia) CR.-D - Conference Room paper for Dis- APEA - Australian Petroleum Explora- cussion tion Association Limited (Syd- CR.-I - Conference Room paper for In- ney, Australia) formation ASPEI - Association of South Pacific En- esc - Commonwealth Science Council vironmental Institutions CSIRO - Commonwealth Scientific and ASIPID - Alberta Summer Institute for Pe- Industrial Research Organisa- troleum Industry Development tion (Edmonton, Canada) DIESA - Department of International Eco- BGR - Bundesanstalt fur Geowissen- nomic and Social Affairs (E5- schaften und Rohstoffe ([Federal CAP, Bangkok, Thailand) Institute for Geosciences and DMFS - Division of Marine and Freshwa- Natural Resources) Hannover, ter Science (of DSIR, Wellington, Federal Republic of Germany) New Zealand) BGS - British Geological Survey (UK, DOMINO Documentation Mineral Off- formerly IGS) , shore (name of bibliographic BHP - Broken-Hill Proprietary data base developed at Techsec BIWP - Biennial Intergovernmental for the South Pacific) Work Programme (SPREP pro- DSDP - Deep Sea Drilling Project (JOI- gramme) DES, replaced by ODP) BMR - Australian Bureau of Mineral DSE - Defence Scientific Establishment Resources, Geology and Geo- (New Zealand) physics (Canberra, Australia) DSIR - New Zealand Department of BRGM - Bureau de Recherches Geolo- Scientific and Industrial giqueset Minieres (Paris, France) Research (Wellington, New CCOP - Committee for Co-ordination of Zealand) (also Joint Prospecting for Mineral ECOR - Engineering Committee on CCOP lEA) Resources in South Pacific Off- Ocean Resources (Advisory shore Areas (Bangkok, Thailand) body to IOC) CCOP I - Committee for Co-ordination of EEC - European Economic Community SOP AC Joint Prospecting for Mineral EEZ - Exclusive Economic Zone EtA - Environmental Impact Assess- Resources in South Pacific Off- ment shore Areas (Suva, Fiji) ESCAP - Economic and Social Commis- mc - Commonwealth Fund for Tech- sion for Asia and the Pacific nical Co-operation (~no~n~ Th~H~nti)

141 FFA - Forum Fisheries Agency loe - Intergovernmental Oceano- (Honiara, Solomon Islands) graphic Commission (of PRG - Federal Republic of Germany UNESCO, Paris) FSM - Federated States of Micronesia lODE - International Oceanographic FSU - The Florida State University Data Exchange (an loe Activity) (United States) lOS - Institute of Oceanographic Sci- GEPA - Guam Environmental Protection ences (UK) Agency IRIS - Incorporated Research Institute GESAMP Group of Experts on the Scien- for Seismology (US, NSF) tific Aspects of Marine Pollution mc - International Tsunami Inform- (UNEP, IOC, IMO, WMO, and ation Center (Honolulu) lAEA) . ITSU - International Co-ordination GLORIA - Geological Long Range Inclined Group for the Tsunami Warning Asdic System in the Pacific (of loe) GRID - Global Resource Inventory Data- lUGS - International Union of Geo- base (UNEP) logical Sciences (of ICSU) GSJ - Geological Survey of Japan JICA - Japan International Co-oper- HIG - Hawaii Institute of Geophysics ation Agency (University of Hawaii) LESE - Laboratoire des d'Etudies et de HRV - High Resolution Visible "Surveillance de l'Environment" HURL - Hawaiian Underwater Research LRRS - Long-range Refraction Survey Laboratory MCS - Multi-ehannel Seismic lAEA - International Atomic Energy MFES - Multi-Frequency Exploration Organisation System ICG/ITSU International Co-ordination MMAJ - Metal Mining Agency of Japan Group for the Tsunami Warning MORB - Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalt System in the Pacific MRD - Mineral Resources Department, ICOD - International Centre for Ocean Suva Fiji Development MUSL - Marconi Underwater Systems ICSU - International Council of Scien- Limited tific Unions NERC - National Environmental Re- lOOE - International Decade of Ocean search Council (UK) Exploration . NOAA - National Oceanographic and IFREMER Institut Francaise de Recherche Atmospheric Administration pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (United States) (formerly CNEXO) NSF - National Science Foundation IGC - International Geological Con- (United States) gress (Washington D.C.) NZGS - New Zealand Geological Survey IGCP - International Geological Corre- (DSIR, Lower Hutt, New Zea- lation Programme (of UNESCO land) and lUGS) NZOI - New Zealand Oceanographic ILP - International Lithosphere Pro- Institute (Section of DMFS) gram OBS - Ocean Bottom Seismometer IMO - International Maritime Organi- sation ODP - Ocean Drilling Program (JOI- IMR - Institute of Marine Resources DES, replacement for DSDP) (University of the South Pacific, OETB - Ocean Economics and Technol- Suva, Fiji) ogy Branch (United Nations)

