Proceedings of the Fifteenth Session, Rarotonga, Cook Islands, 5-13

Committee for Co-ordination

of Joint Prospecting for Mineral Resources l in South Pacific Offshore Areas (CCOP/SOPAC)

Proceedings of ·the Fifteenth Session Rarotonga, Cook Islands

5-13 September 1986

including

Report of the Fifteenth Session of its Technical Advisory Grol' the CCOP/SOPAC Work Programme, Technical Documentat n

Compiled by ML. Bukarau 1986 . 1 Prepared/or publication by the CCOP/SOPAC Technical Secretariat. Suva with assistance from the New Zealand Oceanographic Institute. Department 0/ Scientific and Industrial Research. Wellington.

The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatever on the partofCCOP/SOPAC concerning the legal status of any coun- try or territory or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of the frontiers of any country or territory.

The mention of any firm or licensed process does not imply endorse- ment by CCOP/SOPAC.

f COVER PHOTO

Lagoonal drilling at Aitutaki in the Southern Cook Islands. ie drilling rig, capable of reaching depths greater than 70 m, was donated by the Geological Survey of the Netherlands. (Photograph by Bruce Richmond).

2 CONTENTS Page 1 SUMMARY OF C0N'CLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS...... 9 A Summary of the Committee in Plenary ...... 11 B. Summary of the Technical Advisory Group...... 11 C. Summary of the Tripartite Review Meeting...... 14 D. Summary of the Committee in Special Session...... 14

Part 1: REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE. FIFTEENTH SESSION...... 15 Annex I: Report of the Technical Advisory Group . ~...... 27 II: Summary Report of the Tripartite Review Meeting...... 55 III: CCOP/SOPAC Work Listfor1987. '...... 63

Part 2: CCOP/SOPACWORf{ PROGRAMME...... 71 A. List of Projects ...... •...... 73 B. Work Programme Summary for 1985-1986...... 76

Part 3: DOCUMENTATION 107 Annex I: List of Publications by other Organisations...... 147 II: List of.Maps on Display :. . . . 151

APPENDICES: I: List of Participants 153 II: List of Acronyms...... 161

'3

CCOP/SOPAC: AN INTRODUCTION

The Committee for Co-ordination of Joint programme seeking construction materials Prospecting for Mineral Resources in South started, and in 1980 inshore baseline and- Pacific Offshore Areas (referred to briefly as the ~ environmental studies commenced. Co-ordinating Committee for Offshore Pros- Training of national staff has been per- pecting, South Pacific, and abbreviated CCOP / formed aboard ships, at the Technical Sec- SOPAC) is an inter-governmental body retariat. and at special courses. CCOP/SOP4.C established to investigate mineral potential in publishes technical information through the the coastal, inshore, nearshore and offshore South Pacific Marine Geological Notes and its areas of its member countries. Member coun- Technical Bulletin series and produces a quar- tries are currently Australia, the Cook Islands, terly Newsletter and an Annual Proceedings Fiji, Guam, Kiribati, New Zealand, Papua New volume. It has sponsored workshops on pet~ Guinea, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, roleum potential. offshore and nearshore Vanuatu and Western Samoa. Since its incep- mineral resources. concrete from ·coral tion at Suva in 1972 under the sponsorship of aggregate. and regional tectonics. the United Nations Economic and Social Financial support of approximately US$I.O Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP), million annually is currently being provided by the Committee has met annually (Table I) to international agencies (primarily the UNDP), review work completed and to discuss its future donor governments, and the member countries work programme. In 1984 the Committee reaf- themselves. Substantial additional support in firmed its legal status as an independent, the form of services is provided mainly through regional inter-governmental body by its mem- major joint CCOP/SOPAC programmes with ber countries signing a ,Memorandum of donor governments. Supporting countries Understanding. include Australia, Canada, Federal Republic of Germany, France, Japan, the Netherlands, In late 1974, a United Nations Development New Zealand, Norway, United Kingdom, USA Programme (UNDP) Marine Geologist was and USSR. They provide, assistance in areas appointed and a Technical Secretariat such as funding, training, shiptime, non- established in Suva, Fiji. By early 1981. staffing reimbursable consultants,' gifts and loans of at the Technical Secretariat (including UNDP equipment, editorial services, and publishing project staff) had grown to a level of pro- to and printing costs. Member countries also pro- fessional and 7 support persons. vide considerable ,support in 'kind, especially Survey work started in 1975, and vessels have during survey work, by providing personnel, been chartered for offshore surveys every year facilities (including ships), equipment and from 1977 to 1981 including a 6 month charter supplies. each year for the 3 year period 1979-81. Since International organisations, such as the 1981 work has continued on vessels available Commonwealth Science Council (CSC). the locally throughout the region. Offshore pros- European Economic Community (EEC). the pecting work has been undertaken for pet- United, Nations Educational Scientific and roleum, ferro-manganese nodules and crusts. Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and its metalliferous sediments. polymetallic 'sul- associated Intergovernmental Oceanographic phides, submarine phosphates, and precious. Commission (IOC). and the International corals, and to a lesser extent for offshore gold Decade of Ocean Exploration (IDOE). have and submerged bauxite. In 1979 a nearshore also assisted CCOP/SOPAC.

6·

CCOP/SOPAC Annual Proceedings Price List AVAILABILITY Available from: Technical SecretariatofCCOP/SOPAC, c/o Mineral Resources Department, Private Mail Bag, G.P.O., Suva, Fiji, upon receipt of remittance payable to "CCOP/SOPAC Techsec", Proceedings of the Fifteenth Session ofCCOP/SOPAC. Rarotonga, Cook Islands, September 1986. US$ Proceedings of the Fourteenth Session of CCOP/SOPAC. Honiara, Solomon Islands, September 1985. US$8.00 Proceedings of the Thirteenth Session of CCOP/SOPAC, Apia, Western Samoa, October 1984. US$8.00 Proceedings of the Twelfth Session ofCCOP/SOPAC, Nuku'alofa, Tonga, October 1983. US$8.00 Proceedings of the Eleventh Session ofCCOP/SOPAC, Wellington, New Zealand. November 1982. US$8.00 Proceedings of the Tenth Session ofCCOP/SOPAC, Port Vila, Vanuatu, October 1981. US$5.00 Proceedings of the Ninth Session of CCOP/SOPAC, Tarawa, Kiribati, October 1980. US$6.00 Proceedings of the Eighth Session of CCOP/SOPAC, Suva, Fiji. Sep- tern ber 1979. US$6.00 Proceedings of the Seventh Session of CCOP/SOPAC, WelliIigton, New Zealand. October 1978. US"OO • Proceedings of the Sixth Session ofCCOP/SOPAC, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea. October 1977. US$5.00 Proceedings of the Fifth Session of CCOP/SOPAC, Rarotonga, Cook Islands, November 1976. US$3.00 Proceedings of the Fourth Session ofCCOP/SOPAC. Honiara, Solomon Islands, September 1975. ' US$6.00 Proceedings of the Third Session of CCOP/SOPAC, Apia, Western Samoa. September 1974. US$6.00 Report of the Preparatory Meeting and Proceedings of First and Second Sessions of CCOP/SOPAC, US$8.00 All prices include surface postage. Airmail postage extra-rates avail- able on request. . SUMMARY OF CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

9 SUMMARY OF CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

A. SuMMARY OF TIlE COMMfITEE IN PLENARY B. SUMMARY OF THE TECHNICAL ADVISORY GROUP C SUMMARYOF TIlE TRIPARTITE REVIEW MEETING D. SUMMARY OF TIlE COMMfITEE IN SPECIAL SESSION A. The Committee in P1enuy (see Part 1, 10. adopted the report and recommendations Report of the Committee): of TAG including the STAR report and its recommendations (para. 50); 1. unanimously. approved Australia's appli- 11. expressed deep appreciation to the cation for membership of the CCOP/ Government of the Cook Islands for host- SOPAC (para. 14); ing the very successful Fifteenth Session of 2. thanked the French Government for the 'CCOP/SOPAC (para. 51). very real evidence of their support for the CCOP/SOPAC and expressed the hope that this would continue to be the case in B. The Technical Admory Group (see Part 1, the future (para. 33); Annex I): 3. expressed gratitude to UNDP, ESCAP and 1. stressed the importance of publishing the the TAG countries for their support of cruise results of the nCA/MMAJ-CcoP/ CCOP /SOPAC programmes (para. 45); SOPAC sponsored cruises of Cook Island 4. acknowledged the generous funds made waters (paras 10.1.2and 10.1.3); available by the UN agencies, Australia 2. recommended that a pilot dredging opera- and New Zealand and the promised con- tion should be instituted off Tongatapu to tributions by the US (para. 46); assess the environmental effects of off- 5. expressed pleasure with the attitude of shore sand mining (para. 12.3.5); France and Japan and commended their 3. recommended that overlap in the fields of willingness to discuss .their research cruise hydrogeology and coastal processes in the programmes with the island countries case of atolls and small islands be beforehand (para. 46); recognised and co-ordinated to ensure 6. decided to approach France for help with proper co-operation (para.14.4); funding the temporary structural exten- 4. noting the rapid increase in the sionsto the Techsec Office in Suva (para. demand for coastal hydrogeology studies 46); concluded thatTechsec should not attempt 7. called on the IOC to fulfill its pledge to sup- to develop its own 'hydrogeology capability port the Coastal Management Workshop unless more resources became available and looked. forward to the promised Cana- (pam. 14.5); dian support for regional programmes 5. on recognising the potential value of (para. 46); high-resolution satellite data in disaster 8. conveyed appreciation to the Pacific mem- studies recommended that Techsec contact bers of the Lome Conventior and to the the relevant organisations for joint member countries of'the .} EC for the approaches. for acquisition of a regional 5,000,000ECUs in EEC regional funds for data base. of high-resolution satellite CCOP/SQPAC programme activities from data (para. 17.4.10); 1986 to 1990(para. 47); 6. recommended that the acquisition of 9. gratefully accepted the. generous offer of satellite imagery for detailed hazard the Government of Papua New Guinea to studies in the SOPAC region be focused host the Sixteenth Session of CCOP/ first on areas of high population density SOPAC (para. 48); (para. 17.4.11);

11 7. recommended that Techsec establish a 16. considered and adopted the report of the fund upon which member countries could Third Session of STAR.(para. 30.2); draw for post-disaster studies (para. 17. recognised that it was the prerogative of 17.4.12); each member country to decide its repre- 8. recommended that Techsec approach sentative aboard cruises in its waters but the President of the USSR Academy of recommended that the role of the partici- Sciences about the availablity of photo- pant be specified in each case (para. images of the SOPAC region taken from 30.2); Soviet space stations (para. 17.4.13); 18. recommended that a USP representative 9. reaffirmed their recommendation of be invited to the 16th CCOP/SOPAC Ses- the last session that all available sion to provide details of the USP Earth SEABEAM and SeaMARC n data be Science programme which the Committee assembled for publication in an Atlas of wishes to see developed and possibly iden- High-Resolution Bathymetry and tify areas of co-operation (para. 30.7); Seafloor Imagery and strongly urged its 19. recommended that Techsec approach the early implementation (para. 20.12); FRG Government to seek funding for a 10. recommended that since close co- training workshop aboard the Sonne dur- o~rationbehreenCCOPfflOPACandthe ing one of its port calls in the CCOP/ new UN South Pacific Water Resources SOPAC region (paras 30.8 and 34.14); Project was desirable, the Project base be 20. recommended that a 2-week training sited at the Techsec office (para. 21.3); workshop be organised after mid-1988 to 11. recommended that exchange and interface disseminate the Tripartite Cruise Pro- between SPREP and CCOP/SOPAC be gramme data (para. 30.9); facilitated due to the high probability of 21. recommended that the proposed USGS there being an overlap in the data collected training course on the maintenance of elec- in data management projects for the coas- tronic equipment be held in the Solomon tal region between' the two organisations Islands as early in 1988 as possible (para. (para. 23.6); . 30.10): 12. recognising the problem existing over the 22. recommended that the proposed USGS archiving of magnetic tapes of cruises course on Marine Geology be incor- recommended that Techsec investigate the porated into the CCOP /SOPAC Earth possibility of storing these tapes in existing Science and Marine Geology courses archives in USA and Australia (para. scheduled for late 1988or 1989and include 23.7); application of Tripartite cruise results 13. recommended that Techsec contact the (para. 30.11); Australian national representative to 23. recommended that Techsec prepare an ask him to further investigate the information paper setting down the objec- possibility of magnetic tape storage for .tives and modalities of CCOP/SOPAC CCOP /SOPAC countries at the Australian training programmes for possible submis- National Archives (para. 23.8); sion to the Special Commission 2 of the 14. requested that after future Earth Science Preparatory Commission for the Inter- courses the Course Director send a con- national Seabed Authority and the Inter- fidential assessment on each participant to national Tribunal for the Law of the Sea his or her department (para.25.4); (para. 30.12); 15. recommended that notification of future 24. recommended that advisers provide workshops on coastal mapping include a Techsec with full details of all meetings detailed course description to aid member relevant to CCOP/SOPAC activities for countries in selecting suitable participants circulation via the Newsletter (para. 32.1); .(para. 26.2);. 25. recommended the early implementation of

12 the SUuesMn tIlat Tecbsec· undertake a parties- involved. (pa(3.33.1: 12); short cnnse in the EHicettasin· to define 34. recommended that Techsec should explore areas for greaterattcntion 'in a later the possibility o~U&ing EEC seabed map- Japanese cruise of the Hakurei Maru No.2 ping funds forlimite4 swath-mapping and improve data on manganese nodules surveys iii a.-easpfhigh scientific interest of in the 'lUval\1c8fl;a(para. 33.1); possible economic potential when the 26. noting the value of satellitodata forthe:prer Charles Darwin ente~the Pacific in 1988 .liminary .lpcati0p.. ,9f .seamounts recom- ~rrying the lOS GLORIA on board mended that previous work be. reyiewed (pa11J,.34.6); ...... and existing ~~llite data .\>e ftll.Y.u.til~d 35: noted ESCAP's indicated willingness to to provide definitive target areas rQr later continue support for projects and training survey by long-range acoustic'.lpj,aging in the, SOPAC region and recommended (para. 33.2); . . ... that Tec1l-sec and JiSCAParrange to 27. recommendedtllat an evaluation l"qX>rt of continue the training, the funding and the seismic risk be prepared for.the. SolOmon provision of equipment in relation to the Islands and that the risk evaluation inves- Netl).erlatld-CCOP/SOPAC joint drilling tigations be continued inthe Soiithw'est project, (para. 34:14, no.6); Pacific island sQ,tes(para.33.6); 36. ~mmended that Tecbsec aplore the 28. endorsed and recommended' the Imple- possibility of having the ESCAP Remote mentation of the proposal by the Univer- Sensing Project provide support to CCOP / sity of Wisconsin and the Scripps SOPAC pilot projects (para. 34.14, no. 6); Institution of Oceanography to study the 37. noting the generous ofTer by Canada, upper mantle structure of the Tonga-Fiji recommended that Techsec seek to get the region (para. 33.7); Canadian petroleum geologist in post as 29. recommended that seismic data collected soon as possible (para. 34.15, no. 2); from the Samoan Platform by the Tripar- 38. also noting the Chinese offer recommen- tite programme be amalgamated with n ded that Techsec through ESCAP should existing SCS data from previous Machias explore the possibility of China assigning a cruises to enable a synthesis of the hydrogeologist to the Techsec (para. 34.15, geology of the Samoan Platform no. 3); (para. 33.8); 30. recommended that projects on hydrother- 39. noting the Tongan request for assistance mal metalliferous sediments include with Coastal Development (TG.8) sugges- analysis for precious metals (para. 33.9); ted that the overlapping SPREP Project be 31. endorsed the new regional projects on tec- co-ordinated with TG.8 for joint tonic reconstructions, plate motion vec- endeavour (para. 35.10); tors, and sea level changes and 40. agreed that a joint Techsec-Japanese recommended that they be included in the cruise in the Ellice Basin would be a useful regional work programme (para. 33.10); preliminary stage to a major cruise effort 32. recommended that information on the under TVA (para. 35.11); legend and parameters of a mineral 41. approved the continuation of Regional occurrence and resources potential map of Projects 1-30 of the Work Programme member island countries be collected and (para. 36.1). compiled for presentation to TAG at the 42. heard the US Technical Adviser's recom- next session (para. 33.11); mendation that Techsec explore ways and 33. noting the desirability of acquainting the means of facilitating Sione Tongilava's member countries with proposed cruise continued presence after retirement at the plans at the earliest opportunity recom- annual meetings, including the possibility mended that Techsec prepare a standard of using his talents as a resource person procedure for communication between the (para. 38.1). 13 C. lbe liipartite Renew Meed •• (see Part 1, agreed to tne training of SOPAC nationals Annexll) to first degree level as requested by the Committee (paras 21 and 22). 1. was hopeful that UNDP agreement to use funds for first degree training support to SOPAC nationals would be forthcoming D. lbe ColDIIIittee ill Special Session dis- (para. 7); . cassed the followi•.•.•• 2. agreed that UNDP Suva should be informed in writing of the substantive A Technical Secretariat space require- technical errors in the Evaluation Mission ments· . Report (para. 19); B. t\trimendments to the Financial Re- 3. agreed that .UNDP would assist the gulations Committee to meet part of the rent C. Seabed Mapping Programme obligations to the Fiji Government if D. Relationship with the Forum necessary (paras 21 and 22); E. Review of the Memorandum of 4. agreed that appropriate bonding " Understanding arrangements. would need to be F. Terms· and conditions of staff established for individual stUdents before employment .allocation of funds, if UNDP New York G. The Budget up to 1988.

14 Part 1: REPORT OF THE COMMITfEE, FIFTEENTH SESSION

Plenary session activities of relevance and much gain to the Cook Islands he expressed the Cook Island Opening of tbe Session Government's thanks for all the work that had 1. The Fifteenth Session of the Committee for been made possible through the co-ordinating Co-ordination ofJoint Prospecting for Mineral efforts ofCCOP/SOPAC with assistance from Resources in South Pacific Offshore Areas UNDP and ESCAP. (CCOP/SOPAC) and the Fifteenth Session of its Technical Advisory Group (TAG) were held 6. The Director of CCOP/SOPAC in his in Rarotonga, Cook Islands from 5-13 Septem- message voiced his sincere appreciation for the ber 1986. welcome accorded to all the visiting delegates, and for the support of the Cook Island Attendance Government in hosting the conference again. He noted that it was also in the Cook Islands in 2. Representatives from the following mem- 1984, at a meeting of Ministers of member ber countries attended: Australia, Cook countries, that the necessary legal instrument Islands, Fiji, Guam, Kiribati, New Zealand, was adopted giving CCOP/SOPAC a new Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Tonga, status as a fully-fledged inter-governmental Tuvalu, Vanuatu and Western Samoa. regional organisation. He expressed his 3. Tecnnicat Advisers to CCOP/SOPAC r.ro- pleasure at noting the presence of represen- vided by the following Governments attended: tatives of UNDP and ESCAP-the two United France, Japan, People's Republic of China, Nations agencies whose support and guidance Union of Soviet Socialist Republic, United have been the main inspiration in the Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern inauguration and evolution of CCOP/ Ireland, and the United States of America. SOPAC. Observers also attended from Canada, the 7. He also informed the meeting thatthe main Federal Republic of Germany and Norway. concern of the conference would again be to 4. Representatives of the bConomic and review the programme activities undertaken Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific during the past year and to plan the work pro- (ESCAP), the United Nations Development gramme for the year ahead. The main thrust of Programme UNDP), Intergovernmental the work programme would continue to be to Oceanographic Commission (IOC), Forum assist the island nations in the region in iden- Fisheries Agency (FFA), the UN Law of the Sea, tifying and assessing the non-living marine the Commonwealth Science Council (CSC), resource potential of their exclusive economic the Scripps Institution of'Oceanograpay (SIO), zones, and in the training of their nationals in the South Pacific Regional Environmental marine geology and marine science generally. Programme (SPREP) of the South Pacific He acknowledged the generous support Commission (SPC) also attended the Session. received from the United Nations and from bilateral sources, and noted that the presence of Opening Address (Agenda Item 1) delegates from so many countries outside the 5. The Chairman of Cabinet, Acting Minister immediate South Pacific Region reflected the of Science and Minister of Marine Resources of special character of CCOP/SOPAC as a joint the Cook Islands gave the opening address in international endeavour. which he welcomed all participants to the Cook 8. The UNDP Representative in his message, Islands and expressed his country's apprecia- reiterated UNDP's pleasure at the appoint- tion for the honour and privilege of hosting the ment .of Mi Jioji Kotobalaw as the first Fifteenth Session of CCOP/SOPAC.. High- regional Director of CCOP/SOPAC, and lighting several CCOP/SOPAC assisted expressed appreciation to the Government of

17 the Cook Islands for hosting the Fifteenth Ses- UNDP and the supporting Governments for sion ofCCOP/SOPAC. He reported that dur- their continuing assistance and co-operation. ing the Inter-Governmental Meeting of Pacific Island Countries in Suva in February to review 11. The outgoing Chairman of CCOP/ the current UNDP Pacific Regional Pro- SOPAC in his message thanked the Committee gramme for the next programming period for their support during the one year of his (1987/1991) that the meeting endorsed the con- tenure as Chairman. He warmly welcomed tinuation of assistance to CCOP/SOPAC as New Zealand's accession to the CCOP /SOPAC one of its top ten priorities. He also confirmed Memorandum of Understanding and that the UNDP was able to supplement the expressed the hope that Australia would do budget ofthe current ESCAP /UNDP Project to likewise in the very near future. He expressed provide for the recruitment this year of a Train- delight with the response received from the ing Co-ordinator in order to better focus atten- UNDP and ESCAP and from other bilateral tion on training opportunities and needs. He sponsors, including new sources of support confirmed that UNDP shared the concern such as the European Economic Community. expressed by the member countries that greater He reported that during the Special Session in importance be placed on training regional per- June that broad priorities were agreed upon to sonnel. He reiterated that the creation of the be attached to the various programme activities necessary capacity in countries, and the transi- to be undertaken in the next five year period. tion in the secretariat to the point where it is He impressed on the member countries that predominantly composed of regional staff commitment and support to the Technical Sec- should be the objective to be achieved. retariat were vital for the success of the organisation and that they as members should 9. He also informed the meeting that the ensure at all times that the Work Programme ultimate objective of the UNDP supported pro- co-ordinated and undertaken with aid from gramme remains the identification of minerals international sponsors reflected development that might lead to commercial exploitation and priorities and concerns. thus be a source of much needed revenue for Pacific Island countries and that with limited Election of Chairman and Vice-Chairman of funds it remains· necessary for countries CCOP/SOPAC (Agenda Item 2) individually and as a regional group to deter- mine their priorities. 12. Mr Stuart Kingan ofthe Cook Islands was elected Chairman, and Mr Greg Anderson of 10. In his message, the Executive Secretary of Papua New Guinea was .elected Vice- ESCAP noted that as a result of CCOP / Chairman. The Senior Technical Advisor Mr SOPAC's activities, knowledge of the region's R. N. Richmond was appointed Rapporteur for oceans and land areas had increased. He was the plenary sessions. pleased to note that the draft project document for the fourth UNDP firnding cycle, 1987-1991, Adoption of the Agenda (Agenda Item 3) had been discussed and approved at the Spe- cial Session ofCCOP/SOPAC held from 12-14 13. The following agenda was adopted: June 1986. He reported that in line with the aims of member states, the programme PLENARY SESSION activities to be supported by the ESCAP / UNDP regional project during the forthcom- 1. Opening Address ing five-year period starting in 1987 should 2. Election of Chairman and Vice- make a definite contribution to some of the Chairman of CCOP /SOPAC identified development objectives of CCOP/ 3. Adoption of the Agenda SOPAC member states. He concluded by 4. Designation of National Representatives/ conveving the Commission's gratitude to new members

18 5. Election of the Chairman of the Technical 35. Formulation of 1987 Member Country Advisory Group (TAG) and Appoint- Work Plan ment of the Rapporteurs 36. Formulation of 1987 Regional Work 6. Reports from Member Countries Plan 7. Report from the Technical Secretariat 8. Other Administrative Reports Closure of TAG: 37. Adoption of TAG Report TAG Session 38. Closure of TAG 9. Survey Work Completed 10. Offshore Minerals PLENARY SESSION 11. Hydrocarbons 12. Nearshore Minerals Committee Matters: 13. Onshore Minerals 14. Coastal Engineering 39. Consideration of the TAG Report 15. Marine Science 40. Financial Matters 16. Pollution 41. Other Matters 17. Geological Hazards 18. Renewable Energy Sources CLOSURE OF THE FIFTEENTH 19. Law of the Sea SESSION: 20.' Regional Projects 42. Date and Venue of 16th Session 21. Other Work Completed 43. Adoption of 15th Session Reports 44. Closure of 15th Session. Technology: 22. New Equipment and Techniques for Designation of National Representatives/N ew Exploration and Mining Members (Agenda Item 4) 14. The Delegate of Australia said that his Data Management: country appreciated the invitation to join 23. Management of Unpublished Data . CCOP/SOPAC made at the 14th Session and 24. Publications was pleased to report that Australia had decided to seek membership at this session. Training: The Australian representative added that this application reflected Australia's real 25. Earth Science and Marine Geology interest in working together with countries in Course the region and the feelirig that Australia could 26. Coastal Mapping Course do this more effectively from within the 27. Petroleum Geology course organisation than outside it. The Committee 28. Bathymetric Drafting Course unanimously approved Australia's application 29. Workshops by acclamation. 30. Other Training 15. The Committee noted the designation of Meetings: National Representatives as follows: Australia-Prof. R Rutland, Director, 31. Reports from Meetings Bureau of Mineral Resources, Geology 32. Notices of Meetings and Geophysics Cook Islands-Mr S. Kingan, Scientific Work Programme: Research Officer, Prime Minister's 33. Recommendations for Future Work Department 34. Notices of Future Work and Offers of Fiji-Mr A Rahiman, Director, Mineral Support Resources Department

19 Guam-Mr H. Cruz, Director, Department 18. The Cook Islands Representative repor- of Commerce ted on the work programme over the last twelve Kiribati-Mr A Takaio, Assistant Sec- months. These included three cruises: the 1985 retary, Ministry of Natural Resource Hakurei Maru No.2 Cruise and two by New Development Zealand'sHMNZS Tui. Japan was thanked for New Zealand-Dr H. Thompson, Chief the prompt and very comprehensive report Director, Department of Scientific. and given on the cruise and for the training given to Industrial Research the trainee both on-board the vessel and in Papua New Guinea-Mr W. Searson, Sec- Japan. Reports on the first Tui cruise which retary, Department of Minerals and worked in the area of the Manihiki Plateau Energy and on the second, which obtained manganese Solomon Islands-Mr S. Danitofea, Chief crusts in the Mauke area are still awaited. The Geologist, Geological Division, Ministry of Netherlands supported Atoll Drilling project Natural Resources made a very successful start in Aitutaki and Tonga-Mr S. Tongilava, Superintendent core samples are currently being evaluated by of Lands, Survey and Natural Resources USGS in Menlo Park. The Norwegian Wave Thvalu-Mr S. Sopoanga.Acting Secretary, Rider Buoy had been in the Cook Islands for Ministry of Commerce and Natural some time and was awaiting new moorings Resources following the loss of the first one during an Vanuatu-Mr C. Clarke, Director, Depart- attempt to deploy it in bad weather. A coastal ment of Geology, Mines and Rural Water management survey was ongoing in Supply Rarotonga. The tide gauge in Penrhyn had Western Samoa-Mr S. Iosa, Superinten- recently been upgraded to transmit data by dent of Apia Observatory, Department of satellite. The Commonwealth Science Coun- Agriculture, Forest and Fisheries cil's low island project in Pukapuka commen- ced last month. Election of the Chairman of TAG and appoint- 19. The Fiji Representative reported that dur- ment of Rapporteurs (Agenda Item 5) ing the year Fiji's emphasis has been placed on 16. Mr lames Bade of New Zealand was elec- reducing the backlog of data interpretation. On ted Chairman of TAG and Dr Donald Mallick programmes, 100% completion was reported of the United Kingdom its Rapporteur. for assessment of metalliferous muds data from the Kana Keoki cruise work; for co-ordinated OTEC work with IFREMER off the south coast Reports from Member Countries of Viti Levu; for co-ordination leading to pub- (Agenda Item 6) lication by others of the Natsushima December 17. The Australian Representative reported 84 reconnaissance work in the Suva Basin, that the Bureau of Mineral Resources' Koro Sea and on the Lau Ridge; for coordinat- research vessel Rig Seismic had carried out six ing other marginal basin and ocean survey with cruises in the region, including two cruises in the Jean Charcot; and for training and data the North East Australian margin and the Gulf management planning. The capabilities of the of Papua. Australian scientists had also par- offshore section for very shallow water ticipated in Tripartite Cruises and had helped geological/geophysical surveys have been advertise the cruise results in conjunction with greatly enhanced by the acquisition, through the BMR. Symposium. The representative also Australian aid funds, of geophysical survey reported that as a follow-up to the STAR equipment, positioning systems and a 7.5-m Workshop recommendations, Australian catamaran. More project time has been direc- scientists had carried out detailed surveys of ted to training for technical assistants and local Rabaul Harbour using the ROV but could find graduates, professional training tor one local no evidence on the seabed, of doming. graduate attending Group Training Course in

20 Offshore Mineral Prospecting with the financial contributions to CCOP/SOPAC are Geological Survey of Japan, and another local expected to remain at current levels with graduate on the French vessel Jean Charcot. emphasis being placed on funds for train- The activities of the Seismology Section were ing. It is also hoped that funding will also be concentrated on routine data acquisition and approved for the post of Technical Editor. analysis, investigation of the seismicity of the northeastern portion of the North Fiji Basin, 23. The Papua New Guinea representative seismic risk study and mitigation of seismic explained that the Department of Minerals and seismic-seawave (tsunami) hazards and Energy had undergone a reorganisation through a public awareness and education into three functions: Geological Survey, Mines programme. and Policy and Co-ordination. There are now four divisions in the Geological Survey of 20. The Representative of Guam reported Papua New Guinea: Geological Services, that Techsec had carried out further work on Minerals, Petroleum and Rabaul Observatory. the study of seamounts ecosystems near the During 1986, three marine geological cruises Mariana Islands, and had also evaluated offshore Papua New Guinea found evidence research capabilities of the University of for active ocean-floor hydrothermal exhala- Guam's research vessel, Pescadot to be used for tion in both the Manus and West Woodlark parts of this study. Guam had also sent one Basins. In other petroleum work a regional pet- trainee to the Coastal Mapping Workshop. rographic and petro fabric study of the main 21. The Representative of Kiribati reported Papuan Basin reservoir bed, the Early that a black coral survey was conducted in Cretaceous Toro Sandstone, is being made, and October/November 1985 by three officers of a major revision ofthe geology of New Ireland CCOP/SOPAC. However from reports, it and contiguous offshore areas was appears that the extent of the black coral completed. resource in Kiribati has not yet been evaluated 24. The Solomon Island representative repor- fully. The Moana Wave cruise conducted in February/March this year had two I-Kiribati ted that geological mapping was continuing at observer participants on-board. Manganese 1:50,000 scale and 1:10,000detailed geological and cobalt were the prime targets. The cruise mapping of Honiara had been completed as part of a national urban geological mapping report indicated encouraging results especially in the eastern group (Line and Phoenix programme foruse in development planning of urban centres. 1:50,000 scale geological map- Group). Two participants attended the last coastal mapping workshop held in Rarotonga ping and geochemical prospecting continued this year. Techsec visited Tarawa and Maiana over the eastern half of Santa Isabel. Gold pros- earlier this year for the baseline study to iden- pecting by private companies continued tify the best possible seaside venue for a throughout the country and the land area Tourism Resort. covered by licences or applications from min- ing companies totalled 80% of the Solomon 22. The Representative of New Zealand said Island land mass. A· Coastal Mapping Pro- that top level administrative changes had gramme was carried out by CCOP/SOPAC occurred over the past year in the New Zealand staff with support from staff of the Geological Oceanographic Institute, the Geological Sur- Survey continued in North Guadalcanal after vey, and the Geophysics Division. The New extensive flooding caused by Cyclone Namu. Zealand Oceanographic Institute had replaced Also a 1:10,000scale floods and landslides pro- the vessel Tangaroa with the vessel Rapuhia. A gramme has commenced for Guadalcanal and twelve to eighteen month cruise programme Malaita using recently acquired air photos of has been planned around New Zealand waters areas affected by Cyclone Namu. A field study and it is hoped that some may be possible in has been completed of vertical movements SOPAC areas in the near future. New Zealand's from buoyancy effects resulting from northerly

21 effects resulting from northerly subduction of ocean side sea and swell observations and a the Australian Plate under the Solomon Arc report on the lagoon sea conditions is under using live coral as indicators. With thehelp of way which will include an analysis of 40 years Techsec the Lungga/Tenaru beach profile of daily wind data. Work on manganese monitoring programme continued during the nodules and cobalt crusts was carriedout dur- year. ing the February/March Cruise of the Moana Wave during which dredge sites were occupied 25. Western Samoa's representative reported near Niutao, Vaitupa islands and at two sites in that Techsec had carried out a coastal zone the southern part of the Tuvalu waters. Some management survey for harbour construc- work at Techsec was undertaken towards tion. Also the New Zealand vessel HMNZS Tui developing a data management programme for carried out a sampling survey over the Machias Tuvalu and one trainee participated in the seamount. On training programmes, one per- Fourth Coastal Mapping Workshop in son took part in the Coastal Mapping Rarotonga. Workshop and one person completed the Basic Earth Science Course. 28. The Vanuatu representative reported that 26. The Representative from Tonga reported Techsec staff had undertaken the following on a number of work and training programmes work during the year :(a) (DCompletion of carried out during the year. These included a bathymetric studies of Teuma'Bay; (b) Water sand reconnaissance survey in the lagoonal quality measurements within Vila harbour and areas of Tongatapu, the Thomas Washington adjacent lagoons; (c) Bathymetric studies and survey in the Lau Basin using SEABEAM, current measurements over two proposed the SEAPSO survey of the Louisville Ridge marine outfall sites for the proposed Vila area, the HMNZS Tui survey of the Capricorn sewerage scheme; (d) Discussions on possible Seamount, and the bathymetric survey in the liaison between Vanuatu and Techsec on data northern part of the Tonga Trench by the HMS storage, with emphasis on offshore geological! Cook. Tongan representatives also participated marine data. The final report for the project on in the STAR Submersibles Workshop in Suva, an assessment of potential of certain clay the Remote Sensing Workshop in Suva, the deposits is still outstanding. The field work for Energy Programme Meeting at the USP and this project was undertaken in 1983 with the the Advanced Coastal Management Course in final report scheduled to be completed by 1984. the Cook Islands. In addition a Tongan TheJean Charcot carried out marine studies in geologist attended the 'geology and geophysics Vanuatu waters during November 1985as part training course with PETRONAS in Malaysia. of _the ~EAPSO cruise. conducted _by The 1968 Petroleum Act had recently been ORSTOM/IFREMER. A Ni-Vanuatu SCIentist reviewed and a Tonga mission was currently in participated in the on-board scientific North America to promote Tonga's petroleum activities. In February/March 1986the Thomas prospects. Seismic profiles from the 'Eua area Washington carried out marine studies on the have recently been sent to Singapore for rep- Fiji plateau in the sea area between Vanuatu recessing. A strong motion acce1erograph con- and Fiji. Matthew Island was visited and tinues to opera!e in Vavau. samples collected. The IFREMER research vessel Coriolis is carrying out seismological 27. "the Tuvalu Representative reported that studies conducted by ORSTOM in collabora- three visits were made by the Techsec staff to tion with the University of Texas in Vanuatu Funafuti during the reporting period and waters from August/September 1986.One Ni- report on environmental aspects of the pro- Vanuatu technical assistant successfully com- posal to fill the borrow pits is being prepared. pleted the earth science and marine geology Two reports have been completed on Funafuti training programme,

22 Report from tht Technical Secretariat through a series of bilateral assistance (Agenda Item 7) agreements through which professional exper- tise is provided to Governments of the region. 29. The Director reported thatthe Secretariat At the present time the UK is providing, on has been mainly preoccupied in trying to raise secondment, 10 geologists and mining funds to finance the activities over the nextfive engineers on long-term assignment to Govern- years. CCOP/SOPAC has been given an ment geological organisations in Fiji, Solomon indicative allocation of US$3 million by the Islands, Tonga and Vanuatu. In addition, two UNDP for the UNDP Fourth Cycle Period hydrogeologists have been provided for a from 1987to 1991.The Pacific Lome countries Technical Co-operation Project to investigate have also agreed that CCOP/SOPAC be the groundwater resources of Fiji; this will assigned 5 million ECUs in EEC regional aid generate information of more general interest funds for the Pacific during the current Lome to the coastal concerns ofCCOP/SOPAC and Convention period, 1986to 1990.In both cases, the project includes provision for giving hyd- the allocation given to CCOP/SOPAC is the rogeological advice to other Commonwealth largest for any single regional project. The territories. A· project to examine rock wall Director and Deputy Director visited Aus- alteration associated with gold mineralisation tralia, New Zealand, Thailand, Japan and the in the Southwest Pacific has recently begun. Dr People's Republic of China to discuss financial D. Cronan has continued his studies of and training support for CCOP/SOPAC. manganese nodules and crusts of the Pacific Approaches have also been made to the Com- and has continued to act in a consulting monwealth Fund for Technical Co-operation capacity for the Technical Secretariat. (CFTC) and to the Commonwealth Founda- tion for support for training, travel and experts 33. The French technical adviser informed for CCOP/SOPAC. the Committee that France provided funding 30. The first cruise of the Five-year Japan- last year for two experts on data management CCOP /SOPAC project to conduct mineralpro- totalling F$l40,OOO and confirmed that specting in selected offshore areas using the IFREMER had supplemented the fund last Hakurei Maru No.2 took place in October 1985 year by providing an additional F$20,OOO. in northern Cook Islands waters. Japan has Another request for funding of an additional extended the duration of this year's cruise from French expert for the Technical Secretariat has three weeks to one month. The fifth leg of the not been confirmed yet. The Committee was Moana mzve cruise of the Tripartite II pro- also informed that ORSTOM and IFREMER gramme has been re-scheduled for 1987. provided more than F$23,OOOas assistance to the last Submersibles. Workshop in Suva. 31. Preliminary discussions were held with ORSTOM and IFREMER also conducted a the International Centre for Ocean Develop- l04-day cruise on board the Jean Charcot from ment (lCOD), Canada, on the secondment ofa October 1985 to January 1986 under the pat- marine geologist to the Technical Secretariat ronage of CCOP/SOPAC. The Director of and on funding for CCOP/SOPAC training CCOP /SOPAC thanked the French Govern- activities. A report has been produced, sum- ment for the very real evidence of their sup- marising the various programme activities port for CCOP /SOPAC and expressed the which have been undertaken for each island hope that this would continue to be the case in member country and in the region generally .the future. over the ten-year period 1975-1985. 34. The Soviet delegation reported that the Other Administrative Reports (Agenda Item 8) planned 1986 geological/geophysical expedi- 32. The UK adviser indicated that, as in pre- tion of the two Soviet research vessels Pegas and vious years, the UKis continuing its support for Morskoy Geojizik at adopted the 2nd STAR Ses- the objectives of CCOP/SOPAC mainly sion, in regional waters was not carried out due

23 to the absence of permission from correspond- assistance to the region through the In••• ing member countries to investigate in their national Ocean Data EXchange (lODE) economic zones. programme, 35. The observer from the Federal Republic 40. Theadviser from China reported that two of Germany reported that ~e Sonne had made offers made at the 14th Session Oft. a study a cruise in December 1984to February 1985in tour and training course in China had not been the SOPAC region. The Cruise was carried out implemented so far. The Director and Deputy in close contact with SOPAC and scientists Director had visited China in April to discuss from Fiji and Tonga and surveyed hydrother- the training course and a preliminary agree- mal deposits in the North Fiji Basin and the ment had been reached 1\vo participants, one Lau Basin. each from Samoa and one from Fiji had recen- 36. The Australian representative informed tly attended the RMRDC Regional Workshop the Committee that Australia had made on drilling, sampling and borehole logging in budgetary and extra-budgetary contributions China. . of A$290,000 in 1986 and expected that future levels of budgetary funding would be about 41. USA advisers reported that substantial A$250,000. support had been received from the US National Science Foundation to augment the 37. The UNDP Representative said that his Tripartite work in the Manus Basin and Rabaul organisation has very good day-to-day contacts Harbour and also for four Scripps cruises in the with all countries in the region. UNDP has South Pacific region over the year. In addition recently helped the Solomon Islands on the US funds have also been made available for hurricane relief and Tuvalu on the filling of the Coastal Processes Workshop, the education borrow pits. For the 1982-1986cycle UNDP had of a Solomon Islander in the States, the increased the final budget for the project to forthcoming ..allocation _J?f l!.S~290,000 .~ $3,000,000 from the initial allocation of CCOPlSOPAC, ana-the provision of a Coastal $2,000,000. Geologist forCCOP/SOPAC.Also, the Circum 38. The adviser from Japan said that the Pacific Council for Minerals and Energy made current Japanese five-year programme in the US$2,000 available for SOPAC participants at region was in response to a request made by its Singapore Conference, has made $3,000 SOPAC two years ago. The scope of work had available for a SOPAC participant atthe USGS been agreed with the involved countries ahead Volcano Symposium in 1987, and has under- of time. The survey cruises began in 1985cover written the finance for publication of the earlier a period of about three weeks each year in the Tripartite reports. The IDG Director also poin- Cook Islands, Kiribati, and Tuvalu areas and ted out that HIG provides the services of Dr also includes training and post cruise Loren Kroenke to the project for about two evaluation. ' months each year as well as travel funds and work time of several scientists on SOPAC work 39. The IOC Representative reported that each year. IOC had .contributed US$lO,ooo for travel assistance. for the STAR submersibles 42. The New Zealand representative said that Workshop, and had published the report of the New Zealand would continue to provide about Workshop, including abstracts of papers. He $100,000 each year to CCOP/SOPAC. New added that despite financial constraints Zealand was interested in seeing the post of brought about by the withdrawal of the UK and Technical Editor established, was happy to the USA from membership of the UNESCO, assist the region through the Tripartite Cruises the IOC was willing to continue supporting and was willing to-use the Special Funds to SOPAC, particularly on training matters. The assist small island countries for projects such IOC may also be able to provide some technical as black coral surveys. 24 43. The representative ofESCAP outlined the 44. SPREP co-operation with C~OP/ main areas of continuing ESCAP interaction SOPAC activities since the 14th Session with CCOP/SOPAC activities. A draft project include financial contributions to country pro- document had been prepared for a three week jects with environmental management com- workshop and training activity offered to be ponents in Kiribati, Solomon Islands, Tonga hosted by China at Guangzhou in July 1987. and Western Samoa. SPREP also helped sup- The Regional Remote Sensing project, in co- port 20 participants to the 1986 Coastal Map- operation with the Forestry Department of the ping Workshop. Papua New Guinea University of Technology, had initiated a pilot study on the use of satellite 45. A number of SOPAC representatives imagery for forest cover mapping and Fiji is expressed their thanks to UNDP and ESCAP seeking help on a remote sensing project Sub- for funds and support of CCOP /SOPAC, to the sequent to the good results of the initial USA, Australia and New Zealand for the phosphate exploration drilling programme in Tripartite cruises, to France and Japan for the Cook Islands, particularly the progress of collaborating so well with SOPAC in planning SOPAC technicians in operating the rig, it their programmes in the region, and to the appeared likely that the Netherlands would Netherlands, UK, Gerniany, Norway, China donate the drill to SOPAC in future. Based on and USSR for their support of SOPAC information provided by the Solomon Islands programmes. Geological Survey, a report on the Solomon Islands, Atlas of Mineral Resources of the 46. The Director acknowledged the very ESCAP Region, Volume 2, had been published generous funding made available by the UN and distributed by ESCAP. The ESCAP Pacific Agencies and by Australia and New Zealand Operations Centre at Vanuatu continued to and the promised contribution by the US. He expand its technical assistance to the Pacific was pleased with the attitude of France and subregion and six government officers had par- Japan and noted that their research cruises ticipated in the annual, four week orientation were received warmly because of their willing- course at ESCAP. The Pacific Energy Develop- ness to discuss the actual research programme ment Programme had good ties with the with the island countries beforehand. He com- Technical Secretariat and is expected to receive mended this procedure to other donor coun- aboutthe same level offunding for the next five tries. He singled out France because they had year funding cycle. ESCAP had worked closely shown real evidence of support and willingness with the project staff and the Director to pre- to work together as a family in the region and pare the project document for 1987-1991which because of their close ties, CCOP /SOPAC has had now been sentto UNDP New York for con- decided to approach France for help with fund- sideration. The regional projects would also be ing the temporary structural extensions to the discussed at the aid co-ordinators meeting to be Techsec office. He also called on the IOC to held at Bangkok later this year. ESCAP would fulfill its pledge to support the Coastal continue to provide the necessary administra- Management Workshop and looked forward to tive and technical backstopping for CCOP/ the promised Canadian support for regional SOPAC, including recruitment and appoint- programmes. ment of personnel, and to take action on the subprogramme "special measures in favour of 47. The Director also conveyed the Commit- island developing countries". The activity on tee's appreciation to the Pacific members of the Geology for Urban Planning, which stressed Lome Convention and to the member coun- training and exchange of experience, was tries of the EEC for the 5 million ECUs in EEC endeavouring to obtain resources to carry out regional funds for programme activities to be studies of large urban centres in the region, undertaken by CCOP/SOPAC during the including cities such as Suva, Port Vila, Rabaul, period of the current Lome Convention from Nuku'alofa, Apia and Honiara. 1986to 1990. 25 CLOSURE OF THE SESSION the Government of the Cook Islands for host- ingthe Fifteenth Session and congratulated the Date and Venue of the 16th Session Cook Islands representative on the arrange- (Agenda Item 42) ment of a very successful meeting. He 48. The Papua New Guinea representative highlighted the strong Cook Island Govern- informed the Committee of his Government's ment support that has always been given to offer to host the Sixteenth Session in Madang. CCOP/SOPAC which was further illustrated The generous offer of the Government of by the signing of the Memorandum of Papua New Guinea to host the Sixteenth Ses- Understanding in Rarotonga in 1984. He sion was gratefully, and with much pleasure, expressed deep gratitude to the Chairman, the accepted by the Committee. TAG, the technical advisers, the Rapporteurs 49. The Papua New Guinea representative and the local organising group for their also reported his Government's agreement to excellent contributions which ensured the suc- host the Coastal Processes Workshop in 1987. cess of the Session. Adoptio~ of the 15th Session Reports ." 52. The Chairman, on closing, extended his (Agenda Item 43) ~l~: thanks to his member country colleagues for 50. The Committee adopted the report and their support in the meeting. He thanked the recommendations of TAG including the STAR various countries and funding agencies which report and its recommendations. had provided support for CCOP/SOPAC and the technical advisers for their exeellent con- Closere of the' 15th Session (Agenda item 44) tributions, He closed by thanking all the par- 51. On behalf of the Committee the Tongan ticipants for their efforts in ensuring the reoresentative expressed deep appreciation to success of the meeting.

26 Part 1: Annex I REPORT OF THE TECHNICAL ADVISORY GROUP

.. 27 Part 1: ANNEX I REPORT OF THE TECHNICAL ADVISORY GROUP,

A. ORGANISATION OF THE SESSION able to start working in the South Pacific region in October 1986. The Fifteenth Session of the TAG was held from 5 to 11 September 1986 in Rarotonga 9.3 The Cook Islands representative noted that under the Chairmanship of Mr James Eade the HMNZS Tui had worked in the southern (New Zealand). Cook Islands dredging for manganese crusts.

B. REVIEW OF WORK DONE IN THE Offshore Minerals (Agenda Item 10) PAST YEAR 10.1 Manganese Nodules Survey Work Recently Completed (Agenda Item 9) 10.1.1 Techsec informed TAG that the first cruise of the joint "Japan-eCOP/SOPAC Co- 9.1 The French technical adviser reported that operative Study on Deep Sea Mineral Resour- the SEAPSO cruise programme of the research ces in Selected Areas of the CCOP/SOPAC vessel Jean Charcot (ORSTOM-IFREMER) Region" was successfully completed by the involved 5 legs in New Caledonia, Vanuatu, research vessel Hakurei MaTU No.2 in the area Fiji, Tonga, Cook Islands and French off the North Penrhyn Basin, to the northeast of Polynesia waters during October 1985-January the Manihiki Plateau. Metal content and abun- 1986.The study objectives were : dance was shown to increase from east to (i) Tectomcs of the junction of aseismic west and south and were sufficiently encourag- ridges with subduction zones ing that a new cruise, planned for September- (ii) Tectonics and magmatism of back-arc October 1986,will investigate the adjacent area basins in various stages of formation to the west and/or to the south. (iii) Oceanic lithosphere accretion and hyd- 10.1.2 The Japanese representative, elaborat- rothermal activity in back-arc basins. ing on the tesults, which are based on 2,700 SEABEAM mapping, SCS, gravity, magnetics nautical miles 00.5 SBP and MFES data, sam- and water chemistry data was acquired, plingat 110stations and 216chemical analyses, together with dredge samples and seabed indicated that nodule abundance varied with photographs. Cruise reports in French have topography and was highest in areas of old or been deposited with Techsec together with an eroded sediments, especially towards the English translation of the one on the Tonga flanks of the Manihiki Plateau. The Australian area. Preliminary SEABEAM block diagrams adviser stated that nodules with higher metal were displayed but much of the data has not yet grades had been proved elsewhere but that it been processed appeared that nodule abundance may well 9.2 The USSk. technical adviser reported that prove to be a more critical factor than the metal planning for the 2-vessel cruise in the Tonga- content in making a locality potentially economically viable. Kermadec region approved by STAR in 1985, and scheduled for early 1986, had been com- 10.1.3 The Cook Islands representative noted .pleted. It would have involved expenditure of that the Metal Mining Agency of Japan about $1.5 million for the benefit of the (MMAJ) is responsible for preparing the final SOPAC region. However, approval of the reports on the cruises and that the report con- governments concerned was not forthcoming tents will only be published with the con- .and the cruise had had to be cancelled. The currence of the Government of the Cook adviser hoped that a new expedition would be Islands. Most of the report is expected to be 29 madepubhc and TAG stressed the importance ping techniques will help to resolve these of this occurring. questions. 10.1.4 High grade manganese nodules were 10.2.4 The HIG representative reported that obtained during the Tripartite cruise of the near the Hawaiian chain, seamounts had been research vessel Moana Wave early in 1986while found with both crusts and nodules which are sampling north of the Phoenix Islands. chemically distinct from one another. This 102 Cobalt-enriched Manganese Crusts combination appears to offer good economic potential. 10.2.1 Techsec reported that the Tripartite II minerals work had been completed on samples 10.3 Phosphate of manganese crusts collected by the Moana 10.3.1 TAG was informed that a lagoonal drill- Wave from sites in Kiribati and Tuvalu. Crusts ing programme to explore for submerged up to 8.5cm thick had been recovered in some phosphate deposits was undertaken by the dredges, the thickest one being from an isolated Techsec at Aitutaki Lagoon in the southern seamount in the Phoenix Island in Kiribati. Cook Islands. Drilling equipment and exper- The HIG representative reported (CR.10-11 tise were provided by the Geological Survey of 2(1» cobalt analyses on these samples of up to the Netherlands. Six holes were drilled to an 1.7%.Metal concentrations tend to be best in average depth of 45 m, Random field tests mos- samples from 1,000-1,600m water depth; those tly indicated little phosphate but there were a near Enderbury Island, in particular, may be of few more encouraging results. The cores are ore grade and merit further work. now stored at the USGS in Menlo Park, Cali- 10.2.2 The HMNZS Tui had sampled for crusts fornia, where subsamples have been submitted in areas of Tonga, Cook Islands, Western for XRD, major and minor element and carbon Samoa, and Niue. No thick crusts were and oxygen isotope analyses and thin-section recovered on this cruise (CR.20-7(1». The sam- examination. The study is expected to be com- pling in Tongan waters was not completed. pleted prior to the next annual-session. The Cook Islands representative disclosed 10.3.2 Techsec reported the completion of that on a later cruise oftheHMNZS Tui, the ship CCOP/SOPAC Technical Report 57: had been requested to sample some seamounts Bathymetric and seismic features ofNukufetau in the southern Cook Islands and had dis- Lagoon, Tuvalu : an appraisal of submarine covered thick crusts; these have not yet been phos-phate potential by Bruce M. Radke. Sam- analysed. The vessel had also confirmed one ples collected varied from 18-27% P205 (by new seamount in the Cook Islands. comparison the Nauru phosphates average 10.2.3 The Australian representative told the 35% P205); potential prospects occur on two TAG group that 15-20em thick crusts had been islets and their surrounding reef flats. There are recovered from the Lord Howe Rise at latitudes only limited areas of shallow lagoon floor that of about 300S, and the South Tasman Rise are prospective targets. Anticipated sub- from 4O-500S.Cobalt grades approached 1%at marine deposits are of a current-sorted lag type a station at 45°S, despite earlier indications derived via fan-slope deposits from high-relief that cobalt grades would decrease at high primary phosphate occurrences. latitudes. Precious metals had been recorded in 10.3.3 Two members of Tech sec examined the crusts from the area southwest of New relationships between the phosphatised Caledonia. sediments and surrounding dolomite pin- The French technical adviser noted that nacles in Nauru during an in-transit stopover. thickness of crusts is most important for .Preliminary thin-section studies indicate sedi- economic potential but little is known of their ment matrix, and oolites composed of variability. New high resolution seabed map- collophane with lesser amounts of dahlite.

30 10.3.4 The New Zealand representative noted geochemistry, and the collection of volcanic recent publication in the journal Marine Geol- gases from arc and basin volcanoes. Shipboard ogy of a paper by David 1. Cullen (NZOI) and methane measurements were made, backed up William C. Burnett (FSU) describing phospha- by helium isotope laboratory measurements tised limestones dredged from shallow sea- later at SIO. SEABEAM mapping helped to mounts and banks north of Fiji and else- locate spreading centres in the Lau Basin and where. at a nearby site which indicate potential vent activity, but no methane anomalies were obser- 10.3.5 It was pointed out that the substrate of ved at two sites on Valu Fa Ridge. Weak several manganese crust samples collected anomalies were observed in central areas of the during recent cruises of the Moana Wave are Havre Trough. In Manus Basin the back- substantially enriched in phosphate. The ground level of methane was high enough to Moana .wave samples are to be examined in consider the whole basin anomalous. more detail. 10.4.5 The French technical adviser reported 10.4 Polymetallic Sulphides and Metalliferous that the research vessel Jean Charcot had sam- Sediments pled recent volcanism in the back-arc basins of the New Hebrides Arc but had found only one 10.4.1 TAG was informed by Techsec that example of mineralisation, a low temperature polymetallic sulphides had been located in two Fe deposit No direct evidence of sulphides was areas of the SOPAC region since the last ses- obtained although mineralisation at three sites sion. The Scripps vessel Thomas Washington was indicated by high Mn concentrations in sampled sulphides on the Niuafo'ou Ridge in the sea water of the North Fiji Basin. Tongan waters. The Moana Wave front HIG photographed hydrothermal chimneys in the 10.4.6 The delegate from the Federal Republic Manus Basin of Papua New Guinea. of Germany (FRG) reported that the research vessel Sonne (BGR) had investigated two areas 10.4.2 The CSIRO research vessel Franklin in the southern Lau Basin and two in the North surveyed in the western Woodlark Basin and Fiji Basin in December 1984-February 1985. found evidence of hydrothermal activity there. In the Lau Basin fresh volcanic rocks occur A probable low temperature iron/manganese along the back-arc spreading centre; their com- oxide deposit was sampled and andesites were position changes from tholeiitic MORB to found in the western rift zone. Targets for future more andesitic compositions as the spreading sampling were located. centre approaches the Tonga Island Arc 10.4.3 The HIG representative noted that volcanoes. Isotope analysis indicates that the many 'spots' had been located on SeaMARC andesites result from mixing of MORB and images near the spreading axis in the Manus volcanic arc magmas. In the North Fiji Basin Basin and that similar features on images of the fresh basalt occurs along a narrow valley inter- Juan de Fuca Ridge off Canada and USA had preted as a leaky transform fault. Oxide and been shown to be sites of hydro-thermal sulphide hydrothermal mineralisation is activity in the form of sediment-hosted massive found associated with the young volcanics of sulphides. This points to the need to locate both basins, the minerals recorded being bir- accurately the spreading centres and active nessite, pyrite, marcasite, chalco-pyrite, non- vents before sampling and demonstrates the tronite and opal-CT. In addition hydrothermal value of high-resolution seabed imaging. Mn and Fe sulphides and Fe silicates were 10.4.4 The Scripps delegate informed TAG found on top of three off-axis seamounts in the Lau Basin, up to 70 km from the active spread- that legs 5-6 of the Papatua Expedition had as ing centre. main objectives the search for hydrothermal activity and vents along back-arc basin spread- 10.4.7 It was noted that so far no offshore ing axes, sampling of axial basalts for deposits anywhere had been found which were

31 comparable to the massive sulphide deposits 11.5 The US adviser informed TAG that the found on land. It was also noted that pyrite was Tripartite II reports were nearing completion a common associate of volcanism and that not and would be available next year. The publica- all sulphide deposits were polymetallic. It was tion of a volume of Tripartite I and II on Vanua- cautioned that distinction should be made be- tuan hydrocarbon potential analyses for the tween background sulphide mineralisation Central Basins area would be completed for and high grade poly-metallic sulphides in distribution by February 1987. reporting. 11.6 The PNG representative told the TAG 10.4.8 The UK consultant, Dr Cronan, reports that drilling in the highlands of Papua New completion of a study of metal accumulation Guinea had encountered hydrocarbons in two rates in Lau Basin sediments demonstrating wells. A petroleum company had also hydrothermal inputs to them. He has also indicated willingness to drill in the area of a finalised a paper on detrital mineralisation in previous blowout in Gulf of Papua. New the Lau Basin; these studies will be published exploration leases had been taken up in Cape next year. Sedimentation rates and the hyd- Vogel Basin. rothermal components all increase from west 11.7 The Tonga representative stated that to east across tqe Lau Basin towards the active Tonga had made presentations in geology and spreading cenfre. hydrocarbon prospectivity to the oil industry in Australia, United States and Canada and two major companies had expressed interest HYDROCARBONS (Agenda Item 11) 11.8 The Fiji delegate informed the group that 11.1 TAG was informed that no hydrocarbon a petroleum geologist was being requested to surveys were conducted by Techsec since the work for MRD through the CFrC. A local last session; however, considerable work had graduate trainee was also being sought to work been accomplished by the Tripartite support- with the petroleum geologist ing groups and institutions in the analysis and reporting of data collected earlier, as reported 11.9 The NZ representative reported on pro- below. gress in hydrocarbon exploration in New Zealand (CRI1-1). Although exploration has 11.2 A Tongan national, Fuka Kitekei'aho, is slowed down, five offshore wells have been completing a M.Sc. thesis at Victoria Univer- drilled, and about 20onshore. The downturn in sity ofWellington on data obtained through the hydrocarbon exploration is providing the Natsushima 1984 cruise. opportunity for re-assessment of the data 11.3 Several reports on the geology of potential collected and NZGS was continuing a detailed hydrocarbon basins in Papua New Guinea assessment of all the prospective basins. were published in the scientific and petroleum 11.10 The TAG considered that while the industry literature. These reports helped to downturn in oil prices would mean exploration publicise the leasing of exploration ri~ts by and drilling in the deep water frontier areas Papua New Guinea in the areas concerned would be deferred to the future, there were 11.4 Three volumes in the Circum-Pacific many experts, consultants, and seismic crews Mineral and En~1i8YResources Council Earth available for work at low cost for programmes Science Series hase now been published deal- that had funds to commit This was the time for ing ~th resources of the CCOP/SOPAC assessment and improvement of the basic region. These volumes report on Tripartite I inventory of data, for promotion of prospects findings and are valuable contributions to the ahead of the expected upturn in a few years' geological literature on Fiji, Tonga, Solomon time and for undertaking any necessary Islands and Vanuatu. revisions of the hydrocarbon legislation.

32 NEARSHORE MINERAlS (Agenda Item Western Samoa, Kiribati and the Solomon 12) Islands. In northern Tongatapu extensive areas 12.1 Precious Corals of lagoon floor covered with coarse sand were discovered; reserves are conservatively 12.1.1 TAG was informed that no exploration estimated to be several million cubic metres. was undertaken for deep-water Corallium Detailed studies of the more promising areas species. were recommended. 12.1.2 The Techsec completed a survey for 12.3.2 Between the western end of Upolu and black coral species in the Gilbert Group of Manono Islands in Western Samoa large areas Kiribati. Eight atolls were visited and a variety of the seabed are covered by clean sands in of environments examined including reef relatively shallow « 6 m) water. The most pro- fronts and terraces, lagoon passages, patch mising areas occur just landward of the reef reefs and lagoon floors. Observations by scuba crest with reserves estimated to be 1.7 million divers were made at a total of 49 sites in the cubic metres. depth range of 10-32 m. Samples identified by Dr R Grigg (UH) indicated three species of 12.3.3 A surface sediment distribution map of black coral were found: Antipathes ulex; southern Tarawa atoll, Kiribati, is being pre- Antipathes sp., and Parantipathes sp.. Most pared on the basis of collation of earlier data specimens were small (less than 2 em diameter supplemented by new sampling. Sand is the at the base) and therefore are probably of dominant constituent of the sediments, but limited commerical value. mud components in many areas will limit their value as a sand resource. 12.1.3 The Tongan representative noted that following a SPREP environmental report on 12.3.4 Sand and gravel resources were Tongan black coral, regulation of the industry examined as part of study of the northeastern has increased and includes replanting Guadalcanal coastal plain and adjacent off- schemes. It was also noted that the quality of shore areas. Abundant nearshore resources locally carved black coral has impoved. exist. However, their proximity to beaches and the fact of significant historical shoreline 11.2 Detrital Minerals movements will require that potential mining 12.2.1 Techsec and personnel from the ~ites be carefully selected to minimise environ- Solomon Island Geology Division collected 23 mental hazards. 25-kgbulk beach samples along a 50km stretch 12.3.5 The Tongan representative expressed of continuous beach on the northeastern concern over the unknown environmental con- Guadalcanal coastal plain. Several rivers in sequences of offshore sand mining on this area drain watersheds with known gold Tongatapu. TAG noted previous recommen- occurrences. Primary separation of the heavy dations that where a detailed environmental minerals will be undertaken by the Geology impact assessment had not been made a pilot Division of the Ministry of Natural (Resources dredging operation should be instituted to in Honiara and concentrates will be analysed assess the effects of offshore sand mining and for gold and other precious metals. that the present process of sand extraction from 12.2.2 The Fiji 'representative noted that the beaches is potentially detrimental to the shallow seismic data from Nadi and Laucala Tongan tourist industry. TAG was informed Bays were being interpreted; sampling and that in Hawaii it had been shown that environ- analysis.for gold are planned to follow. mental disturbance could be minimised by the use of suction dredges rather than the more 12.3 Sand and Gravel conventional bucket dredges. 12.3.1 Techsec nearshore studies for sand and 12.3.6 The esc representative noted that in ••.•vel resources were conducted in Tonga, Fiji although sand and gravel dredging did 33 cause some environmental disturbance these COASTAL ENGINEERING effects had been minimised by permitting (Agenda Item 14) dredging only away from areas which would 14.1 Techsec reported the following studies: produce effects on the coast . Western Samoa: bathymetric survey for 123.7 The SPREP representative noted that a hurricane wave refraction Marine Park has been proposed for the analysis for input to sea Aleipata District of Western Samoa-the same wall design near the area where a Techsec sand and gravel survey Meteorological Station; was undertaken. It seemed unlikely that off- Kiribati: Tarawa and Maiana atolls shore dredging could satisfactorily co-exist were surveyed to locate sta- with protected area development and renew- ble sites for hotel and rec- able resource use at the same locality, reation areas; Tuvalu: Baseline studies of lagoon current characteristics and ONSHORE MINERALS (Agenda Item 13) of wind and waves on Funafuti Atoll in relation to 13.1 Clays shore protection measures 13.1.1 Techsec made no investigation of clays required; during the past year. Solomon Is: Baseline current, wind, and wave studies of the Lungga 13.1.2 The Solomon Islands representative delta and near Tulaghi to reported that the report-of the CFTC expert select possible sites for oil who examined the Tururama clay deposit in storage depots. Because of 1984 was still awaited. However, the deposit possible problems with was of low grade and suitable only for brick- foundations on the Lungga making and was,givep .low priority by the delta, and of pipeline Geology Divisionin'Honiara. ". length, the Government is now thinking of an alterna- 13.2 Zeolites tive site further west , 13.2.1 There was no follow up on zeolite Vanuatu: Baseline studies were con- studies raised at the Honiara session. The offer tinuing for an ocean out- from Papua New Guinea to assist in the iden- fall site near Pango and oil tification and analysis of zeolite samples will storage depot at Teuma have to be withdrawn shortly, on departure of Bay. A hydraulic study was the expert concerned. made in Erakor Lagoon. 14.2 The SPREP representative reported that 13.3 Other Minerals UNEP was funding lagoon water quality 13.3.1 The Fiji representative reported assess- studies at Tarawa, Vila, Marovo Lagoon and ment was proceeding on three limestone Suva. . deposits. Preliminary drill holes had resulted 14.3 The ESCAP representative indicated that in almost halving of the estimated reserves in the new Urban Geology Programme had got the one area drilled. off to a slow start and that a workshop was 13.3.2 The Australian Representative noted planned for 1987 to be funded by the that pozzuolanic clays on Vanua Levu inves- Netherlands Government tigated in the 1960s,and other deposits, may be 14.4 TAG noted that particularly in the case of worth reconsidering in the light of more recent atolls and other small islands the fields ofhyd- developments and requirements. rogeology and coastal processes overlap and

34 ., complement each other to some extent and 16.2 Techsec reported that measurement of recommended that this be recognised and co- water transparency as a measure of pollution ordinated in order to ensure proper co- continued in the harbour and lagoons of Port operation. Vila, Vanuatu. The recent small improvement 14.5 TAG also noted that demand for coastal in water quality there was probably attribut- hydrogeology studies had increased rapidly able to lack of heavy rains washing in over the past few years, and that even with the pollutants. EEC-funded coastal engineer expected to be in 16.3 The Tonga delegate noted that a post by the end of 1987 it will be difficult for plenipotentiary meeting on the Convention for Techsecto satisfy the demand Consequently the Protection of the Natural Environment of TAG concluded that Techsec should not the South Pacific was to be held. The Conven- attempt to develop its own hydrogeology tion was expected to be signed in November capability unless more resources become avail- 1986 by about 23 Pacific countries. TAG sug- able. TAG noted that co-ordination and close gested that the SPREP representative should co-operation with the proposed new UNDP- indicate to his organisation the interest of funded hydrogeological project would be CCOP/SOPAC in being invited to attend this desirable. meeting. 14.6 The HIG representative emphasised the two-fold approach to the study of the GEOLOGICAL HAZARDS: coastline: (Agenda Item 17) 1. By measuring wave and current para- 17.1 Tsunamis meters 17.1.1 TAG was informed that one tsunami 2. By computer prediction of these based warning was issued by PlWC during early on a detailed knowledge of the local Mayas a result of a large earthquake near bathymetry. Alaska. The tsunami was not recorded in Fiji, and a very small response was recorded in MARINE SCIENCE (Agenda Item 15) New Zealand. 15.1 Techsec reported that development of 17.1.2 TAG noted the need for adequate pre- equipment for deep-water deployment in paredness for the social response to tsunami studies of seamounts near Guam was con- warnings since it was estimated that the cost of tinued The remote control marine 1V camera, the 1986 test warning in Hawaii was US$5 was tested outside the reef at Guam. million. 15.2 It was noted that studies of SEASAT 17.1.3 The ICG/ITSU proposal for a regional altimeter data by ORSTOM would lead to tsunami wamingsystem in the Southwest information on sea surface topography and Pacific was reviewed, TAG noted that whilst hence on major circulation currents. SPOT- IOC had prepared a draft proposal for the HRV image data, on the other hand, could pro- Philippine to Papua New Guinea area, this had vide information on waves and wave not yet been funded. It was recognised that diffraction at the coastline. while it is possible to provide satisfactory warn- ing of tsunamis generated on the eastern rim of the Pacific this is not possible for regional and POUUTION (Agenda Item 16) local earthquakes of the Southwestern Pacific. 16.1 It was noted that Techsec's capability in Consequently preparedness for action in the pollution estimation and monitoring was event of tsunamis generated locally depended limited to the collection of baseline data on on improving communications to outlying physical parameters; measurement of chemi- islands and through education in the nature cal parameters was not normally undertaken. and effect of tsunamis. 35 17.2 Seismicity 17.2.7 The delegate from Australia promised to 17.2.1 TAG wasinformed of the large (M >7) enquire into the status ofanANUIUNE report earthquake in May 1975 which caused exten- on seismic studies carried out in the Tongan .sive landslides in the Miocene limestone area . rugged terrain of the Nakanai Mountains, 17.2.8 TAG was informed that the University Papua New Guinea. One exceptional of Colorado has carried out seismic studies and landslide, which blocked the Bairaman River, installation of equipment in Fiji and Tonga; produced a lake which is filling at a rate of the results of the work have been published (see nearly 1metre/month. This dam is expected to CR6-3(1» fail within six months and one village on the downstream coastal plain has been 17.3 Volcanicity evacuated. 17.3.1 TAG noted that during the Moana Wave 17.2.2 TAG was informed of the large (M >7) Tripartite II cruise a SeaMARC II survey of earthquake with a focal depth in excess of 500 Rabaul Harbour took place in December 1985. km which occurred about 300 km south of Suva The M/V Tau also worked in Rabaul Harbour on June 26th. Fiji was unaffected although using a remotely operated vehicle equipped devastation in Fiji was implied in some mis- with underwater TV camera. Seismicity in leading overseas news reports. Rabaul over the past 12 months has been low. 17.2:3 TAG was informed of the completion of a morphostructural study of Suva Harbour and 17.3.i TAG was informed that a recent the implications for earthquake-related SeaMARC II survey in the area of the sub- ground failure; a summary of the report has marine Cook Volcano showed the volcano to been given to Techsec. be non-existent. The same survey found a new seamount not far from the Kana Keoki 17.2.4 The US technical adviser informed Seamount in the eastern Woodlark Basin. TAG that the map series relating to Tripartite 17.3.3 The HIG representative informed TAG cruise work which was being compiled by T.E. of a similar "elusive" submarine volcano in Chase (USGS) would include maps of seis- Kosarae, Federated States of Micronesia which micity and seismic hazard. is recorded in local legend. 17.2.5 TAG was informed thatthe first phase of 17.3.4 The Solomon Islands delegate investigations ofthe seismicity and seismic risk informed TAG that activity on the Kavachi of the Fiji, Tonga and Vanuatu areas using volcano had been reported by Solairpilots, and equipment provided by Cornell University was that the Geological Division relied heavily on complete. However, Vanuatu Government- Solair for observations of activity. Also, in one ORSTOM-Cornell co-operation is leading to area seismic activity along a N-S line west of further study of the New Hebrides Ridge aimed Savo volcano had been recorded. at determination of the strongest likely earth- 17.3.5 The NZ delegate informed TAG that the quakes as part of a seismic risk analysis for NZ Defence Scientific Establishment (DSE) various areas. The 21 telemetered seismologi- had detected activity of the Kavachi volcano cal station network will continue to be while testing sonar equipment. maintained. 17.3.6 TAG was informed that a detailed his- 17.2.6 The Western Samoa delegate informed tory of Kavachi will be included in the Tripar- TAG that the seismology and geomagnetic sec- tite II reports of the Kana Keoki cruises; a recent tions of the Apia Observatory continue to be BMR Journal paper included earlier detailed run by, and collect data for, the Geophysics bathymetry of the volcano collected by the Division of nSIR, New Zealand. USSR

36 17.3.7 The HIG delegate suggested that the 17.4.6 The SPREP representative informed delegate from Guam request local pilots for TAG that the Association of South Pacific observations on submarine volcano activity in Environmental Institutions was forming a task Guam waters. team to examine possible effects of a rise in sea 17.4 Coastal Hazards (flooding and erosion) level in the Pacific region. 17.4.1 The Solomon Islands delegate reported 17.4;7 TAG was informed by the US delegation that several papers on geohazards in Vanuatu to TAG on the geological effects of Cyclone will be included in the Tripartite II report. Namu which devastated parts of Malaita and Guadalcanal during 18-21 May 1986.Massive 17.4.8 TAG noted three recommendations on landslides in the interior of Guadalcanal and geological hazards in the Southwest Pacific accompanying heavy rainfall resulted in which were formulated at a meeting of a Work- exceptional flooding and sedimentation on the ing Group for the Association of Geologists North Guadalcanal coastal zone. The large for International Development-International amounts of debris brought to the coast pro- Lithosphere Program (AGID-ILP) held in vided protection for the shoreline and resulted . Sydney; (i) A computer-based data compila- in accretion along extensive stretches. Areas of tion centre be established to collect, use, and shoreline erosion were restricted. Colour air implement data on hazards in the region with a photographs have now been flown at a scale of view to more effective risk and vulnerability 1:25,000; from these it is planned to compile assessment; (ii) a set of geological hazard maps hazard maps for the coastal zone and for the be prepared; (iii) implementation of training inland areas attempting, in the mountains, to schemes in geological hazard assessment, relate landslide potential to lithology. mitigation, and preparedness. 17.4.2 Techsec has included a report on the 17.4.9 The Australian representatives agreed flooding effects in CCOP/SOPAC Technical to circulate to member countries copies of a Report 67, implemented an aerial recon- paper entitled "Geological Hazards in the naissance of the shoreline of Guadalcanal Southwest Pacific and Southeast Asian region: soon after the cyclone, and has installed beach Identification, assessment and impact". profile monitoring sites around the Lungga 17.4.10 TAG recognised the potential value of River delta. high-resolution satellite data in disaster studies and for planning and agreed that such data 17.4.3 TAG was informed of continued beach could provide both baseline information for monitoring by Techsec on South Tarawa, comparison with post-disaster imagery or air Kiribati, and on Fongafale, Tuvalu. TAG noted photography, and information on the effects of with pleasure that member country nationals disasters. TAG consequently recommended that were now carrying out the survey in Kiribati Techsec contact the relevant organisations for and assisting with the survey in Tuvalu. joint approaches for acquisition of a regional 17.4.4 TAG was informed that the Betio- data base of high-resolution satellite data. TAG Bairiki, Kiribati causeway was now under con- noted that SPREP was forming an advisory struction and due for completion in mid-1987. group to investigate the use of remote sensing The beach profile monitoring will be con- data, including SPOT-HRV data; for resource . tinued along each side of the causeway after mapping which could lead to an atlas of resour- its completion. ces of the South Pacific. 17.4.11 TAG recognised that hazard studies of 17.4.5 The Tonga delegate requested a review the whole SOPAC region were impractical, and of the reclamation study on the Kanokopulu recommended that detailed studies focus first on area of Tongatapu which was carried out by areas of high population density which should Techsec in conjunction with the Tongan be the first targets for acquisition of satellite Qowmment in late 1983. 1ft"1QOP.ru 37 17.4.12 TAG recognised the value of the study outstanding are with the cold water pipe which of the geological effects of disasters for plan- for such a plant would have to be 2 m in ning and so to enable such studies to begin as diameter. Planned intake .depth has been soon after the event as possible TAG recommen- reduced from 1,000m to 700 m, ded that Techsec establish a fund upon which 18.1.2 The adviser from HIG reported that member countries could draw for appropriate OTEC work in Hawaii had shown that since post-disaster studies. potential power output was proportional to 17.4.13 The USSR delegate noted that his water throughput, a 20 MW plant would country may have photo-images of part of the require a cold water pipe of about 5 m diameter, SOPAC region taken from Soviet space for which it might be possible to use an inclined stations; TAG recommended that Techsec tunnel. Problems of environmental distur- approach the President of the USSR Academy bance by discharge oflarge volumes of bottom of Sciences to investigate the availability of water could be minimised by returning it to such imagery. several hundred feet depth, below the ther- mocline. He also noted the potential use of 17.4.14 The NZ delegation informed TAG deep waters for mariculture, which would that the NZ Small Island Countries Fund require much smaller pipes than for OTEC. (which included Kiribati, Tuvalu and Cook Islands) might be able to assist with the cost of 18:2 Wave Energy Conversion acquiring satellite imagery. 18.2.1. The adviser from Norway described . developments in wave powergeneration in that RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES country where two pilot plants are in operation: (Agenda Item 18) 1. Tapered channel; 2. Oscillating water 18.1 OTEC column. The latter system is small and may be appropriate for some parts of the South Pacific. 18.1.1 The French technical adviser described Total installation costs, including access roads, progress with the French OTEC scheme at was about $1M. The unit is regarded as being of Tahiti (CRI8-1). Recently studies had been the minimum practical size with power expec- conducted by IFREMER and ERGOCEAN to ted to be 4-5 cents/kWh. One year of directional provide recommendations for the location and wave data is desirable for the preliminary the dimensioning of the structures of the pilot design, the pilot plant having withstood 20 m plant and to assess the effect on the environ- waves. ment. Water column and rock conditions have been studied in detail. Closed and open cycle 18.2.2 The UK adviser reported that his government is sponsoring a review of the systems have been studied. The proposed con- figuration ofthe cold water pipe allows its con- possibilities for economic energy generation struction and deploymenmt in most of the from renewable resources in the Pacific and hall recognised the potential for small wave possible OTEC sites. Currently. OTEC development is being held back by the low cost power and/or OTEC power generation in Fiji, of oil. Studies on production of fresh water Tonga, the Cook Islands and Papua New from OTEC plants show that this could have a Guinea. These studies are continuing. significant, beneficial, effect on their economics. It was concluded that an OTEC LAW OF 1HE SEA (Agenda Item 19) plant was technically possible but not 19.1 The representative of the Office of the economically viable while oil prices remain so Special Representative of the Secretary low. The possible by-production of fresh water General for the Law of the Sea informed TAG may increase the economic viability of such of the current status of ratifications to the Con- plants. A 5 MW pilot plant under consideration vention on the U!w of the Sea. There are would cost about $75 M. The main problems . currently 31 ratifications (CRl9-1). The Con-

38 vention enters into force one year after the 60th CCOP/SOPAC, including a listing of the instrument of ratification is deposited. TAG numerous survey cruises conducted in the was informed that the Preparatory Commis- region during the past year, is contained in sion for the International Seabed Authority CR7-1(D)b, pp 19-22. and the International Tribunal for the Law of 20.2 TAG heard that the Tripartite Moana the Sea was continuing its work. Special Com- Wave cruise to the Manus Basin produced a mission I, which is studying the effects of SeaMARC II map of much of the deep-water seabed mineral production on land-based pro- portion of the basin covering 'more than 40,000 ducer states, is currently examining compensa- km2 in 16 days of ship time. The map provided tion schemes. Special Commission 2 (which is an excellent base for interpretation of tectonics to prepare the Enterprise, the operational arm of the basin and its mode off ormation. Several of the Seabed Authority, for early operation) new zones of back-arc ridge spreading were has been considering a paper submitted by the discovered and many areas of fresh basalt were Australian delegation on the feasibility of identified. Many samples of fresh basalt were seabed mining. Special Commission 3, which recovered and photographs of hydrothermal is writing the mining code for manganese- chimneys (presumably sulphide) were nodule mining in the International Area, is obtained. Although most ofthis work focused currently examining provisions on the finan- on tectonics and the petrology of the newly- cial terms of contract Special Commission 4, is found volcanics, the SeaMARC II images sug- continuing to examine rules of procedure for gest that off-axis sediment hosted sulphides the International Tribunal. Plenary has been may be present in this area as well. [CR20- looking at these rules of procedure for the 3(1),CR20-6(I)] Seabed Authority and at rules for registration .of the first group of applicants. 20.3 A similar SeaMARC II study was also The Preparatory Commission has received undertaken on the Moana Wave in the eastern applications for registration from the USSR, Woodlark Basin enroute to the Manus Basin France, India and Japan. Over the past three with comparable mapping results. years, negotiations to resolve conflicts resulting 20.4 TAG was informed that a second Tripar- from overlapping claims have been conducted tite leg of the Moana Wave in February and employing the good offices of the Chairman of March 1986in Kiribati and Tuvalu waters was the Preparatory Commission. It appears that very successfull, [CR20-8]. Analysis of bulk agreement resolving these conflicts may soon chemistry of Mn crusts and Mn nodules are be reached TAG was furtherinformed that the now complete and the results have been repor- Lawofthe Sea Office isthe repository for charts ted. [CRlO-l/2]. Cu + Ni + Co grades of up and lists of co-ordinates establishing baselines to 3.4%in manganese nodules are reported for a and maritime zones. As this information is sample site north of the Phoenix Island, but received, it is published in the Law of the Sea abundances are generally low. Bulletin. Also, a publication containing a com- 20.5 Results from this cruise indicates that pilation of baseline legislation will soon be there were two individual occurrences of poten- available. A publication containing legislation tially ore grade crusts deposits, one in Tuvalu on the economic zone, the exclusive economic and one in the Enderbury Island area (Phoenix zone, and the .exclusive fishing zone, is now Group) of Kiribati. In both areas 1.5 km available from the United Nations. appears to be the optimum water depth for Co- REGIONAL PROJECTS (Agenda Item 20) enriched crusts. More work needs to be done to 20.1 TAG was informed that considerable pro- investigate the apparently high resource poten- tial of these two areas. gress has been made in CCOP/SOPAC regional projects since the 14th Session. A sum- 20.6 TAG was also informed of the results of mary of regional work undertaken on behalf of the cruise the HMNZS Turin April to study the

39 Mn crusts on seamounts in the northern group eastern segment of the spreading ridge system. of the Cook Islands, across the Manihiki The fourth leg (Suva-Nuku'alofa) showed that Plateau, around Machias and Capricorn the Valu Fa Ridge structure extended from 22°S Seamounts, and between Niue and Tofua. to 200S. The fifth leg (Nuku'alofa-Papeete), [CR.20-7(I), CR.20-13(I)] which studied the Louisville Ridge-Tonga Arc collision area, demonstrated the tectonic ero- 20.7 TAG heard that publication of the S. P. sion of the toe of the inner trench wall. Prior to Lee Tripartite cruise results in both Tonga and the leg, SEASAT data were analysed to locate Solomon Islands has been completed with the previously undiscovered seamounts which publication of Volumes 2 and 4 of the Circum- were then surveyed during the cruise. [CR.20- Pacific Council for Energy and Mineral 1, CR.20-2] Resources Earth Science Series. The Vanuatu leg is expected to be published in early 1987.All SCS-reflection, magnetic and gravity data, and 20.10 The results of the German Sonne cruise bathymetric profiles collected during the 1984 to the Lau and North Fiji Basin were also dis- S. P. Lee cruises in Papua New Guinea, cussed. In the Lau Basin the spreading centre Solomon Islands, Vanuatu and Tonga have was believed to be propagating to the south. been processed, reproduced, and distributed to The structure is known to be very complicated selected member countries of CCOP/SOPAC and the spreading axis has not yet been well and to Techsec. Interpretation of the Papua defined over its entire length. Mineralisation is New Guinea data has been completed and characterised by chalcopyrite, marcasite and results are anticipated to be published by mid- nontronite-a high temperature Fe-silicate 1987.MCS data processing has been completed forming a yellow encrusting deposit. In the for Papua New Guinea and Tonga and is con- North Fiji Basin the structure is that of a small tinuing for the Vanuatu and Solomon Island curving offset on the North Fiji Fracture Zone legs. [CR.20-9(I)] enclosing a small spreading ridge. Mineralisa- tion is mostly in the form of disseminated 20.8 Techsec noted that most cruises in the pyrite. region had a national representative on board and their cruise reports constitute the first and 20.11 The US delegate reported on the East valuable information provided to the Project Asia Basin Analysis Project which is being Office after the cruise. conducted by CCOP/EA in co-operation with 20.9 TAG was advised of the results of five legs the lUGS and Circum-Pacific Council-USGS. of the French SEAPSO Project. The first leg National and regional organisations, prin- (Noumea-Vila) focused on the Loyalty and cipallymembers of the ASEAN Council of Pet- d'Entrecasteaux Ridge collision with the New roleum, are compiling maps at a scale of Hebrides Arc. Large scale normal faulting of 1:2,000,000,and stratigraphic cross sections of the Loyalty Ridge was observed and the basins. Potential resources of oil and gas, coal, Bougainville Spur was discovered to be formed phosphate, evaporites, uranium, etc. will be by a seamount in the process of being subdue- depicted. The easternmost sheets of this map ted. The second leg (Villa-Villa) was devoted to series will cover Papua New Guinea. and the structure of incipient rifting in the back-arc Solomon Islands. Two major elements of the troughs of the New Hebrides Arc where Project are: evidence for recent volcanic and low tempera- 1. Base maps-USGS has partially compiled ture hydrothermal activity was found. The eight sheets covering East Asia and the third leg (Vila-Suva) concentrated on the Southwest Pacific to show bathymetry, shore- spreading axis in the southern part of the North lines, and drainage systems; one sheet also pre- Fiji Basin and identified compressional struc- sents topography and selected cultural fea- tures possibly related to strike-slip motion tures; all sheets are schedule to be fully com- along what was previously believed to be on pleted in 1987.

40 2. Geotectonic maps-The Joint CCOP/ relevance to CCOP/SOPAC; they are: SOPAC-IOC Working Group on post-IDOE Inland Water Quality Studies of East Asian Tectonics and Resources - Heavy metal monitoring in Papua New (SEATAR) is now completing 10 transect Guinea rivers related to mining studies with crustal profiles and strip maps. - Limnology of Monasavu Dam; Fiji One map for each transect shows a plate tec- - Groundwater quality in the Tuamotu tonic interpretation. These transects traverse Archipelago the western margin of the. CCOP/SOPAC Coastal Water Quality Monitoring region. Completion of the geotectonic inter- . - Studies of Vitogo Estuary and pretation is planned by 1987.Progress will be associated area, Fiji summarised at a project review meeting in July - Monitoring of Guam coastal waters 1987 in Jakarta. - Monitoring of French Polynesia 20.12 The technical adviser from Scripps, not- coastal waters ing the need for compiling all high-resolution - Pacific lagoonal study (Tarawa, Suva, bathymetry data in the various basins of the Vila, Marovo) South Pacific region, suggested that the Oceanography individual chief scientists of the respective sur- Occupational and Environmental Hazards of {rey cruises be contacted to provide the Pesticide Use bathymetric maps as soon as the data Could be Management of Natural Resources released to enable Techsec staff to undertake - Pacific resource and environmental these compilations. The TAG, noting the data system recommendation of the last session that all available SEABEAM and SeaMARC II data be - Use of remote sensing in resource assembled for eventual publication in an Atlas analysis of High Resolution Bathymetry and Seafloor Waste Management and Pollution Control Imagery, reaffirmed their recommendation and - Development of effiuent and waste dis- strongly urged its early implementation. (TAG posal standards recommendation 33, 14th Session of CCOP/ - Coastal water quality monitoring of SOPAC.) selected sites in Papua New Guinea The project proposals are described in detail OTHER WORK COMPLETED in the Report of the Third Consultative Meet- (~nda Item 21) ing of Research and Training Institutions of the 21.1 The observer from the CSC reported that South Pacific Region, which is available following discussions with countries of the frbmSPREP. South Pacific the CSC was starting a "Coastal 21.3 The representative of the UN Office of Zone Management Project in the South Pacific Technical Co-operation described the pre- Region". The aim is to develop coastal manage- liminary phase of a Water Resources Project ment models based on South Pacific Environ- which started in April 1986and which cover the mental Plan submissions and will, in the first small island countries of the South Pacific instance use two demonstration areas respec- including the offshore islands of Papua New tivelyon a high island (Marovo Lagoon in the Guinea. The aim is to provide expertise on all western Solomon Islands) and a low island aspects of water .resources within the region by (Pukapuka, one of the northern Cook Islands). stationing a resident senior expert in Fiji and to The proiect will be linked to SPREP activities supplement him with associate experts in each on baseline water quality, sedimentation, and country. Since close co-operation with CCOP/ nutrients in Marovo Lagoon and in training. SOPAC would be desirable TAG recommended 21.2.The SPREP representative described that the new project base be sited at the •••••• and newSPREP projects which are of Techsec office.

41 21.4 The Forum Fisheries Agency representa- This high-resolution bathymetric and side- tive indicated that FFA was involved in three scan imaging swath mapping system, capable areas of work of relevance to CCOP/SOPAC: of being transported, by air, is being tested in 1. A study of the markets for precious coral Hawaii by Seafloor Surveys International. It is products has been started and win be designed to detect objects as small as a small completed during 1986. airplane on the seafloor on its 1 km swath 2. The programme of training in Ocean range, then define them in greater detail by Resources Management based at the USP zooming in to narrower ranges. Its bathymetric outlined at the 14th Session has now capability is now undergoing trials in Hawaii been established. down to depths of 2,000 m, after which it is 3. The FFA is involved in a technical evalua- expected to be fully operational by mid- tion of the NOAA/USGS proposal for October. A similar long-range deep-watersys- seabed mapping/bathymetric work! tem named SeaMARC-R has been designed fisheries resources assessment and is ready for construction as soon as a werk program is developed for it NEW EQUIPMENT (Agenda Item 22) 22.5 The UK adviser updated TAG on the GWRIA system. Since the last session of 22.1 The French delegation described the uses CCOP/SOPAC, the UK Institute of of the new high-resolution SPOT remote sens- Oceanographic Sciences (NERC) which ing satellite data which can provide valuable designed and built GLORIA, has signed an support for coastal inventory and manage- agreement with Marconi under which that ment, especially in areas such as salt marsh company will market GLORIA surveys world- mapping, 'reef mapping and cartography of wide and will develop a new version of the sys- lagoons. Pilot projects have been selected in tem. Discussions between Marconi and New Caledonia and French Polynesia, and are CCOP/SOPAC on acquiring coverage within desirable in the CCOP/SOPAC region. member country EEZs have been held In addi- 22.2 An improved method of locating tion, one GLORIA system is on lease to USGS seamounts with greater accuracy and to deter- and another remains at lOS for use in their mine their size and shape using SEASAT scientific studies. This GLORIA will be on the altimetric data analysis, has been developed research vessel Charles Darwin in Indonesia and tested by ORsTOM. Ten new seamounts early in 1988,and is expected to be used in the were predicted in an area of 1.4M km2 between Pacific later, although a definite work plan has the southern Cook Islands and French not yet been formulated. lOS would consider Polynesia, and three of the locations were scientific proposals for projects in the CCOP/ visited by the Jean Charcot which found ,SOPAC region. uncharted seamounts within less than 15 km' 22.6 A new manganese nodule exploration from the predicted site. A preliminary study of system to estimate nodule abundancy while the satellite data over the CCOP/SOPAC area underway was described by the adviser from is in progress. Japan. The system is a Multi-Frequency 22.3 A high-resolution long-range Side-scan Exploration System (MFES) which uses a 3.5 sonar and sub-bottom profiler, SAR, develop- kHz sub-bottom profiler, a 12kHz echo soun- ment by IFREMER operates at 170 kHz. It is der, and a 30kHz narrow-beam sounder to pro- proposed for use in a post-SEAPSO detailed vide acoustic reflectivity measurements from mapping study of hydrothermal areas in the which an estimate of abundances of nodules is LauBasin in 1987,if funds are available. derived. The system is calibrated by camera and by sampling at periodic stations where 22.4 The adviser from HIG described abundances can be measured The Hakurei SeaMARC-S, a new advanced SeaMARC Maru No.2 has used this system to estimate system developed from the HIG SeaMARC II. abundances along track lines since 1982. 42 22.7 The NZ representative informed TAG that interface and exchange between the two that DSIR had acquired the former German organisations be facilitated. research vesselMeteor and renamed itRapuhia. They are nowlooking for a MCS system. 23.7 It was recognised that a problem exists over the archiving of magnetic tapes arising DATA MANAGEMENT (Agenda Item 23) from various cruises, and generated by studies, on land, in the island countries. TAG 23.1 During the 1985/86 reporting period recommended that the possibility of storing funds were made available by the governments such tapes in existing archives particularly in of France, Australia and by ESCAP to allow USA and Australia, be investigated by Techsec to purchase hardware and software for setting up a data processing centre at Techsec. Techsec. Items acquired include: 23.8 In particular, TAG recommended that Micro Vax II multiuser computer Techsec write to the Australian national repre- Colour graphics monitor and AO sheet sentative now that Australia is a member coun- plotter try of CCOP/SOPAC to ask him to further Monochrome monitor and printer investigate the possibilities of magnetic tape Micro VMS operating system and Fortran storage for CCOP/SOPAC countries at the 77 compiler Australian National Archives. Techsec Software provided by HIG to interface should include information on the probable with Techsec . volume of member country data involved IBM PCs and Micro Vax II 23.9 The Tonga representative welcomed the 23.2 ISIS software from UNESCO is being news that computers, which had been reques- developed for a geological bibliographic data ted at the Special Session in June 1986,would base relevant to the South Pacific. This pro- be provided when Lome II funding was com- gramme is named DOMINO from Documen- mitted to CCOP/SOPAC, probably late in tation Mineral Offshore. The IBM-PC version 1987; a computer would be a great help in all is now available and the MicroVAX II version member country's work programmes. will be operational by the end of 1986. A 23.10 Techsec indicated that training in the use geological data base will be adapted from the of the computers and transfer of the available ORSTOM programme, and an automated software could begin as soon as suitable mapping software will be adapted from the hardware was installed in the member IFREMER programme. countries. 23.3 The Techsec staff was joined by a documentalist officer and a geological com- puter expert in 1986. PUBUCATIONS (Agenda Item 24) 23.4 The-second phase of the HIG-eCOP/ 24.1 The publications of Tech sec from October SOPAC co-operative data processing pro- 1985 to September 1986 are listed in Part 3 of gramme has been completed. The data from a this Proceedings volume, where Document total of 12 cruises has been processed and put CR7-1(D)b is excerpted. on to a magnetic tape which will be available 24.2 In addition, a number of important won at Techsec. publications by other organisations were men- 23.5 As recommended by the STAR, the tioned during the meeting; these are held in Techsec has initiated a directory of marine Part 3, Annex I of this volume. geological projects in the South Pacific. 24.3 The US representative indicated that 23.6 Overlap of data for the coastal region in there were funding problems over the the SPRE~ and CCOP/SOPAC data manage- publication of the remainder of the Tripartite .ment projects will occur. TAG recommended II results which had yet to be overcome .

43 24.4 The Fiji representative congratulated of each participant be provided to his/her Techsec on the production of its new department. Newsletter. 25.5 The IOC representative regretted that 24.5 All members of TAG were urged to send IOC was unable to offer support for the course reprints of papers in the SOPAC region to in 1985 because of budgetary constraints, but Techsec and also to the countries involved. continued to maintain support for the course as SPREP would like at least copies of all a priority item. bibliographies to be sent to the SPC library. 25.6 The course had been designed to provide TRAINING (Agenda Item 25) technical training but experience had shown it was very helpful in'identifying students who Earth Science and Marine Geology Training might benefit from further training to first de- Program greelevel. 25.1 Techsec reported that two 6-week advan- ced training courses (Marine Geology and COASTAL MAPPING WORKSHOP Earth History, Geology and Development Pro- (Agenda Item 26) jects: Hazards) were held at the Institute of 26.1 TAG was informed that the Fourth Marine Resources at the USP, Suva, Fiji, dur- USGS-CCOP/SOPAC sponsored Coastal ing January-March 1986. The two courses, Mapping Workshop was held in Rarotonga financed by funds made available from the during July and attended by twenty-one par- governments of Australia and New Zealand ticipants from eight member countries. The and from UNDP, had a total of seven and ten course, originally scheduled for Honiara in the participants respectively from six member Solomon Islands, was moved because of countries. The course Director was Dr Russell damage incurred by cyclone Namu. SPREP Howorth, teaching assistant, Mr Talanoafuka and USAID also assisted with funding. Kitekei'aho of Tonga and technician, Mr Fiu Manueli, ofIMR/USP. Thanks were expressed 26.2 It was noted that the course objectives for support from IMR and MRD for the provi- were to provide the host country with a coastal sion of personnel, to USGS and NZGS for map and provide training to students with donation of teaching materials, and to two diverse educational backgrounds. It was villages on Viti Levu, who provided hospitality therefore decided to refrain from labelling the during field work course "advanced" or "basic" but to provide training on an on-going basis. TAG recom- 25.2 TAG commended the seven participants mended that the notification of future who, at the end of the courses, successfully workshops include a detailed course descrip- completed all requirements for the Certificate tion to aid member countries in selecting suit- in Earth Science and Marine Geology jointly able participants. Tuvalu has agreed to host the awarded by USP and Victoria University of next Coastal Mapping Workshop in 1987. Wellington. They will officially graduate at the 1986USP Graduation Ceremony and bring PETROLEUM GEOWGY COURSE the total number of graduates to thirteen. (Agenda Item 27) 25.3 It is planned to run the 12-week Basic ·27.1 The NZ representative informed TAG Earth Science and Marine Geology Course that following the l-week intensive course from 5 January-27 March 1987;this represents given in 1985the NZGS is considering further the start of a new cycle of training. It is expected training in the form of on-the-job work that between fifteen and twenty participants experience for periods of 3-4 months for 1-2 will attend. individuals at a time. Names of potential can- 25.4 The course director was requested that didates should be sent to Techsec for forward- after future courses a confidential assessment inz to New Zealand.