142 OPEC - Oil Producing Economic Com- SPEC - South Pacific Bureau for Eco- munity nomic Co-operation (Suva, Fiji) ORSTOM Institut Francais de Recherche SPC - South Pacific Commission Scientifique pour le Developpe- (Noumea, New Caledonia) ment en Co-operation (formerly SPOT - Satellite pour l'observation de la Office de 1a Recherche Scien- Terre tifque et Technique Outre-Mer) SPREP - South Pacific Regional Environ- OSI - Ocean Sciences Institute (Uni- mental Programme versity of Sydney) SSI - Seafloor Surveys International, OSNLR - Ocean Science in Relation to Inc. (Honolulu, Hawaii) Non-living Resources (an IOC/ STA - Science and Technology Agency UN(OETB) programme) of Japan OTEC - Ocean Thermal Energy Conver- STAR - CCOP/SOPAC-IOC Working sion Group on South Pacific Tectonics PCIAC - Petro-Canada International As- and Resources sistance Corporation STARMER a joint STA(Japan)-IFRE- PEDP - Pacific Energy Development MER(France)-CCOP /SOPAC Programme (Suva, Fiji) programme to study mineral P1WC - Pacific Tsunami Warning Center resources on rift systems in back- PUPPI - Pop-Up-Pore-Pressure-Instru- arc basins in the Southwest ment Pacific RAN - Royal Australian Navy SUBPSO - Submersible Programme in Sud- RMRDC - Regional Mineral Resources Ouest Development Centre (Bandung, TAG - Technical Advisory Group (of Indonesia) CCOP /SOPAC) ROV - Remotely Operated Vehicles Techsec - Technical Secretariat (of CCOP / RVO - Rabaul Volcanological Obser- SOPAC) vatory TEMA - Training Education and Mutual SAR - Synthetic Aperture Radar Assistance in the Marine Science SBP - Sub-Bottom Profiler UH - University of Hawaii (Honolulu, SCS - Single-Channel Seismic Hawaii) SEABEAM a multiple-transducer echo UN - United Nations sounder for swath mapping of UNDP - United Nations Development bathymetry Programme (New York, United SEAPSO - SEABEAM dans le Pacifique States) Sud-Quest UNDP / - United Nations Development SEATAR - Studies on East Asia Tectonics SP~O Programme/South Pacific Re- and Resources (A CCOP /EA- gional Office (Suva, Fiji) IOC joint activity) UNEP - United Nations Environment SIO - Scripps Institution of Ocean- Programme (Nairobi, Kenya) ography (La Jolla, California) UNESCO United Nations Educational, Sci- SOPAC - South Pacific (also shortened entific and Cultural Organiza- version of CCOP /SOPAC) tion (Paris, France) SOPAC/ UNlTECH University of Technology (Lae, STAR - seeSTAR Papua New Guinea) SPMGN - South Pacific Marine Geological UNOETB United Nations Ocean Econom- Notes ics and Technology Branch

143 UOG - University of Guam USP - University of the South Pacific UPNG - University of Papua New (Suva, Fiji; Apia, Western Guinea (Port Moresby, Papua Samoa) New Guinea) WMO - World Meteorological Organisa- USAID - United States Agency for tion Inter-national Development WWSSN - World-wide Standard Seismic USGS - United States Geological Survey Network (Reston, Virginia; Menlo Park, XRD - X-ray Diffraction California and other regional offices)

144