44 BATHYMETRIC DRAUGHTING COURSE January 1987,on "How Volcanoes Work". The (Agenda Item 28) Circum-Pacific Council could provide funds for an Island National to attend. Registration 28.1 The Australian representative noted the should be completed by 1 November 1986. availability of a Bathymetric Draughting Course offered by the National Mapping 30.5 An ICOD sponsored course for "Offshore Agency in Canberra for up to two students at a Non-Fuel Mineral Resources.Assessment and time. TAG expressed its appreciation to Aus- Planning" was submitted by the Law of the Sea tralia and hoped member countries would take officer. The course is intended for senior advantage of the offer. Australia requested geologists involved in the formulation and definite news on whether more students will be implementation. of mining policy. Scholar- sent; this information should be provided by ships are available but applications must be Techsec. submitted prior to 1 November 1986. (CR30- 1(1). WORKSHOPS (Agenda Item 29) 30.6 TAG was informed that for the past 2 29.1 TAG considered the report of the 3rd Ses- years the USP calendar has listed a B.Sc.degree sion of STAR and adopted and endorsed it course structure leading to a major in Earth before submitting it to the committee to con- Science, and noted further that USP had sider action on the resolutions and limited professional geological manpower recommendations. resources to support this course structure. 30.7 TAG recommended that Techsec com- OTHER TRAINING (Agenda Item 30) municate with USP to express CCOP / 30.1 Techsec reported that member countries SOPAC's desire to see this curriculum develop, had participated in cruises of the following and further recommended that a representative vessels in the past year.Thomas Washington, (1 from USP be invited to the 16th CCOP/SOPAC Tongan, 1 Solomon Islander); Hakurei Maru Session "to provide details on the USP pro- No.2 (1 Cook Islander); Moana Wave (1 PNG gramme, and possibly identify areas of co- national, 2 Kiribati, 1 Fijian); HMNZS Thi (1 operation and agreement. Cook Islander, 1 Tongan); Jean Charcot (1 30.8 TAG recommended that Techsec approach Fijian, 1 Vanuatu, 1 Tongan). the Government of the Federal Republic of 30.2 The importance and value of having West Germany to seek the funding of a training member country participants on cruises within workshop on board the Sonne during one of its the region was stressed. TAG recognised that it port calls in the CCOP/SOPAC region. was the prerogative of each country to decide 30.9 TAG recommended that a 2-week training who, if anyone, should represent its interests workshop be organised after mid-1988 to dis- aboard cruises in its waters. However, TAG seminate the Tripartite Cruise Program data. recommended that the role of the participant This Workshop should follow the proposed should be specified in each case. TAG further STAR Workshop-''Third CCOP/SOPAC- reminded cruise donors to make every effort to IOC International Workshop on Geology, make appropriate training available. Geophysics and Mineral Resources in the 30.3 The US head of delegation informed TAG South Pacific". of a USGS Training Course in Marine Geology 30.10 TAG recommended that the proposed for international participants to be held at USGS training course on maintenance of elec- Moss Landing Marine Laboratories in Califor- tronic equipment be held in the Solomon nia during June 1987.Applications are due by 1 Islands as soon as possible after the beginning April 1987.(CR3Q-2(l). of 1988. 30.4 The USGS representative informed TAG 30.11 TAG recommended that the proposed of a workshop to be held in Hawaii, 19-23 USGS course on Marine Geology be incor- 45 -porated into the CCOP/SOPAC Earth Science 3. International Volcanological Congress, and Marine Geology courses scheduled for late Wellington, February 1986. 1988or 1989and include application ofTripar- 4. SPREP 3rd Consultative Meeting of tite cruise results. Research and Training Institutions of the 30.12 TAG recommended that, subject to defin- Pacific, Guam, June 1986. ing a mechanism which would enable a 5. Regional Conference .for Consideration paper to be submitted to Special Commission 2 and Review of the SPREP work pro- of the Preparatory Commission for the Inter- gramme, Noumea, September 1986. national Seabed Authority and the Inter- national Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, NOTICES OF MEETINGS Techsec prepare an information paper setting (Agenda Item 32) down the objectives and modalities ofCCOP/ 32.1 Verbal notification of a number of SOPAC training programmes including rele- forthcoming meetings was given. TAG recom- vant extracts from the Certificate in Earth mended that advisers provide Techsec with full Science and Marine Geology prospectus. details of all meetings relevant to CCOP/ 30.13 The SPREP representative gave notice of SOPAC activities for circulation via the New- two planned workshops: . sletter or by other means. 1. "Oil spill contingency planning", Cairns, late in 1986; RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTIJRE 2. "Coastal Resource Management: Pro- WORK (Agenda Item 33) tected area development", Vanuatu, 33.1 The Australian delegate, noting the March 1987. paucity of data on manganese nodules in the The latter should complement the CCOP/ Thvalu area and the work programme of the SOPAC workshop on Coastal Processes and Hakurei Maru No.2 in that area in 1988,sugges- Nearshore Resources planned for September- ted that a short cruise be undertaken by October 1987, to precede the 16th CCOP/ Techsec on a local vessel to use free-fall grabs in SOPAC Annual Session. the Ellice Basin to define areas for greater 30.14 The Japanese adviser informed TAG of attention in the later Japanese cruise. TAG the training course for "Offshore Mineral Pros- received the suggestion with enthusiasm and pecting" available in 1987and of onshore train- recommended that Techsec look into ways and ing in Japan related to Natsushima andHakurei means of accomplishing this work Maru No.2 cruises. expeditiously, ideally in conjunction with Metal Mining Agency or other Japanese institutions. REPORTS FROM MEETINGS (Agenda Item 31) 33.2 The French adviser brought to the atten- tion of TAG the value of remote sensing 31.1 TAG was informed of the following satellites in detecting the presence of meetings which took place during the past year seamounts in uncharted regions. He suggested and which were relevant to the interest of using satellite data as a preliminary means of CCOP/SOPAC. locating possible seamounts after which 1. Circum-Pacific Council for Energy and follow-up work could be targetted more Mineral Resources Conference, Singa- specifically if interest and objectives were pre- pore, August 1986.There was a consider- sent TAG, noting the value of satellite data, able amount of exposure of work including SEASAT and GEOS, for pre- undertaken in the SOPAC region to liminary location of seamounts, recommended mainly industry participants. that previous work on the location of 2. International Sedimentological Con- seamounts in the Southwest Pacific by satellite gress, Canberra, August 1986. be reviewed and present satellite data be fully

46 utilised to provide definitive target areas for 33.8 Considering that the Tripartite IT pro- later survey by long-range acoustic imaging or gramme Will collect seismic and other data other more detailed observations from ships. from the Samoan Platform, and that SCS data exists from previous Machias cruises, TAG 33.3 The French adviser informed TAG of the recommended that these data sets be value of setting up a remote sensing data bank amalgamated to enable a synthesis of'thegeol- of SPOT data in the region and including sys- ogy of the Samoan Platform to be made as a co- tems and software for the processing of data. operative study by Techsec and the Tripartite He indicated the interest' ofIFREMER in con- group._ tributing to such a programme and suggested 33.9 Noting the presence of gold and silver in that pilot projects could be found in the region siliceous sinter associated with manganese to supplement those being done in Tahiti and deposits in the Solomon Islands and the pres- New Caledonia. TAG concurred with this sug- ence of similar associations in deposits on gestion, which had been endorsed by STAR, spreading ridges in the Lau Basin, TAG recom- and recommended that Techsec, in co-operation mended that projects on hydrothermal with IFREMER, select limited areas for pilot or metalliferous sediments include analysis for demonstration projects, if possible those precious metals.' already suggested by STAR, i.e. Aitutaki Atoll (Cook Islands), Suva (Fiji), and two other 33.10 The senior technical adviser from RIG, locations in the Solomon Islands and Papua noting ongoing work in the region, proposed New Guinea. three regional projects : ' 1. Tectonic reconstructions of the Southwest 33.4 TAG recommended that Techsec maintain Pacific an inventory of satellite-located seamounts 2. Cenozoic plate motion vector deter- that required verification, and when possible use ships of opportunity to pass through the site minations from hot spot trails in order to get data on the seamounts. 3. Sea level changes in the Southwest Pacific 33.5 As a follow up to the SeaMARC ITdetailed TAG endorsed these proposals and recommen- survey of the Manus Basin and the extensive ded they be included in the regional work bottom sampling and photography there, TAG programme. recommended that future work be planned in this area, particularly on the near ridge 33.11 Techsec brought to the attention of TAG mineralisation and investigation of off-axis the desirability of constructing a mineral crater-like features. occurrence and resources potential map of member island countries on the scale of the 33.6 TAG, noting the excellent work co- CCOP/SOPAC base map (1:6,000,000). TAG ordinated and implemented by Cornell recommended that information on the map University (and ORSTOM in Vanuatu) for the parameters and legend be collected and com- evaluation of seismic risk in the Southwest piled for presentation to TAG at the next Pacific Island States, and further noting that session. preliminary country reports have been pre- pared for Tonga, Fiji, recommended that a 33.12 TAG noted the desirability of acquaint- similar evaluation report be prepared for ing the member countries with proposed Solomon Islands, and that the risk evaluation cruises as early as possible, and recognising investigations be continued. that the member countries may wish to provide an input to cruise plans, if possible, recommen- 33.7 TAG noted a proposal by the University of ded that Techsec prepare a standard procedure Wisconsin and Scripps Institution to study the for communication between the parties upper mantle structure of the Tonga-Fiji involved, and a standard format for provision region. TAG endorsed the proposal and recom- of the information that the member countries mended its implementation. require, taking into account the legal and 47 administrative requirements of the individual and general understanding of the struc- CCOP /SOPAC member countries and the pro- ture of the arc. visions of the UN Law of the Sea Convention 2. The25-dayEVAXIVcruisebyORSTOM relating to marine scientific research. have as objectives the: -study of seismological activity of the NOTICES OF FUTURE WORK AND back-arc troughs of Vanuatu OFFERS OF SUPPORT (Agenda Item 34) - study of a large seamount in collision with the subduction zone 34.1 TAG was informed of plans for the follow- - tectonic study of the western part of ing cruises in the South Pacific. the North Fiji Basin 34.2 The FRG adviser indicated that following 3. The 25-day HYDROPSO cruise by the success of the Sonne cruise SO-35 (Decem- IFREMER is aimed at studying the tec- ber 1984-February 1985) it is proposed to tonics and hydrothermal activity in the make further geoscientific investigations in the Lau Basin. southern Lau Basin and the Valu Fa Ridge in 34.5 The USSR adviser informed TAG of three Tongan waters in February-March 1987with forthcoming cruises planned for the research two further legs by the Sonne, cruise S0-48. Leg vessel Akademiik Alexandr Nesmeyanov: one will cover the northern area of cruise SO-35 with extension to the north and leg two the for- 1. In the Tonga-Kermadec region (described mer southern area of SO-35 with extension to. in CR34-1) in October 1986 the south. 2. In the .Vanuatu-Solomon Islands region late in 1987 34.3 The adviser from HIG informed TAG 3. In the Three Kings Rise-Tasman Basin thattheMoana Wave Tripartite II cruises 3and 4 region in 1988-the general aim of these will take place in December 1986-February cruises is geological and geophysical 1987and will focus on Co-rich ferromanganese studies of the tectonics of the Southwest crust objectives in the Southern Line Islands Pacific. (Kiribati waters), the structure of the southeas- tern margin of the Manihiki Plateau (Cook 34.6 The UK, adviser indicated that a cruise Islands), the geology and geophysics of the plan is in process of being formulated for the Samoan Platform, and the tectonics and Charles Darwin which is expected to enter the mineral resources of the northern portion of Pacific, after surveys in the Indian Ocean and the Fiji Plateau. The work will include approx- Indonesia, about Easter 1988.The Charles Dar- imately 20 days of SeaMARC II survey. On win will be carrying an MCS system and the transit of part of the region it may be possible to lOS GLORIA. TAG recommended that Techsec spend a few days surveying portions of the should explore the possibility of using EEC newly discovered 'Micronesian Trench'. In seabed mapping funds for limited swath- addition a proposal is currently being con- mapping surveys by scientific institutions, for sidered for ODP site survey on the Ontong areas of high scientific interest where there is Java Plateau. some economic potential. 34.4 The French adviser reported that three 34.7 Dr David QrOnan will be Chlief Scientist for one leg of the proposed 1987cruise ofthe US cruises have been proposed by ORSTOM and IFREMER and given priority by the French research vessel Thomas Washington under an National Scientific Committee evaluating NERC/NSF shiptime trade-off agreement His objective is to investigate the variability in the cruise proposals. The cruises are not yet funded but are planned to be : composition and distribution of manganese nodules in relation to sea floor environments in 1. The MULTIPSO cruise conducted by the east central Pacific basin-i.e. within 200 ORSTOM will survey in Vanuatu waters miles of Kiribati and the northern Cook using MCS reflection for ODP site survey Islands and the adjacent high seas.

48 34.8 The Australian adviser reported plans for 34.13 The ESCAP representative reported that a heat flow survey ofRabaul Harbour using the following an analysis of the statistics and Rig Seismic aimed at locating the magma developments in the mineral resources indus- chamber. try, ESCAP plans to have global and regional 34.9 The Japanese adviser described plans for studies undertaken of two sectors, mineral two separate cruise activities. One is a con- sands and nickel-cobalt The nickel-cobalt tinuation of the manganese nodule and crust study of direct relevance to CCOP /SOPAC will studies with cruises of the HakureiMaru No.2 in consider both onshore and offshore mineral the South Penrhyn Basin in 1986, and in potential. It is hoped that the study would be Kiribati in 1987. The other is the presently completed within one year from late 1986and unfunded proposal to co-operate with France would draw upon numerous earlier studies. in a study of the rift systems of the Southwest 34.14 The following offers of training and/or Pacific using submersibles. Plans are to work provision of work experience were gratefully firstly in the North Fiji Basin starting with site noted by TAG: surveys in 1987 and diving in 1989, and later, 1. The USSR adviser reaffirmed the offer perhaps in the Bismarck Basin and other back- made at the 14th session to provide places arc basins of the South Pacific. at Soviet universities for suitably 34.10 The Chinese adviser informed TAG that qualified nationals from the SOPAC China was planning a test cruise of the research member countries and also offered ship- vessel Haiyan W to the Central Pacific. The aim board training on theAkademiikAlexandr will be to test ship and crew in studies of the Nesmeyanov during its cruises in the geology, geophysics, and mineral potential in SOPAC area. In addition, the USSR the area between Hawaii and the Marshall would invite 1 or 2 nationals from mem- Islands. ber countries to the 1987 workshop on 34.11 The US adviser presented an NOAN island arcs to be held' in Sakhalin, as USGS proposal for a fisheries resource assess- guests of the USSR Academy of ment of the SOPAC region. From a geological Sciences. perspective seabed mapping is an important 2. The FRG offered shipboard training part of this project and complements the aboard the research vessel Sonne during CCOP/SOPAC work programme recorded in its forthcoming cruise and indicated that paragraph 202,and paragraphs 230-232 of the it may be possible to arrange for a ship- Report of the TAG in the Proceedings of the board training workshop during one of its 14th Session. The project would use wide swath port calls in the SOPAC region. TAG sonar mapping (GLORIA) and bathymetric recommended that Techsec explore this mapping systems supplemented by SCS plus possibility with FRG. magnetic and gravity data. The product of these 3. The UK adviser indicated that various surveys would be a reconnaissance scale forms of training for suitably qualified seabed atlas with geological interpretation of member country personnel was available the areas surveyed. Fisheries resource surveys at UK institutions with funding provided would follow in areas of interest such as by the British Council. seamounts, banks- and ridges which would 4. The US adviser indicated that various have been identified by these surveys and other courses were open to SOPAC personnel, data, Training is a component of all stages of as indicated at the 14th session, as were this project . some university courses. It was noted that some places available to Pacific islanders 34.12 The USSR adviser indicated that the .at the University of Hawaii had not been Institute of Volcanology in Kamchatka may co- taken up. operate with Papua New Guinea in a study of 5. China reaffirmed the offers made at the the volcanism of the Bismarck Sea. 14th session in the provision of sample

49 analysis, training and a study tour of FORMULATION OF 1987 MEMBER China.'· COUNTRY WORK PLAN 6. ESCAP indicated its willingness to con- (Agenda Item 35) tinue support for projects and for training 35.1 The work programme was discussed as within the SOPAC region. TAG recom- listed in Part 2.The following new Projects and mbJded that ESCAP and Techsec should specific requirements for work to be under- seek to arrange the following in relation to taken during the next 12months were brought the Netherland-CCOP/SOPAC joint to the attention of TAG: drilling project: (i) more on-the-job training in drilling 35.2 Proposals for work in Australian waters methods and techniques; were reported under three new projects, AU.1- (ii) provision of auxiliary equipment to AU.3. The group welcomed the inclusion of increase core recovery and depth these newlyde.fined projects within the CCOP/ capacity; SOPAC Work Programme. (iii) sufficient funding to carry out the 1987 drilling progr~mme, including 35.3. TAG particularly noted the satisfaction costs of travel and subsistence for expressed by the Cook Island delegation at the experts, transport of personnel and progress made in the implementation of Cook materials and analysis of samples; Island projects. It also took note of the need to (iv) donation of the drilling equipment to send additional nationals to Wellington to CCOP/SOPAC during 1988. receive training in the production of Cook Island bathymetric charts. A request was noted The ESCAP Regional Remote Sensing Project for compilation of new seamounts and other is now operational in the SOPAC region. TAG undersea features located by satellite data, recommended that Techsec explore the which would be targets for study using high- possibility of having the project expanded to resolution long-range acoustic mapping provide support to CCOP/SOPAC pilot techniques. projects. 34.15 Other offers of support gratefully ack- 35.4. A detailed summary of assistance reques- nowledged by TAG were: ted by Fiji from CCOP/SOPAC Techsec for 1. Fiji offered to continue to provide MRD 1987 was included in CR6-3(I). Requests for personnel to help with certain training funding assistance for course and workshop courses, and to provide Techsec with use attendance and assistance in placement of of some computer peripherals. MRD staff. with other geological surveys/ 2. Canada offered to consider providing and regional bodies for short intensive study funding a petroleum geologist to work periods was emphasised. Attention was shown in Techsec. to the need for: 3. China offered to provide specific experts (a) a .micropaleontologist/sedimentologist to work for long or short periods with to assist in the study of major Tertiary Techsec and would pay their salaries and basins in Fiji, as well as access to mic- domestic expenses. ropaleontologicallaboratories overseas; TAG noted with appreciation the generous (b) assistance in acquisition and interpreta- offers made by Canada and China and recom- tion of remote sensing data, particularly mended that Techsec seek to get the Canadian that from new satellite systems, and in petroleum geologist in post as soon as possible aerial photograph interpretation (FJ.l9); and also recommended that Techsec, through (c) acquisition of appropriate software for ESCAP, should explore further the possibility data management (FJ.21); of China assigning a hydrogeologist to the (d) assistance in promoting drillingof sites Techsec. believed to embrace the oldest exposed

50 arc basement in the Southwest Pacific in-house resources, substantial outside help (proposed for the Joint CCOP/SOPAC- was still required, particularly in the following STAR Island Drilling Programme). areas: - drilling on land to provide stratigraphic 35.5 In review of prioritisation of Guam's work data and information on hydrocarbon programme elements (CR35-2(1) TAG learned source rocks (SI.2) that Guam, while anxiously awaiting results of - MCS surveys (SI.2, SI.13) the data compilation work begun under GM.l, - support for obtaining funds (SI.21) also required assistance in compilation of a - continuation of various coastal studies bibliography of papers and reports pertaining (SI.17) to geological and geophysical investigations - supply of a microcomputer and training around Guam. Guam also requested on-the- in its use (SI.22) job training in relation to GM.lO and ship- 1\vo new projects were proposed, one on hoard training of a marine technician and a remote sensing aimed at obtaining full satellite staff member of Guam Marine Laboratory imagery coverage and the preliminary deter- perhaps as part of a Tripartite cruise. A new mination of seabed morphology before acous- project was proposed for studying submarine tic mapping (SI.25) and one on geological volcanic hazards around Guam (GM.12). hazards (SI.26). 35.6 Kiribati requested further work be under- 35.10 TAG took note ofthe request from Tonga taken for the Betio/Bairiki causeway (KIA), for assistance during the coming year on pro- additional studies of cobalt enriched crusts in jects TGA, TG.7-9, TG.1 t and TG.12 and par- southern Kiribati to follow up the recentMoana ticularly noted the need for assistance in Wave cruise (KI.5), earliest initiation of sand obtaining CCOP /SOPAC data acquired in Lau resources mapping (KI.6), work undertaken in Basin cruises (TG.9) and the continuing coastal reconnaissance mapping on Tarawa requirement of surveying for sand and gravel and the outer islands, and the provision of especially around Vava'u. In coinciding these training. requests the Group suggested that TG.8 and the relevant SPREP project could be combined as 35.7 TAG heard that in New Zealand although a joint endeavour. TAG also recommended that NZOI had been without a ship for the past two a proposal for further work assessing the black years, some work had been completed on off- coral potential in Tonga be prepared and that shore projects and that progress was being this proposal take into account the survey com- made in other areas. pleted by SPREP. 35.8 Regarding the elements of the Papua New 35.11 TAG was informed of the need for Work Guinea work programme, the group was in Tuvalu under projects TV.2, 3, 5, 7-9, noting informed that PN.3 should be deleted and the in particular, the request for additional sam- study on seismic and volcanic risk transferred pling of seamount and island flanks between to a new project PN.14 entitled "A study and 1,000and 3,000 metres to follow up the recent assessment of PNG geological hazards". A Moana Wave cruise (TV.5), and the change in strong request was made for training of PNG priority from B to A of phosphate studies drilling crews with respect to PN.4. Proposals (TV.9). TAG agreed that a joint Techsec- were presented for detailed side-scan sonar Japanese two to three week sampling cruise mapping of the western ~oodlark Basin- using a chartered vessel in the Ellice Basin Goodenough Bay area (PN.8) and a Bismarck would be a useful preliminary stage to a major volcanological cruise (PN.14) cruise effort under TVA. 35.9 TAG heard that while the Solomon Islands 35.12 In reviewing Vanuatu's work list, TAG was able to conduct part of its programme with heard that implementation of work on VAl

51 was awaiting the availability of a submersible CWSING OF TAG for sampling off Southeast Epi and that, ADOPTION OF TAG REPORT although a drilling capability existed in (Agenda Item 37) Vanuatu for the biostratigraphic and lithos- tratigraphic correlation and source rock sam- 37.1 After expressing its appreciation of the pling under VA2, technical expertise and support received from various donor bodies, funding assistance was also requested for VA8 TAG adopted its report on the 12th and project development assistance requested September 1986. for VA9. In regard to the latter, it was noted that the seabed mapping proposal made at the last session should also be included in the project. CWSURE OF TAG (Agenda Item 38) A new training project was proposed (VAIO) 38.1 The US Technical Adviser referred to an which would be a course to be held in Vanuatu earlier statement from the Tongan National focusing on procedure for monitoring pollu- Representative indicating that this could be his tion levels in nearshore areas. last ~COP/SOPAC meeting in view of his 35.13 With relation to the Work Programme of probable retirement from Government service. Western Samoa it was requested that baseline He commended Mr Tongilava for his studies for coastal development area be added numerous and valued contributions to the to WS.5 that wave power studies continue Committee's programmes since its inception (WS.8), and, very importantly, a data manage- stressing the value of his presence at the Com- ment system be established (WS.9). Two new mittee meetings. He further recommended that projects were proposed:WS.ll on coastal and the Techsec explore ways and means of nearshore mapping and WS.12 on sediment facilitating Mr Tongilava's continued pre- transport. sence after retirement at the annual meetings, including the possibility of using his talents as REGIONAL PROGRAMMES a Resource Person. (Agenda Item ;36) 36.1 The elements of the regional work pro- 38.2 The Chairman of TAG, in closing the gramme had been addressed under earlier TAG session, extended the thanks of TAG to agenda items. TAG welcomed the progress that the Cook Islands authorities for their warm had been made and the plans and proposals for hospitality and for the efficient organisation of future work that had been indicated. The con- the meeting. A vote of thanks was extended to tinuation of projects REG.1-30 listed in CR7- the help in the background by the Secretariat I(D)b, pp. 19-22,was approved. staff and the Cook Islanders.

52 REPORT OF THE TECHNICAl ADVISORY GROUP

Appendix I

Tripartite Cruises

Australia's representative summarised the Expenses of compilation to the photoready/ status of the Tripartite Cruise Programme. He typeset stage have been falling on the institutes said the Tripartite countries appreciated work- such as USGS, HIGetc; it appears unlikely that ing with the SOPAC countries on a very useful these organisations will be able to continue to programme and could see a number of bene fits absorb these costs beyond Tripartite I. The already accruing to the region. These included Tongan representative recommended that a greatly improved data base and knowledge of Tripartite III should include costs through to plate tectonics in various basins, location of the publication stage. hydrothermal activity in some basins, and the Tripartite scientists have also been actively location of ferromanganese deposits in Cook presenting results to the world community. The Islands and Tuvalu waters. These cruises had latest promotions occured at the Circum encouraged a great number of institutions and Pacific Energy and Mineral Resources Con- scientists to work in the region and had vastly ference in Singapore and at the 12th Inter- increased international visibility. He said that national Sedimentological Congress in Phase ill under preparation would be the time Canberra. to wrap up the results of Phases I and II. It would focus on the synthesis and assessment of The representative of Western Samoa information to date, and the dissemination of expressed disappointment that a Samoan information. national could not be trained on the recent HMNZS Tui cruise. The New Zealand Rep- The US representative said that final cruises resentative explained that the ship was unable of the Moana Wave had now been scheduled to to take on additional crew because of a late start December 1986 for the Line Islands, change to the programme which added the sur- Manihiki Plateau and Samoan areas, and vey of the Machias seamount area in Samoan January 1987 for the Fiji Basin area. The US waters. The HIG representative said that it advisors reported that the analysis and inter- would be possible to accommodate a Samoan pretations of data and report compilation were trainee on the remaining Tripartite Cruise with about one year behind because of funding res- airfares being met from HIG or SOPAC funds trictions, but funds have now been restored and as necessary. final results should be available within twelve months. The Deputy Director suggested that a part of the synthesis in Tripartite III be carried out at The US representatives also pointed out that Techsec in Suva as a training feature. Rep- although publication of results was not resentatives of USA and Australia said that this included in the Treaty, they had approached was. feasible with a roving workshop pro- the Circum PacificCouncil for Minerals and grammed for each country or centrally in Suva. Energy for initial funding and the American It would also be worth while to bring the co- Association of Petroleum Geologists for chief scientists from the Cruises to the Techsec marketing •.As a result 538 copies were initially office in Suva for the final compilation of published of which about 400 copies have their report. already been sold, showing that demand does exist for -the project Three volumes on three The US representative also reported that the legs have been published to date. AAPG has suggested an executive summary of

53 the Tripartite cruise results should be New Zealand and the USA for funding the published. It was agreed that this could be a tripartite cruises and making a substantial con- useful bi-produce of the synthesis stage. tribution to the region. They also thanked the many individual scientists who had played an The Representative of Tonga and the important part in the project, and commended Solomon Islands voiced the appreciation of the the USGS for taking the initiative to find funds' Committee to the Government's of Australia, for the publication of earlier cruise results.

54 Part 1: Annex n SUMMARYREPORT OF THE TRIPARTITE REVIEW MEETING

55 Part 1: ANNEXn SUMMARY REPORT OF THE TRIPARTITE REVIEW MEETING Project RAS/81/102-Investigation of Mineral Potential of the South Pacific 1. The Tripartite ReviewMeetingwas heldon4 3. The meeting was chaired by the incoming September 1986in Rarotonga in conjunction Chairman ofCCOP/SOPAC, Mr S. Kingan. with the 15th Annual Session of CCOP/ 4. The following agenda was adopted for the SOPAC. meeting. 2. The following attended the meeting: 1. Opening Remarks Government Representatives 2. Matters Arising from 1985 Tripartite Mr K. Brazel Australia ReviewMeeting Dr N. Exon Australia 3. Review of Project Activities and 1987 Mr K. Joyce Australia Work Programme Mr S. Kingan Cook Islands 4. AchievementoflmmediateObjectivesof (Chairman) RAS/81/102 Mr C. Brown Cook Islands 5. Discussion of Evaluation Mission Mr A Simpson Fiji Report Mr R Singh Fiji 6. Other Matters Mr W. Fitzgerald Guam Mr A Takaio Kiribati Mr J. Eade New Zealand MAnERS ARISING FROM 1985 TRIPAR- Mr S. Nion Papua New Guinea TITE REVIEWMEETING Mr G; ~derson Papua New Guinea 5. The representative ofthe UNDP expressed Mr G..Sla~u Solomon Islands deep satisfaction with the progress of CCOP/ Mr S. Damtofea Solomon Islands SOPAC since its inception and particularly Mr R Wals~aw Solomon Islands during the recent years. He said that project Mr S. Tongilava Tonga RAS/81/l02 was in the final year of its 5 year Mr S. Helu Tonga duration and strong UNDP backing for the Mr S. 8?poanga Tuvalu project was shown by its allocation of US$3.1 Mr F. Sine Vanuatu millionby the end ofthe period whilethe initial Mr S. Temakon Vanuatu budget was for only US$2 million. The total Mr A Titimaea Western Samoa UNDP budget allocated for CCOP/SOPAC UNDP Representative since 1974amounts to US$9.5million. Mr R Mountain Dep~ty Resi4ent 6. The UNDP representative said that at the R~presentative Suva, Inter-governmental Meeting of Pacific Island FIJI Government in February, Governments of the ESCAP Representatives region strongly endorsed the continuation of Mr L. Machesky Natural Resources assistance to CCOP/SOPAC. UNDP has now Diyision agreed to allocate US$3 million dollars for the Mr C. Matos Project Manager period 1987-1991and this now makes CCOP/ RAS/81/l02 SOPACthe largestPacificregional project fun- Obr:::r:Kroenke CCOP/SOPAC Techni- ded by UNDP for the next fiveyear period. cal Advisor 7. He also noted that training has been Mr R Richmond CCOP/SOPAC Techni- strongly emphasised in the new project docu- cal Advisor ment, particularly in view of the CCOP/ 57 SOPAC Member Government comments present level of project support available received in June. He was hopeful that CCOP/ through CCOP/SOPAC. For local staff, funds SOPAC's request for UNDP agreement to use would be available for training. However salary funds for first degree support would be agreed support was not normally possible for UNDP to in the near future. He commended Techsec and if required would need to be sought on an for parallel efforts to obtain bilateral funding exceptional basis. It was understood that New for this purpose. Zealand aid might also be available for the programme. 8. The UNDP representative congratulated the Director and the Project Manager on their 14. Commenting on the 1987 work programme search for funding during the past year and the Project Manager informed the Committee noted that they had managed to identify about that the MicroVAX Computer has been $10 million for the next five year period. installed at the project office and that shortly it 9. He recalled the very positive evaluation was hoped to install in each country one com- given to the project by the recent evaluation puter purchased with EEC funds. Software for mission and looked forward to the next phase these systems would be available in early of the project which should pay particular 1987. attention to (a) the development of the capability of regional staff to man the project and (b) the expansion of national technical ACHIEVEMENT OF IMMEDIATE OBJEC- expertise as well. TIVES OF RAS/81/102 10. Replying to a question on institutional ver- 15. The Project Manager referred to the sus programme support, which was raised dur- immediate objectives of the project document ing the last tripartite review in Honiara, the covering the present cycle and reported that (a) representative said that agreement has been the execution of specific nearshore, inshore, reached on the posts in question at the Honiara and onshore surveys were ongoing (b) the train- meeting and the new project document reflect- ing of nationals in the region were continu- ing this agreement has already been cleared by ing (c) the collation and reinterpretation of ESCAP and is now awaiting approval by available geological/geophysical data was in UNDP New York. progress (d) the establishment of technical expertise within each country was proceeding 11. The representative of ESCAP said that but was slowed by lack of funding for full essential programme and institutional support scholarships and (e) the establishment of a has been approved now to ensure that CCOP / nucleus of a permanent organisation in the SOPAC needs are met as they arise. . project has been completed. 16. The Representative of ESCAP con- REVIEW OF PROJECT ACI1VITIES AND gratulated the project staff for the great number 1987 WORK PROGRAMME of achievements which were attained with a 12. The representatives of the member coun- lower budget than had been initially identified tries expressed gratitude for the amount of as .necessary for the task. work completed to date on the various projects. 17. Representatives of the Solomon Islands and Fiji indicated their wish that funding 13. On the question of additional support to pribrity continue to programmes with monitor the borrow pit filling programme in immediate benefits. Thvalu, the UNDP representative said that if necessary they would be willing to support the 18. The Committee expressed its belief that the additional expertise required and that funds immediate objectives of the project had been could be made available over and above the satisfactorily attained. 58 DISCUSSION OF EVALUATION agreed that it should focus its activities on MISSION REPORT specific mineral targets and reaffirmed the belief that its present wide-ranging 19. The Committee called attention to the large . prospecting type activities would yield a number of substantive technical errors in the far greater benefit. evaluation mission report. The UNDP Rep- resentative requested that UNDP Suva be Recommendation 6- The Committee informed in writing of these errors. The meet- established a timetable for the phasing ing then addressed the summary of the mis- out of institutional support at the 14th sion's recommendations contained in a letter Annual Session in Honiara, Solomon from UNDP Suva to member countries. The Islands. With respect to a timetable for comments of the Committee are summarised developing technical expertise within as follows: member country organisations, as a / / Recommendation 2- The Committee in realistic timetable could not be developed noting that the evaluation mission sug- until donors were found for the prere- gested that project funds should not be quisite first degree training required for expended in deep water activities,called resident technical expertise. attention to the fact that, although the basic scientific work is significantly far Recommendation 7-Although the Com- from being completed in deep water, the mittee expressed surprise at technical use of UNDP funds already had been experts from outside the region presum- redirected to inshore and nearshore ing to advise on the structuring of mineral oriented activities as early as institutions of the South Pacific, it noted 1983.This was due to the fact that other the recommendation nevertheless. donors had been found to make available Recommendation 8-Although the Com- the necessary shiptime to continue the mittee did not feel competent to comment much needed deep-water basic science on the technical backstopping available work which continues to date. at ESCAP, the Committee thanked Recommendation 3- The Committee par- ESCAP for making.available the services ticularly noted that for the past three years of Larry Machesky, and expressed deep the project has been focusing on shallow- appreciation for his contributions. sea/nearshore minerals and oil and gas as well as environmental studies. The Committee strongly disagreed that less OTHER MATTERS sophisticated technologies should be 20. On behalf of the Committee the Director employed in future exploration outlined some of the remaining problems faced endeavours and stressed that the project by CCOP/SOPAC in trying to establish itself should continue to use state-of-the-art, itself firmly as an independent regional high technology wherever possible. organisation and looked to its founding fathers Recommendation 4- The Committee UNDP and ESCAP for help in the following agreed with the recommendation on matters: training, pointing out that this has been (a) CCOP/SOPAC has taken steps to its objective since its inception, and broaden funding support but in some emphasised the continued development cases seconded staff ate without travel of training programmes relevant to its funds. The Committee requests some needs. flexibility in the use of UNDP funds Recommendation 5...,...With respect to for travel of non-UNDP staff on recommendation 5, the Committee dis- approved work programme elements. 59 (b) The Committee has agreed in broad may be problems associated with allocat- terms to gradually assume much of the ing UN funds directly for this purpose costs of Institutional support and and in any event it would reduce funds gratefully acknowledges the willingness available for programme commen- of UNDP and ESCAP to help with surately. He indicated however that if institutional costs over the next two years. necessary it might be possible to find While some office expansion has started other ways such as through the Project's with the help of the Fiji Government, consultancy programme. there also remains the need to continue (b) The representative said that while It was renting office space from the Fiji Govern- preferable that host countries provide ment at the Mineral Resources Depart- facilities without charge, it was not ment The Committee seeks additional unusual for rent to be paid for use of pre- assistance fromUNDP to meet a part of mises by regional projects, the UNDP the rent obligations at a level of about would be prepared to reallocate money FJ$600 per month. within funds approved for the CCOP/ (e) The Director reiterated the very high SOPAC programme if necessary. priority placed for first degree level train- (e) On the matter of training, the representa- ing and made a special plea to UNDP to tive was hopeful that UNDP New York consider making exceptions to allow for would agree on the matter of training of tertiary training at this level.' CCOP /SOPAC member nationals at first (d) As CCOP/SOPAC now has juridical degree level which request had been status as an inter-governmental regional endorsed by the UNDP Suva office, It was organisation, the Committee is in the pro- clear that appropriate bonding arrange- cess of establishing an administrative/ ments would need to be established for financial structure appropriate to the new individual students before allocation of status. This structure was being designed funds. so as to enable CCOP/SOPAC to assume (d) Concerning the issue ofCCOP/SOPAC full responsibility for, and control of, its becoming an executing agency, the repre- affairs. Hence, a long-term objective in sentative noted that CCOP/SOPAC is an respect of the UN project was self- independent organisation with substan- execution. The Director requested that tial capacity for backstopping, a feature during the fourth cycle UNDP and which had also been recognized by the ESCAP should assist SOPAC in reaching recent Evaluation Mission. He undertook this objective. He further requested of to take the matter up with his headquar- ESCAP an accounting of the project pro- ters. He noted that CCOP/SOPAC had a gramme support funds so as to enable the good case, particularly as similar Techsec to better estimate the costs of self- delegations were being discussed for execution. SPEC and SPC. This was however an issue that would need to be decided by 21. The UNDP representative commended the UNDP New York in consultation with project office again on the broadening of fund- ESCAP. ing support, and made the following comments 22. The UNDP representative noted that the on the issues raised by the Director: project document for the 1987-91 period had (a) While sympathetic to the problem of been endorsed by the June Special Session of travel funds, he strongly recommended a the Committee but asked the Committee if more determined effort to obtain travel there were any further comments they wished funds from the donor countries second- to make. The objective and outputs relating to ing staff that were not currently providing the new phase had been distributed for their such support. He explained that there reference.

60 23. The UNDP representative announced that 24. Finally, on behalf of the Committee, the as the current project was coming to an end of Tongan representative thanked the UNDP and its five year duration, the Project Manager will ESCAP for all their strong support over the be preparing a comprehensive report on the years and expressed the wish that the atmos- project which would be circulated to all mem- phere of goodwill and camaraderie would con- ber countries. tinue to prevail in the years ahead.

61 Part 1: Annex III CCOP/SOPAC WORK trsr FOR 1987 (Excluding Tripartite II Work)

63 · Part 1: ANNEX m CCOP/SOPAC WORK trsr FOR 1987 (excluding Tripartite II work)

BATHYMETRY Kiribati Cook Islands 1. Baseline studies of inshore areas in Kiribati (CCSP/KI.4): 1. Continue bathymetric mapping of the (a) Baseline study Tarawa and Maiana to Cook Islands (CCSP/CK.5): continue (a) Preparation of maps for Mauke, Mitiaro, (b) Coastal erosion monitoring to continue Atiu, Takutea, Manuae areas in (c) BetiolBairiki Causeway-baseline current Wellington data to be developed (b) Surveys in Pukapuka and Rakahanga Lagoons Papua New Guinea Guam 1. Inshore and nearshore survey related to har- bour development (CCSP/PN.4): 1. Bathymetric and seabed mapping of (a) Commence with Port Moresby area Guam's EEZ (CCSP/GM.ll) Solomon Islands Papua New Guinea 1. Bathymetric mapping of the seafloor 1. Inshore studiesrelated to coastal development (CCSP/SI.l7): of Papua New Guinea (CCSP/PN.ll) (a) Baseline studiesoffRanandi Beach in Hon- (a) Need detailed side-scan sonar iara Bay, Tetere Bay, Harthorn Sound mapping of Western Woodlark Basin Phase and Tulaghi and Goodenough Bay n, (b) Baseline studies Marovo Lagoon CLAY STUDIES Tonga Western Samoa 1. Baseline studies of inshore areas in Tonga for 1. Investigate potential occurrence of Coastal Development programmes (CCSP/ onshore clay suitable for manufacture of TG.8) (a) Environmental surveyofLagoon (pana'uta, ceramics (CCSP/WS.lO) Tongatapu) COASTAL MANAGEMENT Tuvalu Cook Islands . 1. Baseline studies on inshore areas in Tuvalu (CCspnuJ): 1. Study of sediments and sedimentary pro- (a) Continuation of ongoing wind/wave study cesses of beach, lagoon and adjacent offshore on Funafuti areas of Rarotonga and other islands (CCSP / (b) Continuation oflagoon beach profile mon- CK.4) itoring on Funafuti (c) Map Fongafale showing coastal morphol- Fiji ogy as part of the planned Coastal Map- 1. Baseline studies of inshore and nearshore ping WorksholJ areas in Fiji (CCSP/FJ.l9): (d) Work in ourer islands on coastal erosion in (a) Continue work begun in 1986 in Coral areas identified for seawalls (BEC Coast, Southeast Viti Levu Funded)

65 . Western Samoa (a) Hardware and software assistance (includ- 1. Request completion of seawallreport (CCSP/ ing ~m ~~s time) for connection WS.5) of digitizer to existing sys~. . 2. Baseline studiesfor coastal zone management (b) Hardware and softwareprovisions to input for resorts data-logger output to existing systems and . subsequent data processing (c) Assessment and recommendations on com- CONSTRUCTION MAlERIALS puterised base map production from .. . remote sensing images (possibly SPOl) Kiribati (d) Acquisition and interpretation of remote 1. Investigation of nearshore and coastal areas sensing data, in both hard copy and for landfill and constmction materials (CCSP/ digital formats KI.6): (a) Sand .resource mapping on Tarawa and Guam' outer ISlands 1. Compilation of basic geological/geophysical Solomon Islands data prerequisite to evaluation of resource poten- 1. Investigation for constmction materials and tial (CCSP/GM.l): effectsof beach mining (CCSP/SI20): (a) Request to receiveresults in form of List of (a) Beach profile monitoring for Lungga/ Publications and a synopsis of pertinent Tenaru Beach area information concerning Guam . (b) Request Data Manager's visit this year Tonga . 1. Study for coastal, beach, and inshore sand Solomon Islands deposits to determine' nature of known deposits . and to locate new deposits suitable for construe- 1. Supply of computers by Techsec to each tion, roading, landfill and other purposes member countries Geological SurveyDepartment (CCSPffG.6): (CCSP/SI.22) (a) continue study of offshore sand and gravel 2 Establishment of an Information system for resources on Northern area of Tongatapu the Solomon Islands and Yava'u (b) Assessment of environmental impact of Tonga dredging for submerged sand deposits (c) Follow up work in TG.l2 with ground troth 1. Assistance requested ofTechsec include: studies work to begin in 'Iongatapu (a) Familiarisation of Tonga.national in Suva Thval in procedure and equipment available u (b) Assistance to establish a national informa- l. Nearshore investigations and constmction tion management system (CCSPffG.lI) materials and landfill (CCSPffU2): (a) Assistance in monitoring of environmental Tuvalu effectsof filling borrow pits on Funafuti 1. Requests ongoing work at Techsecto continue DATA MANAGEMENT (CCSPfnJ.7)

Fiji Western Samoa 1. Assistance sought for various tasks in setting 1. Request Data Manaser's visit this year .., QfMariDe Database (CCSPIFJ21) (CCSP/WS.9)

66 DEfRITAL ~RALS (d) Implement seismic hazard assessments ORSTOM/CORNELL/SI Project (still Fiji outstanding) 1. Support sought for nearshore surveysof coas- Tonga tal areas, beach to reef for metalliferous detrital 1. Liaise with New Zealand for provision of minerals (CCSP/FJ.l8): additional seismic station (CCSPffG.9) (a) Geological sampling, including drilling in lagoon areas, priority site Barrier Reef GEOLOGICAL MAPPING south of Laucala Bay (b) Technician and equipment loan for Papua New Guinea project work 1. Regional reconnaissance geologicalmapping especially of the islands (CCSPtpN.l): ENERGY (RENEWABLE) (a) Use of remote sensing and geophysical Cook Islands techniques Solomon Islands 1. Feasibility studies for harnessing wave energy for Rarotonga (CCSP/CK.8) 1. Regional geologicalmapping and land-based mineral exploration (CCSP/SI21): Tonga (a) Geological mapping and geochemical pros- pecting on Isabel, Malaita and San 1. Investigation of oceanographic conditions at Cristobal Tongatapu blow-holes for assessment studies of (b) Geochemical exploration on Guadalcanal power from wave energy (CCSPffG.7): aimed at defining additional gold pros- (a) Installation of wave rider buoy off the East pects Coast ofTongatapu (c) Airborne magnetic surveys for whole Solomon Islands including sea areas Western Samoa (d) Review of land-based mineral exploration 1. Baseline studies to assist in evaluation of to 1988/89 . prospects of use of ocean energy as a power (e) Compile comprehensive geologicalatlas for source (CCSP/WS.8): each group of islands (a) Install wave rider buoy 2. Remote sensing (CCSP/SI25): (a) North Guadalcanal Pilot Remote Sensing GEOLOGICAL HAZARDS (INCLUDING Project SEISMIcnY AND VOLCANICITY) (b) SPOT satellite and other satellite full imagery for whole group Guam (c) Preliminary defimtion of seamounts using 1. Assistance in the investigation ofvolcanic and satellite altirnetric interpretation tech- tsunami hazard potential (CCSP/GM.l2) nique Tonga Solomon Islands 1. Reconnaissance coastal and nearshore map- 1. Geological hazard assessments (CCSP/ ping (CCSPffG.l2): SI26): (a) Mapping on all islands using aerial (a) I andslide hazard assessments for photos Guada.1cam1and Malaita Vanuatu (b) Flood hazard assessments forGuadalcanal andMalaita 1. Technical assistance for preparation of (e) Telemetered microseismic network to mon- 1:1, geological map requested (CCSP/ itor JOlcanoes VA.S) 67 Western Samoa MISCELlANEOUS . 1. Initiate nearshore mineral resource mapping Austra1ia on Upolu (CCSPIWS.l2) 1. Studies and assessment of the mineral resour- ces of the continental margin of Australia and its HYDROCARBON POTENTIAL territories by BMR (CCSP/AU.l) 2 BMR, CSIRO and Australian universities Fiji assistance in evaluating all offshore mineral

1. Assi18tanee m. the assessmen.••~ t 0 fth e hY'drocar- resources (CCSP/AU2) bon potential of Fiji (CCSP/FJ.l): Fi.. (a) A petroleum geologist/geophysicistto work IJI with MRD and systematically reviewhyd- 1. Co-ordination of international research in rocarbon records in licensed areas Fiji's EEZ (CCSP/FJ23) (b) A micropaleontologist to work with MRD 2 Financial support for Fiji nationals to attend to carry out investigations major tertiary conferences, workshops, sentinars etc. (CCSP/ sedimentary basins in Fiji (to include FJE) detailed sampling and laboratory analysis) PHOSPHATE

Cook Islands MANGANESE NODULES' 1. Distributiunon and economic. potential. of sub- Australia marine phosphate deposits in Cook Island waters (CCSP/CK2) 1. The assessment of manganese nodules and 2.. Test drilling in Northern Cook Group: crusts in the Australian region by BMR, CSIRO Pukapuka, Rakahanga and Manihiki (CCSP/ and Australian universities (CCSP/AU.3) CK2) 3. Complete laboratory analysis of Aitutaki Cook Islands specimens (CCSP/CK2)

1. Seabed investigations for manganese nodules Tuvalu • in oceanic areas adjoining Cook Islands (CCSP/ 1 Co tin eval ti f tial drillin . CKI) . n ue ua ono poten g sites (CCSPffiJ.9)

MARINE SCIENCE POLYMETALLIC SULPHIDES

Guam Australia 1. Request that study of seamount ecosystems 1. Evaluation of polymetallic sulphide deposits near the Mariana Islands begin in 1987(CCSP/ in the Australian region by BMR, CSIRO and GMlO) Australian universities (CCSP/AU.3)

Western Samoa PRECIOUS AND BLACK CORAL 1. Baseline study in receivingwaters from indus- trial development west of APia in the reeflagoon Cook Islands area (CCSPIWS.5) . 1. Investigation for precious coral in the 2 Study of coastal and environmental processes nearshore waters surrounding the Cook Islands (CCSPIWS.5) (CCSP/CK3)

68 Solomon Islands Papua New Guinea 1. In bottom sampling Cprdrilling crew during 1. Potential of precious corals especially Cor- inshore and nearshore surveys (CCSP/PN.4) allium species in the Solomon Islands (CCSP/ SI.l4) Solomon Islands 1. Training assistance required for: (a) Completion ofCoastal Mapping Workshop TRAINING Maps (b) Earth Science Course at USP Fiji (c) Petroleum study attachment to the New 1. ReViewof hydrocarbon data in licensed areas Zealand Geological Survey (CCSP/FJ.l) (d) Intormanon management 2. Management of marine data base (CCSP/ FJ21) Tonga 3. Assistance sought for group training and 1. Assistance for training sought by Tonga specialised on-the-job training (CCSP/FJ23) (CCSP/fG.l2): 4. Post-graduate training in geology (CCSP/ (a) Coastal Mapping Workshop FJE) (b) Basic Earth Science Course at USP (c) In geological hazards-tsunamis, seismicity Guam Vanuatu 1. Further training on the study of seamount 1. Training in procedures for monitoring of ecosystems near the Mariana Islands (CCSP/ pollution levels in nearshore sea areas (CCSP/ GM.lO) VAlO)

69 Part 2: CCOP/SOPAC WORK PROGRAMME

71 Part 2: CCOP/SOPAC WORK PROGRAMME A. usr OF PROJECTS

AUSTRALIA GUAM AU. 1 Studies of Continental Shelf and GM. 1 Geoj/geophys, data review SlopeBasins 2 Ocean energy 2 Studiesof Non-basinalareas 3 Mn nodules/Co-rich crusts 3 Studiesof offshoremetallicdeposits 4 Hydrothermal deposits (arc volcanism) COOK ISLANDS 5 Precious corals CK. 1 Mn nodules 6 Hydrocarbons 2 Phosphate 7 Coastal development 3 Precious corals 8 Deepwater hydrostation 4 Coastal development/construction 9 Radiological surveys materials 10 Seamount ecosystems 5 Bathymetry 6 Clay KIRIBATI 7 Co-rich crusts KI. 1 Phosphate 8 Ocean energy 2 Mn nodules FIJI 3 Precious corals 4 Coastal development Fl. 1 Hydrocarbons 5 Co-rich crusts 2 Data review (relinquished detrital 6 Construction materials minerals concession areas) 7 Data Management 3 Hydrocarbons; Yasawa Group 4 Geol/geophys.; shallow shelf areas NEW ZEALAND 5OPhosphate;Lau Ridge NZ. 1 Geomorphology; New Zealand 6 cean e~ergy Shelf 7 Geophysical surveys 2 S" au 11 K d 8 Re.gio~alaero~agne~c. data T~~:~ pro 1 mg; onga- erma ec 9 ~~mlc refraction; Vlti Levu, Vanua 3 Tectonic history . . 4 Mafic sands; Western Shelf 10 :athymetry and sediments; Kadavu 5 Nearshore detrital sand and gravel assage .... 6 Phosphorite and glauconite deposits; 11 Geol/geophys.; N. . margin, Fiji Ch th Ri PI tf a am se 12 G:OI/~PhYS.; Suva-Beqa, seismic 7 Gold in shelf sediments zone 'ti'L PAPUA NEW GUINEA 13 Geo1/geophys.; S & SW V1 evu 14 Detailed aeromagnetic data PN. 1 Geol/geophys.; outlying islands 15 Position fixing 2 Detrital minerals 16 Metalliferous muds/hydrothermal 3 Crustal study; E. Papua New deposits Guinea 17 Mn nodules 4 Coastal development 18 Detrital minerals 5 Hydrocarbons (data review) 19 Coastal development 6 Hydrocarbons; Cape VogelBasin 20 Precious corals 7 Hydrocarbons; New Ireland Basin 21 Data management 8 Hydrothermal deposits 73 9 Phosphate 4 Hydrothermal deposits 10 Mn nodules; N. of Manus Trench 5 Hydrocarbons 11 Bathymetry 6 Construction materials 12 Precious corals 7 Ocean energy 13 Assessment of industrial minerals 8 Coastal development 14 Assessment of geological hazards 9 Seismicity/tsunamis 10 Co-rich crusts SOLOMON ISLANDS 11 Data management • . .. 12 Coastal mapping SI. 1 Geol/geophys.; Choiseul to Santa 13 Long Range Acoustic Mapping Isabel 2 Hydrocarbons; the Slot and Man- lUVALU ning Strait TU. 1 Precious corals 3 Geol~geophys.; Sol?mon Sea . 2 Construction materials 4 Bauxite; Manmng Strait to 3 Coastal t Choiseul managemen .. . 4 Mn nodules 5 Detntal minerals (gold); N. Guadal- 5 Co-rich t canal crus s 6 Phos hate . 6 Ocean energy p .. 7 Data management 7 Hydrothermal deposits, active vol- 8 Bathymetry ~oo~ 9~ h 8 Metalliferous sediments 10 T ~sI? ate 9 Bauxite; Indispensable Reefs and rainmg Rennell VANUATU 10 Hydrocarbons; outer islands . 11 Hydrocarbons; Manning Strait VA 1 Hydrothermal deposits 12 Mn nodules· Polkington Trough 2 Hydrocarbons 13 Hydrocarbo~s; Rennell 3 Precious corals 14 Precious corals 4 Bathymetry 15 Bathymetry 5 Clay 16 Detrital minerals; Santa Isabel, 6 Coastal management Choiseul Guadalcanal San Cristo- 7 Data management bal" 8 Extension of geological map into 17 Coastal development offshore areas 18 Clay 9 Lo~g .range acoustic mapping 19 Cement materials 10 Training 20 Construction materials; Honiara WESTERN SAMOA Bay 21 Geol/geochem.; Santa Isabel, Malita, WS. 1 Phosphate Guadalcanal, San Cristobal 2 Mn noduleslcrusts 22 Data management 3 Mn nodules/crusts 23 Nearshore and coastal zone changes 4 Precious corals due to earthquakes 5 Coastal development/construction 24 Long range acoustic mapping 6 Hydrocarbons 7 .Co-rich crusts TONGA 8 Ocean energy 9 Data management TG. 1 Mn nodules 10 Onshore clay minerals 2 Phosphate 11 Coastal and nearshore mapping 3 Precious corals 12 Sediment transport

74 REGIONAL PROJECTS 20 Lithosphere study; Samoa, Tonga, Cook Islands 21 Evolution of Line Islands REG 1 Geol/geophys.; Coral Sea 23 Mn nodules; Marquesas Fracture 2 Geol/geophys.; Manus, Solomon, Zone Woodlark Basins 24 Tectonic synthesis; Southwest 3 Geol/geophys.; Melanesian Border- Pacific land 25 Geol/geophys.; Atlas,; Southwest 4 Geol/geophys.; North Fiji Basin Pacific 5 Geol/geophys.; Lau Basin 26 Sedimentary basins; Southwest 6 Promote deep sea' drilling; South- Pacific west Pacific 27 Carbonate sediments; Southwest 7 Abyssal sediments; Southwest Pacific Pacific Basin 28 Subduction effects; aseismic ridges 8 Paleo-oceanography; South Fiji and plateaus Basin 29 Co-rich crusts; Southwest Pacific 9 Geol/geophys.; New Caledonia to .30 Coastal erosion; regional review Solomon Islands 31 Saline lakes and lagoons; South- 10 Metalliferous deposits; .back-arc west Pacific basins 32 Evolution of coral reefs; Southwest 11 Phosphate; seamounts Pacific 12 Mn nodules; Nauru and Ellice 33 Hydrocarbons; source, maturation, Basins entrapment models 13 Mn nodules; Cook Islands- 34 Evolution of geomorphic terrains; Tuamotu transect Papua New Guinea 14 Chemical analysis of, sediments; 35 Evolution of Southwest Pacific; Pre- regional compilation Pliocene break-up history 15 Mn nodules; regional data compila- 36 Hydrothermal deposits/hazards; tion near surface active volcanoes 16 Seismicity; Southwest Pacific 37 Sediment budgets; lagoons 17 Data compilation and manage- 38 Island drilling; Southwest Pacific ment 39 Long range acoustic mapping; 18 Ocean thermal energy conversion Southwest Pacific 19 Tectonics; (deleted, transferred to 40 Geophysical Investigations of the REG.4) Micronesian Trench

75 B. WORK PROGRAMME SUMMARY FOR 1985-1986

The CCOP/SOPAC Work Programme con- Initiated sists of projects, each project identifying a par- Deferred ticular target in one country. The Work Deleted Programme is defined on Project Data Sheets Completed which.are kept on .file at the CCOP/SOPAC (b) Recommendations: and suggestions for Technical Secretanat. Changes to the pro-future work to be used as a basis for gramme and advances made on individual planning proje~ts are given below under the following (c) Planning: list of plans made for field headings, work and other activitiesto be carried out (a) Proposal, Revision, Status: identifying in the next twelvemonths. those TAG sessions at which these were (d) Work completed: field work and other made; details of project proposals and activities being carried out or project revision are given as follows- completed. (i) Background information (e) Report: unpublished documents. (ii) Project objectives (f) .Publications: published papers (iii) Economic target . .' (iv) Relationship of Project to (g) Fm~l recommendations: .recommen- Mineral Development Policy dati.ons made on completion of the (v) References project, The categories of priorities are: "A"-very The current status of projects is given as important, early performance desirable; "B"- follows- scientifically and economically important.

AUSTRALIA AU.I: STUDIES OF THE CONTINEN- (a) Proposal: NEW PROJECT TAL SHELF AND SLOPE BASINS (i) BACKGROUND: BMR has the responsibility for studies and Priority A assessment of the mineral resources of the continental margin of Australia and its territories. (ii) PROJECT OBJECTIVES: The acquisition of geophysical and geological data in order to: (1) define geological framework; (2) establish depositional models; (3) determine geological history; (4) assess prospectivity for petroleum, placer deposits and phosphorite. (iii) ECONOMIC TARGET: To establish the mineral potential of Australian offshore basins. AU.2: STUDIES OF NON-BASINAL (a) Proposal: NEW PROJECT AREAS (i) BACKGROUND: BMR, CSIRO and universities have Priority B research interests in those offshore areas where there is limited or no sediment cover i.e. basement highs, oceanic crust, seamounts. (ii) PROJECT OBJECTIVES: The acquisition of geological and geophysical data in order to: (1) establish geological framework; (2) define geological history. (iii) ECONOMIC TARGET: Help to evaluate all offshore mineral resources. 76 r ( 1//\,( l 1\

AU.3: sruorss OF OFFSHORE (a) Proposal: NEW PROJECT METALLIC DEPOSITS (i) BACKGROUND: BMR, CSIRO and universities have Priority B research and resource assessment interests in manganese nodules, manganese crusts and polymetallic sulphide deposits in the Australian region. (ii) PROJECT OBJECTIVES: The acquisition of geological and geophysical data in order to: (I) determine whether metallic deposits are present; (2) what their nature is; (3) how they have formed; (4) whether they have economic potential. (iii) ECONOMIC TARGET: To evaluate mineral resources and assess their economic potential. COOK ISLANDS CK.l: SEA-BED INVESTIGATIONS (a) Proposal: see Proc. 2nd Session FOR. MANGANESE NODULES Revision: see Proc. 7th Session IN OCEANIC AREAS ADJOIN- Status: initiated, see Proc. 3rd Session; cruise in progress ING COOK ISLANDS (c) Planning: research vessel Hakurei Maru No.2 to investigate the adja- Priority A cent area to the west and/or to die south of last survey area. (d) Work Completed: sampling in the area off the North Penrhyn Basin, to the northeast of the Manihiki Plateau. Sampling in adjacent areas in progress 5 September-20 October 1986. (e) Reports: nCNMMAJ, 1986: Ocean resources investigation in the sea area of CCOP/SOPAC-report on the joint basic study for the development of resources. Volume 1: Sea Area of Cook Islands-[(i) Narrative Text], (ii) SBP Record on the Joint Basic Study, (iii) PDR Record, (iv) Photos and Sample Data. CCOP SOPAC Tech. Rep. 71: 4 volumes (1) Publications: CRONAN, D.S. 1984:Criteria for recognition of areas of potentially economic manganese nodules and encrustations in the CCOP/SOPAC region of the central and southwestern tropical Pacific. S. Pacif. mar. geol. Notes 3(1): 1-17. ~'t~~unON AND ECONOMIC (a) Proposal: see Proc. 4th Session POTENTIAL OF SUBMARINE Revision: see Proc. 7th Session PHOSPHATE DEPOSITS IN COOK Status: initiated, see Proc. 5th Session ISLANDS WATERS (c) Planning: drilling in Manihiki lagoon rescheduled for 1987 Priority A (d) Work completed: Test drilling in Aitutaki Lagoon prior to Northern Group drilling in Pukapuka, Rakahanga and Manihiki (e) Reports: GAUSS, GA 19~: Pre-drilling survey at Manihiki Atoll, Northern Cook Islands, 4-2J November 1983. CCOP/SOPAC Cruise Rep. 84: 5 p, 5 figs, lapp. Ck):.·1'lfIEsTIGATION FOR PRECIOUS (a) Proposal: see Proc. 5th Session CORAL IN THE NEARSHORE Revision: see Proc. 7th Session WATERS SURROUNDING THE Status: initiated, see Proc. 6th Session COOK ISLANDS . (d) Work completed: dredging around Manihiki and Rakahanga for Priority B Corallium (e) Reports: BURNE, RV. 1983: Precious coral dredging off Manihiki and Rakahanga Northern Cook Islands, 12-14 November 1983. CCOP/SOPAC Cruise Rep. 85: 3 p, 1 app. CK.4: STUDY OF SEDIMENTS AND (a) Proposal: see Proc. 6th Session SEDIMENTARY PROCESSES OF Revision: see Proc. 7th Session BEACH, LAGOON AND ADJA- Status: initiated, see Proc. 7th Session; in progress CENT OFFSHORE AREAS OF (c) Planning: Dredging study in Ngatangiia Harbour RARATONGA AND OTHER (d) Work completed: dredging in Ngatangiia Harbour in progress ISLANDS TO ASSIST WITH (e) Reports: CARTER, R; STEEN, J.E. 1984:Baseline study for coastal COASTAL MANAGEMENT management-Reef, beach, and lagoon near the Rarotongan Hotel, PROBLEMS Rarotonga, Cook Islands, Cruise CK-84-1, 21 May-12June 1984. Priority A CCOP/SOPAC Cruise Rep. 90: 21 p,2 app. .

77 CARTER, R 1984:Baseline study for coastal management-Coastal engineering study at Ngatangiia Harbour and Muri, Rarotonga, Cook Islands, Cruise CK-84-I, 21 May-12 June 1984.CCOP/SOPAC Cruise Rep. 1(}(): 16p, 7 figs, app. BURNE. R.V. 1983:Assessment of coastal management-Rarotonga, Cook Islands, 28-31October 1983.CCOP/SOPACCruiseRep. 102: 7p. 2 figs. I table, 27 col. plates. CK.5: BATHYMETRIC MAPPING OF (a) Proposal: see Proc. 7th Session THE COOK ISLANDS Status: initiated, see Proc. 9th Session Priority A (c) Planning: preparation of maps for Mauke, Mitiaro, Atiu, Takutea, and Manuae area in Wellington. Surveys for bathymetry in Pukapuka to Rakahanga Lagoons. (c) Work Completed: new 1:200.000Island Series bathymetric charts for Suwarrow and Palmerston Islands; 2nd edition Island Series bathymetric chart for Mangaia: new nearshore bathymetric chart for Aitutaki. CK.6: INVESTIGATION OF SUIT- (a) Proposal: see Proc. llth Session ABILITY OF CLAY DEPOSITS Deleted: see Proc. 12th Session FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF POTIERY, BRICKS OR TILES

CK.7: INVESTIGATION OF COBALT (a) Proposal: see Proc. llth Session POTENTIAL IN MANGANESE (c) Planning: Moana Wave Tripartite cruise re-sheduled for 1987 CRUSTS IN COOK ISLANDS (d) Work Completed: HMNZS Tui Tripartite II cruise dredging for WATERS manganese crusts in southern Cook Island waters Priority A (I) Publications: CRONAN, D.S. 1984: Criteria for the recognition of areas of potentially economic manganese nodules and encrustations in the CCOP/SOPAC region of central and southwestern tropical Pacific. S. Pad! mar. geol Notes 3(1): 1-17. CK.8: FEASmILITY STUDIES FOR (a) Proposal: see Proc. 12th Session HARNESSING WAVE ENERGY (c) Planning: wave rider buoy installation outside Rutaki Passage to con- FOR RAROTONGA tinue when new moorings received 1987 Priority A (d) Work Completed: wave energy study in progress

FUI FJ.I: ASSESSMENT OF THE HYDRO- (a) Proposal: see Proc. 1st Session CARBON POTENTIAL OF FIJI Revision: see Proc, 10th Session Priority A Status: initiated, see Proc. 7th Session (b) Recommendations: further MCS, gravity, and magnetic data required from deepwater basins around Viti Levu (especially Suva Basin), requirement remains for a petroleum geologist/geophysicist to sys- tematically compile, review, and interpret data from licence areas. (c) Planning: data' reduction with Techsec assistance; promotion of licence areas to continue (d) Work completed: geophysical data, including MCS collected by RIV S.P. Lee in the Lau Group-evaluation of hydrocarbon data to be done by MRD (e) Reports: HERZER, RH.; SCHOLL, D.W. and Scientific Staff, 1984: Initial report on 1984 RIV S.P. Lee Cruise L3-84-SP Tonga Ridge, Lau;" Ridge and Lau Basin. CCOP/SOPAC Cruise Rep. 93: 7 p, I fig. GREENE, H.G.; WONG, F.L. (Eds) 1984: Executive summary of geology and offshore resources of Pacific Island arcs-Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Tonga and Vanuatu. CCOP/SOPAC Tech. Rep. 44: 66 p. (I) SCHOLL,D.W.; VALLIER, T.L. (Compsand Eds) 1985:Geology and offshore resources of Pacific island arcs-Tonga region. CPCEMR Earth Science Series, Volume 2: 488 p.

78 FJ.2: REVIEW OF SHALLOW PENET- Completed, see Proc. 8th Session RATION SEISMIC DATA IN RELINQUISHED OFFSHORE CONCESSIONS FOR DETRITAl- HEAVY MINERALS FJ.3: RE-EVALUATION OF SEISMIC Deleted and transferred to FJ.l, at 7th Session AND OTHER DATA AVAILABLE ON RELINQUISHED PET- ROLEUM CONCESSIONS WEST OF THE YASAWA GROUP. FJ.4: OFFSHORE GEOLOGICAL MAP- (a) Proposal: see Proc. lst Session PING OF THE SHALLOW Revision: see Proc. 7th and 10th Sessions SHELVES IN Fill Status: initiated, see Proc. 6th Session Priority B (b) Recommendation: furthervibrocorer sampling around Viti Levu; need equipment and technician. (e) Reports: ROY, P. (1986): Coastal and nearshore geology of Savusavu Bay, Vanua Levu, Fiji CCOP/SOPAC Tech. Rep. 60: (in prep.) FJ.5: SEABED SAMPLING FOR PHOS- (a) Proposal: see Proc. 1st Session PHORITES IN THE LAU GROUP Revision: see Proc. 7th Session Priority B Status:initiated, see Proc. 6th Session r FJ.6: ASSESSMENT OF ENERGY (a) Proposal: see Proc. 2nd Session POTENTIAL FROM MARINE Revision: see Proc. 10th Session RENEWABLE SOURCES SUCH Status:initiated, see Proc. l lth Session AS OTEC WAVES LAGOON (c) Planning: bathymetric survey of Kadavu Passage to be repeated. CURRENTS Priority B FJ.7: BATHYMETRIC GRAVITY AND Completed, see Proc. 8th Session MAGNETIC SURVEYS IN SELEC- TED AREAS FJ.8: INTERPRETATION OF REGION- Completed, see Proc. 8th Session AL AEROMAGNETIC DATA

FJ.9: SEISMIC REFRACTION SURVEY .j' (a) Proposal: see Proc. 2nd Session VITI LEVU AND VANUA LEVU Revision: see Proc. 7th Session Priority B Status: initiated, see Proc. 7th Session FJ.lO: BATHYMETRY AND BOTTOM Completed, see Proc. 8th Session SAMPLING, KADAVU PASSAGE, SOUTH AND SOUTHWEST OF SUVA FJ.ll: MARINE GEOLOGICAL AND (a) Proposal: see Proc. 3rd Session GEOPHYSICAL INVESTIGATION Revision: see Proc. 7th and 10th Sessions OF THE NORTHERN MARGIN Status: initiated, see Proc. Sth Session OF THE Fill PLATFORM (b) Recommendations: additional long range acoustic mapping surveys Priority B required (c) Planning: SeaMARC II and bottom sampling to be obtained by Moana Wave. (d) Work completed: geophysical surveying (including SEABEAM) and sampling during the RN Sonne cruise SO-35 (6 December 84-6 February 85) (e) Reports: STACKELBERG, U. Von and the Shipboard Party 1985: Hydrothermal, sulfide deposits in back-arc spreading centers in the Southwest Pacific. BGR Circ. 2. STACKELBERG, U. Von and others, 1985: Back-arc hydrother- malism of the Lau Basin and North Fiji Basin. Geoscientific Inves- tigations with MIS Sonne (SO-35-2/3) CCOP/SOPAC Cruise Rep. 115: 55 p, 21 figs.

79 F112: MARINE GEOLOGICAL AND (a) Proposal: see Proc. 3rd Session , GEOPHYSICAL SnJDIES OF THE Revision: see Proc, 7th and 10th Sessions SUVA-BEQA SEISMIC ZONE, Status: initiated, see Proc. 5th Session SOUTH AND SOUTHWEST VITI (c) Planning: RN Sonne to obtain SEABEAM data in 1987 LEVU Priority B (d) Work completed: SEABEAM data obtained by Jean Charcot (1985). FJ.l3: MARINE GEOLOGICAL AND Deleted and transferred to FJ.l2, see Proc, 7th Session GEOPHYSICAL SURVEYS SOUTH AND SOUTHWEST OF VITI LEVU FI14: INfERPRETATION OF DETAILED (a) Proposal: see Proc. 6th Session AEROMAGNETIC DATA Revision: see Proc. 7th Session PriorityB Status: initiated, see Proc. 7th Session FI15: RELOCATION OF SELECTED (a) Proposal: see Proc. 6th Session POINTS THROUGHOUT THE FlJI Revision: see Proc, 7th Session GROUP BY MULTIPLE PASS Status: initiated, see Proc. 7th Session SATELLITE FIXES (d) Work completed: Position at main wharf; Suva Harbour, obtained from Priority A multiple GPS satellite fixes by Jean Charrot (1985). FJ.l6 METALLIFEROUS MUDS AT (c) Planning:Moana Walle Tripartite II cruise will use SeaMARC II in trio SEAFLOOR SPREADING CEN· pie junction area of the North Fiji Basin. Sonne to work in central TRES AND OTHER VOLCANIC Lau Basin. VENTS (d) Work completed: cruises of research vessels Sonne, Natswhima, Moana Priority A WQ\le, Jean Charco; and Thomas Washington..••investigations of metalliferous mad potential in progress (e) Reports: HERZER, RH.: SCHOLL, D.W. and Scientific Stat'( 1984:Ini- tial report on 1984RN 8.p. Lee Cruise L3·84-SPTonga Ridge,Lau Basin. CCOP/SOPAC Cruise Rep. 93: 7 p, I fig. HONZA, E.;LEWIS, KoB.and Shipboard Party, 1985:A marine geologi- caland geophysical smveyofthe northern Tonga Ridge and adjacentLau Basin. CCOP/SOPAC C11IiseRep. 105: 125p, 16fills, 17tables. STACKELBERG, U.Vonand others, 1985:Back-arc hydrothermalism of the Lau Basin and North Fiji Basin. Geoscientitic Investigations with M/ S Sonne (80-35-2/3) Cruise Rep. 84 p. HERZER, RH. 1986:Report on SEABEAM research cruise SEAPSO Leg v. N/O Jean Charcot, Louisville Ridge!I'onga-Kermadec Trench region. CCOP/SOPAC C11IiseRep. 120: 18p. 8 figs,3 appendices. FJ.l7: CHARACTERISATION OF THE (a) Proposal: see Proc. 9th Session EXTENT AND QUALfIY OF DEEP Status: to be initiated SEA MANGANESE NODULES Priority B FI18: NEARSHORE SURVEYS OF (a) Proposal: see Proc, 10th Session COASTAL AREAS BEACH TO Status: initiated, see Proc. 10th Session REEF FOR METALLIFEROUS (b) Recommendations: vibrocorer sampling around Viti Levu; have cores DE1RITAL MINERALS commercially analysed; need equipment and technician Priority A (d) Work completed: Rewa reflection seismicsurveypartially completed. Field work for Savusavu Bay completed February. 1986.First draft of report completed June 1986. (e) Reports: RUB~ DM. 1984:Examination ofSigatoka sand dunes, Fiji, 3-7, April, 1984.CCOP/SOPAC Cruise Rep. 104: 3 p, I table. ROY, P.S. 1986:Coastal and nearshore geologyof Savusavu Bay,Vanna Levu, Fiji. CCOP/SOPAC Tech. Rep. (X): (in prep.) ROY. P.S.; RICHMOND, B.M 1986:Reconnaissance mapping of the Rewa Delta. Viti Levu. Fiji. CCOP/SOPAC Ted!. Rep. 66: (in prep.) FI19: BASELINE STUDIES OF (a) Ptoposa/: see Proc 10th Session INSHORE AND NFARSHORE SiOtus: initiated, see Proc. 10th Session AREAS IN FUI FOR COASTAL (b) Recommendations: assistance with equipment and teehniQan DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES (c) Plalfning: Suva Passage. Rewa 9U~ continlling; bathymetric survey of Priority A Kadavu Passage to be repeated. 80 (d) Work completed: reflection seismicand sampling completed in Suva Har- bour, survey including reflection seismic in Suva Passage, Rewa. (e) Repons: GAUSS, GA 1984:Suva Harbour engineering survey-Seismic profiling study,29August-14September 1983.CCOP/SOPACCruiseRep. 83: 4 p, 2 figs. ROY, P.S.; RICHMOND, B.M. 1986:Reconnaissance mapping of the Rewa delta, Viti Levu, Fiji CCOP/SOPAC Tech:Rep. 66: (in prep.) FJ.20: INVESTIGATION OF DEEP (a) Proposal: see Proc. 10th Session WATER PRECIOUS CORALS IN Status: initiated, see Proc, 10th Session FIJI WATERS (b) Recommendations: precision long range acoustic mapping of steep Priority B slopes flanking insular shelves in depths less than 1000m, FI2l: DATA MANAGEMENT (a) Proposal: see Proc. 14th Session Status: initiated, see TAG Report, ISth Session Priority A (b) Recommendations: acquisition of appropriate software for data management GUAM GM.1: COMPILATION OF BASIC GEO- (a) Proposal: see Proc. 11th Session LOGICAL/GEOPHYSICAL DATA Status: initiated, see Proc. 14th Session; in progress PREREQUISITE TO EVALUATION (e) Reports: ELDRIDGE, L.G. 1984: Assessment of inshore marine OF RESOURCE POTENTIAL resources in the Marianas Archipelago. Sea Grant Project No. UGIR- 4. Marine study area. Tech. Rep. Univ. Guam mar. Lab. 55. GM.2: OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY (a) Proposal: see Proc, 11th Session CONVERSION Status: deleted, see TAG Rep. 14th Session (I) Publications: BEST, B.R.; CLAYSHULTE, R.N. et al.; 1982: Assess- ment of the shoalwater environments in the vicinity of the proposed OTEC development at Cabras Island, Guam. Tech. Rep. Univ. Guam mar. Lab. 79. LASSUY, D.R. 1979: Oceanographic conditions in the vicinity of Cabras Island and Glass Breakwater for the potential development of ocean thermal energy conversion on Guam. Tech. Rep. U71iv.Guam mar. Lab. 53. GM.3: MANGANESE CRUST AND (a) Proposal: see Proc. 11th Session NODULE STUDIES (a) Planning: Projects proposed by NOAA to use submersible and under- Priority A water video system

GM.4: EVALUATION OF METALLI- (a) Proposal: see Proc, 11th Session FEROUS ENRICHMENT RELATED Status: pending completion ofGM.l TO ISLAND ARC VOLCANISM (b) Recommendations: assess existing data on metalliferous sediments Priority B GM5: DISTRIBUTION OF PRECIOUS (a) Proposal: see Proc. 11thSession CORALS AND TIlEIR ECONOMIC Status: deleted, see TAG Rep. 14th Session IMPORTANCE IN GUAM (d) Work Completed: new speciesofCoraOium found during surveyby National Marine FISheriesService (I) Publications: GRIGG,. aw, ELDRIDGE, L.G. 1975:The commercial potential of precious corals in Micronesia. Part I-The Mariana Islands. Sea Grant Publ USGS-7S-{)1.Tech. Rep. Univ. Guam mar. Lab. 18. GM6: EVALUATIONOF TIlE (a) Proposal: see Proc. 11th Session HYDROCARBON POTENTIAL IN Status: to be initiated pending completion of GM.1 TIlE GUAM AREA PriorityB GM.7: BASELINE ENVIRONMENfAL (a) Proposal: see Proc. 11thSession SURVEY OF BEACH, INSHORE Status: deleted, see TAG Rep. 14th Session AND NEARSHORE AREAS FOR COASTAL EROSION AND COAS- TAL ENGINEERING sruorss 81 GM8: ESTABUSHMENT OF A (a) Proposal: see Proc 13th Session ROUTINELY MONflORED DEEP Sti1Ius: deleted, see TAG Rep. 14th Session WATER HYDROSfAllON IN TIlE TRENCH WATERS OF THE WESI'ERN PACIFIC OCEAN GM9: RADIOLOGICAL SURVEY OF (a) Proposal: see Proc. 13th Session MARINE ORGANISMS AND Status: deleted, seeTAG Rep. 14th Session SEDIMENfS IN THE MARIANA ARCHIPElAGO GM.lO: STIIDY OF THE SEAMOUNT (a) Proposal: see Proc. 13th Session ECOSYSTEMS NEAR THE Status: deleted, seeTAG Rep. 14th Session MARIANA ISlANDS (e) Reports: CARTER, R. 1985: Initial Planning Report. Proposed seamount Priority A baseline programme Mariana Archipelago north of Guam, May 1985. CCOP/SOPAC Tech. Rep. 49: 15 p, 6 figs.

GMll: BA1HYMEIRIC AND SEABED (a) Proposal: NEW PROJECT MAPPING OF GUAM'S EXCLUSIVE (i) BACKGROUND: Assessment of Guam's resources and potential ECONOMIC ZONE geologic hazards is a preliminary step to evaluating the potential of utilising the marine mineral resources within Guam's EEZ The mapping of the EEZ will be useful in inteIpreting the geology and geophysics of the area. It is also a prerequisite to the development of a meaningful management plan for this component of the marine resources. (ii) PROJECT ORJECTIVES: Collect high-resolution, continuous scanning data to produce high-resolution bathymetric maps Which could be used in identifying and assessing areas of the seafloor for detailed investigation and sampling for potential mineral and biological resource development within Guam's EEZ (iii) ECONOMIC TARGET: The high-resolution maps of the ocean bottom terrain within Guam's EEZ will provide needed informa- tion to further exploration and possible future development of the marine mineral and biological resources. The development of a Marine Mineral Resource Assessment and Management Plan will be greatly facilitated by this information. (b) Recommendations: Initial work should concentrate on known seamounts within Guam's EEZ Some of this work can be carried out with the use of the University of Guam Marine Laboratory's research vessel Pescodo: if the appropriate equipment and a technician can be provided through CCOP/ SOPAC. Subsequent phases could cover progressively greater portions of the EEZ. Primary emphasis should be given to waters less than 2.500 m deep.

GMI2: GEOLOGIC HAZARDS (a) Proposal: NEW PROJECT (i) BACKGROUND:Active submarine volcanoes occuras seamounts and shallow banks only 15 to 50 KIn west of the island arc from Guam to Saipan. At present only scuba dives and dredging have been done on these banks. Recent activity has been documented on Esmeralda Bank. The submarine volcanic activity and related tsunami potential could affect population centres in the Mariana Islands. (ii) PROJECT ORJECTIVES: Determine the extent to Which these seamounts are active and represent a potential hazard to population centres in the Mariana Islands. (b) Recommendations: Investigate volcanic and tsunami hazards potential. Map volcanoes using side scan sonar with bathymetric mapping capability. Sample summits of volcanoes. Date lavas using radiomeric dating. Con- duct seismic or hydrophones surveys. Utilise a submersible to conduct visual surveys of the seamounts.

82 KIRIBATI KI.1: DISTRIBunON AND ECONOMIC (a) Proposal: see Proc. 4th Session POTENTIAL OF SUBMARlNE Revision: see Proc. 7th. 10th. and 11th Sessions AND LAGOONAL PHOSPHATE Status: initiated. see Proc, 9th Session DEPOSITS IN KIRIBATI WATERS (b) Recommendation: selected lagoons be surveyed using a bottom-towed Priority A gamma ray spectrometer.

KI.2: INVESTIGATION OF THE (a) Proposal: see Proc. 4th Session OCCURRENCE OF MANGANESE Revision: see Proc. 7th. 10th. and 11th Sessions NODULES IN THE KIRIBATI Status: initiated. see Proc. 9th Session REGION (b) Recommendations: further sampling west and south of the Line Islands and Priority A off Phoenix Islands to fill gaps in sampling (c) Planning: surveys are planned by R/V Hakurei MOTU No.2 in 1987 as part of the 5-year Japanese programme. and by R/V Moana Wave in 1987as part of theTripartite cruise programmes. (d) Work completed: MoanawaveTripartite II cruise completed in 1986in Gilbert and Pheonix Groups. (e) Repons: KEATING. B.; BOLTON. B. and Shipboard Party. 1986: Initial report of 1986 R/V Moana Wave cruise MW-86-02 in the Kiribati/Tuvalu region. Central Pacific Ocean CCOP/SOPAC Cndse Rep. 121: 80 p. 2 appendices. . KI3: INVESI1GATION FOR PRECIOUS (a) Proposal: see Proc. 5th Session CORALS IN THE NEARSHORE Revision: see Proc. 7th and 11th Sessions WATERS SURROUNDING THE Status: initiated. see Proc. 9th Session KIRIBATI WATERS (d) JJVrlc completed: Black coral survey on Plateaux and Tarawa-report Priority A pending (e) Repons: ROY. P.S.; RICHMOND. BM. 1986: Black coral survey. Kiribati, CCOP/SOPAC Tech. Rep. 59: (in prep.) "KI.4: BASELINE STUDIES OF INSHORE (a) Proposal: see Proc.9th Session AREAS IN KIRIBATI FOR COASTAL Revision: see Proc. l lth Session DEVELOPMENT AND PROTECT- Status: initiated. see Proc. 11th Session; in progress ION (b) Rironunmdations: initiate coastal mapping on several islands using aerial Priority A photography; urgent studies are required to assist with resort development in N. Tarawa and causeway construction in Tarawa. (d) Work compleed: survey of beach profiles at Tarawa-baseline study Maiana and Tarawa--<:ontinuing (e) Repons: CARTER, R 1983: Coastal erosion in Kiribati. 10-31 January 1983. CCOP/SOPAC Cndse Rep. 76: 25 p, 34 figs. 5 tables. HOWORlR R 1985: Atlas of beach profiles monitored on Betio-Bairiki, Tarawa Atoll, Kiribati: January 1982-July 1985. CCOP/SOPAC Tech. Rep. 50: iv.41 p. CARTER, R 1986: Stable beach site in Northern Tarawa. CCOP/SOPAC Tech.Rep. 55: (in prep.) KI5: COBALT INVESTIGATION IN THE (a) Propo6al: see Proc. 11th Session OFFSHORE AREAS OF KIRIBATI (d) Work Compleed: Tripartite II survey by research vessell Moana Wave- Priority A report pending

KI.6: INVESTIGATION OF NEARSHORE (a) Proposal: see Proc. 13th Session AND COASTAL AREAS FOR lAND- (c) Work Completed: oonstruetion material study-report pending ALL AND CONSIRUcnON MATERIALS Priority A

NEW ZEALAND NZ.l: MURPHOLOGICAL. SEDIMEN- (a) Proposal: seeProc. 2nd Session TARY STRUCTURAL FEATURES Status: continuing project OF THE NEW ZEALAND SHELF (c) Planning: a new programme, the Continental Margin Mapping Programme AND SLOPE has been instigated. Priority A 83 NZ2: SlUDIES OF 1HE SOUTI-IERN (a) Proposal: see Proc. 2nd Session 1ERMINAllON OF 1HE Status: initiated,see Proc. 3rd Session lONGA-KERMADEC lRENCH PriorityA NZ3: rscromc msrosv AND (a) Proposal: see Proc. 3rd Session SlRUCIURE OF SEDIMENrARY Status:initiated,see Proc. 5th Session BASINS OFFSHORE FROM NEW (d) Worlc compleed: studies of stratigraphy and structure of Chatham ZEAlAND Rise and offshore Northland completed, studies continuing in off- PriorityA shore Taranaki and Canterbury regions.

NZ4: S11JDYOF MARC SANDS ON (a) Proposal: see Proc. 6th Session 1HE WESTERN SHELF Status: initiated,see Proc. 6th Session PriorityB NZ5: SURVEYOF NEARSHORE (a) Proposal: see Proc. 6th Session DEIRITAL SAND AND GRAVEL Status: initiated,see Proc. 6th Session PriorityB . NZ6: ,INVESllGA110N OF (a) Proposal: see Proc. 6th Session PHOSPHORITE AND GlAUCO- Status: initiated,see Proc. 6th Session NTIE DEPOSITS OF 1HE (d) Worlc compleed: prospecting licences have expired and future work CHATHAM RISE and possibleexploitationis being reviewed PriorityA (f) Publications: CULLEN, OJ. 1975: Petrology, distribution and economic potential of phosphorite deposits on Chatham Rise, east of New Zealand. NZOloceanogr. Summ. 8: 6 p. PASHO, D.W. 1976: Distribution and morphology of Chatham Rise phosphorites. Mem. N.z. oceanogr. lnst. 77: 2} p. CUllEN, OJ.; SINGLElON, RJ. 1977: The distnbution of sub- marine phosphorite deposits on central Chatham Rise, east of New Zealand 1. Surface distnbution from underwater photographs. NZOI oceonogr. Fld Rep. 10: 24 p. CUllEN, OJ. 1978: The distnbutionof submarine phosphorite deposits on Central Chatham Rise, east of New Zealand 2 Subsur- facedistnbution from cores.NZOloceonogr. Fld Rep. 12: 29p. CULLEN, OJ. 1980:Distnbution, composition and age of submarine phosphorites on Chatham Rise, east of New Zealand Spec: Publ Soc. lWTI. 1tJleont Mmer. 29: 139-148p. McKAY, AD.; GREGG, P.E.H; SYERS, J.K 1980: A preliminary evaluation of Chatham Rise phosphorite as a direct-use phosphatic fertilizer.nz.Jl agric. Res. 23: 441-449p. KUDRASS, HR; CUllEN, OJ. 1982: Submarine phosphorite nodules from the central Chatham Rise' off New Zealand- composition, distnbution and reserves--(VALDIVIA Cruise 1978). Geol..lb. D51: 3-41p. ANON_ 1983: Ground phosphate rock as a direct application fer- tilizer in New Zealand-sources and suitability Phosphorous and Ibtassium 128: 17-21p. McKAY,·AD.; GREGG, P.E.H.; SYERS, J.K 1984: Field evaluation of Chatham Rise phosphorite as a phosphatic fertilizer for pasture. xz. Jl agric. Res. 27: 65-82p. KUDRASS, H.R; RAn, U. Von 1984:Underwater television and pho- tography observations, side-sean sonar and acoustic reflectivity measurements Of phosphorite-rich areas on the Chatham Rise (New Zealand) Geol..lb..D65. MEYgJHR, KW.; lOAN. nv 1984: Chatham Rise phosphorite investigation (SONNE 17 cruise): Soil mechanic properties and implicationsfor mining.Grol.lb. 00. RAn. U. Von 1984: Outline of SONNE cruise 80-17 on the Chatham Rise phosphorite deposits east of New Zealand Geol. .lb. D65. 84 . RAD, U. Von; ROSCH. H. 1984: Geochemistry, texture, and pet- rography of phosphorite nodules and associated foraminiferal glauconitesands (Chatham Rise,New Zealand),Ged .lb. D65. NZ7: DISTRIBUTION OF GOLD IN (a) Proposal: see Proc.6th Session SHELF SEDIMENTS Sratus: initiated,see Proc. 8th Session PriorityB

PAPUA NEW GUINEA PN.l: REGIONAL RECONNAISSANCE (a) Proposal: see Proc. 1stSession GEOLOGICAL MAPPING, Revision: see Proc. 7th Session PARTICUIARLY OF 1HE Sratus: initiated,see Proc. 7th Session ISIANDS (b) Rtrommendations: Encourage use of remote sensing and PriorityA geophysicaltechniques (c) Planning: complete maps and reports of South Sepik area. Ground follow-up of airborne geophysical anomalies in South Sepik and Bougainville Island Regional economic mapping of Bougainville Island (d) Worlc Completed: Airborne geophysics of South Sepik area and part of Bougainville Island Regional economic mapping of South Sepik . area, reports in progress. (e) Repons: TIFFIN, DL; HONZA, E.; KEENE, 1. and Shipboard Scien- tists, 1984: A geological and geophysical investigation of the western Solomon Sea, Trobriand Basin and adjacent areas-Cruise Report of the R V NaIsUshima, 5 December 1983-JanuaI)' 1984.CCOP/SOPAC Cndse Rep. 92: 17p, 4 figs,2 tables, 1app. WlLUAMSON, A; ROGERSON, R 1983: Geology and mineralisa- tion of Misima Island Rep. grol Swv.Papua New Guinea 83/1. PN1: PREUMINARY APPRAISAL OF (a) Proposal: see Proc. 1stSession DETRITAL HEAVYMINERALS Revision: seeproc. 7th Session IN COASTAL AND NEARSHORE Sratus: initiated,see Proc. 7th Session AREAS, AND RECONNAISSANCE SAMPLING OF POIEN11AI.LY FAVOURABLEAREAS PN3: CRUSTAL snIDY OF EASTERN (a) Status: Deleted and transferredto PN.l4 at 15thSession PAPUA NEW GUINEA PN4: INSHORE AND NEARSHORE (a) Proposal: see Proc.4th Session SURVEYSRELAlED TO HAR- Revision: see Proc. 7th Session BOUR DEVELOPMENT AND Sratus: initiated,see Proc. 8th Session COASTAL MANAGEMENT (b) Recommendations: completion of harbour survey reports. Coastal Priority A zone studies and bottom sampling to supplement the geophysical studies. Commence with Port Moresby area. Training ofPNG drilling crews for site investigation the nearshore area. (d) Work completed: Eight harbour surveys by joint CCOP/EA and CCOP/SOPAC, reports in progress. Rabaul Harbour survey by research vessels S.P. Lee, Moana Wave (SeaMARC) and Tau (ROY). (e) Reports: TIFFIN, D.L 1984: Seismic, magnetic and bathymetric sur- vey in Rabaul Harbour, Papua New Guinea, 8-25 July 1983.CCOP/ SOPAC Cndse Rep. 80: 12p, 6 figs,3 app. TIFFIN, DL 1984: Results of comparisons of 1983 CCOP/SOPAC bathymetry data with earlier bathymetric surveys in Rabaul Harbour, June 1984.CCOP/SOPAC Tech.Rep. 36:24 p. TIFFIN, D.L; MARLOW, M; EXON, NF.; RINGI8, 1. and Scientific Party, 1984: Report on geophysical survey in Rabaul Harbour, New Britain Island, Papua New Guinea. by R V s.P. Lee. 17 July 1984. CCOP/SOPAC CruiseRep. 103: 7 p, 2 figs,2 tables. (I) Publications: GREENE, H.G.; TIFFIN, D.; McKEE, CO. 1986:Struc- tured deformation and sedimentation in an active caldera, Rabaul, Papua New Guinea. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 30: 327-356. 85 PN5: AN EVALUATION OF nm (a) 1'rrJpafaI: see Proc. 7th Session . HYDROCARBON P01EN1lAL Status: initiated, see Proc. 9th Session OF OFFSHORE AREAS IN PAPUA (b) Rsx»nmmdaJion: Continue promotion of PNG petroleum potential. NEW GUINFA FROM EXISI1NG Acquisition of addi1ional MCS and bathymetric data 10 assist with DATA this goal, Training of PNG petroleum geologists particularly in Priority A MCS techniques. (d) Worlc romp/t?J8i: continued promotion of an PNG hydrocarbon potential including Cape Vogel, New Ireland and Manus Basins and the Papuan Basin, Papua New Guinea. Prepared by Worldwide Exploration Consultants, Denver, Colorado lm03, USA 56p. (f) Publicalions: EXON, NF.; SlEWARD, WD.; SANDY, MJ.; TIFFIN, DL 1986: Geology and offshore petroleum prospects of the eastern New Ireland Basin, northeastern Papua New Guinea. BMR JI. Aust. Geol. Goophys. 10: 77-83. SlEWART & DURRKEE: Petroleum potential of the Papuan Basin Oil and Gal'JoumoJ. April I, 1985.

PN.6: AN INVESIlGATION INIO rna (a) 1'rrJpafaI: see Proc. 7th Session HYDROCARBON P01EN1lAL Status: initiated, see TAG Rep. 14th Session; in progress OF nm CAPE VOGEL BASlN (b) Recommendations: use of remote sensing techniques should be Priority A encouraged; compile and obtain additional bathymetry (d) Worlc completed: HydrocaIbon potential Cape Vogel Basin-in progress (e) &pons: TIFFIN, DL; HONZA, R; KEENE, 1. and Shipboard Scien- tists, 1984: A geological and geophysical investigation of the western Solomon Sea, Trobriand Basin and adjacent areas-e-Cruise Report of the RN Na/;sushima, 5 December 1983-Januaty 1984. CCOP!SOPAC Ouise Rep. 92: 17 p, 4 figs, 2 tables, lapp. (I) Publications: STEWART & DEIBERT: Hydrocarbon potential of the Cape Vogel Basin, Papua New Guinea. Oil and Gas Journal 17: 67-71. STEWART, FRANCIS & PEDERSON: Hydrocarbon potential of the Bougainville and southeastern New Ireland Basins, Papua New Guinea. Oil and Gas Journal:

PN.7: AN INVESIlGATION INIO rna (a) 1'rrJpafaI: see Proc. 7th Session HYDROCARBON P01EN1lAL OF Revision: see Proc. II th Session nm NEW IRElAND AND Status: initiated, see Proc. 9th Session MANUS BASINS (b) R8xJmmmdations: use of remote sensing techniques should be Priority A encouraged; shallow water deep penetration MCS be obtained where RN s.P. Lee is unable 10 operate (d) Worlc romp/t?J8i: Manus Basin survey by research vessel Moana Ware-report pending (e) &pom: COLWEll., 1.B.; VEDDER, 1.0. and Scientific Stan: 1984: Initial report on 1984 RN s.P. Lee Cruise L6-84-SP in Western Solomon Islands and Eastern Papua New Guinea. 9-26 June 1984. CCOPtWPAC Cruife Rep. 91: 17 p,4/igs. MARWW, M; EXON, N.F. and Shipboard Party, 1984: Initial report on 1984 RN s.P. Lee Cruise L7-84-SP in Northern Papua New Guinea, 25 June-l? July 1984. CCOP/SOPAC Cndse Rep. 95: II p,3 figs, 2 tables. GREENE, HG~ WONG, FL 1984: Executive sununary of geology and offshore resources of Pacific Island Arcs-Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, lbnga and Vanuatu. CCOP/SOPAC Tech. Rep. 44: 66 p. EXON,' N.; SlEWART, WD.; SANDY, MJ.; TIFFIN, D. 1984: Geol- ogy of the Eastern New Ireland Basin, northeastern Papua. New Guinea. ccoPtWPAC Tech. Rep. 45: 46 p, 6/igs.

86 PN.8: 10 EXPLORE FOR AND (a) Proposal: see Proc. 7th Session EVALUATE TIlE POTENIlAL OF Status:. initiated. see Proc. 8th Session, in progress POSSIBLE METAUlFEROUS (b) Rtr:ommendation: Reprocessing of SeaMARC IT, Tripartite II reports. SEDIMENTS IN BASINS WHERE PAClARK reports. TIlERE IS KNOWN mGH HEAT (c) Planning: Proposal for detailed side-scan sonar mapping of the Wes- FlOW OR NEARBY VOLCANIC tern Woodlarlc Basin/Goodenough Bay Area-relates to Project ACTIVITY Activity I from Special Session. Priority A (d) Worlc Compleed: Tripartite II (Moana Wave) investigation in the Manus Basin. PAClARK cruise (Franklin) to West WoodlarK Basin. . (e) Reports: TIFFIN. DoL; TAYlOR, B.: CROOK, KAW.: SIN1ON. J.: FRANKEL. E. (1986): SeaMARC II in the South Pacifie-s-Cruise Report of the RN Moana Wave November 29. 1985-January 9. 1986. CCOP/SOPAC Cndse Rep. 117: 25 p, 6 ~ PN.9: AN EVALUATION OF TIlE (a) Proposal: see Proc. 7th Session POTENI1AL FOR SUBMARINE Revision: see Proc. 10th Session AND lAGOONAL PHOSPHATE Status: initiated. see Proc. 8th Session DEPOSITS IN NORTIlERN (b) Recommendation: Initiate locally (GeoSurvey) a compilation of data PAPUA NEW GUINEA on known occurrences of phosphate deposits in Papua New Priority B Guinea. Discussion with Techsec on possible future investigations for submarine phosphates.

PN.1O: AN EVALUATION OF TIlE (a) Proposal: see Proc. 7th Session MANGANESE NODULE DEPOSITS Revision: see Proc. lIth Session NORTH OF TIlE MANUS TRENCH . Status: to be initiated Priority B PN.1I: BATHYMEfRIC MAPPING OF (a) Proposal: see Proc. 7th Session TIlE SEAFlOOR OF PAPUA NEW Status: initiated, see Proc. II th Session tt GUINEA (b) Recommendation: Detailed side-scan sonar (with bathymetry) ofWes- Priority A tern Woodlark Basin/Goodenough Bay area. (c) Planning: completion of SeaMARC II bathymetry and mosaic for Manus Basin (Tripartite II). Completion of PAClARK II (Franklin) cruise reports. (d) Worlc completa/: compilation of data on the Trobriand Platform. Cape Vogel Basin.

PN.12: AN ASSESMENT OF TIlE POTEN- (a) Proposal: see Proc. 7th Session TIAL OF DEEP WATER PRECIOUS Status: initiated.see Proc. 8th Session CORALS (ESPECIALLY CORALUUM) (b) Rtr:ommendation: Initiate locally (GeoSurvey). a compilation of data on IN PAPUA NEW GUINEA known precious coral resources. Future request to Techsec for evaluation of Priority B this resources.

PN.l3: POTENI1AL FOR INDUSTRIAL (a) Ptvposol: see Proc. 14th Session MINERALS IN PAPUA NEW Status: ongoing data acquisition and compilation and training of national GUINEA engineering geologists. Priority B (b) Rtr:ommendation: Above to be continued. Training for drillers and geologists, in evaluation of induslrial minerals.

PN.14: STIIDY AND ASSESSMENT OF (a) Ptvposal'NEWPROJECT PNG GEOlOGICAL HAZARDS (i) BACKGROUND: A volcanologically-oriented cruise to explore the submarine structure and composition and ash deposits of the volcanoes in the Bismark Volcanic Arc is proposed With the data gained from such a cruise. it is hoped to achieve a better understanding of the extent of volcanism is primarily limited to the volcanoes above sea level and little is known ~bout the submarine volcanism. New information on the submarine volcanic structures and deposits in the Arc will improve the ewluation of the volcanic hazards specifically: (I) the significane of submarine debris avalanche event, which can cause destructive tsunamis, will be bet-

87 ter determined; (2) eruptive histories of volcanoes which have pr0- duced devastating major eruptions will be clarified (ii) PROJECT OBJECTIVES: (1) Map features, such as caldera and crater escarpments, satellite cones, lava flows and pyroclastic and debris avalanches deposits, on the flanks of known volcanoes; (2) Collectgeophysical data; (3) Collect undetwaterstratigraphic cores that might help clarify the eruptive history at Rabaul Caldera, where considerable onshore mapping has revealed a long history oflarge eruptions. Ashes preserved in marine sediments may pro- vide dates of older eruptions thathave been unobtainable onshore. Similar information may be collected for Witori, Dakatau and Long Island which have also experienced large caldera-forming . eruptions. (b) Recommendations: (1) Commence cruise at Rabaul at the Northeast tip of New Britain and terminate at Kadovar Island 750 Ian to the west Along this length there are about 24 presently known active or dormant volcanoes; (2) Use a high-resolution side-scan sonar e.g, SeaMARC II sys- tem which gives very detailed bathymetric data and can also clearly dis- tinguish volcanic rocks from the ocean bottom sediments.

SOLOMONS ISLANDS Sl.l: COASTAL SURVEY. CHOISEUL (a) Proposal: see Proc. 1st Session TO SANTA ISABEL ISLANDS Revision: see Proc, 7th Session Priority B Status: initiated, see Proc, 2nd Session S12: EVALUATION OF THE HYD- (a) Proposal: see Proc. lst Session ROCARBON POTENTIAL OF Revision: see Proc. 7th, 10th, and 11th Sessions THE CENTRAL SO~MON Status: initiated, see Proc. 8th Session TRENCH (THE SLOT AREA) AND (b) Recommendations: source rock studies including stratigraphic drilling on MANNING SIRAIT northern Guadalcanal: MCS data be collected in areas where water depths Priority A are less than 200 m, especially in Manning Strait; source rock sampling be carried out on Santa Isabel, Choiseul New Georgia and Shortland Islands. (d) JJVrlccompleed: geophysical surveys and dredging in the western Solomons carried out by RN s.P. Lee during Tripartite II cruise programme. (e) Repons: COLWELL, lB.; VEDDER, 10. and Scientific Staff, 1984: Initial report on 1984 RN s.P. Lee Cruise L6-84-SP in Western Solomon Islands and Eastern Papua New Guinea, 9-26 June 1984. CCOP/SOPAC Quist Rep. 91: 17 p,4 figs. COLWELL, 18.; TIFFIN, DL 1984: Recent depositional patterns in the Central Solomons Trough of the Solomon Islands. CCOP/SOPACTech. Rep 40: 15 p, 7 figs, VEDDER, IG.; POUND, KS. (Eds) 1984: Solomon Islands hydrocarbon resources study and Tripartite cruise report CCOP!SOPAC Tech. Rep. 43: 24 chapters,226 p, (f) VEDDER, J.G.; POUND, KS.; BOUNDY, S.Q. 1986: Geology and off- shore resources of Pacific island arcs-central and Western Solomon Islands. CPCEMR Earth Science Series. ~lume 4: xiii, 306 p. S1.3: BATHYMETRY, GEOPHYSICAL (a) Status: deleted and transferred to CCSP/REG.l, see Proc. 4th Session; then PROFILING AND BOTTOM SAM- to CCSP/REG2, see Proc. 8th Session. PLING IN THE SOLOMON SEA S1.4: INVESTIGATION OF· SHALLOW (a) Proposal: see Proc, 3rd Session SUBMERGED PlATEAUS IN MAN- Revision: see Proc. 7th Session NING STRAIT AND SOUTHWEST Status: initiated, see Proc. 5th Session OF CHOISEUL ISLAND FOR BAUXITE DEPOSITS Priority B

88 SI5: lNVESIlGATION OF DEIRITAL (a) Proposal: see Proc. 4th Session GOLD IN BEACH AND NEAR- Revision: see Proc. 7th and 11th Session SHORE AREAS OF CEN1RAL Status: initiated, see Proc. 5th Session; in progress NORTH GUADALCANAL (b) Recommendations: continue investigations with a drilling programme of Priority A prospective areas. (d) Wolk completed: Twenty-three 25 kg beach samples collected along the 50 km continuous beach between Honiara and the Nggurambusu River mouth. Primary separation of the heavy minerals is being carried out at the Geology Division of the Ministry of Natural Resources. Honiara. The con- centrations will be sent overseas for commercial analyses for gold and other precious minerals. ' S1.6: lNVESIlGATION OF THE (a) Proposal: see Proc.4th Session PHOSPHAlE POTENTIAL OF Revision: see Proc. 7th and 10th Sessions LAGOONS, SUBMERGED SEA- Status: initiated, see Proc. 9th Session MOUNTS AND CURRENT-SWEPT RIDGES Priority B

S1.7: INVESTIGATION INfO (a) Proposal: see Proc, 4th Session DISCHARGES FROM SUBMARINE Revision: see Proc. 7th Session VOLCANOES IN THE SOLOMON Status: initiated, see Proc. 9th Session ISLANDS Priority B

S1.8: INVESTIGATION INTO METAL (a) Proposal: see Proc. 4th Session DISPERSION IN MARINE Revision: see Proc. 7th Session SEDIMENTS AROUND VELLA Status: initiated, see Proc 8th Session LAVELLA AND IN OTHER NEARBY AREAS Priority B S1.9: SEARCH FOR BAUXITE (a) Proposal: see Proc. 5th Session SEDIMENTS INSIDE INDISPEN- Revision: see Proc. 7th Session SmLE REEFS AND IN LAKE lE Status: initiated, see Proc. 6th Session NGGANO, RENNELL ISLAND Priority B SUO: EVALUATION OF HYDRO- (a) Proposal: see Proc. 6th Session CARBON POTENTIAL IN Revision: see Proc. 7th and 11th Sessions SOLOMON ISLANDS OFFSHORE Status: initiated, see Proc. 7th Sesson; in progress AREAS RENNELL ARC, CRISTo- (b) Recommendations: further SCS reflection data be collected between Rennel BAL AND SANTA CRUZ AREAS Island and Indispensib1e Reefs. Priority A (d) mJIk completed: multi-channel data has been collected by RN S.P. Lee dur- ing Tripartite ITcruise in Santa Cruz area-evaluation completed (e) Reports: VEDDER IG.; POUND, KS. (Eds) 1984: Solomon Islands hyd- rocarbon resources study and Tripartite cruise report. CCOP/SOPAC Tech. Rep. 43: 24 chapters. 226 p. GREENE, KG.; MACFARLANE, A and Scientific Staff, 1984: Initial report on SOPAC ITLeg 2,Vanuatu to Solomon Islands. RN s.P. Lee Cruise L5-84-SP. CCOPISqPAC Cruise Rep. 94: 23 p, 20 figs, 4 tables. 2 app. SUI: BATHYMEIRY AND GEOPHYSI- (a) Status: deleted and transferred to CCSP/S1.10, see Proc. 9th Session; then to CAL PROFILING AND BOTr6M CCSP.SI.2, see Proc. 11th Session. SAMPLING IN MANNING STRAIT S1.12: SURVEY OF DEEP SEA AREAS (a) Proposal: see Proc. 6th Session SOUTH Of' THE SOLOMON Revision: see Proc. 7th and 9th Session ISLANDS. 10 INVESTIGAlE THE Status: initiated, see Proc. 9th Session. POSSmLE OCCURRENCE OF MANGANESE NODULES Priority B

.89 S1.13: SURVEY OF THE RENNEL ARC TO (a) Status: deleted and transferred to CCSPIS1.10, see Proc. 9th Session. ESTABliSH HYDROCARBON POfENIlAL

81.14: THE POTENIlAL OF PREOOUS (a) Proposal: see Proc. 7th Session CORALS ESPECIALLY Status: initiated, see Proc. 8th Session CORALLlUM SPECIES, IN THE (b) Rerommeni1ations: identify targets where CoraOium is known to occur that SOLOMON ISlANDS are suitable for investigation by submersible. Priority B

SLl5: BA1HYME1RIC MAPPING OF (a) Proposal: see Proc. 7th Session SOLOMON ISlANDS Revision. see Proc. 9th Session Priority A Status: initiated, see Proc. 9th Session (c) Planning: contour data from Indispensible Strait collected with assis- tance from Australia and produce detailed bathymetric maps.

81.16: INVESIlGATION OF DE1RITAL (a) Proposal: see Proc. 9th Session HEAVY MINERALS IN SELECfED Revision: see Proc. 10th Session BEACH AND NEARSHORE AREAS Status: completed, see TAG Rep. 14th Session AROUND SANTA ISABEL, (e) Repons: RADKE, B. 1985: The potential of the North Malaita alluvial gar- CHOISEUL, GUADALCANAL AND nets fora gemstone industry. CCOP/SOPACTw:h.Rep. 48: lOp, 5 figs, 2 tables, SAN CRISTOBAL I app. With addendum "Malaita Gamet Assessment" by D. McColl. Priority B RADKE, BM. 1984: Assessment of the potential of the North Malaita alluvial garnets for a cottage industry producing tumble-polished stones, 9- 18 June 1984. CCOP/SOPAC Cruise Rep. 89: 6 p, I fig, I table.

S1.17: INSHORE STIJDIES RELATED (a) Proposal: see Proc. 9th Session TO COASfAL DEVELOPMENT Status: initiated, see Proc. 10th Session Priority A (c) Pfanning. investigate effects of mining construction materials at Ranandi Beach, near Honiara. (d) JJVrlc completed: Baseline study at Honiara-completed; Hathorn Sound Study (phase D}in progress. Baseline current study, wind analysis and hurricane recurrence predictions \Vere done for a bulk storage site selected off the Lungga River. . (e) Repons: CARTER R 1984: Baseline study of Port Nom, Hathorn ;, Sound, New Georgia Island, Solomon Islands, 23 June-6 July 1983. CCOP/SOPAC Cruise Rep. 87: 23 p, 14 figs, 9 tables. CARTER R 1986: Baseline oceanographic data collection and analysis from off Lungga Point in Tenaru Bay, Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands- Hurricane and flooding frequency in the Lungga Delta area 12-27 May 1986. CCOP/SOPAC Tw:h.Rep. 67: 17 p, 1I figs,

ST.18: INVESIlGATION OF THE (a) Proposal: see Proc. 9th Session SUITABIUIY OF LOCAL Revision: see Proc. lIth Session MA1ERIALS FOR THE MANUFAC- Status: initiated, see Proc. 10th Session lURE OF CERAMICS Priority A

81.19: INVES11GATION OF THE (a) Proposal: see Proc. 10th Session SUITABIUIY OF LOCAL Status: to be initiated MA1ERIALS FOR THE .MANU- FACIlJRE OF CEMENT Priority B

SUO: INVESTIGATION FOR CON- (a) Proposal: see Proc. lIth Session SlRUCTION MA1ERIALS IN Status: initiated, see Proc. 14th Session HONIARA BAY AND EFFECI'S OF (d) Work Comp/I!I8J.' Investigation of construction materials in Honiara Bay; BEACH MINING ONTHECOASfAL study effects of beach mining-in progress Sand and gravel resources were ENVIRONMENT NEAR HONIARA examined in the north-central deltaic plain of Guadalcanal. Priority A

90 S121: GEOLOOICAL MAPPING AND (a) Propo6aJ: see Proc. 12th Session GEOCHEMICAL EXPLORATION (b) Rscommendations: assistance is sought through CCOP/SOPAC to secure ON THE ISlANDS OF SANTA funds for mapping on Santa Isabel, geochemical surveys on Guadalcanal ISABEL. MALAITA, GUADAL- and airborne magnetic surveys. CANAL, AND MAKIRA (SAN (d) Work Comp/et«J: as the endofl984 tvlu-thirdsofSolomon Islands had been CRISTOBAL) mapped on a scale ofl:50.(XXl Isabel, part ofMalaita and part of San Cris- Priority B tobal remain unmapped (e) Reports: ROY. P .; RICHMOND. B. (1986): Coastal and nearshore geology of the deltaic plain. north-central GuadalcanaL Solomon Islands. CCOP/ SOPAC Tech. Rep. 61: (in prep.) SI.22: DATA MANAGEMENT (a) Propo6aJ: see Proc. 13th Session Priority A Stalus: initiated. see Proc. 14th Session, in progress SI.23: NEARSHORE AND COASTAL (a) Proposal: see Proc. 14th Session ZONE CHANGES DUE TO Stalus: initiated, see Proc. 14th Session, in progress EARTHTHQUAKES (c) Planning: vertical uplifts in New Georgia region resulting from sub- Priority A duction of the Woodlark spreading centre-US assistance sought through Texas University (d) Work complm!d: ooasta1 zone changes around Guada1canaL Ma1aita, San Cristobal and Florida in connection with 1931. 1976 and 1984 earthquakes SI24: LONGRANGE ACOUSTIC (a) Propo6aJ: see Proc. 14th Session MAPPING OF THE SEAFLOOR Stalus: to be initiated Priority A (d) Work complm!d: SeaMARC n mosaic of area south of New Georgia Islands and east of Sunda Island. (e) Repom: TIFFIN. D.L: TAYLOR, B.; CROOK KAW.; SINION. J.; FRANKEL, E. (1986): SeaMARC nin the South Pacific-Cruise Report of the RIV Moana Wave. November 29. 1985-January 9. 1986. CCOP/SOPAC Quise Rep. 117: 25 p. 6 figs. TONGA TG.l: SEABED INVESTIGATIONS FOR Completed, see Proc. 12th Session MANGANESE NODULES ON THE DEEP SUBMARINE SHELF ON THE EAST SIDE OF TONGA PLAT- FORM TG2: ASSESSMENT OF POSSffiILITIES (a) Proposal: see Proc. lst Session FOR OCCURRENCE OF Revision: see Proc. 7th, 10th. and 11th Sessions PHOSPHATES ON THE TONGA Stalus: initiated see Proc. 5th Session PLATFORM AND IN LAGOON (c) Planning: lagoon sites suitable for drilling for phosphate to be identified. AREAS Priority B TG3: SURVEY OF NEARSHORE (a) Proposal: see Proc. 5th Session AREAS FOR PRECIOUS CORALS Revision: see Proc. 7th Session Priority A Stalus: initiated see Proc. 6th Session (b) Recommendaiions: continue search for Comllium species and institute a replanting scheme as recommended by SPREP. (d) Work compleed: SPREP survey of black coral completed; report received and recommendations being considered.

TG.4: SURVEY FOR ZONES OF (a) Proposal: see Proc. 5th Session METALLIFEROUS ENRICHMENT Revision: see Proc. 7th Session IN ACTIVE VOLCANIC AREAS IN Stalus: initiated see Proc, 6th Session TONGA (e.g., TOFUA RIDGE, (b) Rscommendations: New studies should be planned to include long range LAUBASIN) acoustic mapping. Priority A (c) Planning: Sonne to work in Lau Basin in 1987. (d) Work compteed: Research vessel Thomas Washington sampled sulfides in the northern Lau Basin. Jean Charca 'oWrked in the Louisville Ridge collision

91 area of the Tonga Trench. The cruise reports dealing with the polymetallic sulfide vmrk of the SEAPSO Project are available in the French editions. Sonne suiveyed Lau Basin in 1985. (e) Reports: HERZER, RH.; SCHOLL, D.W. and Scientific Staff, 1984: Initial report on 1984 RN s.p Lee Cruise L3-84-SP Tonga Ridge, Lau Ridge, and Lau Basin. CCOP/SOPAC Cruise Rep. 93: 7 p, I fig. STACKELBERG, U Von, and the Shipboard Scientific Party 1985: Hydrothermal deposits in back-arc spreading centers in the Southwest Pacific. BGR Cire. 2: 14 p, 8 figs. STACKELBERG, UVon and others, 1985: Back-arc hydrothermaIism of the Lau Basin and North Fiji Basin. Geoscientific Investigations with MIS Sonne (SD-35-2/3). CCOP/SOPAC Cndse Rep. 115: 55 p, 21 figs. TG5: SEISMIC REFLECTION SURVEY (a) Proposal: see Proc. 6th Session OF THE TONGA PlATFORM TO Revision: see Proc. 7th Sessions DETERMINE SEDIMENT THICK- Status: initiated, see Proc. 7th Session; in progress NESS AND BASEMENT SlRUC (b) Recommendations: Future studies should be considered once results from TURE, wrrn PARTICUlAF present activity are known; these studies in particular should include long REFERENCE TO OIL PRODUct range acoustic mapping. ION POTENTIAL (d) ~'*Completed: seismic reflection (including MCS) data has been collec- Priority A ted over the Northern lbnga Ridge by the RN Natsushima. (e) Reports: HERZER, RH.; SCHOLL, nw and Scientific Staff, 1984RN S.P. Lee Cruise L3-84-SPTonga Ridge, Lau Ridge and Lau Basin. CCOP/SOPAC , Cruise Rep. 93: 7 p, I fig. SCHOLL, DW.; VALLIER, TL (Comps & Eds) 1984: Tonga Ridge resource study and Tripartite Cruise report. CCOP/SOPAC Tech. Rep. 38: 34 chapters, 406 p. (1) PubliJ:atibns: SANDSlROM, MW.; PHILP, RP. 1984: Biological marker analysis and stable carbon isotopic composition of oil seeps from Tonga. Chern. Geol. 43(1;2): 167-180. SCHOLL, D.W.; VALLIER, TL (Compsand Eds) 1985: Geology and off- shore resources of Pacific island arcs-Tonga region. CPCEMR Eanh Science Series. Volume 2: 488 p. TG.6: SlUDY OF COASTAL, BEACH, (a) Proposal: see Proc. 6th Session AND INSHORE SAND DEPOSITS Revision: see Proc. 7th, 9th, and 10th Sessions TO DETERMINE THE NATURE 01 Status: initiated, see Proc. 7th Session; in progress KNOWN DEPOSITS AND TO (c) Planning: to be partly addressed by TG.l2 LOCATE NEW DEPOSITS SUIT (d) ~'* complaed: offshore surveys off north coast of Tongatapu-report ABLE FOR CONSlRUCTION pending ROADING, lANDFILL AND (e) Reports: RUBIN, D.M.I984: Swveyof marine sand deposits in remote areas OTHER PURPOSES oflagoon offshore northern Tongatapu, Tonga, 14-21February 1984.CCOP/ Priority A SOPAC Cruise Rep. 97: 5 p, 3 figs, lapp. ROY, P.; RICHMOND, B. (1986): Reconnaissance mapping ofTongatapu and Vava'u Island, Tonga. CCOP/SOPAC Tech. Rep. 62: (in prep.) RICHMOND, B.M.; ROY, P.S. (1986): Nearshore sediment distnbution and sand and gravel deposits in Lagoonal areas, Northern Tongatapu, Tonga. CCOP/SOPAC Tech. Rep. 63: 6 p, 3 figs. TG.7: INVESTIGATION QF (a) Proposal: see Proc. 9th Session OCEANOGRAPHIC CONDmONS Revision: see Proc. II th Session AT TONGATAPU BWW HOLES Status: initiated, sites selected FOR ASSESSMENT SlUDIES 01 (c) Planning: to set up a wave rider buoy off the east coast ofTongatapu and POWER FROM WAVE ENERGY receive training in its operation from Norway-re-sheduled for 1987 Priority A (d) ~'*completed: initial visits by consultants to identify sites for deployment of the wave rider buoy. TG.8: BASELINE SlUDY OF INSHORE (a) Proposal: see Proc. 10th Session AREAS IN TONGA FOR COASTAL Status: initiated, see Proc. l lth Session DEVEWPMENT PROGRAMMES (c) Planning: environmental and hydrological baseline studies relating to con- Priority A struction projects on Tongatapu to be partly supported by SPREP.

92 (d) nvrk completed: causeway studies in Vava'u completed. Causeway and lagoon study in Nuku'alofa-report pending. (e) Reports: CARTER, R 1984: Baseline studies of inshore areas in Tonga for coastal development programme. CCOP/SOPAC Cruise Rep. 88. HOWORTH, R 1984: Coastal reclamation study, northwest Tongatapu, Tonga, October 1983. CCOP/SOPAC Tech Rep. 32: 14 p, 3 app. TG.9: INSTALlATION AND (a) Proposal: see Proc. II th Session OPERATION OF A SEISMIC Status: initiated, see Proc. 12th Session NElWORKAND OF A REGION) (b) Recommendations: liaise with New Zealand for provision of an additional TSUNAMI WARNING SYSTI seismic station. NET-WORK IN TONGA (c) Ronning: UN support for a seismic network is to be re-addressed as no pro- Priority A gress has been made. (d) nvrk completed: Cornell University had closed its seismograph station; University of Colorado completed its seismicity research programme in June 1985. TO.10: INVESTIGATION OF COBALT (a) Proposal: seeProc. 11th Session POTENTIAL IN MANGANESE Status: initiated. see Proc. 12th Session CRUSTS IN TONGA WATERS (e) Reports: MEYlAN, MA 1986:AgeophysicaVgeological cruise by HMNZS Priority B Tui to Manihiki Plateau and adjacent southwest Pacific areas including the investigation of cobalt crusts and manganese nodules as part of the Tripar- tite Il programme, March-May 1986.CCOP/SOPAC Cruise Rep. 107: 17 p, I fig. 4 tables.

TO. I I: DATA MANAGEMENT (a) Proposal: see Proc. 13th Session Priority A Status: initiated. see TAG Rep. 14th Session; in progress (c) Ronning: compile and review of all existing data held by Department of Lands, Surveys and Natural Resources and send Tonga national to Techsec Office, Suva for training and familiarisation with their· system. TG.12: RECONNAISSANCE COASTAL (a) Proposal: see Proc. 14th Session AND NEARSHORE MAPPING Status: initiated Priority A (c) Ronning: to address long-term needs by reconnaissance mapping of all islands, using aerial photographs to be followed by ground truth studies beginning on Tongatapu. (d) nvrk completed: Coastal mapping of Tongatapu and Vava'u-report pending. (e) Reports: ROY, P.; RICHMOND, B. (1C;S6):Reconnaissance mapping of Tongatapu and Vava'u Island, Tonga CCOP/SOPAC Tech. Rep. 62: (in prep.) TG.13: RECONNONAISSANCE AND (a) Proposal: NEW PROJECT BATHYMEIRIC MAPPING OF (i) BACKGROUND: A more complete knowledge of the seafloor in THE SEAFLOOR EEZs is becoming evermore important in the search for offshore mineral resources. Previously based upon old-style bathymetric sur- vey techniques, new technologies, such as GLORIA, SeaMARC, SEABEAM and ElAC, are now available which provide improved coverage and in some cases more detailed information. (ii) PROJECT OBJECTIVES: To utilise the new technologies now available thereby providing improved and more detailed coverage of the seafloor for use in the identification of areas prospective for offshore minerals. (iii) ECONOMIC TARGET: Identification of areas prospective lor metal sulphides and sediments, precious corals and bulk aggregates and to provide data in areas prospective to hydrocarbons. (c) Ronning: Utilise wide swath mapping tools (eg. GLORIA) in deep water areas to provide a regional coverage on which may be based more detailed surveys using the more appropriate technologies such as SeaMARC, SEABEAM and ElAC, in shallow waters to utilise the new technologies as and when they become available.

93 11JVAUJ lU.l: INVESllGATION OF PRECIOUS (a) Proposal: see Proc. 13th Session CORALS INCLUDING CORALUUM Status: initiated see TAG Rep. 14th Session AND BlACK CORALS (b) Recommendations: Compilation and review of bathymetric data are Priority B required and should precede dredging, underwater photography and scuba diving surveys. (d) Work completed: Compilation and review of existing geological data.

lU.2: NEARSHORE INVESllGATIONS (a) Proposal: see Proc. 13th Session ANDCONSIRUCTION Status: initiated, see Proc. 13th Session MAlERIALS AND LANDFILL (b) Recommendations: complete inventory of sand and gravel in nearshore Priority A areas of Thvalu as soon as possible . • (d) Work completed: Impacts study related to filling borrow pits completed for Funafuti Report on environmental aspects of the proposal is in preparation. lU3: BASELINE STIJDIES OF INSHORE (a) Proposal: see Proc. 13th Session AREAS IN lUVALU 10 ASSIST Status: initiated, see Proc. 13th Session; in progress Wl1H COASTAL MANAGEMENT (b) Recommendations: complete beach profiling as soon as possible on PROGRAMMES Nukufetau, Nanumea, and possibly Nikulaelae to monitor effects of Priority A erosion. (c) Planning: A report on the lagoon sea conditions for the ocean side of Funafuti is underway which will include an analysis of 40 years of daily wind data. (d) Work completed: Resurvey of the beach profiles on the lagoon side of Funafuti in May 1986. (e) Reports: CARlER, R 1985:Funafuti sea and swell observations: a baseline study of breaking wave period and height conducted at Funafuti Tuvalu- an analysis of the daily observations. CCOP/SOPAC Tech. Rep. 54: 23 p. 6 figs. HOWORTH, R 1985:Report on visit to Funafuti Thvalu,June 24-July I. 1985: including resurvey of beach profiles on lagoon side of Fongafale. CCOP/SOPAC Tech. Rep. 68: 34 p. (Preliminary n RADKE, B.M. 1985: Seismic and bathymetric profiling of Nukufetau Lagoon, Tuvalu, for evaluation of phosphate potential Tuvalu, February- March 1985.CCOP/SOPAC Cruise Rep. 108. CARlER, R 1986: Funafuti sea and swell observations Latitude 8°31'S Longitude 179012'3E: A baseline studyofbreakingwave period and height conducted at Funafuti Tuvalu-an analysis of the daily observations for 1985. CCOP/SOPAC Tech. Rep. 56: 34 p, 6 figs, HOWORTH, R 1986:Report on visit to Funafuti Tuvalu, May 19-23.1986 to resurvey beach profiles on lagoon side ofFongafale. CCOP/SOPACTech. Rep. 68: 33 p. lU.4: INVES11GATION OF MANGANESE (a) Proposal: see Proc. 13th Session NODULES IN lUVALU WAlERS Status: to be initiated Priority B (b) &mmmendotions: that surn=ysbe conducted as part of the fiveyear Japanese programrneto complete reconnaissanceand more detailed studies of nodules in theCentral and South Pacific;sampling in Ellice Basin. A bwto three week sampling cruise using a chartered vessel in the Ellice Basin \\Quld be a useful preliminary stage to a major croise effort (d) JJflrlc comp/RJJrJ: Dredge siteswere occupied near Nuitao, Vaitupa islands and at t\\Q sitesin the southern part oITuvalu waters by the research vesselMoona Ware

94 . TIl5: INVESTIGATION OF COBALT- (a) Proposal: see Proc. 13th Session RICH CRUSTS IN lUVALU Status: to be initiated WATERS (b) &rommendotion: to followupthe recentMoana Wave cruise additional samp- Priority A ing of seamount and island banks between Un> and 3.

TIl.6: BASEUNE SlUDIES TO ASSIST (a) Proposal: see Proc. 13th Session IN DEVELOPING THE USE OF Status: to be initiated; commences 1986 OCEAN ENERGY (d) Recommendaions: review existing data and situation and identify areas and Priority B schemes suitable for development; co-ordinate all activity with SPREP.

TIl.7: DATA MANAGEMENT (a) Proposal: see Proc. 13th Session Priority A Status: initiated, see Proc. 13th Session, ongoing (b) ~: compile and review existing data and develop a data han- dling system to manage existing data and data expected from future survey \\Urk. (d) Work completed: a bibliography of geoscience and resource information for Tuwlu had been compiled. . (e) Reports: RADKE, B.M 1985:A bibliography of geosciences and resources information for Thwlu. CCOP;SOPAC Mire. Rep. 16. TIl.8: BATHYMElRIC MAPPING OF (a) Proposal: see Proc. 13th Session THE SEAFLOOR IN lUVALUS EEZ Status: to be initiated Priority A (b) Recommendaions: compile existing data and identify data gaps as soon as possible (d) Work completed: Bathymetric data was collected during the Moana Wave (MW-l!6-02) cruise. (e) Repo1ts: RADKE,B.M 1985:Seismic and bathymetric profilingofNukufetau Lagoon, Tuvalu, for ewluation of phosphate potential Tuvahi, February- March 1985.CCOPiSOPAC Cruire Rep. IaJ. TIl.9: INVESTIGATION OF PHOSPHATE (a) Pro]XJ6lll: see Proc. 13th Session RESOURCES IN lUVALU Status: initiated, see TAG Rep. 14(h Session; in progress Priority A (c) Planning: Drilling for lagoon phosphate in Nukufetau re-scheduled for 1987. (d) Work compleed: review of lagoon phosphate potential-Funafuti. (e) Repo1ts: RADKE, B.M 1985:Seismic and bathymetric profilingofNukufetau Lagoon, Tuvalu. for evaluation of phosphate potential Tuvalu, February- March 1985.CCOP;SOPAC OWe Rep. IaJ. RADKE, 8M. 1986:Bathymetric and seismic features ofNukufetau Lagoon, Tuvalu: an appraisal of submarine phosphate potential. CCOP;SOPAC TtdJ. Rep. 57: 'l9 p. 16 figs, TIl.tO: TRAlNG PROGRAMMES FOR (a) Proposal: see Proc. 13th Session lUVALUANS IN GEOLOGY. Status: initiated, see Proc. 13th Session, in progress GEOPHYSICS AND RELATED (c) Ranning: 'Iuvaluans would take part in CCOP/SOPAC training programmes TOPICS including the Basic Earth Science Course at USP and future Coastal Map- Priority A ping\\Urkshops. (d) Worlc completed: Training for an engineer from the Public Works Department was provided at the 4th Coastal Mapping Workshop in Rarotonga. VANUATU VAl: INVESTIGATE THE METALLI- (a) Proposal: see Proc. 7th Session FEROUS MUD POTENTIAL IN Status: initiated, see Proc. 9th Session THE ACTIVE VOLCANIC ARC (b)~: investigation and sampling by submersible off AND THE BACK-ARC BASINS southeast Epi OFVANUATIl 95 PriorityB (c) lfanning: the joint ORSIOM and IFREMER project MULTIPSO will study hydrothennal activity in the southern part of North Fiji Basin using RN Jean Chorea in 1987.Submersible diving planned for 1988. VA2: COLLATE ALL DATA RELE- (a) Proposal: see Proe. 7th Session VANT TO HYDROCARBON Status: initiated, see Proe. 9th Session POTENTIAL IN VANUATU AND (b) Recommendations: defer source rock sampling and biostratigraphic TO CARRY OUT AND PROMOTE and lithostratigraphic correlation until remainder of results from FURTHER EXPLORATION 1984 cruise are received. PriorityA (c) l'tanning: completionof reportsof 1984s.P. Lee TripartiteII work, (d) WOIk compleed: Tripartite II hydrocarbon data evaluation completed. (e) Reports: GREENE, KG.; MACFARlANE, A and Scientific Sta1( 1984:Initial report on SOPAC II Leg 2, Vanuatu to Solomon Islands, RN s.P. Lee Cruise l5-84-SP. CCOP/SOPAC Ouise Rep. 94: 23 p, W figs,4 tables,2 app. VA4: BATHYMEfRIC MAPPING OF (a) Proposal: see Proc. 7th Session VANUATIJISLAND ARC AND Status: initiated,see Proc. 10thSession THE ADJACENT DEEP SEA- (b) Rir.ommendaJion: utilise long range acoustic mapping techniques to FLOOR acquire high resolutionbathymetricdata. PriorityA (d) WOIk compleed: The Jean Chorea carried out marine studies in Vanuatu waters during November 1985as part of the SEAPSO cruise. One ni-Vanuatu scientist participated in the on-board scientific affairs. In Febrwuy-March 1986 the Thomas Washington carried out marine studies on the Fiji Plateau in the sea area between Vanuatu and Fiji The island of Mathew was visitedand samples collected (I) Publications: MONZIER, M; COLLOT, IY.; DANIEL, J. 1984: Carte bathymetrique des parties centrale et meridionale de rare insulaire des Nouvelles-Hebrides. Office de la Recherche Scientifique et TechniqueOutre-Mer(ORSIOM), Paris. VAS: INVESTIGATION OF SUITA- (a) Proposal: see Proc. 9th Session BILITY OF CLAY DEPOSITS FOR Status: initiated,see Proc. 10thSession; THE MANUFACTIJRE OF POT- (e) Reports: CLARIDGE, G.G.e. 1984: Investigation of possible TERY BRICKS OR TILES occurrence of clays in Vanuatu, 11 June-14 July 1983.CCOP/SOPAC Priority A Tech.Rep. 33.(PreliminaIy) . CLARIDGE, G.G.e. 1986: The ceramic clay resources of Vanuatu. CCOP/SOPAC Tech. Rep. 73. (Supersedes CCOP/SOPAC Technical Report 33. VA6: BASELINE STIJDIES OF (a) Pmposal: see Proc. 10thSession INSHORE AREAS IN VANUATIJ Revisioh: see Proc. 11thSession FOR COASTALDEVELOPMENT Status: initiated,see Proc. 13thSession;in progress PROGRAMMES (b) Recommendations; that sites for proposed sewerage schemes be at PriorityA Mele Bay and Etmat Point,South ofVJ1a. (c) Hanning: the possible relocation of petroleum storage facilities to TeumaBay. (d) WOIk compleed; Completion of bathymetric studies of Teuma Bay; water quality measurements within VIla Harbour and adjacent lagoons; bathymetric studies and current measurements over two proposed marine outfall sites for the proposed VIla sewerage scheme. (e) &pons: CARTER, R, 1983: Baseline studies of Port VIla and Erakor Lagoons, Vanuatu, 7 July-3 August 1983. CCOP/SOPAC Ouise Rep. 82:W p, 6 figs,13tables, lapp. CARTER, R, 1984: Baseline, current· and water density studies in Mele Bay and Teuma Bay, Vanuatu. CCOP/SOPAC Ouise Rep. 99: IS P tables,flgs CARTER, R, 1986:Baseline current and water density studies in Mele Bay: Vanuatu for the recommended ocean outfall site, Cruise VA-85- 1.CCOP/SOPAC Crni3eRep. 116:26 p, II figs, 96 VA7: DATAMANAGEMENT (a) Proposal: see Proc. 11th Session Priority A StatUs: initiated, see Vanuatu Report this session (d) Wmk compleed: Discussions between Techsec and Vanuatu officials on possible liaison. between the t\ID parties on data storage with emphasis on offshore geological/marine data.

VA8: EXTENSION OF GEOLOGICAL (a) Proposal: see Proe, 14th Session MAP OF VANUATIJ INTO Status: to be initiated OFFSHORE AREAS (c) nanning: Gary Greene to visit Noumea in 1987 to 1iaise on mapping of Southem Vanuatu waters. VA9: WNG RANGE ACOUSTIC (a) Proposal: see Proc. 14th Session MAPPING OF THE SEAFLOOR Status: to be initiated IN THE VANUATIJ EEZ (b) Rt?commmdation: Initially undertake Long Range Acoustic Mapping swvey around Efate, Espiritu Santo, west of Maeva and Pentecost and over the northem end of the Coriolis Trough

VA1O: TRAINING ON MONTIORING (a) Proposal: NEW PROJECT . OF POLLUTION LEvElS Status: SPREP to implement WESTERN SAMOA WS.I: ASSESSMENT OF POSSIBILmES Completed, see Proc. 12th Session OF SEABED PHOSPHORITES ON THE SLOPES OF THE SAMOA PLATFORM AND SEAMOUNTS NORTHWEST OF SAVAII AND SOUTH OF UPOLU

WS2: SEABED INVESTIGATION FOR Completed, see Proc. 9th Session MANGANESE DEPOSITS ON THE SAMOA PLATFORM AND IN SAMOAN OCEANIC AREAS WS3: RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY (a) Status: Deleted and transferred to WS2 at 8th Session FOR POSSIBLE MANGANESE DEPOSITS ON THE WESI'ERN SAMOA PLATFORM AND QFF- SHORE AREAS WS.4: INVESTIGATION OF THE (a) Proposal: see Proc. 5th Session DEEPER FLANKS OF THE Revision: see Proc. 7th Session , ISLAND SWPE FOR PRECIOUS Status: initiated, see Proc. 6th Session CORAL (b) Recommendations: continue surveys of selected areas for precious Priority B .corals,

WS5: COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT (a) Proposal: see Proc. 6th Session SURVEY FOR LANDFILL, Revision: see Proc. 7th Session CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS Status: initiated, see Proc, 7th Session; in progress • AND HARBOUR CONSTRUCTION (b) Recommendaions: that baseline studies for coastal development be added to Priority A this Project element (c) nanning: continuation of studies on sand resources; continuation of coasta1 pollution and other engineering studies in Apia Harbour and Mulinu'u Peninsula area; extend studies to include smaller islands. (d) Wmk completed: A field survey was conducted on Apolima and Manono Islands from 5-13 April 1986 with assistance from staff at the Apia Observatory. (e) &pons: RUBIN, DM. 1984:Landfill materials and harbour surveys at Apia Harbour, Mulinu'u Point, Faleolo Airport and Asau Harbour, Western Samoa, 15 May-4 June 1984. CCOP/SOPAC Cruise Rep. 98: 8 p, 8 figs, RICHMOND, BR 1985: Reconnaissance survey for construction and landfill materials at Aleipata, Western Samoa. CCOP/SOPAC Cruise Rep. llO. 97 RICHMOND, B.R; R(i)Y, P.s. 1986: Nearshore studies in Apolirna and Manono DistrictsofUpolu, Western Samoa. CCOP/SOPACTech. Rep. 64:4 p, 2 figs. (Pre1iminaJy) wse SEISMIC SURVEY OF SEDIMENT (a) /topoISaJ: see Proc. 7th Session nnCKNESS AND BASEMENT StaJus: initiated, see Proc. 9th Session SlRUCIURE OF TIm SAMOAN (c) Pfanning: TripaItite II cruise of the Moan a WtM'is re-scheduled for 1987. PlA1FORM 10 DETERMINE TIm HYDROCARBON POIEN1I1AL Priority A

WS.7: INVESIlGATION OF COBf\LT- (a) /topoISaJ: see Proc. 13th Session RICH CRUSTS IN WESIERN Status: to be initiated SAMOAN WAlERS (c) Pfanning: Moana WtM'Tripartite II cruise is re-scheduled for 1987. Priority A W8.8: BASELINE SlUDIES 10 ASSIST (a) Proposal: see Proc. 13th Session IN EVALUATING TIm PROSPECTS StaJus: initiated, potential sites identified OF USE OF OCEAN ENERGY (b) RecxJmmendotion· review busting data and situation and identify areas and AS A SOURCE POWER schemes suitable for development; co-ordinate all activity with SPREP; Priority A investigate wave energy potential; investigate potential for arEC.

WS.9: DATA MANAGEMENT (a) /topoISaJ: see Proc. 13th Session Priority A StaJus: initiated see TAG Report 14th Session; in progress (b) Ra:mnmendations. assistance be sought to establish a data management sys- tem for Western Samoa. wsm INVESIlGATE P01ENI1AL (a) Proposal: see Proc. 14th Session OCCURENCES OF ONSHORE Status: to be initiated ClAY SUITABLE FOR (b) Ra:mnmendations. Investigate some of the deeper soils or alluvial deposits MANUFACIURE OF CERAMICS derived from the Fagaloa volcanics which occur mainly on the northeastern end of the island ofUpolu REGIONAL ELEMENTS REG.1: GEOLOGICAL AND GEO- (a) Proposal: see Proc. 1st Session PHYSICAL INVESIlGATIONS RevNon.' see Proc. 8th Session IN TIm CORAL SEA (c) Worlccompleed: the BMR vessel Rig Seismic worked in the Coral Sea region in late 1985. REG2: SlUDY OF TIm MANUS, (a) /topoISaJ: see Proc. 1st Session SOLOMON SEA, AND WOOD- Revision: see Proc. 8th Session, ~ below lARK BASINS (b) Ra:ommendations future \\Urk being planned in this area, particularly liIIl the near ridge mineralisation and investigation of off-axis crater-like features. (c) Planning: targets have been defined for future investigation by the CSIRO research vessel Franklin in the Woodlark Basin. (d) Work completed: Moana Wave made SeaMARC 11mosaics of the triple junction area of the Woodlark Basin and Solomon Trench in Decem- ber 1985. SeaMARC 11surveys of parts ofRabaul Harbour and much of the Manus Basin was also carried out. SeaMARC swath bathymetry of the areas were obtained at the same time. Bottom sam- ples were obtained in Rabaul Harbour and Manus Basin and hyd- rothermally deposited sulfide chimneys were discovered along the spreading centre in Manus Basin. High quality data was collected in all three regions surveyed. TheAustralian CSIRO vessel Franklin dredged andesites in thewestem end of the Wood1arkRift while looking for hydrothermal deposits in April 1986, and the Scripps Institution vessel Thomas Washington also studied hyd- rothermal emanations in the Woodlark and Manus Basins, including rock sampling from islands and offshore. (e) &!ports., TIFFIN, D.L; HONZA, R; KEENE, J. and Shipboard Scientists, 1984:Ageologica1 Solomon Sea, TrobriandBasin investigation of the west- ern Solomon Sea, Trobriand Basin and adjacent areas-e-Cruise report of 98 the R/V Nasushima; 5 Dcember 1983-January 1984.CCOP/SOPAC Cruise Rep. 92: 17 p, 4 figs. 2 tables, 1 app. EXON. N.: TAYLOR B. (Comps) 1984: Seafloor spreading. ridge subduc- tion volcanism and sedimentation in the offshore Woodlark-Solomons region and Tripartite cruise report for R!V Kana Keoki Cruise 82.Q3-16 Leg 4. June 1984.CCOP/SOPAC Tech Rep. 34: 11chapters. 386 p. TIFFIN. D.L; DAVIES, H.L; HONZA, E.; LOCK,J. 1986.The New Britain Trench and 1490 embayment. Western Solomon Sea. CCOP/SOPAC Tech Rep. 70:19 p. . TIFFIN. D.L; TAYLOR, B.;CROOK, Ie\.W,; SINfON.J.; FRANKEL, E. (1986): SeaMARC II in the South Pacific-cruise report of the R/V Moana Wave. November 29. 1985- January 9. 1986.CCOP/SOPAC Cruise Rep. 117: 25 p, 6 figs. (I) Publications: BOTH. R; CROOK, K; TAYLOR, B.; BROOAN. S.; CHAP- PELL, B.; FRANKEL, E.; LIU. L; SINTON. J.; TIFFIN. D. 1986: Hyd- rothermal chimneys and associated fauna in the Manus back-arc basin, Papua New Guinea EOS, Vol 67, no. 21: 489-490. REG.3: MELANESIAN BORDERlAND (a) Proposal: see Proc. 1st Session . STIIDY Revision: see Proc. 8th Session and 12th Sessions (b) Recommendaions; additional surveys needed; should include long range acoustic mapping. (e) Reports: BROCHER, T. (Ed) 1984:Geological investigations of the Northern Melanesian Borderland. CCOP/SOPAC TechRep. 37: 8 chapters, 275 p. (I) Publiauions: BROCHER T.M. (Ed) 1985: Investigations of the Northern Melanesian Borderland CPCEMR Earth Science Series. J0lume 3: 199 p. REG.4: GEOLOGICAL AND GEO- (a) Proposal: see Proc. 1st Session PHYSICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF Revision: see Proc. 8th and 12th Sessions mE NORm FDI BASIN (FUI (b) Recommendaiions: long range acoustic mapping su!VCYSshould be extended PLATEAU) to cover entire North Fiji Basin. (c) Planning; a cruise by the Moana Wave using SeaMARC II as part of the Tripartite II programme will take place in to study tectonics and mineral resources of the northern portion of the Fiji Plateau. (d) WOIk compleed: the ORSTOM vessel Coriolis worked in the western North Fiji ~~iI]..fu>\Unear the island ofCikobia south to Futuna Island inJuly and August, 1'1)86.The Jean Charcot under. the French SEAPSO programme, obtained SEABEAM swath bathymetry. bottom samples and other data in areas of the North Fiji Basin. The Thomas Washington surveyed for hyd- rothermal prospects in the spreading areas of the North Fiji Basin in early . 1986. Sonne worked north of Fiji in 1985. (e) Reports: STACKELBERG. U. Von and others, 1985: Back-arc hydrother- malism of the Lau Basin and North Fiji Basin. Geoscientific Investigations with MIS Sonne (SO-35-23~Cruise Rep. 84 p. (I) Publications: MALAHOFF. A; HAMMOND. SR; NAUGHTON, JJ. KEELING, D.L; RICHMOND, RN. 1982:Geophysical evidence for post- Miocene rotation of the island ofViti Levu, and its relationshiptothetectonic development of the North Fiji Basin. Earth Planet. Sci.Lat. 57: 398414, REGS: GEOLOGICAL AND GEo- (a) Proposal: see Proc. 1st Session PHYSICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF Revision: see Proc. 8th and 12th Sessions mE LAU BASIN (b) Recommendations: Projects on hydrothermal metalliferous sediments in the Lau Basin include analysis for precious metals. (c) Planning: followingthe success of the Sonne cruise So-35 furthergeoscientific investigations in the southern Lau Basin and the Valu Fa Ridge in Tongan waters is proposed during February-March 1987with two further legs by the Sonne cruise SC>-48. A probable 25-day HYDROPSO cruise by IFREMER to study tectonics and hydrothermal activity in the Lau Basin. (d) WOIk compleed: The Scripps vessel Thomas Washington sampled sulfides in the northern Lau Basin. Results from this cruise are being analysed The French vessel Jean Charcot carried out polymetallic sulfide work in the Lau Basin-part of the SEAPSO Project. 99 (e) &pons: STACKELBERG, U. Von and others, 1985: Back-an: hydrother- malism of the Lau Basin and North Fiji Basin. Geoscientific Investigation with MIS Sonne (80-35-2/3) Cruise Rep. 8,4p. (f) Publirolions: STACKELBERG, U. Von and the Shipboard Scientific Party, 1985: Hydrothermal sulfide deposits in back-arc spreading centres in the Southwest Pacific. BGR Circular 2: 14 p, 8 figs. REG.6: REGIONAL GEOLOGIC (a) Proposal: see Proc. 1st Session EVALUATION TO DETERMINE (b) RRr.ommendalions: collecting more data including those obtained by new SITES IN THE SOUTH PACIFIC technologiessuchas swath-mapping and submersible diving in priority drill- ing areas giving special attention also to completion of data sets. (c) Planning: As at21 June 1986,the Western Pacific Panel's nine-leg drilling pro- gram included drilling legs in the following areas with the southwest Pacific region; Great Banier Reef; Lau Basin, Vanuatu and North Fiji Basin. (d) WOIk completaJ: SEABEAM swath mapping tracks were made across three of the proposed drill targets in Tonga during Leg 5of the SEAPSO cruise. Site selections for drilling in 1988/89are being made. REG.7: SURVEYS OF ABYSSAL (a) Proposal: see Proc. 2nd Session SEDIMENT COVER NORTH AND (b) Recommendaion: amalgamate SCS data from previousMachiaY cruises, with EAST OF NEW ZEAlAND Tripartite ITseismic data to be collected from the Samoan Platform to enable a synthesis of the geology of the Samoan Platform and be made as a co- operative study by Techsec and the Tripartite group. (c) Planning: the geology and geophysics of the Samoan Platform will be inves- tigated during theMoana Wave Tripartite ITcruises 3 and 4 from December 1986-February 1987. (f) Publications: GLASBY, G.P. 1983:The Southwestern Pacific and Samoan Basins. NZ Geographer; April: 3-10. . MEYIAN, MA; GLASBY, G.P.; McDOUGALL,IC.; KUMBALEK, S.c. 1982:Lithology, colour, mineralogy, and geochemistry of marine sediments from the Southwestern Pacific and Samoan Basins.NZ Jl Geol. Geophys. 25: 437458. SIOFFERS, P.; SCHMITZ, W.; GLASBY, G.P.; PLUGER, WL; WALTER, P. 1985: Minernlogy and geochemistry of sediments in the southwestern Pacific Basin: Thhiti-East Pacific Rise-New Zealand NZ. Jl. Geol. Geophys. 28: 513-530. REG:8: DISTRIBUTION OF SHELLED (a) Proposal: see Proc. 2nd Session PlANKION IN WATER COLUMNS Status: COMPLETED, see Proc. 10th Session AND SEDIMENTS OF THE SOUTH FUI BASIN REG.9: SEISMIC PROFILING AND (a) Proposal: see Proc. 3rd Session • BOTTOM SAMPLING BEIWEEN Revision: see Proc. 8th Session NORTHERN NEW CALEDONIA (d) WOIkcompletaJ:Jean ciu»r:otcruise Legs I and 2 of the SEAPSOprogramme AND ONIONG JAVA PLATEAU eanied out investigations pertinent to this regional project. Leg I studied the convergence of the Loyalty Ridge, and the collision of the D'Entrecasteaux Ridge, with the New Hebrides are. SEABEAM data was obtained in these areas. (c) Planning: a probable ODP site survey on the Ontong Java Plateau (f) Publications: MAILLET, P.; MONZIER, M; SEW, M; SIORZER, D. 1983:The D'Entrecasteaux Zone (Southwest Pacific), A petrological and geochronological reappraisal. Mar. Geol. 53; 179-197. REG.IO: NATURE, ORIGIN AND (a) Propasai: see Proc. 3rd Session DEVELOPMENT OF METALLI- Revision: see Proc. 8th and 12th Sessions FEROUS DEPOSITS ALONG (b) Recommendauoas; in future studies considerable emphasis should be placed ACTIVE RIFTS on long range acoustic mapping. . (c) Planning: a cruise by RIVMoana Wavewill be made in late 1985to study hyd- rothermal deposits along active rifts in Manus Basin; the RIV Jean Charcot will work in North Fiji Basin and Lau Basin in late 1985;a cruise of the RIV Moana Wave will be made in late 1986in the North Fiji Basin.

100 (d) Work compleed: cruises of the Jean Chorea, Sonne, Thomas Washington, Moana Wave and Franklin contnbuted to this project with work in the Lau Basin, North Fiji Basin, Woodlark Basin and Manus Basin (I) Publications: BOTH, R; CROOK, K; TAYLOR B.; BROGAN, S.; CHAP- PELL, B.; FRANKEL, E.; LID. L; SINTON. 1.; TIFFIN, D. 1986: Hyd- rothermal chimneys and associated fauna in the Manus back-arc basin, Papua New Guinea. EOS, Vol 67, no. 21: 489490. REG.ll: SEARCH FOR PHOSPHATE ON (a) Proposal: see Proc. 3rd Session SEAMOUNT SURFACES IN Revision: see Proc. 8th and 12th Sessions EQUATORIAL AREAS OF THE (d) Work compleed: a cruise on R/VTangaroa late in 1983investigated seamounts SOUTH PACIHC in Fiji and the Northern Melanesian Borderlands. REG.l2: SEARCH FOR MANGANESE (a) Proposal: see Proc, 4th Session NODULES ON THE ONTONG Revision: see Proc. 8th Session JAVA-ELLICE BASIN AREA REG.l3: SEARCH FOR MANGANESE (a) Proposal: see Proc. 4th Session NODULES ALONG A COOK Revision: see Proc, 8th Session ISLANDS-ruAMaru lRANSECT REG.l4: COMPllATION OF CHEMICAL (a) Proposal: see Proc, 4th Session ANALYSES OF SEDIMENT IN THE Revision: see Proc, 8th Session SOUTH PACIFIC REG.l5: COMPllATION OF MANGANESE (a) Proposal: see Proc. 4th Session NODULES DATA Revision: see Proc, 8th Session (d) Work completed: the Japanese vessel Hakurei MQIU No.2 obtained informa- tion on nodule quality and abundances from North and South Penrhyn Basin in 1985and 1986.Moana Wave collected nodules between Tuvalu and Pheonix Islands and Tui sampled nodules in the northern Cook Islands area. (e) Reports: MEYLAN. MA 1986:AgeophysicaVgeological cruise by HMNZS Tui to Manihiki Plateau and adjacent southwest Pacific areas including the investigation of cobalt crusts and manganese nodules as part of the Tripar- tite II programme, March-May 1986.CCOP;SOPAC Cruise Rep. 107: 17 p, I fig, 4 tables. (I) Publications: STOFFERS, P.; GLASBY, G.P.; FRENZEL, G. 1984: Com- parison of the. characteristics of manganese rnicronodules from the Equatorial and Southwest Pacific. Tschermaks Min. Petr. Mitt. 33: 1-23. REG.l6:THE STUDY OF ENERGY (a) Proposal: see Proc. 4th Session RELEASE AND SEISMICITY IN Revision: see Proc. 8th Session THE SOUTHWEST PACIFIC (d) Work completed: as part of the ORSTOM programme EVA XIII. OBS studies were made in the northern Vanuatu arc in July-August. 1986. (e) Reports: TIFFIN, D.L; HONZA, E.; KEENE, 1. and Shipboard Scien- tists, 1984: A geological and geophysical investigation of the western Solomon Sea, Trobriand Basin and adjacent areas-Cruise report of the R/V Natsushima, 5 December 1983-January 1984. CCOP;SOPAC Cruise Rep. 92: 17 p, 4 figs, 2 tables, lapp. PREVOT, CHATELAIN, 1984: Seismic risk in Vanuatu. ORSTOM Rep. REG.l7:REGIONAL DATA COMPILATION (a) Proposal: see Proc. 4th Session AND SYNTHESIS . Revision: see Proc. 8th and 12th Sessions (c) Planning: advisers to send to Techsec copies of Tables of Contents from appropriate journals in their organisation's libraries. REG.l8:OCEAN THERMAL DATA (a) Proposal: see Proc. 4th Session COLLECTION Revision: see Proc, 8th Session (d) Work completed: Scripps Institution has collected ocean thermal data be- tween Fiji and New Zealand over an annual cycle by XBT drops from commercial vessels. Other areas of the South Pacific may also be covered, 101 REG.19: STUDY OF THE TECfONICS OF (a) Status: Deleted and transferred to REG. 4, see Proc, 8th Session THE Fill PLATEAU USING OBS AND OTHER MARINE GEOPHY- SICAL SURVEY TECHNIQUES REG.20: AN INVESTIGATION OF (a) Proposal: see Proc. 5th Session LITHOSPHERIC PROPERTIES BY Revision: see Pmc.9th Session TELESEISMIC STUDIES IN THE SAMOA-TONGA-COOK ISLANDS REGIONS REG.21: ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION (a) Proposal: see Proc. 8th Session OF THE LINE ISLANDS (f) Publications: CROUGH, S.T. 1984: Seamounts as records of hot-spot epeirogeny. Bull. geol. Soc.Am. 95: 3-8 HAGGERTY, JA; 1982:The geologic history of the southern Line Islands. Unpubl. Ph. D. thesis, Geology and Geophysics Division, University of Hawaii. 472 p. REG.22: SEARCH FOR MANGANESE (a) Proposal: see Proc. 8th Session NODULES IN THE CENTRAL Revision: see Proc. 9th and 12th Sessions EQUATORIAL PACIFIC (FROM (d) Work completed: the Japanese vessel Hakurei Maru No.2 surveyed the EAST OF WAKE ISLAND TO area of north Penrhyn Basin between 65°S 8.5°S just east of the NORTHERN COOK ISLANDS) Manihiki Plateau in September-october, 1985 and South Penrhyn Basin in 1986.Bottom photographs, high-resolution sub-bottom pro- files,bathymetry and bottom samples were taken. (c) Planning: a third cruise by the Hakurei Maru No.2 is scheduled for 1987. REG.23: SEARCH FOR MANGANESE (a) Proposal: see Proc. 8th Session NODULES IN THE NEIGH- BOURHOOD OF THE MAR- QUESAS FRACfURE ZONE REG.24: A TECTONIC ANALYSIS (a) Proposal: see Proc. 9th Session OF THE SOUTHWEST PACIFIC (b) Recommendations: new compilations and syntheses of South Pacific tec- tonics be made in both text and map format under CCOP/SOPAC Technical Bulletin guidelines; Long Range Acoustic Mapping techni- ques such as GLORIA should be promoted in the Southwest Pacific; further studies to delineate fault structures related to gold occurrences in the Solomon Islands be carried out (d) Work completed: compilations for CCOP/SOPAC Chart-Tectonic Elements of the Southwest Pacific. (f) Publications: KROENKE, L.W. 1984:Cenozoic tectonic development of the Southwest Pacific [with a contribution by Peter Rodda.] U'N. ESCAP, CCOP/SOPAC Tech. Bull. 6. RECY, J.; DUPONT, J. 1982:The Southwest Pacific: structural data. Map 1:12,000,000.Notice ORSTOM, Paris Notice Explicative No. 97: 25 p. REG.25: THE CCOP/SOPAC GEOPHY· (a) Proposal: see Proc. 9th Session SICAL ATLAS OF THE SOUTH- (d) Work completed: tectonic map (Map 2)in [mal stagesofpreparation; sedi- WEST PACIFIC ment map (Map 3) is being compiled. (c) Planning: a new map to show resources and potential resource areas of the Southwest Pacific is to be compiled at Techsec. REG 26: DELINEATION OF SEDIMENT (a) Proposal: see Proc. 9th Session IN TIME AND SPACE Revision: see Proc. 12thSession (c) Planning: a cruise on RN Sonne to northern Lord Howe Rise early in 1985 ~ investigate sedimentary basins along the western margin of the Rise. (d) Work completed: further seismic reflection and rock sampling was completed during 1984by RN s.P. Lee in Tonga, Fiji, Vanuatu, Solomon Islands, and Papua New Guinea.

102 (e) Reports: COLWELL, lB.; VEDDER IG. and Scientific Staff 1984: Ini- tial Report on 1984 RN s.P. Lee Cruise Ih84-SP in Western Solomon Islands and Eastern Papua New Guinea, 9-26 June 1984. CCOP;SOPAC Cruise Rep. 91: 17 p, 4 figs. MARWW, M.; EXON, N.E and Shipboard Party, 1984: Initial report on 1984 RN s.P. Lee Cruise L7-84-SP in northern Papua New Guinea, 25 June-17 July 1984.CCOP;SOPAC Cruise Rep. 95: 11 p,3 figs, 2 tables. GREENE, HG.; MACFARLANE, A and Scientific Stan: 1984: Initial report on SOPAC II Leg 2, Vanuatu to Solomon Islands, RN S.P. Lee Cruise L5-84-SP. CCOP;SOPAC Cruise Rep. 94: 23 p, 20 figs, 4 tables, 2 app. SCHOLL, DW.; VALLIER T.L (Comps & Eds) 1984: Tonga Ridge resource study and Tripartite cruise report. CCOP;SOPAC Tech Rep. 38: 34 chapters. 406 P COLWELL, lB.; TIFFIN, D.L 1984: Recent depositional patterns in the central Solomons Trough of the Solomon Islands. CCOP;SOPAC Tech Rep. 40: 15 p, 7 figs. GREENE, HG.; WONG, EL (Eds) 1984: Executive summary of geol- ogy and offshore resources of Pacific Island ares-Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Tonga and Vanuatu. CCOP;SOPAC Tech Rep. 44: 66p. HERZER RH; SCHOLL, D.W. and Sci~c Stan: 1984: Initial report on 1984 RN s.P. Lee Cruise L3-84-SP Tonga Ridge, tau Ridge and Lau Basin. CCOP;SOPAC Cruise Rep. 93: 7 p, I fig.

REG27: CARBONATE SEDIMENT (a) Proposal: see Proc, 9th Session SlUDIES IN 1HE CCOP/SOPAC REGION REG.28: EFFECTS OF SUBDUCTION (a) Proposal: see Proc, 9th Session OF ASEISMIC RIDGES AND (d) Work completed: the Jean Chorea studied the area of collision of the d'En- SMALL PLATEAUS IN THE trecasteaux Ridge and Loyalty Ridge with the New Hebrides An: during SOUIlIWEST PACIFIC Leg 1 of the SEAPSO Cruise, using SEABEAM, seismic reflection, and other methods. During Leg 5, the collision of the Louisvilles Ridge with the Tonga An: was studied using the same techniques. (e) Reports: BURNE, R V.; COLLOT.; DANIEL, 11984: Superficial struc- tures and stress regimes of the downgoing plate associated with subduction/collision in the Central New Hebrides An: (Vanuatu). ceOP;SOPAC Tech Rep. 41: 27 p, 17 figs. COLLOT,lY.; DANIEL, 1; BURNE, R V. 1984: Recent tectonics associated with the subduction/collision of the d'Entreeasteaux zone in the Central New Hebrides. CCOP;SOPAC Tech Rep. 42. HERZER RH 1986: Report on SEABEAM research cruise SEAPSO Leg V N/O Jean Chanvt-i..ouisville Ridge/Tonga-Kermadec Trench region. CCOP;SOPAC Cruise Rep. 120: 67 p. REG.29: COBALT POTENTIAL (a) Proposal: see Proc, 11th Session INVESTIGATION IN MANGA- (d) Work compleed: a cruise of the Moana Wave under the Tripartite II pro- NESE CRUSTS FROM Gl.NOTS gramme studied cobalt crust potential in areas of Thvalu and the Gilbert AND RIDGES OF THE SOlJ1l{- Islands and Pheonix Islands groups in Kinbati. The 1W, also operating WEST PACIFIC under the Tripartite II programme, searched for crusts in areas of the Manihiki Plateau and Niue. During Leg 5 of the Jean Charco: cruise, several seamounts were discovered enroute from Tonga to Tahiti. 51 new seamounts in the SOPAC region have been noted from satellite data. (I) Public.aliom: HEIN, JR; MANHEIM, F.T.; SCHWAB, W.e. (1986): Cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts from the central Pacific. 18th Annual arc. Houston, Texas, May 5-8, 1986. Paper. 5 P, 3 figs, KOSKI, RA; HEIN, JR; BOUSE, RM; SLINEY, RE. (1985): Com- position and origin of ferromanganese crusts from Tonga Plalform, southwest Pacific in Scholl, D.W. and Vallier, TL (Comps & Eds) 1985: Geology and offshore resouroes of Pacific' island arcs-Tonga region. CPCEMR Earth Science Series, Volume 2: 179-186. 103 SCHWAB, W.C et aI. 1986: Geological and geochemical data for seamounts and associated ferromanganese crusts in the Ratak Chain, Marsha1l Islands. USGS Open-jile Report 86-338: 26 p, 10 figs. (Pre1iminaIy)

REG.30: COASTAL EROSION STIJDIES (a) Proposal: see Proc. 12th Session IN THE SOPAC REGION (b) Recommendadons: SPREP and CCOP/SOPAC oontinue to oo-operate especially in areas of ooastal management such as shoreline protection, environmental baseline studies, developmental monitoring and training (c) Planning: a Study Group on Coastal and Nearshore Processes and Resources has been established under STARa Workshop to be organised by Drs R Howorth and E. Bird. is planned for 1986in association with the 15th Session ofCCOP/SOPAC to address ooastal erosion in the region (d) JJVIk completed: investigations have been made in Tonga, Vanuatu, Cook Islands and Tuvalu, some of which were made jointly with SPREP. (e) Reports: (see individual member country projects)

REG31: STIJDIES OF SALINE I.AKE Proposal: see Proc. 12th Session AND lAGOONS IN THE SOPAI REGION REG32: EVOLUllON OF CORAL (a) Proposol: see Proc. 12th Session REEFS AND ASSOCIATED (c) Pfanning: a Study Group on Coastal and Nearshore Processes and Resour- ENVIRONMENTS IN THE ces has been established under STAR SOUTH PACIFIC (d) Wolk completed: BMR have oompleted a study of the Holocene develop- ment of Tarawa using oores oollected during hydrogeological investigations.

REG.33: HYDROCARBON SOURCE (a) Proposal: see Proc, 12th Session MAlURATION, AND ENTRAF MENT MODELS IN ISLANl) AR4 SETTINGS AND COLUSIOl TERRAINS REG.34: EVOLUllON OF MAJOR (a) Proposal: see Proc, 12th Session GEOMORPHIC TERRAINS IN THI (b) Recommendations: further palaeomagnetic studies be carried out in Papua PAPUA NEW GUINEA REGION New Guinea, including Mesozoic and Cenozoic sequences for the studyof rotations of allochthonous terranes, and to detail the apparent polar wan- der path for the craton. (d) Wolk completed: a joint BMR and PNG Geological Survey geological tran- sect of New Guinea between longitudes 1410E and 144°E is oontinuing. REG.35: PRE-PUOCENE BREAK-UP (a) Proposal: see Proc, 12th Session HISfORY OF THE SOUTHWEST (c) Planning: a cruise on R/V Sonne to northern Lord Howe Rise early in 1985 PACIFIC: A REGION FRAME- . will investigate rifting and basin formation along the western margin of WORKSTUDY the Rise. (d) Worlc completed: a cruise on R/V Tangaroa to Norfolk Basin and Three Kings Ridge late in 1983 investigated the structural relationships of major features north of New Zealand (1) Publications: lAUNAY,1.; DUPONT, 1.; I.APOUILLE, A 1982: Three Kings Ridge and Norfolk Basin (Southwest Pacific): An attempt at struc- tural interpretation S. Pacif mar. geol. Notes 2(8): 121-130. RAVENNE, C; DUNAND,J.P.; DE BROIN, CE.; AUBERTIN,F. 1982: Les bassins sedimentaires du Sud-Quest Pacifique. (The Sedimentary basins of the Southwest Pacific). In Equipe Geologie-Gee- physique ORSTORM Noumea "Contribution a l'etude geodynamique du Sud-Quest Pacifique". Trav. Doc. ORSTOM 147: 461-477. WILLCOX,1.B.; DYMONDS, P A; HINZ, K; BENNETf, D. 1980: Lord Howe Rise, Tasman Sea-Preliminary geophysical results and petroleum prospects. BMR Jl Aust. Geol. Geophys. 3: 225-236.

104 REG.36: NEAR SURFACE SUBMARINE (a) Proposal: see Proc. 12th Session VOLCANOES: METALLOGENESIS (d) Wotk completed: a repeat survey of Rabaul Harbour by R/V s.P. Lee had AND ASSESSMENT OF HAZARDS detected differences in bathymetry which probably represent movements associated with volcanic activity. (e) Repons: TIFFIN, D.L; MARWW, M.; EXON, N.F.; RINGIS, 1. and ScientificParty, 1984:Report on geophysical survey in Rabaul Harbour, New Britain Island, Papua New Guinea, by R/V s.p.Lee, 17 July 1984. CCOP/SOPAC Cruise Rep. 103: 7 p, 2 figs, 2 tables. (t) EXON, NF.; JOHNSON, RW. 1986:The elusiveCook volcano and other submarine forearc volcanoes in the Solomon Islands. BMR Jl. Aust. Geol. Geophys. 10: 77-83. GREENE, HG.; TIFFIN, D.L; McKEE, C.O. 1986:Structured deforma- tion and sedimentation in an activecaldera, Rabaul, Papua New Guinea. Journal a/Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 30: 327-556. REG.37: SEDIMENT BUDGETS IN REEF- (a) Proposal: see Proc. 12th Session FRINGED lAGOONS REG.38: ISlAND DRILLING IN (a) Proposal: see Proc. 13th Session TIIE SOurnwEST PACIFIC Status: to be initiated (b) Recommendauons; interested individuals and groups should prepare specificproposals forisland drilling,which should generallyfollowthe for- mat used by the Ocean Drilling Programme, and to submit them to the Chairman of the STAR Island Drilling Study Group who, together with the CCOP/SOPAC Technical Secretariat,willmaintain a me ofproposals and submit them to the Study Group for reviewand recommendation for inclusion in the STAR work programme; the CCOP/SOPAC Technical Secretariat should approach the Crustal Drilling Project regarding ophiolite drilling in the CCOP/SOPAC region; specific areas of interest identified for drilling include: 1. IslandArc Drilling (includesboth shallowand deep basement drilling) Fiji Island Arc- Yasawa Islands; Tonga Island Arc-Eua Island; Marianas Island Arc-Guam (to examine the geological structure of the island of Guam and explore geothermal potential; Solomon Islands-Guadalcanal (750), Choiseul and/or Santa Isabel, Mendo Island (sediment and basement); Papua New Guinea- New Ireland (sedimentand basement deep drilling in Northwest New Ireland, Central New Ireland and Namatangi)' New Ireland (shallow stratigraphic drilling), cape Vogel (sediment and base-. ment deep drilling); Vanuatu-Malakula, Santos, and/or Torres Island (sediment and basement). . 2. Ophiolite Drilling cape Vogel, Papua New Guinea; Pentecost, Vanuatu. 3. Atoll DrillingChristmas Island (to detail the geological history of the atoll in order to better understand-(l) its volcanic origin and development, (2) the vertical history of this seamount which is believed to be representative of most westand central Pacific atolls, and (3) examine the nature to phosphate deposits present in the carbonate sequence. It has been suggested that these wells be drilled in such a way that they may be used at a later date for water supply. Thus, data on water temperature and chlorine content should be collected as part of the drilling programme. REG.39: REGIONAL INFORMATION (a) Proposal: see Proc. 14th Session EXCHANGE Status: to be initiated REG.40: GEOPHYSICAL 1NVESfI- (a) Proposal: see Proc. 14th Session GATIONS OF TIIE MICRONESIAN Status: to be initiated TRENCH

105 Part 3: DOCUMENTATION

107 Part 3: DOCUMENTATION

Contents A. OPENING ADDRESSES CR.l-l(1): Opening address by Hon. Dr P. A OPENING ADDRESSES Robati, Chairman of Cabinet. Minister of Marine Resources and Acting Minister of Science. (see Committee Report, para. 5) B. ORGANISATION OF THE MEETING CR.1-2(1): Statement by UNDP Representa- tive to the 15th Session of CCOP/ C. REVIEW OF WORK DONE FOR AND SOPAC-R. Mountain, UNDP Deputy SUPPORT GIVEN TO CCOP/SOPAC Resident Representative, Suva. (see Com- DURING 1985/86 mittee Report, paras 8 and 9) 1 Administration CR.1-3(1): Message from Mr S.AM.S. Kibria, 1.1 Reports from Member Countries Executive Secretary, ESCAP Secretariat 1.2 Report from the CCOP/SOPAC (see Committee Report, para. 10) Technical Secretariat CR.1-4(1): Report of the Outgoing Chairman 2 Review of Work Done since the 14th of CCOP/SOPAC, for 1985/1986, J. Session Saliga, Solomon Island representative. 2.1 Survey Work Completed (see Committee Report, para. 11) 2.2 Offshore Minerals 2.3 Hydrocarbons CR.I-5(1): Address by the Director ofCCOP/ 2.4 Nearshore Minerals SOPAC-J. Kotobalavu. (see Committee 2.5 Coastal Engineering Report, paras 6 and 7) 2.6 Renewable Energy Sources 2.7 Law of the Sea B. ORGANISATION OF 1HE MEETING 2.8 Regional Projects 2.9 Other Work Completed CR.3-I(D): Annotated Provisional Agenda, 15th CCOP/SOPAC Session, Rarotonga, 3 Technology Cook Islands. (see Committee Report, 4 Data Management para. 13) 5 Training C. REVIEW OF WORK DONE FOR AND 6 Meetings SUPPORT GIVEN TO CCOP/SOPAC DURING 1985/86 D. REVISION OF CCOP/SOPAC WORK I. Administration PROGRAMME AND PLANNING 1.1 Reports from member countries (see FOR FUTURE PROJECTS Committee Report, paras 17-28) 1 Notices of future work and offers of CR.6-I(I): Country report-Kiribati, A support Takaio, Kiribati representative. (see 2 Formulation of 1987 Member Country Committee Report, para. 21) Work Plan CR.6-2(1): Country report-Vanuatu, Vanu- The full list of documents tabled at the 15th Ses- atu delegation. (see Committee sion of CCOP/SOPAC is presented here in Report, para. 28) numerical order. Documents not adequately summarised elsewhere in this Proceedings CR.6-3(1): Fiji: summary of surveys, progress volume are reproduced here in full or in part. and results in offshore activities, October

109 1985 to September 1986, Fiji delegation. Laurent d'Ozouville and a computer expert (see Committee Report, para. 19) at the Technical Secretariat. CR.6-4(1): Country report-Papua New During the reporting period the Director and Guinea, Papua New Guinea delegation. Deputy Director made visits to: (see Committee Report, para. 23) Australia-to discuss future Australian CR.6-S(I): Country report-Solomon Islands, support for CCOP/SOPAC, the result of Solomon Island delegation. (see Com- which Australia has agreed to give a further mittee Report, para. 24) A$30,OOOin addition to its regular contribu- CR.6-6(1): Tuvalu-country report 1985-1986, tion for the 1985/86 financial year; Tuvalu representative. (see Committee New Zealand-to hold discussions with Report, para. 27) Victoria University of Wellington on the CR.6-7(1): Country report-Guam program, possibility of places for CCOP/SOPAC- Guam representative. (see Committee -sponsored students for first degree level Report, para. 20) courses; CR.6-8(1): Country report-Tonga 1985/1986, Thailand-to discuss with ESCAP officials Tonga delegation. (see Committee ESCAP/UNDP support forCCOP/SOPAC. Report, para. 26) ESCAP and UNDP approved a Project revi- sion requesting an additional US$52,OOO CR.6-9(1): Country report-Western Samoa for 1986; representative. (see Committee Report, para. 25) Japan-where an approach was made for Japan to provide technical and financial 1.2 Report from CCOP/SOPAC Technical support for CCOP/SOPAC. The Japan- Secretariat (see Committee Report, paras 29- CCOP/SOPAC mineral investigation cruise 31) programme was also reviewed; CR.7-1(D)a: Summary of CCOP/SOPAC People's Republic of China-for dis- activities, 1975-1985, CCOP/SOPAC cussions on China's invitation through Techsec. ESCAP to host training programmes for nationals from CCOP/SOPAC countries. NOTE: For copies of this special report, please write to the CCOP/SOPAC Technical Nine short-term consultants worked with the Secretariat Office in Suva. Technical Secretariat during the reporting year, and staffing at the Techsec consisted of CR.7-1(D)b: Report of activities of the Techni- nine experts (4 provided by UNDP, 2 by cal Secretariat of CCOP/SOPAC-l France, and 1 each by Australia, USA and October 1985through 30 September 1986, CCOP/SOPAC), and 13 local staff (7 UNDP, CCOP/SOPAC Technical Secretariat. and 6 CCOP/SOPAC). (see Committee Report, paras 29-31) Major items of equipment purchased during (The following is extracted from this the reporting year were a Micro VAX Computer document) with peripherals, computer plotter, electric 1.2.1 Administration typewriters, photocopier, IBM PC with peripherals, a Toyota sedan; and a Sharp 7000 The newly appointed Director of the Techni- mini-PC. cal Secretariat assumed his duties on 16 January 1986.Additional CCOP/SOPAC staff 1.2.2. Matters arising from the June 1986 was recruited as necessary and arrangements Special Session were finalised with the Government of France Regarding the CCOP/SOPAC training and IFREMER for the continued services of Dr priorities, the Director continues to lobby the

110 UN system for an exception to their policy of no The Commonwealth Science Co'uncil have funding for first degrees. As current members accepted the Committee's invitation to attend of the UNDP Governing Council, the help of this year's Session. New Zealand and Fiji will be enlisted. 1.2.3 Work Programme In keeping with the policy that the EEC funds available for seabed surveys should be More than 45 projects excluding training used as "seed monies", and in close consulta- were either initiated, in progress, or completed tion with FFA, the Director has been working during the intersessional period. More than 5 towards creating a "package" which will training events took place during the same include other donors in a multi-year effort. A reporting period, including the Earth Science full report will be submitted to the member Course 1986 at USP, Suva, and the Coastal countries in the near future. Mapping Workshop 1986 in Rarotonga. The distribution and focus of these activities are The Director has written to the Governments shown in Table 1. of Australia and New Zealand seeking scholarships to be allocated to CCOP/SOPAC Reports and publications completed and/or to support first degree level training courses released during the intersessional period for nationals from the island countries. included one Proceedings volume, two issues of the South Pacific Marine Geological Notes, Direct discussion is hoped to be taken up 14 Technical Reports, 8 Cruise Reports, 2 with the appropriate authorities in Norway Training Reports and 8 Miscellaneous Reports concemingthe channelling of part oftheir con- as follows: tribution to marine energy studies to coastal activities. PROCEEDINGS 1. KROENKE, L.W.; BUKARAU, M.L. The Director also submitted appropriate (Comps & Eds) [1986]: Proceedings of the amendments to the Financial Regulations for Fourteenth Session (Honiara, Solomon consideration at this Session and on the basis Islands, 10-19 September 1985). Proc. 14th of the authority given to him at the June Special Sess. CCOP/SOPAC: 175 p. Session, plus the urgency involved in resolving the space problem at the Techsec, has gone SOUTH PACIFIC MARINE GEOLOGICAL ahead with an office complex within the com- NOTES pound of the Fiji Energy and Mineral Resour- ces Department on land made available by the 1. HOWORTH, R; COWAN, H.; CARTER, Government of Fiji. This will give the Techni- R 1986: Coastal erosion potential South cal Secretariat a total office space of about 5,100 Tarawa, Kiribati. S. Pacif. mar. geol. Notes 3(3): square feet which should be sufficient to cover 29-32 the Secretariat's requirements for the next five 2. LAPOUILLE,A 1986:Present-day open- years. Australia is being asked to assist with the ing of the Northeastern part of the North Fiji cost of the building, estimated at $130,000,and Basin (Southwest Pacific). S. Pacif. mar. geol. New Zealand is being requested to finance the Notes 3(2): 21-27 furniture and equipment requirements, estimated at $20,000. TECHNICAL REPORTS The Tripartite Cruise sponsors have been 1. CARTER, R 1986: Baseline oceano- advised of the Committee's concern thattwo of graphic data collection and analysis from off its cruises were still outstanding. They have Lungga Point in Tenaru Bay, Guadalcanal, been further requested to present a schedule Solomon Islands-hurricane and flooding fre- of publication of Tripartite II data at this quency in the Lungga Delta area 12-27 May Annual Session. 1986. CCOP/SOPAC Tech. Rep. 67: 17 p, 11 figs

111

2. CARTER, R 1985:Funafuti sea and swell CRUISE REPORTS observations: a baseline study of breaking 1. CARTER, R. 1986: Baseline current and wave period and height conducted at Funafuti, water density studies in Mele Bay, Vanuatu for Tuvalu-e-an analysis ofthe daily observations. the recommended ocean outfall site, Cruise CCOP/SOPAC Tech. Rep. 54: 23 p, 6 figs VA-85-1.CCOP/SOPACCruiseRep.116:26p, 3. CARTER, R 1986:Funafuti sea and swell 11 figs . observations Latitude 8°31'S Longitude 2. FISHER, M. 1985:R/V Jean Charcot cruise. 179°12'E: a baseline study of breaking wave CCOP/SOPAC Cruise Rep. 112: period and height conducted at Funafuti, Tuvalu-an analysis of the daily observations 3. HERZER, RH. 1986:Report on SEABEAM for 1985. CCOP/SOPAC Tech. Rep. 56: 34 p, 6 research cruise SEAPSO Leg V N/O Jean figs Charcot-Louisville Ridge/Ionga-e- Kermadec Trench region. CCOP/SOPAC Cruise Rep. 120: 4. CARTER, R 1985: Stable beach site in 67p. Northern Tarawa. CCOP/SOPAC Tech. Rep. 55: 4. RICHMOND, B. 1985: Geophysical studies at Asau and Salelologa Harbours, 5. HOWORTH, R 1985:Atlas of beach pro- Savaii, Western Samoa. CCOP/SOPAC Cruise files monitored on Betio-Bairiki, Tarawa Rep. 111: Atoll, Kiribati: January 1982-Ju1y 1985. CCOP/SOPAC Tech. Rep. 50: iv, 41 p. 5. RICHMOND, B.; ROY, P. 1985: Nearshore sediment distribution from Ranadi 6. HOWORTH, R 1985: Baseline coastal Beach to Lungga Point, Honiara, Solomon studies Port Vila, Vanuatu: Holocene uplift Islands. CCOP/SOPAC Cruise Rep. 113: record and evidence for recurrence of large earthquakes. CCOP/SOPAC Tech. Rep. 51: 32 p, 6. RICHMOND, B. 1985: South Tarawa 7 figs nearshore sediment distribution, CCOP/ SOPAC Cruise Rep. 114: 7. HOWORTH, R 1986: Report on visit to Funafuti, Tuvalu, May 19-23, 1986to resurvey 7. ROY, p.s.; RICHMOND, B. 1985: Black beach profiles on lagoon side of Fongafale. coral survey, Tarawa, Kiribati, including a 2- CCOP/SOPAC Tech. Rep. 68: 33 p. day stopover at Nauru. CCOP/SOPAC Cruise Rep. 115: 8. HOWORTH, R 1985: Report on visit to Funafuti, Tuvalu, June 24-July 1,1985:includ- 8. TIFFIN, D.L.; TAYLOR, B.; CROOK, ing resurvey of beach profiles on lagoon side of K.AW.; SINTON, 1.; FRANKEL, E. (1986): Fongafale. CCOP/SOPAC Tech. Rep. 68: 34 p. SeaMARC II in the' South Pacific-Cruise (Preliminary) Report of the R/V Moana Wave, November 29, 1985-January 9, 1986. CCOP/SOPAC Cruise 9. PONTOISE, B.R; TIFFIN, D.L. 1986: Rep. 117: 25 p, 6 figs Seismic refraction results over the D'Entrecas- teaux Zone west of the New Hebrides Arc. CCOP/SOPAC Tech. Rep. 53: 18 p, 5 figs TRAINING REPORTS 10. RADKE, B.M. 1986: Bathymetric and 1. HOWORTH, R 1986: Earth Science and seismic features of Nukufetau Lagoon, Marine Geology Training Programme, Tuvalu: an appraisal of submarine phosphate January-March 1986, Course Director's potential. CCOP/SOPAC Tech. Rep. 57: 29 p, Report. CCOP/SOPAC Train Rep. 14: ii, 5 p, 4 16 figs. app. 11. TIFFIN, D.L.; DAVIES, H.L.; HONZA, 2 RICHMOND, BR 1986:Advanced Coos- E.; LOCK, J. 1986:The New Britain Trench and tal Mapping Workshop, July 1986, Rarotonga, 149° embayment Western Solomon Sea. Cook Islands. CCOP/SOPAC Train. Rep. 15: 2 p, CCOP/SOPAC Tech Rep. 70: 19 p - 1 attach. 113 MISCELLANEOUS REPORTS dynamique, under the patronage of 1. CCOP/SOPAC, 1985: Report of activities CCOP/SOPAC. of the Technical Secretariat of CCOP/SOPAC, (The following is extracted from this I October 1984 through 30 September 1985. . report) CCOP/SOPAC MlSC.Rep. 17: 24 p. 2. CCOP/SOPAC, 1986: Summary of ccorv The Principal Themes SOPAC Activities, 1975-1985. CCOP/sOPAC The SEAPSO Project was organised around Mise. Rep. 23: 63 p. three principal scientific themes: 3. CCOP/SOPAC-IOC (STAR) 1986: - Tectonics at the junction of aseismic Report of the Second Session of the Joint ridges and subduction zones; CCOP/SOPAC-IOC Working Group on - Tectonics and magmatism of basins South Pacific Tectonics and Resources situated behind island arcs at different (STAR), Honiara, Solomon Islands. CCOP/ stages of formation; SOPAC Mise. Rep. 18: 10p, 7 annexes - Ocean accretion and hydrothermalism of 4. CCOP/SOPAC-IOC-IFREMER-ORS- back-arc basins. TOM, (1986):Workshop on the use of submer- The three themes come under the umbrella siblesand remotelyoperated vehiclesin the South theme of the evolution of convergent plate Pacific, Suva, Fiji, 24-29 September, 1985.IOC margins and associated geological phenomena Workshop Rep. 39,CCOP/SOPACMlSC. Rep. 19: 56 which constitutes one of the overall ideas p,5 annexes behind the world tour of the N/O Jean 5. MATOS, CA 1986:The Coastal Zorie-a pre- Charcot. cious resource. CCOP/SOPAC Mise. Rep. 22: 2 p. (prepared for Island Business for Environment Objectives Week) The cruise programme is composed of 5 Legs 6. MATOS, CA 1986:Environment depends on whose principal objectives are: who you are.CCOP/SOPAC MlSC.Rep. 21: 2p. (pre- pared for the Fiji Times for Environment Week) Leg I - From Noumea to Port Vila; 16.10.1985-07.11.1985. Chief Scien- 7. MATOS, CA; KOTOBALAVU, 1. 1986: Ocean minerals-prospects for Pacific island tist: J. Daniel, ORSTOM. (i) Tectonic study of the interaction between nations. CCOP/sOPACMlSC. Rep. 24:9 p. (prepared Loyalty Islands Ridge and the New for the 'Workshop on New Marine Technology and Social Change in the Pacific", Canberra, Hebrides subduction zone; (ii) Tec- tonic study of the interaction between March 1986) the d'Entrecasteaux Ridge and the 8. TIFFlN, DL.; MATOS, CA (1986):CCOP/ New Hebrides subduction zone. SOPAC-a resource evaluation programme for (LNH,DNH) the Southwest Pacific.CCOP/SOPAC Mise. Rep. 20: Leg 2 - From Port Vila to Port Vila; 13p. . 10.11.1985-30.11-1985. Chief Sci- entist: J. Recy, O~STOM. Nature and 2. Review of Work Done since the 14th origin of the New Hebrides back-arc Session basins (Coriolis trough). (AANH). 2.1 Survey Work Completed (see TAG Report, Leg 3 - From Port Vila to Suva; 02.12.1985- paras 9.1-9.3) 23.12.1985.Co-chief Scientists: J.M. CR.9-1(1): SEAPSO Cruise, 16 October Auzende, IFREMER; J.P. Eissen, 1985-29 January 1986. IFREMER! ORSTOM. Processes of oceanic ORSTOM Gis Oceanologie et Geo- accretion and regional investigation

114 of hydrothermal activity in the North Japanese research vessel Hakurei Maru No.2, a Fiji Basin. (BNF). ship especially designed for prospecting for deep ocean mineral resources. The survey was Leg 4 - From Suva to Nuku'alofa; designed to determine manganese nodule 29.12.1985-10.01.1986. Chief Scien- potential in the Penrhyn Basin northeast of the tist: J.P. Foucher, IFREMER. Pro- Manihiki Plateau and just north of Penrhyn cesses of oceanic accretion and Atoll in water depths ranging mainly from regional investigation of hydrother- 5,300 to 5,500 m. The survey area represents mal activity in the Lau Basin. (BL). about 85,000 square km. Leg 5 - From Nuku'alofa to Papeete; First, a preliminary survey over the entire 13.01.1986-28.01.1986. Chief Scien- region between co-ordinates 6°30'S to 8°30'S tist: B. Pontoise, ORSTOM. Tectonic and l56°W to 159°W, obtained data and bot- study of the interaction between the tom samples from stations at the corners of Louiseville Ridge and the Tonga each 1° square, and at the centre of the island arc (LVfK); testing of a unique square-a total of 20 stations. Three sample method of detecting locating and sites were occupied at each station, the sites evaluating submarine mountains by being at each corner of an isosceles triangle 1.4 analysis of SEASAT Satellite altimet- nautical miles to the sides. Between stations ric data. and sample sites, echo soundings and 3.5 kHz sub-bottom profiles were obtained, and data Techniques . on abundance of manganese nodules was Multi narrow-beam bathymetry (SEA- calculated by a Multi-frequency Exploration BEAM), gravity, magnetics, 3.5 kHz System (MFES) using information from the 12 echosounding, SCS reflection, sediment cor- kHz sounder, the 30 kHz narrow beam soun- ing, rock dredging, hydrocasts, seafloor der, and the 3.5kHz sub-bottom profiler. From photographic observations. the preliminary survey, the most promising areas for more detailed sampling and further Cruise reports in French have been data collection was selected. The most promis- deposited with Techsec together with an ing area was west ofl58° longitude and south of English translation of the one on the Tonga 7°, near the eastern margin of the Manihiki area. Plateau. This area includes the hilly region 2.2 Offshore Minerals2 (see TAG Report, near the Plateau in the west and relatively flat paras 10.1.1-10.4.8) or plains region in the east. In the selected area, a secondary survey was 2.2.1 Manganese Nodules, (see TAG Report, paras 10.1.1-10.1.4) made which doubled the sampling interval of the preliminary survey by adding one station CR.IO-l(1): Ocean resources investigation in between each of the stations occupied pre- the sea area ofCCOP/SOPAC Report on viously. As before, each station consisted of the Joint Basic Study for the Develop- three sample sites 1.4nautical miles apart, add- mentofResourcesVolume 1:Sea Area of ing a total ofl8 more stations and 54more sam- Cook Islands .. nCA/MMAJ. CCOP/ ples taken during the secondary survey. As well SOPAC Tech. Rep. 71. as underway data between stations and sample (The report is summarised here by Dr Donald sites, closely spaced bottom camera stations Tiffin of the Technical Secretariat) were taken along three tracklines totalling 64.5 nautical miles in a part of the area where abun- dances of manganese nodules were noted to be Method high. 168bottom photos were obtained, 137of The survey, conducted during the period which gave information. on size, distribution September 23 to October 30,1985, utilised the and abundance of nodules. Along with the 114

115 samples collected, the photos provided a con- from the individual maps, gives a grade ofless trol for calibration of the MFES underway than 1.4%,with cobalt content being higher data system. . than the other two metals. From the 38 stations and 114 sample sites Abundances of nodules exceeding 10 kg/ occupied in' the surveys, 190 manganese sq.m may also .extend southward from the nodules were analysed on board by x-ray southwest comer of the survey area, based on fluorescence for the five principal elements two stations in that area. Cobalt grade is contained in manganese nodules: nickel, cop- possibly also high. It is proposed to carry out per, cobalt, manganese and iron. Of these, the another survey in the area adjoining these most important economic minerals are nickel, stations when the ship returns to the South copper, and cobalt. Pacific in 1986. CR.IO-l/2(1): CCOP/SOPAC Mineral Result Assessment Programme: preliminary chemistry and mineralogy of samples Maps of topography, thickness of surficial from the the R/V Moana Wave 1986 'transparent' sedament layer, bottom type, exploratory cruise to Kiribati and Tuvalu. nodule abundance estimates, grade contours, Eric H. De Carlo, HIG. (see TAG metal quantity estimates, etc. were made from Report, para.lO.2.I.) the data or from the calculated results, and analysis made. The results of the analysis show CR.IO-l/3(1): Ocean resources investigation that manganese nodule abundances are in the Sea Area of CCOP/SOPAC. greatest in the west, along the hilly margin near Japanese delegation. the Manihiki Plateau. Two other areas of very (The following is a general outline of this small size, both falling along longitude Japanese Programme) 158D30W, have abundances between 5 and 10 kg/sq.m. General In response to the request of CCOP/ The greatest abundances in the survey area SOPAC, RCA commissioned MMAJ to are centred about 7°45'S, 159017W, where over execute the five-year investigation pro- 10 kg/sq. m of nodules were found in an area gramme using R/V Hakurei Maru No.2 covering about 350 sq.km. Within this area, with a view to confirm the deep-sea abundances reach above 20 kg/sq.m. Except mineral resources potentiality in the offshore for cobalt, the grade of metal content in the area of the three member countries ofCCOP/ nodules is generally lower in the area where SOPAC. abundances are highest than in the other areas. Total metal content of (Ni + Cu + Co) is not The Scope of Work was agreed and signed in provided in the report but a grade map for each June 1985 between the Japanese team leader metal and maps of individual metal quantities and CCOP/SOPAC Acting Director. are annexed instead. These maps show that although the grade is low for each metal, the Outline of the Programme metal quantity peaks in the areas of high abun- dances. However, this is difficult to compare 1. Survey cruise is carried out WIthJapanese with other areas of the world where grades are Hakurei Maru No.2 from 1985 in the sea given in terms of total (Cu + Ni + Co)%. For area of the Cook Islands, Republic of economic mining, it is generally accepted that a Kiribati, and Tuvalu. total of(Cu + Ni + Co) greater than 2%is suffi- 2. The three-week survey is done on the spot cient. An estimate of the total grade of(Cu + Ni each year according to the following + Co) for the area of highest abundance, taken schedule,

116 1985 Cook Islands Exploration 1986 Cook I~lands .. . . The moratorium on licencing announced by 1987 Repubhc of Kinbati the Government in October 1984was in effect 1988 Tuvalu. ... throughout 1985.As a result, no new licences 1989 Repubhc of Kiribati were issued although there were relinquish- 3. A participant nominated from the member ments, changes to licence boundaries and country by CCOP/SOPACjoins the cruise changes in partnerships (Figure 1).Nine licen- each year. ces were relinquished, 4 in offshore Taranaki 4. A participant from the member country is Basin, 2 onshore in the East Coast Fold Be1t~1 invited to Japan for post-cruise analysis on the WestCoast o~the South Island and 2 In and training each year. the G~at S?uth Basin, Most notable h~s been the relinquishment of Great South Basin PPL 5. A technical report involving all data is sent 38081by Placid Oil.This large licence,the core to the CCOP/SOPAC Technical Sec- of the vast area formerly held by Hunt Pet- retariat and the member country. roleum, contains most of the prospects in the 2.2.2. Phosphate (seeTAG Report, paras 10.3.1- basin. !he basin has proyen hydroc~~bon 103 5) generation and good reservoir/trap conditions, . . .. . and the eventual return of high oil prices and CR.tO-3(1): Bathymetnc and seismicfeatures the depletion of the Maui gas field will make of ~ukufetau L~goon, Tuvalu: an this attractive acreage. There were changes to appraisal of submanne phosphate poten- the boundaries of 3 licences. Tricentrol and tial. .Bruce M. Radke, Technical Sec- Home exercisedtheir right of renew and retain retanat. CCOP/SOPAC Tech. Rep. 57: 28 p, 50%of their respective licences (114and 058), 16figs.(see TAG Report, para. 10.3.2) and Whitestone acquired acreage onshore in 2.2.3 Polymetallic Sulphides and Metalliferous exchange for some of its adjacent offsho~e Sediments (see TAG Report, paras 10.4.1- acreage (119) off northeast South Island In 10.4.8) order to drill a nearshore prospect from land. CR.tO-4(1): Black smoker brings excitement Geophysical activity was much reduced in offIsland with hints of riches. (Extracted 1985as most committed exploration was cen- .from "Times Colonist",-Saturday 12 tred around drilling.There were5 offshore sur- July 1986,British Columbia, Canada. veystotalling 960line kilometresand 6onshore (Anewspaper report on the expedition led by seismic surveystotalling 780line kilometres. Steven Scott of the University of Toronto and . .. .. Richard Chase of the University of British Dnlh~gcontInuedatthe~amehlghrateasIn Columbia which discovered a new hot spring. the previous two years with over 41,300 m (black sm~ker), 10 km north of those plotted drilled. Five wells ~ere drilled off~hor~~tlv during the 1984 and 1985 excursions within Galleon-l and Moki-2A encounte~ng signifi- Canada's EEZ. The expedition used the naval cant but apparently non-c

drilling in the Toetoe field (Toetoe-3A and 4), CR.12-1(1): Nearshore studies in Apolima exploration drilling results were largely disap- and Manono districts of Upolu, Western pointing. However a modest oil test at Niagara- Samoa, April 1986. Bruce M. Richmond 1in Westland, drilled by New Zealand Oil and and Peter S. Roy, Technical Secretariat. Gas, will be evaluated by a further well in 1986. CCOP/SOPAC Tech. Rep. 64: 4 p, 2 figs. Niagara-l tested 18 bbl of light, waxy, gas-cut (Preliminary) (see TAG Report, oil (48° API) over a 3 hour test. para.12.3.2)

In December 1985the Government lifted the (The following is excerpted from this report) moratorium on licencing with the joint As part of Work Programme element WS.5 announcement of revised licencing provisions (Coastal Zone Management Survey for and policy and a block offer in offshore Landfill, Construction Materials, and Harbour Taranaki. The provisions do not drastically Construction) a field survey was conducted alter the conditions for petroleum exploration from 5-13 April 1986 at the Western end of in New Zealand. The trend towards block Upolu around the islands of Apolima and offers in licencing is now firm. Offshore licenc- Manono. The objectives ofthe survey were (a) ing will be initiated by such block offers and to map the nearshore seabed morphology and onshore licencing will be subject to a system sediment distribution to identify sand and whereby notification of interest may be gravel resources; (b) and assess the possibility followed by a block offer. As in the past, of improving navigation and harbour con- applications for licences will be judged on the ditions for the ferry service between Fatumotua basis of work programmes. Licences will run Landing and Manono and Apolima islands. for a term of 5 years with a right of renewal of Data collected during the field operations half the acreage for a further 5 years. The included 16 echo sounder profile lines (27.5 Government will have an 11% non- line-kilometres total) and 69 bottom sediment contributory carried interest in all new pros- samples. Diver observations were made of the pecting licences, and an 11% contributory seabed around Manono Island and the adja- interest in new mining licences. The Govern- cent mainland coast and sub-bottom probing ment may also elect to secure up to a further was carried off Fatumotua Landing. 15%contributory interest in any new licence at the time oflicencing. A royalty of 12.5%will be Initial Results levied on all petroleum production while the Energy Resources Levy of 45 cents per giga- Preliminary interpretation of the results are summarised as follows: "joule of gas production will not apply to new gas discoveries. Licence fees and bonds are The bathymetry ofthe study area can be sub- expected to increase five fold. divided into four district zones: (1) Inter-tidal and shallow sub-tidal flats fringing the coastal 2 Fifty blocks totalling 37,284km were put on margins (2) Shallow sub-tidal flats of the fring- offer by the Government at the end of the ing reefs (3)Channels or moats aligned roughly year. The offer, which includes most of the pre- coast-s-parallel between the coastal flats and sently unlicenced offshore Taranaki Basin, is the fringing reefs (4) Elliptical depressions due to close on 1 September 1986.All of New "blue holes" which extend to depths of 14 m Zealand's present petroleum -production and mainly occur between Upolu and comes from this basin. Manono Islands. 2.4 Nearshore Minerals (see TAG Report, The sediments are mainly composed of sand paras 12.1.1-12.3.7) sized material. Their distribution can be related to water depth and exposure to waves 2.4.1 Sand and Gravel (see TAG Report, paras and currents: The proportion of mud increases 12.3.1-12.3.7.) in the deeper basins and channels and near

119 protected shorelines, principally on west- A conservative estimate of the amount of sand facing coasts. Cleanest sands occur on the and gravel available in the study area is based inner part of the reef flats and outer lagoon on the assumption that the sand bodies are 100 while the thickest sediment accumulations m wide and 2 m thick and, in each kilometre of probably occur around the edges of the deep reef, they occupy (on average) 500 m. The depressions especially on the sides nearest the Manono study encompasses 17km of reef thus reef crest. indicating a total potential resource of 1,700,- Near the present ferry landing at Fatumotua 000 m! of sand suitable for construction pur- sediment thicknesses were determined by pro- poses. This does not take into account sand bing with a steel bar; they were found to vary bodies in the "blue holes". from greater than 2.5m toa minimum of 0.75m 2. Results of probing around the present ferry (Figure 2). The sediments were easily penet- landing at Fatumotua indicate a minimum of rated and are muddy with occasional coarse 0.75 m of unconsolidated sediment that could layers. They most likely represent sedimenta- be dredged to form a channel to accomodate tion of fine-grained material from suspension the ferries presently in use at all tide stages in the lee-side of the mainland. Predominant (Figure 2). Because of their fine-grained nature wind directions are from the easterly sectors. the sediments are probably somewhat The coastline of Apolima is extremely steep cohesive; therefore a dredged channel would and rocky, extending almost vertically from most likely retain its configuration and not be high cliffs tv water more than 20 m deep. The prone to rapid infilling. However further only harbour on the island occupies a small, studies would be required to quantify sedimen- natural bowl-shaped depression with a narrow tation rates in the dredged channel and design inlet. The boat passage cuts through volcanic channel and jetty configurations. rocks (Vini Tuff) which are mantled with coral 3. At the Manono Hospital wharf at the and a lithothamium-type algal rim. Due to Manono end of the ferry route, dredging is pro- rough weather conditions, a landing was not bably not needed. Here the existing stone (coral attempted on Apolima, and observations were and basalt) wharf is reasonably close to deep made from just offshore. water and only requires an extension of a few Discussion and Conclusions tens of metres and to be made serviceable. 1. Sand-sized material cover large zones of Coarse sand and gravel and live coral colonies in the vicinity of the wharf indicate higher the seabed in the study area. Much of these deposits appear to be suitable for a variety of energy conditions and less siltation here than along the mainland coast. Buffering on the construction applications. The cleanest and sides of the stone wharf'using wooden.piles, car coarsest sands on the surface occur just inside the reef crest. Studies elsewhere in the Pacific tyres etc., is recommended to reduce damage to the ferries during rough weather and to allow show that deposits of calcareous sand, in places lO's of metres thick, occur in lagoons against passengers to get on and off the boats in safety. the inner edges of barrier reefs. The sand is the breakdown-product of coral, algae and marine 4. To improve access to the small harbour at organisms living on the reef surface which is Apolima would require expensive engineering washed into the lagoon by waves. As a general works such as drilling and blasting to widen the rule, the coarsest sand deposits accumulate existing channel. However, it is probable that a behind reef fronts exposed to the largest and more open inlet would allow larger waves to most frequent storms; their thickness is related ~nter the harbour thereby defeating the to lagoon water depths. In the case of Westem Improved access. The possibility should be Upolu, the lagoon is mostly 3-6m deep and the explored of dredging the back-reef area inside sand deposits can be expected to have thick- the existing harbour to create more space for nesses in this order. boats to manoeuvre.

120 5. If a simple and mobile method of dredg- created at exposed sites in the back-reef ing can be developed, dredging of small boat lagoons. Material excavated from the channels and land reclamation has the poten- dredged channel might be placed in tial of benefiting many coastal communities in such a way to shelter landing sites. Western Samoa. Valuable coastal land could (c) Areas with fine bottom sediments be extended for urban use and the convenience ussually indicate quieter conditions as and safety of boat travel could be greatly well as providing a more cohesive improved as well as allowing larger passenger substrate-both factors tend to reduce and cargo boats to operate at all tides. Some rates of infilling and, therefore, the cost desirable characteristics are siting boat chan- of maintenance dredging. nels include: CR. 12-2(1): Nearshore sediment distribu- (a) Sufficient sediment overlying bedrock so tion and sand and gravel deposits in that the dredged channel is navigatable lagoonal areas, Northern Tongatapu, by an outboard motor at all tides. For an Tonga, Marchi April 1986.Bruce M. Rich- area exposed-at low tide this would mond and Peter S. Roy, Technical Sec- require removal of about I m of sedi- retariat. CCOP/SOPAC Tech. Rep. 63: 4 p, ment above bedrock. 3 figs. (b) Protection of the landing from winds (The following are excerpts from this report) and waves. The present reef filters out most of the ocean swell, but during As part of Work Programme element TG.6 strong winds rough conditions can be (Study of Coastal, Beach and Inshore Sand

121 Deposits Suitable for Construction, Roading, Profile 10 extending 15 km from queen Landfill and Other Purposes) a recon- Salote Wharf to channel beacon no.l shows naissance field survey for offshore sand and that immediately north of the wharf is a deep gravel deposits was undertaken between 20 basin (up to 34 m) blanketed by sediment near March-5 April 1986. The study was concen- the mainland but with an irregular (coral) bot- trated on a moderately shallow lagoonal area tom in its deepest part further seaward. The north of Tongatapu roughly bounded by the northern edge of the basin comprises a islets of Fafa, Malinoa, Nuku and Tau. relatively steep slope that rises to a 10 m deep sill adjacent to the reef platform. The sill sur- The objectives of the survey were: face is mostly covered by a coarse-grained car- (1) to define the surface sediment distribu- bonate sediments of an orange/brown colour. tion over a relatively large area paying It becomes deeper towards the north. particular attention to potential con- Although sand was encountered at all dredge struction materials; stations, there are a few areas that are par- (2) to relate sediment grain-size to ticularly attractive as potential sand and gravel bathymetry and seabed morphology in resources. The most notable is the sill area an attempt to predict depositional covering at least several square kilometres west environ-ments; and of Fafa Island. The coarseness, low mud con- tent aspects. Perhaps the largest drawback is (3) to compare the results of this study with the water depth-most of the area is deeper than previous CCOP/SOPAC programmes 10m. in the area and to incorporate the data in a concurrently run coastal mapping Another large area of coarse sands in exercise (CCSP/TG.12) relatively shallow water (1-9 m) occurs on the reef platform and its northern margin in an The data collected consisted of 12echosoun- area between Motu Tapu-Fukave and Ata del' profile lines totalling 100line kilometres, 61 Islands. However the greater distance to sediment samples, 2 diver-collected cores, and Nuku'alofa (15+ km) and the proximity to brief field inspections of 7 islets. The area sur- active reef ecosystems that might be damaged veyed covered about 200 km2 extending from by dredging possibly limit this areas' beaches to water depths of just over 30 m. potential. Echosounder profiles were used to identify areas of sediment (smooth bottom) for dredg- Diver-operated coring was able to penetrate ing and to avoid areas of coral pinnacles. 0.5 m and 1.5 m at two sites. In both cases hardground or bedrock was not reached; the Profile 3 extending from Velitoa to Malinoa, limit of coring was more a function of and Profile 10 extending from Queen Salote sediment resistance. Wharf to channel beacon no.1 illustrate many Minimum estimates of the amount of sand of the characteristics of these provinces. Profile and gravel present in the above two areas are 3 shows the shallow reef platform to be mostly approximately 4,000,000m! (2 km X 2 km X 1 covered by sediment. A small-flat channel is m) and 3,000,000m3 (1kmX3kmXI m)respec- also present. The northern margin of reef plat- tively. The estimates are based on the assump- form is marked by a shallow rim that is exposed tion that the sediment thickness is at least 1 m. at low tide. A steep, irregular slope with scat- However it is likely to be greater than this for tered coral pinnacles separates the reef plat- most of the area under consideration. form from the subjacent smooth-floored zone which appears to be sediment-covered. Coral pinnacles increase further north although Preliminary Recommendations commonly there are patches of sediment be- Final conclusions will not be available until tween the coral highs. a thorough analysis of all the data has been 122 completed, but there are several preliminary SI.17 and in co-operation with SPREP and recommendations that can be tentatively made their environmental studies in the Honiara to aid Tonga's short-term planning needs. area. (1) There appears to be abundant sand The Solomon Island Government is con- resources in the areas studied. Assum- sidering moving the present bulk oil storage ing a sand density of 1.7 tons/m! and located in Honiara to the Lungga Delta area usage at an estimated rate of 8,000tons/ and increasing the storage at Thlaghi Island. year (Rubin, 1984)the sand body west of An offshore loading terminal would be Fafa Island could conservatively supply required at the Lungga Delta site in Tenaru Tongan sand needs for 850 years at the Bay (Figure 3). Wind, sea, depth, current, seas, present rate of usage. and storm conditions must be considered (2) In order for the marine sand bodies to be among other factors in the location of this type used, appropriate methods for their of facility along a somewhat exposed coastline. extraction need to be identified and the The water depths seaward of the site are great, necessary equipment procured. A poss- and the fetch to the other islands is in the order ible dredging system could consist of a of 17nautical miles or more. The anchorage is barge-mounted crane with clamshell- expected to require a depth of 40 metres or so. type bucket, sand transporting barge, The 20 metre depth contour is at least 600 met- and a small tugboat. Such a system uses res offshore as shown on Admiralty Chart technology currently available in Tonga No.l713, and the 40 metre depth contour is at and has the flexibility to work around least one-half a nautical mile or 900 metres coral heads and in very coarse offshore. sediments Objectives (3) At the same time the dredging operation The work was designed to observe ocean is being planned, the sand bodies current patterns, seiche periods, some depth (especially that to be West of Fafa information, sea conditions, and certain water Island) should. be further delineated. quality characteristics over a complete tidal Studies should include more detailed cycle at a proposed site for a future bulk storage surface sampling and geophysical sur- loading facility. Other objectives were to calcu- veys. Consideration should also be late the recurrence period or frequency of given to the environmental effects of the hurricanes and daily wind characteristics as proposed dredging, however these they might effect the offshore anchorage and would probably be minimal and loading terminal. In addition the oil storage site extremely localised in this area. on Tulaghi Island was to be examined for poss- 2.5 Coastal Engineering (see TAG Report, ible expansion. paras 14.1-14.6) At the completion of the site observations, CR.14-1(I): Baseline oceanographic data hurricane "Namu" passed through the collection and analysis from off Lungga Solomon Island Group. Extensive flooding Point in Tenaru Bay, Guadalcanal, accompanied the cyclone, and the opportunity Solomon Islands. Ralf Carter, Technical was taken to collect some data regarding the Secretariat. CCOP/SOPAC Tech. Rep. 67: Lungga River flooding at Henderson Airport 17 p, 10 tables, 11 figs. and in the delta region. (The following is excerpted from this report) . Conclusions Introduction and Background The conclusions reached were based upon This work was undertaken as part of CCOP / data development during this project, referen- SOPAC Work Programme element CCSP / ces sited, and experience elsewhere. It should 123 be noted that only one tidal period was a mean tide level of 0.43 metre. It is semi- involved, and minimum wind Conditions exis- diurnal part of the time and diurnal most of the ted at the time of the ocean current obser- time. The criteria (pi X H of S2) <(2 X (H ofK1 vations. Additional measurements under + H of 01», so the tide would be considered different conditions could alter the diurnal. The maximum tidal range is on the conclusions. order of one metre. 1. The general ocean current pattern in the 10. The site for the mooring facility would be nearshore area of Station 1 indicates both a more than 800 metres from the shore. The shoreward and westward drift over the tidal shallow nearshore shelf extends seaward that cycle. distance. The 30-metre depth contour is located 960 metres offshore. It would likely require a 2. The daily surface current has about a two 1,220-metre pipeline to reach from the mooring kilometre set to the west The mid-depth to the onshore storage area. current set westward about one kilometre per 11. The cost for the mooring installed would tidal cycle. The bottom current set shoreward be expected to be in the order of A$80,OOO,and and had a weak eastward drift. the installed pipeline cost A$4OO,OOO.Founda- 3. During spring tides these currents would tion costs for the pumping and storage facility be expected to be stronger and could be twice as would be expected to be high due to expected strong as observed during the study period. poor foundation conditions ashore. Tidal currents probably range between 0.05 12. A comprehensive engineering pro- and 0.10 mls. Wind induced surface currents gramme for flood control and stabilisation of 'could be stronger during storms. They the Lungga River channel in the delta area is generally are 2.5 to 3.3 percent of the wind indicated. This work would precede any signifi- speed. cant industrial development in the delta area. 4. Water transparency can be expected to 13. Wind speeds are generally less than 6.5 range between 10and 30 metres or more. They knots and calm conditions exist about 65 % of were 13 and 25 metres during the survey. the time. 99.9 % of the winds are less than 24 knots. 5. Water temperature was between 28 and 30 degrees centigrade. Annual temperature range 14. The trade wind period persist during May lies generally between 26-30 degrees. through October, and they blow from north- east, east and southeast. April and November 6. The water profile between the surface and are transitional periods when northeast winds 50 m was well stratified. Water density varies dominate. The westerly period is from Decem- between 1020.7and 1021.5kg/cm. ber through March when winds blow from west-north-west as well as northeast. 7. Internal wave and seiche activity was pre- sent, and significant changes in the internal 15. The hurricane season is from November density structure of the water was changing to April. Guadalcanal can expect on the almost constantly. average to have a hurricane in the area every six years and the study area to have a 63-knot gale 8. Seiche periods of 1.12hours, 21.24, 12,8,4.5 every nine years and a 9O-knot hurricane every and 2.5 minute periods were evident in the tidal 18years. record and to some extent in the thermal records. Abrupt changes in current direction 16. Serious flooding in the Lungga River area may be associated with these internal waves. can be expected to occur at least once every 50 years. Some flooding can be expected on a 9. The tidal range at the time of observation much shorter cycle. The river channel has was 0.68 metre. Tide station 5667,Honiara, has moved several times over the past 50 years.

125 17. Significant flood control development in boreholes should be done before heavy struc- the Lungga River Delta upstream beyond Hen- tures are located in this area. derson Airport is necessary to prevent future CR.14-2(l): Funafuti sea and swell observa- flood damage in this area. No significant tions-a baseline study of breaking wave development should occur in this region until period and height conducted at Funafuti, flood control measures are developed. Tuvalu-an analysis of the daily obser- 18. Tulaghi Island should be considered for vations. Ralf Carter, Techsec. CCOP/ further development of bulk storage facilities SOPAC Tech. Rep. 54: 3 p, 6 figs, 2 for refueling of fishing boats. Appendices. 19. Significant wave heights of 0.34 m can be expected at the proposed mooring site on the (The following is excerpted from this report) average every 5 years from the daily wind con- Introduction and Background ditions. A significant wave height of 1.6m could This work was started under TUJ by Bruce be expected every 20 years from these winds. Radke in co-operation with the New Zealand 20. Seas due to cyclones would be significan- Meteorological Office. Staff at the meteorologi- tly larger than those resulting from the trade cal station located at the Fongafale Airport wind and west winds. Significant wave heights make the daily observations: of 4.5 metre could be expected to occur every 15 To date the sea and swell information years, and significant wave heights of 5.8 m developed for the Tuvalu area has been from every 28 years at the mooring site. hindcast using wind data. As there is continu- 21. The combined effect of the restriction in ing need for these data with respect to coastal the width of the Lungga River channel at the protection, miscellaneous marine structures, road bridge, and the several bends in the chan- and energy planning, the wave height observa- nel between the airport and the ocean resulted tion programme was begun in order to fill this in the flooding of river water onto the airport need for background data. runway. . 22. The flood water on the airport drained Objecmes north and eastward and had .a log jam, The following report includes nine months additional flooding of the river might have cut of daily observations. The analysis is pre- a channel through the airport. liminary and the objective is to collate the data 23. The Lungga River channel below the road and make it available for review as early at bridge has shifted several times over the past 50 practical. Additional analysis will be made of years. There is evidence of at least three dif- the data as more is accumulated and as the ferent channel systems and maybe four during specific needs are identified. The daily obser- that period. This indicates significant flooding vations are assembled into the computer files every 12years or so. by month for further processing. 24. Removing some of the bends in the Lungga River below the bridge and cleaning Methods and Equipment out the channel beneath the bridge should A wave staff was erected at the location improve the hydraulic characteristics of the indicated in Figure 4. It is used as indicated in river and reduce the chance of flooding the airport. Figure 5 to estimate the height of the breaking waves sighted against the sea horizon and is 25.. Foundation conditions in the Lungga calibrated to indicated elevation of the wave River may be poor, so adequate tests including crest above the local tide datum.

126

The time period for 20 waves is measured reporting period and as with weather data and the higher crest heights are recorded and several years of data are required to charac- assumed to represent the breaker height result- terise the conditions that can be expected at a ing from the significant wave height at that given location. Not withstanding this warning time. All 20 breakers are characterised as small, it ~ 'pears that certain wave conditions do exist medium, or large, and their individual periods in r'unafuti during the different parts of the are indicated. No distinction is made between year. sea or swell by the observer, however, from the There appears to be some swell present at the wave periods and local wind conditions it southeast exposure of the atoll most of the time. would appear that swell is the dominant The average wind period of the swell is 10.54 wave observed. seconds and values range from 4.84 to 18.74 The time of the wave observation, the times seconds. The swell appears to have travelled a of the related high and low tides, and their further distance as indicated by the longer elevations are recorded. The predicted tide period during January than in May and elevation at the time of wave observation is August Wave height ranged from 0.05 m in later calculated and used to correct the wave January to 1.50m in May. However, the waves elevation observed to estimated breaker tend to be largest during August height The maximum wave estimated using Equa- The wave period is estimated by dividing the tion (2) would be in the order of 3.20 m (the 1.5 total time for 20waves by 19.The wave height is m wave observed in May X a factor of2.1l9 for estimated by assuming that the reef face upon 8,000 waves). This wave would be much less which the wave breaks has a slope of 1:10.The than a 9 m wave and a 15 to 17 m maximum relationship employed was developed by wave that could occur during a major Munk (1949) and the factors were modified so hurricane. The 3.20 m wave may be an annual to give values for a slope of 1:10when compared event at the observation site. with Figure 2-65, Page 2-122 of Volume I, U.S. Corp of Engineering Shore Protection Manual 1977.The expression employed was: Conclusions Ho= 0.3918 [Hb]l vr (1) This report was made primarily to make the wave data available as early as possible, and it where Ho is the deep water wave height, Hb is would be-premature to draw firm conclusions the height of the breaker, and T is. the wave based upon the data presented. Suggestions as period. The units are metres and seconds. The to changes to improve the programme without deep water wave length is taken as L= 5.12(T 2) increasing the work load significantly would be in development of (1) above. welcome at this time. The following con- The Longuet-Hi relationship that showed clusions are tentative and based on the data the maximum wave height, Hm in N waves: collected:

Hm= 0.707 Ho [In N]O5 (2) 1. The programme should be continued as was employed to estimate the highest wave to the data being developed appears to be useful expect during the period of observation. It was with respect to the amount of effort required by assumed that 8,000waves could result from the the programme. storm that produced the highest observed swell 2. Certain characteristic patterns of wave during the study. period and wave height appear to be present and related to the season. Discussion 3. Seas generated locally from westerly winds Emphasis is made on the fact that less than during summer may not be observed at the one year of observations were included in the wave station. 128 4. The depth profile of the reef face at the Vanuatu for Coastal Development Pro- observation station should be determined. grammes". 5. Swell appears to be the main wave obser- Some water quality information is presented ved at the station. for Port Vila Harbour as a continuing monitor- ing of this area. CR.14-3(1): Funafuti sea and swell obser- vations. Latitude 8°31'S Longitude Survey Objectives 179°12' 3E. A baseline study of breaking The survey was conducted to developbaseline wave period and height conducted at data on the water quality, hydraulic charac- Funafuti, Tuvalu. An analysis ofthe daily teristics, and bottom profile along a possible observations for 1985. Ratf Carter, submarine discharge pipeline route at Mele Techsec. CCOP/SOPACTech. Rep. 56:4p, 6 Bay. The selected site could serve both thehar- figs, 2 Appendices. bour area and the lagoons area that are (The following is extracted from this report) separated by a high ridge.

Introduction and Background Recommendations and Conclusions This report presents the first complete year of These recommendations and conclusions wave observations made by the staff in the are based upon the data developed during this meteorological station located at the study and two previous CCOP/SOPAC studies Fongafale Airport. conducted in the Port Vila area. The deep water wave heights presented in 1. The proposed outfall location at Mele Bay this report were calculated from the same located at the end of the ridge on the Panga observations employed in Technical Report 54. Peninsula, appears to be the most favourable Additional data were included now completing among those considered in that area from a the entire year of 1985. The relationship be- receiving water and environmental considera- tween the steepness of the breaker and the ratio tion. From a cost consideration this location of breaker height to deep water wave height was would be much better than the one located at recalculated for the 1:10 bottom slope to fit Pango Pt. more closely the empiric relationship developed by the U.S. Corp of Engineers 2. The proposed outfall route should be (1977). examined by diver and/or TV camera to locate obstacles and select appropriate bottom Note anchoring. The Results,· Discussion and Con- clusions in this report are as for CCOP/ 3. Drift card or drogue studies should now be SOPAC Technical Report 54-see Document conducted over a tidal cycle and the cards CR.l4-2(1). collected over a 48-hour period to determine additional information regarding local current CR.14-4(1): Baseline current and water den- patterns. This data will be useful in the final sity studies in Mele Bay, Vanuatu for the design of the diffuser section. recommended ocean .outfall site, Cruise 4. The reported current observations were VA-85-1. Ralf Carter, Techsec. CCOP/ made during August. Additional current obser- SOPAC Cruise Rep. 116: 9 p, 16 tables, 11 vations should be made during other times of figs. the year so to include a greater range of con- (The following is excerpted from this report) ditions for designing the treatment and dis- charge system. This cruise was undertaken as part of the CCOP/SOPAC Work Programme element 5. If possible bacteriological data should be VA6 "Baseline studies of inshore areas in developed for the discharge area using several

129 sampling locations and at least one control 17. Good floatables removal prior to the dis- area. charge of waste waterinto Mele Bay is essential 6. The winds offshore had a significant effect for successful operation of a submarine outfall upon the currents within Mele Bay during the in these waters. 1985 survey, The tidal effect was relatively CR.14-S(I): Report on visit to Funafuti, small. Tuvalu, June 24- July 1, 1985: including 7. Upwelling appears to be present along the resurvey of beach proftles on lagoon side reef in the study area. The offshore winds were of Fongafale. Russell Howorth, Techsec. likely cause for the upwelling. CCOP/SOPAC Tech. Rep. 68, Preliminary I: 3 p, 1 fig., 21 proftles,2 appendices. 8. The density proftle of the Mele Bay water indicated a weak but positive density gradient; (The following is excerpted from this report) however, it would be quite difficult to maintain The objectives of the visit were: a submerged discharge plume in such uniform water. (i) to resurvey the beach proftles on the lagoon side of Fongafale; and 9. The deeper bay water appeared to be (ii) to survey all the beach profile base relatively rich in plankton. stations to a common vertical datum. 10. Some evaluation of the sediment along As part of Work Programme element TU.3, the proposed pipe route should be made to shoreline dynamics studies, was set up in mid- evaluate trenching and foundation problems. 1984(Howorth, 1984;Radke, 1984).Initial field 11. Additional bathymetric data for the work was carried out by Bruce Radke in immediate area should be developed. September-October 1984.A part of this work included establishing 22 beach proftle stations 12. The land routes for the interceptor line and the initial survey of the beach positions. should now be delineated and evaluated to Though the final copy of Bruce Radke's report determine if minor modification of the pro- was not available at the time of this visit or at posed discharge site would result in significant the time of compiling this report, the data on savings etc. the initial beach surveys was available in the 13. A feasibility design study should be made Project Office. on the selected site with respect to This report is limited to presenting data since construction methods. at this time it is uncertain to what extent beach 14. An evaluation of the condition of the coral morphology would be discussed in Bruce Rad- reef should be made prior to construction. ke's report. Some benthic sampling for marine organisms Though the Public Works and Lands/ should be done. Surveys Departments in Tuvalu have the 15. As suggested in the 1983 and 1984 Port ability to carry out the surveying without Vila reports, a Water Resources Control Board CCOP/SOPAC assistance, it was made clear should be established in Vanuatu to regulate during the visit that Thvalu would prefer matters dealing with the discharge of waste CCOP /SOPAC to take responsibility to ensure waters and the location and construction of that the work is carried out. Personnel from the waste generating development, both residen- Project Office who go to Tuvalu to carry out tial and jndustrial. Monitoring requirements further surveying are recommended to take a for the receiving waters should be developed by level (preferably a WILD type) together with a the Board's technical advisers. 100 m tape or 2 X 50 m plastic tapes. 16. A preliminary sewerage and domestic Further to comments in Howorth (1984) and waste study was,recommended in the 1984Port Radke (1984) the following additional back- Vila study. This recommendation still holds. ground information for the Tuvalu TU-3 130 shoreline dynamics programme should be Other Work underway for Work Programme noted: . TV-3 (a) the ADAB final report "Funafuti Lagoon (a) Wind data: The weather data since 1950 Resources" has still not been released; has been examined in the archives of the New Zealand Meteorological Office in Wellington. (b) shoreline protection work funded by the The monthly wind data has been summarised EEC under LOME II has commenced in terms of direction and beaufort wind and on Funafuti will involve a short trial strength for each direction. For each month section using locally manufactured con- eight directions were used (N, NE, E, SE, S, SW, crete cubes. These will be placed on the Wand NW) and seven Beaufort wind strengths lagoon beach between the PWD depot plus calm conditions-57 bits of data. A total of and the Hotel in the vicinity of beach 420 months were available, January 1950- profiles 1 and 2; and December 1984 giving 23940 bits of data. (c) the report on a proposed land-based This data W3S put onto computer at Victoria internal air service for Tuvalu prepared University, Wellington and has been by Colquhuon and Partners, London, is transferred on floppy disc to Suva for analysis now available and being considered by on the IBM PC by Ralf Carter. Government. The recommendations (b) Sediment studies: During the field work have impli-cations for. the CCOP/ carried out by Bruce Radke a large number of SOPAC shoreline dynamics pro- sand samples were collected for grain size gramme with regard to the proposed analysis. These are at present at Victoria siting of several atoll airstrips on the reef University waiting to be processed through the platform, and supply/availability of rapid sediment analyser to determine settling suitable fill particularly where extensive velocity curves and grain size curves by inter- reclamation is recommended. pretation from the settling velocity data.

Levelling of Beach Profile Base Stations CR. 14-6(1): Report on visit to Funafuti, All except one beach profile base stations, Tuvalu, May 19- 23, 1986 to resurvey are now surveyed to tide-gauge zero (average of beach profiles on .Iagoon side of 1975-1981 data). Fongafale. Russell Howorth, Techsec. CCOP/SOPAC Tech.Rep. 68, Preliminary II: 3 p, 22 profiles. Resurvey of Beach Profiles (The following is extracted from this report) I Because of the weather and shortage of time it was necessary to restrict the length of each Further to comments on Howorth's 1985visit survey to 20 m seaward from the base station. (see Document CR.I4-4(I), the following For most profiles this included the whole beach additional information for the Tuvalu TU.3 face. Though this was barely adequate, it was programme should be noted: satisfactory from the point of view that any (a) theADABfinalreport"FunafutiLagoon erosion/accretion which had occurred is likely Resources" is now released. A request to be seen by a shift in the position of the beach' has been made to New Zealand to pro- face rather than the reef flat. The data collected vide manpower assistance to implement together with that for the previous survey is a trial borrow-pit reclamation plotted for each profile. programme; (NOTE: The profiles and data are available to (b) the trial section of protection work along interested persons from the Technical 50m of beach front using concrete cubes Secretariat) has been completed between the hotel

131 and the Jetty to the west The work is fun- CR.18-2(I): Operation experiences of Nauru ded by LOME II; 100 Kw OTEC and its subsequent (c) the report on the land-based internal air research. Techsec. 3 p, 3 tables. service is still being considered; and (The following is excerpted from this report) (d) the need for shoreline dynamics studies The development of OTEC technology was on atolls of Tuvalu other than Funafuti continued by the Japanese when a land-type was discussed. It is acknowledged that pilot plant of 100 Kw gross power output was whilst the Nivanga is the only means of installed in 1981 in the Republic of Nauru access to these atolls, work ofthis nature located in the Central Pacific Ocean, in which would be difficult. Other alternative demonstration tests were conducted for about a means of access would be examined as year while assessing the technology and practi- soon as any became available. cal application. Resurvey of Beach Profiles As a result of this study, an optimum heat For all profiles the beach was surveyed cycle was simulated. In conclusion, minimum seaward a minimum distance of20 m from the power generating cost would be obtained with base station, and for 17profiles the survey was the heat exchanger of the following extended to 30-40 m from 'the base station. specifications; titanium tube machined for higher heat augmentation (evaporator: inner Overthe 18months of the monitoring period and outer surfaces machined, condenser: inner no profiles show any net significant changes. surfaces machined), ammonia as working Since the July 1985survey only 3 profiles show medium, seawater temperature difference at beach loss. The beach face is 30em lower at one intake/outlet of 3.5°C and terminal tempera- of these profiles, along 15 m of profile length. ture difference of 2.0°C. In the future, small- This represents the almost total loss of sand scale heat loop model test will be done to assess from the beach compared with 12months ago. the heat transfer characteristics, Total amount of sand loss is estimated at 250 cubic metres per 50 m length of beach front. 2.7 Law of the Sea (see TAG Report, Coral gravel now dominates the beach and an para.lv.l) old collapsed line of concrete drum protection CR.19-1(I): Status or signatures to me Law of work is exposed. the Sea. M. Fisk, Law of the Sea, UN. 5 p. At the other two profiles parts of the beach (see TAG Report, pam.l9.l) face are up to 25 cm lower along 5-10 m of the 2.8 Regional Projects (see TAG Report, paras profile line. 20.1-20.12) Recommendation CR.20-1(1): Report on SEABEAM research Regular monitoring must continue with cruise SEAPSO Leg V,NIO Jean Charcot, resurveying at 6-monthly intervals for at least a Louisville Ridge/fonga-Kermadec Trench one year period. region RH Herzer,N.z. Geological Survey. CCOP/SOPAC Cndse Rep. 120: 18 p, 8 ft8r, 3 2.6 Renewable Energy Sources (see TAG appendices (see TAG Report. para.2O.9) Report, paras 18.1.1-18.2.2) Abstract Only :R.18-1(1): French thermal energy conver- sion programme. P. Marchand, The results of a two-week cruise aboard the IFREMER. (paper presented at the research vessel Jean Charcot at the invitation of French Japanese Symposium on Ocean ORSTOM and IFREMER are presented The Development, Tokyo, September 9-10, zone of collision between an aseismic ridge on 1985): 5 p, 3 figs, 3 tables. (see TAG the Pacific Plate and the Tonga-Kermadec arc Report, para. 18.1.1) system on the Indian Plate was investigated

132 using SEABFAM swath bathymetry, in con- mosaic, provide a view of the sea floor similar to junction with seismic reflection, magnetics and that seen in aerial photographs of land areas. gravity. Several large uncharted seamounts, The mosaic is much like a map; at least for predicted by SEASAT imagery were discovered these limited areas we are able to determine the and surveyed on the transit leg to Tahiti. configuration of the sea floor with confidence, knowing where and what valleys are connec- SEABFAM in conjunction with SCS is an ted, how the mountain ranges are shaped, impressive and easily one of the most effective marine geological mapping tools available. where young volcanics are located and from where they have flowed, and what areas are CR.20-2(I): Seismic refraction results over the covered with sediments. In most areas of the d'Entrecasteaux zone west of the N~ South Pacific the sea floor is so poorly charted Hebrides Arc. BR Pontoise and D.L Tif- that even large mountains go undetected Such fin, Techsec. CCOP/SOPAC Tech. Rep. 53: was the case, south of the New Georgia Group 18p, 5 figs(see TAG Report, para. 20.9) of Islands, where a large seamount was dis- covered, covered with young volcanic flows. Abstract Only This is important because it means that more The results of two OBS seismic refraction anomalous volcanism has been active in this area than was previously thought. The survey profiles taken over the d'Entrecasteaux Zone also proved that Cook Seamount, discovered near its intersection with the New Hebrides by HMAS Cook, did not exist, showing that Island arc, and preliminary data from three even experienced hydrographers can make sonobuoy profiles near the same area, are used mistakes. to determine crustal stmcture across the zone. Interpretation of the velocity structure For Rabaul Harbour, the image mosaic will indicates some refraction layers may remain be made later at the University of Hawaii. horizontal or rise to the east, suggesting the However, enough detail was shown on the d'Entrecasteaux Zone does not everywhere dip unprocessed data to indicate that the mosaic into the subduction trench. This is the first ref~ will help in locating faults and lineations on the raetion data from the d'Entrecasteaux Zone. sea floor that may be useful in defining where vertical and horizontal movements have been CR.20-3(I): Surveys in the Solomon Islands occuning. Such movements are the source of and Papua New Guinea using some of the shallow earthquakes in Rabaul, SeaMARC IT. DL Tiffin, B. Taylor, and have been caused by movements in the KJA.W. Crook, 1. Sinton and E. Frankel, magma in the main core of the volcano deep Techsec. CCOP/SOPAC Cruise Rep. 117: 25 under the harbour. Samples of bottom p, 7 figs (see TAG Report, para.202) materials were obtained for analysis at HIG, Hawaii and BMR, Australia. These may pro- Smnmary vide information on the depth and history of The six week survey on the HIG research the magma. vessel Moana Wave was funded in part under A secondary advantage of having a ship with the Tripartite IT programme. Work was accom- state-of-the-art equipment on board was plished in three areas: obtained when a precise fix was made for the wharf in Rabaul Harbour using the new world- 1. Near Simbo Island, Solomon Islands; wide Global Positioning System. Although this 2 In Rabaul Harbour, Papua New multiple satellite based system is still in an Guinea; 3. In Manus Basin, Bismarck Sea, Papua experimental phase it is useful for accurate positioning during some parts of the day. The New Guinea. fix in Rabaul shows the marine charts of the IIi each area, acoustic images were made harbour are mislocated by more than half which. when processed and put together in a kilometre.

133 Most of the work was done in Manus Basin the need for months of shiptime to make where much of the time was spent in collecting bathymetric maps of the sea floor. Along with the image data to make up the mosaic. The data the use of the Global Positioning System for covers a large part of the basin-more than precise navigation, for the first time the means 41,000 square kilometres-and details a complex are nowhere to make accurate maps of the sea tectonic landscape with wide areas of young floor, both geologic and bathymetric, over wide lava flows and many volcanoes. Manus. Basin areas at economic cost. and the floor of the Bismarck Sea are important components of a system of semi-rigid plates CR.2O--4(I): SOPACOAST: a regional pro- along the borders of which movements take gramme of coastal zone management place between the plates. The movements are sponsored by the Commonwealth the source of very large earthquakes that cause Science Council. G. Baines, CSC: 4 p. damage and loss of life. Highly destroctive active volcanoes also occur near some of the Abstract Only plate boundaries. The boundaries and movements are not well understood in the A regional programme in coastal zone region of these studies and the work accom- management has been established, with plished here will help in defining more pre. emphasis on' improving knowledge and cisely these movements, both here and in other understanding about high and low island nearby parts of Papua New Guinea and resources use and environment and develop- Solomon Islands. An understanding of the ing capabilities of local communities in movements is basic to determining the mineral managing the coastal resources over which potential of these areas, land as well as sea they have traditional jurisdiction The pro- The mosaic 'map' of Manus Basin was used gramme, SOPACOAST, has been initiated by during the survey to locate preferred sites for the Commonwealth Science Council and is being developed in association with other coas- bottom sampling and camera stations. During tal zone management initiatives undetway in one of the camera: stations, photographs of the region massive sulfide chimneys were obtained, pro- viding for the first time that mineral deposits were being formed on the sea floor in this type CR.20-S(I): The New Britain Trench and 1490 of geological setting. Not enough is known embayment, Western Solomon Sea DL. about such mineral deposits anywhere in the Tiffin, H.L. Davies, E. Honza and 1. Lock, world to tell if they are economically important, Techsec. CCOP/sOPAC Tech. Rep. 70: 19 p, but investigations of the deposits will continue. 4 figs. Such sea floor deposits are known to be the proto-type of massive sulfide deposits on land Abstract Only many of which form some of the worlds large The western New Britain Trench has relatively mining areas. Study 'of the sea floor deposits thin sediments in the east compared to the west may therefore lead to information that where thick turbidites are ponded behind a base- indicates where one should look onshore to ment high. The trench heads toward Huon Gulf find similar ore deposits. but ends abruptly at the 1490 embayment where it This is the first major survey in the South meets the Trobriand Trench at an acute angle. Pacific using the new SeaMARC II sidescan Collision melange ispresent farther westwhere the imaging and bathymetric mapping system. The trenches have disappeared under the upper plates value of the .system lies in its ability to do two colliding in northern Huon Gulf. The collision things-get highly detailed sea floor images suture is marked by the Markham Canyon. con- over a wide area quickly and easily, and at the tinuous with the Ramu-Markham fault zone on same time get bathymetric data over almost the shore. The trench at one time continued farther same wide area. This second feature eliminates west into Huon Gulf and probably much farther.

134 The age of the collision is young in the east but Manganese crusts werefound at all station clus- could be older in the western New Guinea ters along both the eastern and western margins of the Manihiki Plateau, and on the slopes of Niue. CR.2O-6(I): Hydrothermal chimneys and None were collected from Machias or Capricorn associated fauna in the Manus back-arc Seamounts. The Manihiki Plateau margin crusts basin, Papua New Guinea. R Both, et al., werecollected either from depths of about 4,000m Techsec.EOS, Vol 67(21):489490. (seeTAG or greater on non-atoll slopes,or from atoll slopes Report, para. 20.2) down to about 3,000 m. Neither setting is con- ducive to the development of cobalt-rich crusts, CR.20-7(1): A geophysical/geological cruise by based on criteria listed by Cronan (1984) and HMNZS Tui to Manihiki Plateau and adja- Clark, et. al. (1985). cent Southwest Pacific areas including the Coral rubble was recovered from the slopes of investigation of cobalt crusts and all the atolls sampled as wellas from Machias and manganese nodules as part of the Tripartite Capricorn Seamounts, but not from the eastern II programme. March-May 1986. M. and western margins of the Manihiki Plateau on Mey1an,Techsec. CCOP/SOPAC Cruise Rep. non-atoll slopes. It seems probable that coral- 107: 17 p, 1 fig. 4 tables. (see TAG Report, capped volcanoes must have a rubble blanket that para. 20.6) diminished in thickness, coverage and fragment size down slope, and the existence of such a blan- (The following is extracted from this report) ket probably precludes the development of exten- Introduction sive Mn-erusts above about 3,000m. As part of Phase II of the Tripartite Pro- Manganese nodules collectedon the cruise have gramme, the Manihiki Plateau and adjacent reinforced known nodule distribution patterns as areas of the Southwest Pacific were surveyed well as extended occurrence into areas not pre- aboard HMNZS Tui from mid-March to mid- viouslyknown to have nodules or which wereeven May, 1986. Geophysical data (bathymetry, thought likely to be barren of nodules. The exis- gravity, magnetics, and seismic reflection pro- tence of widespread nodule deposits in the files) and bottom samples (Mn nodules, Mn Penrhyn Basin and along the eastern margin ofthe crusts, sedimentary and igneous rocks, Manihiki Plateau noted by Herzen, et.a!. (1966) sediments and organic material) were collected and Exon (1981) was confirmed Areas of the during the cruise, and bottom photography was Samoan Basin and western margin of the successful at several stations. Manihiki Plateau which were considered to be lacking nodules (cf. Piper, et.a!., 1985)have been Ikussion and Preliminary Conclusions shown to have abundant nodule deposits. The mineral resource potential of the area sur- Therefore, burial by carbonate ooze turbidites or veyed appears to be minimal. The manganese slumps from the higher elevationsofthe Manihiki crusts collected are relatively thin, and the Plateau may not be as widespread a phenomenon manganese nodules for the most part resemble as previously thought East of Capricorn those of the Cook Island facies, characterised by Seamount, what may be a dense nodule field low nickel, copper, and cobalt contents (Glasby,et. within the ~mi1e limit around Tonga was sam- al., 1980).However, until chemical analyses are pled Although this siteiswestofthe "nodule west- made ofboth crusts and nodules, a definitivestate- ern limit"ofMeylan,et.al. (1982),itiswithin a small ment regarding their potential worth cannot be nodule field related to Capricorn Seamount that made. was mapped by Piper, et.al. (1985). Despite the apparent absence of economically The geophysical data collected during the Tui attractive deposits, useful information regarding cruise represent a significant addition to the infor- crust and nodule distribution and character has mation base required for a more complete inter- been derived from the cruise. pretation of the geological history of the

135 southwestern Pacific. In particular, the seismic Manganese crusts: Little quantitative data on the profiles of the Manihiki Plateau reveal details abundance orcovemge of crusts was obtained due of the Cenozoic development of this broad to problems with the deep-towcamem system and oceanic feature. The seismic stratigraphy ofthe grade information must await laboratory analysis. margins, coupled with bottom samples, pro- Assessment of the area in terms of potentially vide evidence for a complex paleocea- economic reserves of ferromanganese crusts must, nographic story that is yet to be told. Drilling in therefore, await the completion of laboratory the atoll lagoons found along the margins studies. It is apparent, however, that in areas close would help to unravel the plot. to the equator (=/- 10degrees), considemtion must be given to the very high sedimentation rates (and CR.2O-8(I): Initial report of 1986 R/V Moana Wave cruise MW-86-02 in the Kiribati! thus dilution rates) on the flanks of seamounts Tuvalu region, Central Pacific Ocean B. associated with contempomry, shallow-water, Keating, B. Bolton and Shipboard Party, coral activity. It is clear from this investigation that in order to obtain thick crusts of apparent lateral aro, Honolulu. CCOP/sOPAC Cruise Rep. continuity dredging must occur on the flanks of 121: SOp, 2 appendices. (see TAG Report, paras 20.4-20.5) seamounts subject to low sedimentation rates and thus be essentially free of such coral growth. (The followmg is excerpted from this report) . Croise Objectives Manganese nodules: Final assessment of the The primary objectives of this cruise were to: region must await results of the chemical analysis of recovered material, however, itwould appear on (1) investigate the origin, growth and distribu- the basis of the patchy distribution of nodules and tion of Co-rich manganese crusts and Cu/Ni-rich the low abundances observed, that the area must manganese nodules in the waters of Kiribati and be considered low potential. Tuvalu; investigate the origin, growth and dis- tribution of phosphate in this same area; and CR.20-9(I): Australian view of the Tripartite assess these materials as resources for possible Marine Geoscience Programme, N.F. Exon, future exploitation, and BMR, Canberm. 3 p, 1 fig., 2 tables. (2) evaluate the general geologic setting of these (The following is excerpted from this report) islands, in particular to determine the age and The Tripartite marine geoscience programme origin of the seamounts where Mn-crusts have has:- been found so that predictions and extrapolations of resources might be made. At present our (a) vastly improved the data base in the south- understanding of the geological history. of this west Pacific; region is very poorly constrained as discussed in (b) led to far greater understanding of sedimen- the sections on "Regional Setting" and "Seamount tary island-arc basins, back-arc basins and Formation and Morphology", The results of this oceanic basins, and their potential cruise should provide us with a more detailed mineral resources; understanding of the geology and resource dis- tribution of the Kiribati/fuvalu area so that much (c) encourages a great variety of experienced more reliable regional resource extrapolations will institutions and individuals to work in the be possible. region, half on programmes other than Tripartite; Sampling Results (d) provided valuable publicity for CCOP/ Phosphorites: Phosphate concentrates are low SOPAC leading to increased internation- compared with other Pacific seamounts. Previous al support. studies have shown that Pacific seamounts sam- ples average 27% P205 (Bumett,et.al., in press). The CR.20-10(l): Report on 1985 northeast Australia values reported are comparable though to lower Rig Seismic cruises. P J. Davies and P A concentrations found elsewhere in the Pacific. Symonds, BMR, Canberra. 2 p, 1 fig.

136 The BMR research vesselRigSeismic undertook faults, and the interpreted age of synrift and two cruises offshore from northeast Australia dur- rift-fill sediments in the trough, indicate that it ing September-Qctober and November-De- probably originated by Cretaceous and older cember EC1985,and data were collected in water oblique extension. Six major seismic sequen- depths ranging from 30 to 3,500m in key areas ces have been recognised throughout the throughout the vast region between Townsville trough, which contains up to 5 km of sediment and the Gulf of Papua. The cruises,in which thirty in a number of places. BMRscientists and technicians took part, werethe High-quality seismic data in the western fourth and fifth in a series of research cruises Osprey Embayment show that it is underlain in undertaken by BMR under its new initiative in the west by a possible wrench-related trough marine geoscience.The cruises are part of a study containing 4 km of sediment; the trough is flan- whose objectives are to determine the regional ked to the east by northwest-trending basement stratigraphy and structum1 framework; the highs that are generally bounded by high-angle relations between tectonics, sea-levelchange, and normal faults. The crust must have been sediment style; and the lithofacies, age, and thinned considerably to create the Osprey depositional processes adjacent to a large epicon- Embayment, and the absence of major low- tinental reefsystem.An initial cruise report should angle normal faults implies that extension was be published as part of the BMR Report series probably not the major mechanism. within a year. A tie to Anchor Cay No.1 well on the Torres Data were collected from the Townsville and Shelfhas permitted, for the first time, the dating Queensland Troughs, the Osprey Embayment, the of major tectonic and subsidence events along Torres Shelf/Pandora Trough area, the outer shelf the western margin of the Eastern Plateau. Of and slope of the Great Barrier Reef:and the west- the six unconformities recognised in the well- ern margin of the Queensland Plateau; specific top Pliocene; top Miocene, Oligocene, intra- areas were surveyed in order to fillimportant gaps Cretaceous and Triassic-all but the oldest can in the data covemgeorto solveparticular problems be traced eastwards into the Pandora and Bligh delineated by previous work in the region. The Troughs. A previously undiscovered basin, data include: 4,030km ofMCS reflection profiles informally termed the Flinders Basin, was dis- (both airgun and high-resolution sparker data), covered beneath the Torres Shelf to the north- plus magnetic and gravitydata; 9 sonobuoyrefrac- east of Anchor Cay. Both this basin and the tion profiles; 207km of side-scan sonar data; sam- Pandora' Trough are asymmetric in nature ples from 22 dredges at 17stations and 190m of and appear to contain greater than 4.5 km of core from 92coring stations,which tripled the size fill. The eastern margins of both basin and of the regional data set trough are intensely deformed, and their for- mation, arising from subsidence, was probably The main preliminary results of the study are initiated in the Oligocene-coinciding with the summarised below. beginning of orogenesis in New Guinea. The structural style and seismic stratigraphic High-resolution sparker profiles traversing development of the Townsville Trough have the Queensland Trough and a coring and been defined.Two structural trends dominate a dredging programme have allowed the follow- series of northeast-trending high and low- ing conclusions to be drawn: angle normal faults, and northeast-trending transverse fault zones which in places are • Nature and timing of reef growth in the associated with 'flower structures' (indicating Great Barrier Reefvary latitudinally: the wrench movement). The transverse zones reef is thick and has grown in more than appear to divide the trough into compartments, one phase in the north, in contrast to its and are similar to the transfer faults recognised growth to the south. ' in extensional termces. This nearly orthogonal • Distinct seismic packages can be iden- army of rotational normal faults and transfer tified and tied to major sea-level

137 oscillations, and bedding and minera- The town of Rabaul at the northern edge of logic changes in the cores may also relate Rabaul Harbour, Papua New Guinea, is to sea-level changes; the oldest sediment situated precariously within an active volcanic so far dated in the cores is Pliocene. caldera, and the harbour is the site of catas-. • The slope of the Great Barrier Reef is trophic volcanic eruptions that are recorded in largely composed of fluvio-deltaic the geology of the surrounding area. Rabaul derived sediments, and was constructed was placed under a Stage-2 volcanic alert be- by three main sedimentary mechanisms: tween October 1983and November 1984when low sea-level fluvio-deltaic progradation, earthquake activity reached anomalously high low sea-level lower-slope fan deposition, levels and pronounced uplift of parts of the har- and high sea-level gravity slumping; bour floor was measured by the Rabaul slumping is the main slope-building pro- Volcanological Observatory using on-land cess in the central part of the Great instruments that record tilting of the ground Barrier Reef (south of Townsville), surface. whereas progradation and fan deposition Analysis of the tilt data revealed to RVO staff are the main slope-building processes that there were two places where the harbour farther north. floor was being actively pushed up by shallow • The eastern margin of the Queensland (1-2 km deep) bodies of molten rock (magma). Trough is dominated by carbonate from One of these uplifted areas or bulges was two sources: reefs on the Queensland especially well-defined southeast of Matupit Plateau, and plankton during high and Island, and was closer to Rabaul than the other low sea-level periods; the derivation of one, perhaps signifying a greater threat. No clay and quartz is problematic but sug- changes to the hot springs, fumaroles, and gests turbidite deposition from a solfataras that are well-known and well- western source. established on-land features of the Rabaul • The western Side of the Queensland area, had been observed during the 1983-4 Plateau has a much thicker reef sequence volcanic crisis, so the questions arose: Have the than the Great Barrier Reef at similar magma bodies postulated to have risen close to latitudes; possible buried reefs beneath the surface beneath Rabaul Harbour produced the plateau may have begun to grow in the any visible effects on the harbour floor? Can early Tertiary and stepped eastwards as a such effects, if found, be used as evidence to result of subsidence. further define the nature of these presumed • Seamount-like features as deep as 1,200m magma bodies? in the Queensland Trough have a These questions were addressed directly shallow-water reefal origin. Dating of the when an underwater ROV equipped with video rocks will allow us to estimate the sub- and color-still cameras was deployed from 1- sidence rates of the trough and western 4 December 1985over the 'bulge' southeast of Queensland Plateau (onboard estimates Matupit Island. The ROV and its support indicate Plio-Pleistocene subsidence of ketch, the Tau, were contracted from Salvage 100-500 m per million years, which is Pacific Limited, Suva (Fiji), using Australian extremely rapid 'for a passive margin of funds from the Tripartite Marine Geoscience this age and may reflect the regional tec- Programme. The Tau was already in the tonics farther north). Rabaul area, so no positioning costs were incurred by the survey, CR.Zo-U(I): Underwater video survey of the volcanic bulge on the floor of Rabaul The ROV is operated from a hand-held con- Harbour, Papua New Guinea, December trol module on board the surface vessel, and is 1985.RW. Johnson, BMR, Canberra. 6 p, connected to it by a downlink cable (about 330 3 figs. m) and a neutral-buoyancy cable (about 80 m).

138 A video camera on the RVO acts like an 'eye' for bour floor has been affected significantly by the the surface operator. Black-and-white images uplift beneath it. are sent from the camera to a television screen The slope is silt-covered, and many parts ofit on board the Tau, and the operator uses the are littered with lumps of soft, hydrated screen when manipulating the controls of both pumice. No faults, folding, or major slump the ROV and the cameras. The speed and direc- structures suggestive of recent tectonic activity tion of the ROVare controlled by means offour were seen. Minor slump-like features ofuncer- horizontal and one vertical thrusters, and the tain age were observed in places, but these vertical angle of view of the camera (suspended could have been normal sedimentary slips on a horizontal axis) can be readily unrelated to the recent increase in seismic manipulated. activity and to the periods ofincreased ground A second module on the Tau controls the deformation. Sediments were in places remote operation of claw and arm that can be strongly bioturbated, probably by crabs. Very used for simple, sea floor, manipulation and little marine life in general was seen in the area, collecting tasks. The arm was used throughout except in and around ship wrecks and other the Rabaul survey for a temperature and piles of man-made debris. No gas bubbles of salinity probe, which was linked to a Harmon possible volcanic were seen streaming off the Autolab recorder on the surface vessel by an in- sea floor, and there were no signs of hot springs. dependent cable attached to the main down- Measured bottom temperatures were constant link cable of the ROV. The temperature- at 265 to 29.0 degrees Centigrade (the lower salinity recorder was calibrated at BMR in temperature were at greater depths). Canberra before the beginning of the survey. These observations raise questions about the Eleven dive sites were occupied during the hydrological and thermal regime operating Rabaul survey. All were over or near the posi- beneath the floor of Rabaul Harbour. A tion of the uplift centre southeast of Matupit harbour-floor heatflow survey should be Island, as defined by Rabaul Volcanological undertaken to better understand how heat is Observatory stafffrom their tilt data. Two mini- distributed beneath the harbour in relation to ranger beacons were set up on shore on the first the two centres of uplift and to the much larger morning of the survey at the well-established magma body that is thought to exist under land survey points of Liliai and Davaon. The the entire harbour at depths of 4 km. This infor- Tau was kept in position at dive sites by a zodiac mation is important in evaluating volcanic dinghy pushing against the side of the hull. hazards at Rabaul, especially with regard to A side-scan sonar survey of the area was identifying the possible site or sites of the next undertaken early in the survey in order to select volcanic eruption, and to the undoubted role of the most prospective dive sites, but the records groundwater and seawater in modifying the were devoid of significant features, probably character of any magmatic eruptions. because of the low reflectivity of the silty bot- tom. Sites were therefore selected so as to cover CR.20-12(1): SONNE Cruise S0-48: Geologi- the entire area at regular intervals. The deepest cal development and hydrothermalism of dive was about 150 m, which is well within the an active back-arc basin (Lau Basin, limits of the manufacturer's recommended Southwest Pacific Ocean). A research maximum operating depth (600 m). proposal of the Bundesanstalt fur Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe Details of the observations at each dive site (BGR), Hannover, Federal Republic of are to be reported elsewhere, but the overall Germany. 5 p, 3 figs. conclusions ofthe survey are quite simple: the seafloor slope southeast of Matupit Island Summary Only appears to be a remarkably stable feature. No During SONNE Cruise SO-35 (December 6, evidence was found that this part of the har- 1984,to February 6, 1985)BGRinvestigated two

139 areas in the Lau Basin and two in the North Fiji Central Pacific Basin during 1974-1978. Basin. In the Lau Basin fresh volcanic rocks Results were published as five cruise reports occur at a narrow ridge which represents a and a distribution map. The Phase II (1979- back-arc spreading centre. Hydrothermal sul- 1983)succeeded along the 4,000km-long Wake- fides impregnate these fresh volcanic rocks in Tahiti Transect in the Central Pacific Basin. the southern Lau Basin. Further studies are These investigations have revealed moderately needed to develop a model of the structural, abundant nodule areas, patterns of regional magmatic and hydrothermal evolution of this and local variability of nodule facies, and their area. relation to sedimentary history. Comprehen- Therefore, it is proposed that detailed geos- sive study and analysis based on the shipboard cientific investigations be carried out on two study and shore-based experimental work are legs of the research vessel Sonne S0-48 cruise going on. from February 10,1987to March 31, 1987in the Indian-Pacific Plate Boundary Arc Study Lau Basin. The project was completed jointly with STA Leg One will cover the former northern area (Science and Technology Agency), JAMSTEC of cruise SO-35 with extension to the south, Leg (Japan Marine Science and Technology Cen- Two, the former southern area of SO-35 with tre, NRCDP (National Research Centretr for extension to the south. Disaster Prevention), and relevant CCOP and CCOP/SOPAC countries. The MCS profiling. CR.20-13(I): Summary cruise report HMNZS ocean bottom seismometry, etc., were per- Tui, Manihiki Plateau and adjacent formed using the research vessel Natsushima southwest Pacific areas, March-May (JAMSTEC) in the New Britain area, the Tonga 1986.M. Meylan, Techsec. (see Document area, and the Sunda Trench area. CR20-7(I». A new project concerning the island-arc rift 2.9 Other Work Completed (see TAG Report, systems in the Western and Southern Pacific is paras 21.1-21.4) under consideration between STA, GSJ, JAMSTEC, CCOP/SOPAC. CR.21-1(I): Marine geology activities in the Geological Survey of Japan. Japanese International Co-operation delegation. .3 p, 5 figs. Exchanges of information and scientists, (The following is excerpted from this report) periodical meeting, collaboration, and train- ing are conducted in many ways. Bilateral Marine geology programmes in the Geologi- governmental co-operations with USA, cal Survey of Japan are mainly concerned with Federal Republic of 'Germany, France, are the continental margin mapping, the deep-sea active in the fields of marine geology and mineral resources, lacustrine and coastal marine mineral resources. Multilateral sediments, marine sands and gravels, and governmental co-operations are represented to international co-operation. Survey cruises CCOP and CCOP/SOPAC countries through have been carried out in the Japanese offshore some sorts of technical supporting. Shipboard areas and the Pacific Ocean mainly aboard technical training is conducted for trainees of research vessel Hakurei Maru. the Offshore Group Training Course suppor- ted by nCA(Japan International Co-operation Manganese Nodule Investigation Agency). Technical co-opateration with the A reconnaissance surveys were carried out Philippines in marine geological activity has during 1971-1973in the Western Pacific. A five- started from 1984. We keep contact with UK, year Manganese Nodule Investigation Pro- People's Republic of China, Republic of Korea, gramme Phase I, was accomplished in the and other' nations and international manganese nodule province of the northern organisations.

140 CR.21-2(I): The development of wave energy A paper by N.F. Exon, W.O. Stewart, MJ. power stations in Norway. Norwegian Sandy and D.L. Tiffin entitled "Geology and delegation, the Kvaerner Group of Nor- Offshore Petroleum Prospects of the Eastern way. 9 p, 5 figs (see TAG Report, New Ireland Basin, northeastern Papua New para.l8.2.n. Guinea" was published in 1986 in the BMR Journal (Vol. I, No. I). This reviewed all data CR.21-3(I): Review of Australian activities in with the exception of the vessel S.P. Lee 1984 1986.N.F. Exon, BMR 2 p. MCS profiles. BMR's marine operations included six As follow-up to the 1982 Tripartite Kana cruises: two multi-purpose cruises off Keoki cruise in the Woodlark-Solomons region, northeastern Australia, one heatflow cruise off BMR, AND and HIG funded a three-day northern Australia, one deep crustal structure SeaMARC II swath-mapping programme of cruise over the Exmouth Plateau in conjunc- the eastern Woodlark Basin triple junction, as tion with Lamont's research vessel Conrad, one Moana Wave cruise 85-17. The result was a multi-purpose cruise over the northern and superbly detailed map of the region western Exmouth Plateau, and .one multi- soua thwest of New Georgia, showing the purpose cruise over the northern Perth interaction of the Australian, Solomon Sea and Basin. The two northeast Australian cruises are Pacific Plates, revealing the presence of a large described elsewhere in the documentation; volcano southwest of Rendova, and proving they collected 4,000km ofMCS reflection data, that Cook volcano west of Rendova does not twenty-two dredge hauls and ninety-two cores, exist (see also paper on Solomons forearc some of the work being in the Gulf of Papua. volcanoes by N.F. Exon and R W. Johnson in the 1986 BMRJournal, Vol. 10,No. I). Australians were extensively involved in the In September 1985,six Australians attended evaluation of the 1982 and 1984 Tripartite the Suva STAR Workshop on submersible use. Marine Geoscience cruises, and a workshop That workshop strongly supported a study of entitled "Petroleum Geology of South Pacific Rabaul Harbour by ROV to see whether there Island Countries" was held in Canberra in was any evidence at the seabed of doming October 1985, to publicise the results before above postulated magma domes which are representatives of petroleum exploration com- believed to be causing the earthquake activity panies. Australians were also involved in at Rabaul. In late 1985, Australian Tripartite further advertisement of Tripartite results at the funds were used to support such a survey, by Circum-Pacific Energy and Mineral Resources Wally Johnson (BMR) and Ian Lockley of Conference in August 1986. Three Tripartite Salvage Pacific Limited, using Salvage Pacific's cruises have been carried out this year: one by ROV. The survey revealed no evidence of lava Hl'G's Moana Wave in the Manus Basin of flows, faults, hydrothermal vents or doming at Papua New Guinea, which defined the basin's the seabed, suggesting that the magma cham- spreading fabric and proved that there are hyd- bers are deeper than predicted. This has rothermal chimneys in the basin (EOS, 67(21): implications for the nature of any future 489-490); a second by Moana Wave in Kiribati volcanic eruptions. A heat-flow survey of and Tuvalu which showed that there are thick Rabaul caldera to provide additional data is manganese crusts, which one hopes are cobalt- being considered. rich, on the flanks of equatorial seamounts; the third cruise by HMNZS Thiin the Cook Islands, A geoscience cruise of CSIRO's research Samoa and Tonga, sampled manganese vessel Franklin (FR2/86) in the Western nodules and crusts, but found no particularly Woodlark Basin in April 1986 (co-ehief scien- thick crusts. An Australian view on the overall tists Ray Binns, CSIRO, and Steve Scott, success of the Tripartite cruises is provided University of Toronto) was designed to study elsewhere in the documentation. the regional tectonics and seek evidence ofhyd-

141 rothermal activity.The area is perhaps the best The fundamental understanding of the place in the world to study the effects of ocean lithosphere structure and history as well as ridge progradation into a continental margin, understanding of the geodynamic processes and hydrothermal sulphides there would be in are essential elements in deriving the overall an environment akin to those in which many understanding necessary for an assessment of economic sulfide deposits are found. The tran- mineral and hydrocarbon resources. The sition, from a region of normal seafloor spread- CCOP/SOPAC region affords excellent exam- ing with young basaltic volcanism to a region pIes of many tectonic, geomorphological and within the continental margin of apparently sedimentary features obviously associated with short-lived and active rifts of limited strike the different types of lithosphere. length and floored by andesite, has been iden- . tifi d B th reai t b h d th The powerful means to clanfy deep structure ien. 0 regions appear 0 e y ro er- f . I' h h . h I f ti d 1 t tu 0 oceanic It osp ere ISt e ong-range re rae- mally ac ve, an a ow empera re· . id d it ith 1- tion survey (LRRS). Sincethe first successful fierromanganese OXle epos1 Wl anoma ous· . concentrati f zi d . h b LRRS usmg Ocean Bottom Seismographs ons 0 zmc an arsemc as een . . dredged. (OBS) was. made .by Japanese seismologists Australia is considering joining the Ocean (1976~, an mcreasing number of I~->ng-r~nge Drilling Program (ODP) in partnership with exp.enments ~ave be~n unde.rtaken in van?us Canada. A high-level committee is considering regions by .selsmologistso~different countnes. this matter now, and a decision will be made The expenments have shown that although before the end of September. In the last year, there are lots of ?t~er methods to study the mature ODP proposals have been prepared, structure of ?ceamc h~hosphere,the I?ng-range with major BMR input, for the Kerguelen OaS~efraCh?nstudYlsthemostpreclsemeans, Plateau and Exmouth Plateau in the Indian especially with a good resolution of layered Ocean, and the northeast Australian margin structure. and the area north of Manus Island in the In accordance with recommendations of Pacific Ocean, and a number of other pro- SOPAC/STAR dealing with the study of Tee- posals have been put forward by a variety of tonic and Resources potential oflslandsArcs, a groups for drilling in the southwest Pacific. coherent plan of geological and geophysical Areas ofinterestto CCOP/SOPAC that are pre- studies to determine the type, distribution and sently on the Planning Committee's list include geometry of the major crustal units forming the the Lau Basin, the d'Entrecasteaux Ridge in CCOP/SOPAC region, and the processes that Vanuatu, and the Queensland Plateau/Marion emplaced, deformed and altered them, should Plateau region off northeastern Australia. A be initiated. The LRRS of the CCOP/SOPAC document by Keith Crook (AND) on the sub- region could provide new and exclusively ject of ODP was made available at the STAR important information about the deep struc- meeting here. ture of the region. Australia continues to provide direct finan- -. . cial support to CCOP/SOPAC amounting to The necessity to orgamse ~ome selsl!11c A$290,OOOin 1986, as well as support for the research of the l~ng-ran~e exper:tments,which Tripartite Marine Geoscience Programme. An should cover van?us typ~calregions ?f the sea Australian marine geologist has worked for bottom has b~en increasingly reco~msed. The CCOP/SOPAC Techsec for most of the year. LRRS a! sea 1S<;meof the key projects of the Australia was invited to join CCOP/SOPAC at Inte':'llational L1thosphere P!Ogramme.. The the June Special Session in Suva this year, and stud.1escan a~soI?roVl~every 1mp~rtant infor- hopes to join at this meeting. mation on se~sm1camsotropy. It 1Sone of.the keys to learning deep processes and physical CR.21-4(I): On the long-range refraction sur- conditions of oceanic lithosphere which are veyin the CCOP/SOPAC region. Dr M.E. still very poorly known. The study should also Artemjev, Dr Y. Leonov, USSR delega- givean important clue to petrological studies of tion. 3 p. .. oceanic lithosphere. 142 LRRS needs numbers of OBS's and always be an ongoing requirement and as the explosions which are.not easily covered by any geology of the deep water areas off the shelf are single institution, so that international co- explored in the future so an ongoing equipment operation is seen to be indispensable. development programme will be required to The following activities for LRRS organisa- meet these demands. tion are suggested: CR. 22- 2(1): Precise location and size evalua- 1. Technical advisers are recommended to tion of uncharted seamounts using contact corresponding institutions of their satellite altimeter data. N Bandy, countries and check up possibilities of their ORSTOM, Noumea. 4p, 2 figs. (see TAG participation in the study proposed; Report, para. 22.2). 2. The Chairman of the STAR is recommen- ded to apply to President ofILP Prof. K Fuchs Abstract Only and Head of LRRS Project, Prof. H. A new method of satellite altimeter data Shimarriura for support of this study in the analysis has been recently proposed by framework of the ILP; ORSTOM in order to locate with high accuracy 3. It is recommended to appoint one of the and to determine the size and shape of new SOPAC/STAR members responsible for the uncharted seamounts. contacts with the technical advisers, Head of This method has been tested during the the LRRS Project and the institutions in order SEAPSO ship cruise and the bathymetric pre- to prepare concrete proposals concerning the dictions have been completely proved. LRRS study. These proposals can be. con- sidered at the next CCOP/SOPAC Session in We propose to apply this seamount detection 1987.The realisation ofthe LRRS programme and location method in the South West Pacific may be started in 1988-1989. areas in order to prepare future bathymetric surveys. 3. Technology (see TAG Report, paras 22.1- 22.7) CR. 22-3(1): Pacific Islands coastal resources mapping through high resolution CR. 22-1(1): Remote controlled seabed satellite data. L. Loubersac, IFREMER, investigation techniques within the France. 5 p, 2 attachments (SPOT) (see British Geological Survey. J A Chester. TAG Report, para. 22). Geodrilling, December 1985 : 7-10 (Techsec). Abstract Only (The following is extracted from this article) IFREMER's activities on remote sensing The British Geological Survey (BGS) first application are exposed; they include started its reconnaissance geological survey of feasibility studies of SPOT uses over reefs and the UK Continental Shelf in 1966with a remit mangroves, digital image systems and software to produce a series of maps and reports cover- development, image data bank constitution, ing the entire UK shelf area; this area being training of specialists and the description of the defined to 200 m water depth. present pilot projects in progress in the Pacific Region. With this remit to map and explore the UK Continental Shelf, it has been necessary for Needs for coastal resource mapping in the BGS to design and modify equipment to meet Pacific countries are exposed. The use of newly this requirement and in doing so has produced available SPOT imagery through the setting up a suite of remote-controlled seabed investiga- of derived products becomes an opportunity tion machinery. The need to develop and for solving specific coastal management improve geological techniques offshore will requirements of Pacific Islands.

143 A strategy of action including the constitu- • oceanic accretion and hydrothermal tion of a regional image data base, the iden- processes, South of the North Fiji tification of pilot projects corresponding to real Basin needs and the development of regional pro- • hydrothermalism, metallogenesis, cessing and training center is proposed. LauBasin • Louisville ridge-Tonga arc col- 4. Data Management (see TAG Report, paras lision 23.1-23.10) - Rift system geology and biology in the South of North Fiji Basin CR. 23-1(1): CCOP/SOPAC Data Manage- ment Section Techsec. lp. This last project is presently under consi- 5. Training (see TAG Report, paras 25.1- deration by France and Japan to develop a joint 30.14) program of research using different submer- sibles. CR. 25-1(1): Earth Sciences and Marine The Singapore's discussions have been very Geology Training Programme, January- fiuitful and it appears that international March 1986: Course Directors Report. R collaboration could be developed in co-ordination Howorth, Techsec. 5p, 4 appendices (see with ·CCOP/SOPAC. Some multidisciplinary TAG Report, paras 25.1-252). studies are also under consideration CR. 26-1(1): Instructors Report-the Fourth. Coastal Mapping Workshop, Rarotonga, CR 29-2(1): Workshop on the uses of submer- July 15-27, 1986.B Richmond, Techsec.3p. sibles and operated vehicles in the South (see TAG Report, paras 26.1-262). . Pacific. B Biju-Duval, IFREMER, France.3p. CR. 29-1(1): New steps for a submersible pro- gramme in the Southwest Pacific area. B (The following is excerpted from this report) Biju-Duval, IFREMER, France. 2p, 1 The main objectives of the Workshop were to: attachment (a) help to determine the feasibility of using Followingthe Submersible and ROV workshop manned submersibles and remotely held in Suva (VitiLevu, Fiji) last September 1985, operated vehicles (ROVs)in South Pacific several projects of diving including various objec- geological and geophysical exploration; tives have been explored by different groups of (b) develop guidelines for their use in mineral institutions involved with geodynamics in the resource assessment, resource manage- southwest Pacific.The Circum PacificConference ment and engineering studies; held in Singapore (August 17-22), 1986)was the occasion for an informal group to meet tor discus- (c) identifyappropriate technologies and target sion about these projects. areas for their use in the South Pacific region; Several ideas, targets or more elaborated pro- posals have been rapidly presented : (d) encourage the establishment of inter- national co-operative programmes for - Tectonics of the South Pandora Ridge, their use in the region North Fiji Basin The Workshop recognised the importance of - Oceanic accretion and sulphides genesis acquisition of detailed information, such as in the Lau Basin photographic/televideo images of the sea bottom, - Submarine volcanoes off Epi, Vanuatu as well as acoustical, geophysical and geological - Subpso project including: data, to facilitate targetted research with the use of • ridge-arc collision,Vanuatu submersibles and ROVs adequately and safely. • back arc basin, Vanuatu The Workshop felt it necessaryto establish closelin-

144 kages with related international research pro- This course is intended to complement other, grams such as Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) more general training programmes in marine and relevant IGCP and IOC programmes. The resources management It is designed primarily for Workshop noted that marine geological/ senior geologists working in government agencies geophysical studies with submersibles and ROVs orwith academic institutions in developing coastal are often carried out as interdisciplinary studies states who are directly involved in the formulation together with marine biological studies. and implementation of mining policy. The Workshop endorsed the Recommendations submitted by the four Sessional Working Groups CR. 30-2(1): Training Course in Marine Geol- and given into the IOC report no. 39. ogy for International participants, June 1- June 19, 1987; Moss Landing, Marine The Workshop noted that the CCOP/SOPAC Laboratories, Moss Landing, California. Technical Secretariat has a co-ordination role in Announcement US Delegation. 2p. the South Pacific. Itfelt that the use of submersibles and ROVs should be included as a part of research Introduction programmes to be implemented in the region, and beco-ordinated byCCOP/SOPACTechnical Sec- With the increase of scientific knowledge, the retariat, if necessary, to avoid duplication of world's oceans are becoming functionally smaller effort. everyday. Notonly are the major maritime nations collecting and assimilating more oceanic data, but The Workshop noted that adequate training is many developing nations are initiating marine necessary for scientists and technicians from the investigations. The development of the Exclusive region to acquaint them with techniques and-the Economic Zone (EEZ) around the world has usefulness of submersibles and ROVs for marine made it mandatory for all maritime nations to un- scientific research. It recommended that such train- derstand their marine geology and potential off- ing opportunities be a component of all shore resources. To assist nations in learning more proposed programmes. about modem methods of study and present day The final recommendations of the Workshop thinking on geological processes, a marine geology are compiled in the IOC Workshop Report no. 39 course designed by the US Geological Survey (pp 54 to 56). (USGS) is being presented especially for inter- national participants.

CR. 30-1(1): Offshore non-fuel mineral resour- Audience ces: assessment and planning, Halifax, The programme is designed to benefit those Nova Scotia, Canada, March 1-15, 1987. who are directly involved in the earth sciences, as Course Announcement M Fisk. Law of the well as those involved in decision-making and Sea, UiN, 4p. (see TAG Report, para 30.5). policy formation pertinent to marine geology, such (The following is extracted from this report). as planners, economists and politicians.

Many developing coastal states have identified Program and Objectives the need to provide their geologists with the practi- cal skills required to assess their country's offshore The USGS is uniquely suited for instructing non-fuel mineral resource base and utilize this courses in applied marine geology as it has a wide information to plan cost-effective marine research and varied experience with marine resource programmes and mining policy. In response to appraisal and research in the assessment of the this need the International Centre for Ocean United States EEZ. Experience in basic research Development (lCOD) is sponsoring a two week and evaluation of energy and mineral resources on course on "Offshore Non-Fuel Mineral a national level has made the USGS one of the Resource Assessment and Planning", March l- world's leaders in offshore exploration. In addi- IS, 1987in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. tion, the USGS is unique in that it has a broad

145 range of international experience and a history of teams of scientists co-operating in the collection assisting other countries in planning and execut- and. interpretation of data, report writing, inter- ing marine geology programs. Most recently, for national scientific exchange, and mutual pursuit example, the USGS co-operated with the of research interests. governments of New Zealand and Australia and For further information contact: the UN-sponsored Committee for Co-ordination of Joint Prospecting for Mineral Resources in Office of International Geology South Pacific Offshore Areas (CCOP/SOPAC). Training Section The eo-operating entities undertook a marine US Geological Survey geological and geophysical (MG&G) investiga- 917 National Center tion of the Southwest Pacific to help the small Reston, VA 22092 island nations in the region evaluate their marine United States of America resource potential. Results of this investigation and other studies will be incorporated into the training course. D. REVISION OF CCOP/SOPAC WORK PROGRAMME AND PlANNING FOR In addition to resource appraisal topics, FUTIJRE PROJEcrs environmental matters, geological hazards, and planning considerations will be reviewed.Special 1. Notices of Future Work and Offers of Sup- emphasis willbe on geoscientificapplications and port (see TAG Report paras. 34.1-34.15). their effect on planning and management CR 34-1(1): Information on marine research decisions.The program is designed to increase the work be carried out within the economic awareness of geologicalprocesses that can impact zones of New Zealand and Tonga. USSR man and his environment and what can be done delegation4p. (see TAG Report, para. 34.5) to minimize or negate adverse impact Emphasis will be placed on the study and evaluation of CR 34-2(1): Proposal of research project on the natural and artificial coastal processes. The rift system in the Western Pacific, Japan- understanding of these processes and integration France joint programme. Japanese delega- with geoscientific principles can be applied to tion, 2p. (see TAG Report, para. 34.9) coastal and estuarine problems and assist in coas- 2 Formulation of 1987Member Country Work tal zone planning and development Plan (see TAG Report, paras. 35.1-35.13) The three-week course consists of a combina- CR. 35.1(1): Work programme requested for tion of classroom lectures, workshop exercises, implementation- Vanuatu. Vanuatu dele- homework, and shipboard experience. Scientists gation (see TAG Report, para. 35.12). from the Office of Energy and Marine Geology, CR. 35-2(1): Guam Work Programme require- USGS and an instructor from Moss Landing ments and prioritisation of work elements. Marine Laboratory, California State University, Guam representative. (see TAG Report, will teach the course. para. 35.5). It is hoped that as a result of the course design CR. 35-3(1): Tonga Work Programme requested ~nd encouragement of future co-operative scien-, from CCOP/SOPAC 1986/1987. Tonga tific programmes between the USGS and the par- ticipants will occur. Following training, delegation (see TAG Report, para. 35.10). participants will be better qualified to assist their CR. 35-4(1): Solomon Islands Work Pro- countries in establishing or improving a marine gramme requested for implementation geology programme. A follow-up could be assis- Solomon Islands Delegation (see TAG tance programmes comprised of international Report, para. 35.9).

146 Part 3: Annex I trsr OF PUBLICATIONS BY OTHER ORGANISATIONS

147 Part 3: ANNEX I

UST OF PUBUCATIONS BY OTHER ORGANISATIONS

1. ANZAAS (1986): First Circular 56th 11. ESCAP, 1985:Atlas of mineral resources ANZAAS "Science in a changing of the ESCAP region. Volume 2: society", Palmerston North, New Solomon Islands. Explanatory Zealand, 26-30 January 1987. (On brochure. 35 p. display) 12. ESCAP, 1985: ESCAP Atlas of 2. AUSTRALIA BMR Journal of Australian Stratigraphy V. Stratigraphic correla- Geology and Geophysics, 10(1), 1986: tion between sedimentary basins of the 87 p. (On display) ESCAP region, Volume XI: Republic 3. BROCHER, T.M. (E<1.) 1985: Inves- of Korea. UN, New York. 34 p. (On tigations of the Northern Borderland. display) CPCEMR Earth Science Series. Volume 13. ESCAP,. 1985: Geology for urban 3: 199 p, (On display) planning-selected papers on the Asia 4. CHASE, T.E.; SEEKINS, BA; VATH, and Pacific region. UN, New York. 41 s.c. CLOUD, MA 1982:Earthquake p. (On display) epicenters and topography of the 14. EXON, N.F.; STEWART, W.O.; SANDY, Tonga region. MJ.; TIFFIN, D.L. 1986:Geology and 5. CIRCUM-PACIFIC Council for Energy offshore petroleum prospects of the and Mineral Resources. Pamphlet 4 p. eastern Ireland Basin, northeastern (On display) Papua New Guinea. BMR Jl. Geol. Geophys. 10: 39-51. (On display) 6. CNEXO, 1986: Bathymetric cartography using the multi-beam echo sounder 15. IFREMER, 1986: [The Agency]: 5 p. SEABEAM. 5 p. (On display) . (On display) 7. CRONAN, D.S. (Ed.) 1986:Sedimentation 16. IFREMER, 1986: NAUTILE-Submer- and mineral deposits in the Southwes- sible, 6,000 m. 5 p. (On display) tern Pacific Ocean. 356 p. Academic Press, London. 17. IFREMER, 1986: Ocean Drilling Pro- gramme, 12 p. (On display) 8. CRONAN, D.S. and co-workers (n.d.): Ferromanganese oxide deposits from 18. IFREMER, 1986: SAR-100-600 meter the Central Pacific Ocean, I & II. advanced acoustic imaging towed sys- Geochemica et Cosmochimica Acta. 49: tem. 5 p. (On display) 427-451. 19. IFREMER, 1986: Special submersibles. 9. CULLEN, OJ.; BURNETT, W.c. (1986): IFREMER Letter No.1: 15 p. (On Phosphorite associations on sea- display) mounts in the tropical Southwest Pacific Ocean. Marine Geology. 71: 20. IOC,1985: 25years of co-operative inter- 215-236. (On display) national marine science. IMS Newslet- ter No. 41-42.8 p. (On display) 10. ESCAP, 1985:Atlas of mineral resources of the ESCAP region. Volume 1: 21. IOC, 198-: GEBCO-the general bathy- Malaysia. Explanatory brochure. l6p. metric chart of the oceans. (Leaflet) (On display) (On display)

149 22. JAPAN. Geological Survey. (1979): of marine sediments from the Lau Geological Survey vessel RIV Hakurei Basin, Havre Trough, and Tonga- Maru No.2. 7 p.(On display) Kermadec Ridge. NZOIOceanographic Field Report 27: 34 p. (On display) 23. JAPAN. Geological Survey. (1986): Activities of the Geological Survey of 32. OCEAN Engineering and the Environ- Japan-March 1985. 7 p. (On ment, Conference Record (November display) 12-14, 1985, San Diego, California). (On display) 24. KRUGER-KNUEPFER,J.L.etaI.1986: Evaluation of seismic risk in the 33. ' SCHOLL, D.W.; VALLIER, T.L. (Comps Tonga-Fiji-Vanuatu region of the and Eds) 1985: Geology and offshore Southwest Pacific-a country report: resources of Pacific island arcs- Republic of Vanuatu. Tonga region. CPCEMR Earth Science Series, Volume 2: 488 p. (On display) 25. LAW OF THE SEA, Bulletin No.7, April 1986. 142 p. (On display) 34. SHORTEN, G.G. 1986:Morphostructure 26. LAW OF THE SEA, 1986: National of Suva Harbour, Fiji: implications for legislation on the Exclusive Economic earthquake-related ground failure. Zone, the Economic Zone and the Fiji. Mineral Resources Department, Exclusive Fishery Zone. 337 p. (On Report BP 32/26. display) 35. SPREP. Report of the Third Consultative 27. LEWIS, KB. (Comp.) 1985:New seismic Meeting of Research and Training profiles, cores, and dated rocks from Institutions in the South Pacific the Hikurangi Margin, New Zealand. Region. (Guam, 16-20 June, 1986). NZOI Oceanographic Field Report 22: South Pacific Commission, 1986. .S3 p. (On display) 36. STOFFERS, P.; SCHMITZ, W. 1985: 28. MANSER, W. 1985: Annotated bibliog- Mineralogy and geochemistry of raphy and index of the geology and sediments in the Southwestern Pacific geophysics of the Solomon Islands, to Basin: Tahiti-East Pacific Rise-New· 1982. Solomon Islands, Ministry of Zealand. NZ. JI. geol. geophys. Vol.28: Natural Resources, .Geology Division, 513-590. (On display) Bulletin 15: xvi, 355 p. (On display) 37. SUMITOMO Metal Mining Co. Ltd, 29. METAL Mining Agency of Japan, 1986: 1986:MFES SM-lOOB. The best sys- Hakurei Maru No.2. Deep-sea tem to give you the quantity of mineral resources research vessel. 4 p. manganese nodules on the seafloor. 5 (On display) p. (On display) 30. MIZUNO, A; NAKAO, S. (Eds) 1982: 38. USUI, A (1983/1984): Regional variation Regional data of marine geology, of manganese nodule facies on the geophysics, and manganese nodules: Wake-Tahiti Transect: morphologi- the Wake- Tahiti Transect in the Cen- cal, chemical and mineralogical study. tral Pacific. January-March 1980 Marine Geology, 54: 27-51. (On (GH80-l Cruise). GeologicalSurvey of display) Japan, Cruise Report 18: 397 p. (On display) 39. VEDDER, J.G.; POUND, KS.; BOUNDY, S.Q. 1986:Geology and off- 31. MOORBY, SA.; KNEDLER, KE.; shore resources of Pacific island arcs- GLASBY, G.P.; HODKINSON, R; Central and Western Solomon Islands. CRONAN, D.S. (1986): Lithology, CPCEMR Earth Science Series, Volume colour, mineralogy and geochemistry 4: xiii, 306 p. (On display) 150 Part 3: ANNEX II

UST OF MAPS ON DISPLAY

1. AUSTRALIA BMR, 1986: Bathymetry of 5. ESCAP, 1985:Oil and natural gas map of the western Solomon Sea, Papua New Asia, 3rd ed. (revised) 1:5,000,000. Guinea, 1:1,000,000. 4 sheets. 2. CIRCUM-PACIFIC Council for Energy and Mineral Resources, 1986: Plate 6. IFREMER/Minera1 Resources .Depart- tectonic map of the Circum-Pacific ment, 1985: Bathymetric map of a region, Southwest quadrant, possible OTEC site south of Viti Levu, 1:10,000,000. Fiji, 1:25,000at 18°00'S. 3. BADE, J.V.;HOSKINS, A 1986:Suwarrow bathymetry. NZ01, Chart, Island 7. PAPUA NEW GUINEA Department of Series 1:200,000. Mineral and Energy, 1985: New 4. ESCAP, 1979:Mineral distribution map of Ireland Play map-Papua New Asia, 2d ed. (revised) 1:5,000,000. 4 Guinea Petroleum Potential Study, sheets. 1:500,000.

151 Appendix I LIST OF PARTICIPANTS

153 APPENDIX I UST OF PARTICIPANTS ***** Member Country Representatives ***** . AUSTRALIA Mr Rajendra Singh (Delegate) Mr Kenneth Brazel (Head) Senior Seismologist Head, South Pacific Regional Section Mineral Resources Department Department of Foreign Affairs Private Mail Bag, Suva Private Mail Bag Telephone: 381611 Cable: GEOLOGY Canberra ACT Telex:2330FJ Dr Neville Exon (Delegate) Principal Research Scientist GUAM Bureau of Mineral Resources, Geology and Mr William Fitzgerald (Head) Geophysics Chief, Economic Development and Planning P.O. Box 378, Canberra ACT 2601 Division , Telephone: 062 499111 Cable:BUROMIN Department of Commerce Telex:AA 62109 590 South Marine Drive Mr Keith Joyce (Delegate) Tamuning . South Pacific Regional Desk Officer Australian Development Assistance Bureau KIRIBATI (ADAB) . Mr Ambureti Takaio (Head) Post Office Box 887,Canberra ACT Assistant Secretary Telephone: 495733 Ministry of Natural Resource Development COOK ISlANDS Post Office Box 64 Mr Colin Brown (Delegate) Bairiki, Tarawa Director, Marine Management Telephone: 21074 Cable: RESOURCES Department of Marine Resources TRW Telex:KI8 77039 Post Office Box 85 Rarotonga NEWZFAIAND Mr Stuart Kingan (Head) Mr Lance Beath (Head) Science Officer Representative Office of the Prime Minister Office of the New Zealand Representative Prime Minister's Department Post Office Box 21, Rarotonga Post Office Box 66 Telephone: 22201 Telex: KAKAHO 62009 Rarotonga Telephone: 23687 Cable: SECGOV Mr James Eade(Delegate) Telex: 62006RG Marine Geologist FIJI New Zealand Oceanographic Institute DSIR, Private Mail Bag . Mr Alfred Simpson (Head) Assistant Director, Mineral Resources Kilbirnie, Wellington Department . Telephone: 861189 Cable: OCEANGRAPH Ministry of Lands, Energy and Mineral Telex:NZ 3276 Resources Mr Michael J. McBryde (Delegate) Private Mail Bag Deputy New Zealand Representative Suva Office of the New Zealand Representative Telephone: 381979 Cable: GEOLOGY Post Office Box 21,Rarotonga Telex: 2330FJ Telephone: 22201

155 PAPUA NEW GUINEA Mr Sione Tongilava (Head) Mr Greg Anderson (Head) Head of Ministry Chief Government Geologist Ministry of Lands, Survey, and Natural Geological Survafey of Papua New Guinea Resources Post Office Box 778, Post Office Box 5, Nuku'alofa Port Moresby Telephone: 21210 Cable: MINlAND Telephone: 212422 Cable: GEOlANDS Telex:66265PRIMO TS Telex:NE 23305 1UVALU Mr StevieT.S.Nion (Delegate) Mr Saufatu Sopoanga (Head) Senior Geologist Secretary Geological Survey of Papua New Guinea Ministry of Commerce and Natural Post Office Box 778,Port Moresby Resources Telephone: 212422 Cable: GEOlANDS Post Office Box 38,Funafuti Telex:NE 23305 Telephone: 801 Cable: SECGOV Telex:48011UV VANDAlU SOWMON ISlANDS Mr Frazer Sine (Head) Mr Stephen Danitofea (Head) Officer for International Affairs Chief Geologist Ministry of Foreign Affairs and External Ministry of Lands, Energy and Natural Trade Resources Post Office Box 124 Post Office Box G24, Honiara PortVtla Telephone: 21521 Cable: RESOURCES Telephone: 2413 Telex: 1040 Telex: 66306 VANGOVNH Mr Geoffrey Siapu (Delegate) Mr Stanallison Temakon (Delegate) Permanent Secretary Geologist Ministry of Natural Resources Department of Geology, Mines and Rural Post Office G24 Water Supply Honiara GPO Telephone: 22944 Telex:HQ 63006 PortVtla Dr Rodney Walshaw (Delegate) Telephone: 2213/2423 Telex: 1040 Principal Geologist VANGOV Ministry of Lands, Energy and Natural WESTERN SAMOA Resources Mr Ausetalia Titimaea Post Office Box G24 Senior Hydrologist Honiara Apia Observatory Telephone: 21521 Cable: RESOURCES Private Mail Bag,Apia Telex: HQ 63006 Telex:235 MULINUU ••••• Technical Advisers ••••• roNGA Canada Mr Saimone Helu (Delegate) Mr Peter Sherrington Assistant Government Geologist Exploration Co-ordinator Ministry of Lands, Energy and Natural Petro-Canada International Assistance Resources Bureau (PCIAq Post Office Box 5, Nuku'alofa Post Office Box 2844 Telephone: 21511Ext 31 Cable: MINlAND Calgary,Alberta TIP 3E3. Telex: HO 662(1) Telephone: (403)296-5579 Telex:03-821524

156 Federal Republic of Germany Dr Akira Usui (Delegate) Dr Ulrich von Stackelberg Senior Researcher Geology Director Geological Survey of Japan Bundesanstalt fur Geowissenschaften und 1-1-3Higashi Rohstoffe Yatabe, Tsukuba Postfach 51 01 53 Ibaraki 305 3000Hannover 51 Telephone: 298-~3969/3592 Federal Republic of Germany Telex: 3652570AIST Telex:923730BGRHA Norway Mr Odd Egil Sandoey (Head) France General Manager Dr Bernard Biju-Duval (Delegate) Wave Power Division of Dvaemer Brug Marine Geosciences Programme Manager Post Office Box 3610Gb IFREMER N-0135Oslo 1 66Avenue dlena, Paris 75016 Telephone: 472666666 Telex:71650KBN Telephone: (1)47235528 Telex: 610775 People's Republic of China Mr Jiang Minxi (Head) Mr lionell.oubersac (Delegate) Deputy Division Chief, Bureau of Foreign Head, Remote Sensing Department Affairs IFREMER Ministry of Geology and Mineral Resources B.P.337 64 Funei Dajie, Xisi 29273Brest Beijing Telephone: 98224040 Telephone: 664342 Cable: 0966 Beijing Telex:22531MGMRC CN Dr Jacques Recy (Head) Head, Marine Geology Division Mr Jin Qinghuan (Delegate) ORSTOM, B.alP. A5 Chief Geologist Noumea, New Caledonia South China Sea' Geological Investigation Telephone: 261000 Cable: ORSTOM Headquarters NOUMEA Telex: 193NM Ministry of Geology Weishi Street No. 477 Box 950,Guangzhou Japan Telephone: 775831 Dr Eichi Honza (Delegate) Chie(Marine Geophysical Section UK Geological Survey of Japan Dr Donald IJ. Mallick (Head) Yatabe, Tsukuba Regional Geologist (Pacific) Ibaraki 305 British Geological Survey Telephone: 0298-~359 Telex: 3652570 Nicker Hill Keyworth,Nottingham NG 125GG AISTJ Telephone: 06077-6111 Telex: 378173 Mr Shoji K.usuda (Head) BGSKEYG Deputy Director, Ocean Development USA Office Mr William Erb (Delegate) Ministry, of International Trade and Director, Office of Marine Science & Tech- Industry nology Affairs 1-3-1Kasumigaseki Department of State Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo Office of Marine Science and Technology Telephone: 03-501-1951 Cable: ENEMITI Affairs Telex:J22l48 Washington DC 20520

157 Dr H. Gary Greene (Delegate) ••••• Observers ••••• Marin Geologist CSC U.S. Geological Survey/CPCEMR Dr Graham Baines _ 345 Middlefield Road M8-999· . Regional Co-ordinator Menlo Park, California 94025 Commonwealth Science Council Telephone: (415)856-7047 Telex: 17£994 Post Office Box 393 MARFAC Honiata Solomon Islands Dr Charles Helsley (Delegate) Telephone: 21521 Telex: 27678 COMSEC Director Hawai Institute of Geophysics ESCAP 2525 Correa Road Mr Larry Machesky (Head) Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 Economic Affairs Officer Telephone: 808 9488760 ESCAP The United Nations Building Dr Robert Rowland (Head) Rajadamnem Avenue Deputy Chref Bangkok 10200, Thailand Office of Energy and Marine Geology Telephone: 2829161 Cable: ESCAP U.S. Geological Survey BANGKOK Telex: 82392 TH Sunris Valley Drive Reston, Virginia 22092 Ms Thelma Kay - Telephone: 703 6486478 Telex: 248414 Programme Mng Officer ESCAP The United Nations Building Rajadamnem Avenue USSR Bangkok 10200, Thailand Dr Mikhail E. Artemjev (Delegate) Telephone: 2829161 Cable: ESCAP Head of Laboratory BANGKOK Telex: 82392 TH Working Group on Geology, Geophysics and FFA Geochemistry Southwest Pacific MrLesOark Academy of Sciences of USSR (Institute of Deputy Director Physics of the Earth Forum Fisheries Agenuscy B. Gruzinskaya 10, Moscow Post Office Box 627 Honiara, Solomon Islands Dr Yuriy Leonov Telephone: 21124 Telex: SOLFISH HQ Vice President of the International Tectonics 66306 Map Commission USSR Academy of Sciences IDG .Pyzhevsky 7, Moscow Mr Frisbee Campbell Telephone: 203 6512 Telex: 411848 GIN SU Scientific Co-ordinator for Marine Opera- tions Mr Pavel A Venochikov Hawaii Institute of Geophysics Diplomat _ University of Hawaii Office of the USSR Representative 2525 Correa Road, Honolulu Wellington Hawaii 96822 New Zealand --nlephone: 808 9487654

158 Dr Barbara Keating USGS Associate Geophysicist Mr Monty A Hampton Hawaii Institute of Geophysics Geologist University of Hawaii U.S. Geological Survey 2525 Correa Road 345 Middlefield Road Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 Menlo Park, California 94025 Telephone: 808-948-8143 Telex: 723 8285 Telephone: (415)856-7141 IOC Dr Kazuhiro Kitatazawa ***** Secretariat ***** Assistant Secretary Ms Mereseini Bukarau Intergovernmental Oceanographic Documentalist Conunission (IOC) 7 Place de Fontenoy Dr Ralf Carter 75700 Paris, France Marine Scientist Telephone:(I)4568-3972 Cable: UNESCO PARIS Telex: 204461 F Mr Jioji Kotobalavu Law of the Sea Office Director MsMaryFisk Law of the Sea Officer Mr Cruz Matos United Nations OC2-480 Project Manager, RASjll/I02 I UN Plaza NY 10017, New York Mr Bruce Richmond Telephone: 212-7543947 Cable: Marine Geologist UNATIONS SIO Mrs Colette Samson Dr Jacqueline Mammerickx Adminstrative Assistant Research Geologist Scripps Institution of-Oceanography Mr Gyan Singh La Jona, California 92093 Finance/Administrative Officer Telephone: 6195342166 Telex: SIO 9101271 Dr Donald Tiffin SPREP Marine Geophysicist Mr Paul F. Holthus Project Officer (Scientist) Mr Laurent d'Ozouville • South Pacific Regiortal Environment Marine Geologist Programme South Pacific Commission All of the above at the following address: B.P.D5 Noumea, New Caledonia CCOP/SOPAC Technical Secretariat Telephone: 262000 Telex: 139 NM c/- Mineral Resources Department SOPACOM Private Mail Bag UNDP G.P.O. Mr Ross Mountain Suva,FUI. Deputy Resident Representative United Nations Development Programme Or Russell Howorth (UNDP) Consultant-eCOP/SOPAC Techsec Private Mail Bag Geology Department Suva Victoria University of Wellington Telephone: 312500 Cable: UNDEVPRO Private Mail Bag, Wellington Telex: 2228 FJ New Zealand 159 Dr Loren Kroenke Senior Technical Adviser-CCOP/SOPAC Techsec Hawaii Institute of Geophysics 2525 Correa Road Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 Telephone: 808-9487845 Telex: 723-8285 Mr Ronald Richmond Senior Technical Adviser-COOP /SOPAC Techsec Australian Petroleum Exploration Associa- tion Ltd GPO Box 3974 Sydney, New South Wales 2001 Australia Telephone: (61)279651 Telex: 23033 Mrs Rose-Marie Thompson Consultant-CCOP/SOPAC Techsec New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Private Mail ~ Kilbirnie, Wellington New Zealand

160 Appendix II LIST OF ACRONYMS

161 APPENDIX II

List of Acronvms AAPG - American Association of Petroleum CSIRO - Commonwealth Scientific and Geologists Indus1ria1 Research Organisation ADAB - Australian Development Aic DMFS - Division of Marine and Freshwater Bureau (Canberra, Australia) Science (of DSIR, Wellington, New AGID - Association' of Geoscientists fOl Zealand) International Development (Bang DOMINO - Documentation Mineral Offshore kok, Thailand) (name of bibliographic data base AND - Australian National Universit; developed at Techsec for the South (Canberra, Australia) Pacific) BGR - Bundesanstalt fur' Geowissen DSDP - Deep Sea Drilling Project (JOIDES, schaften und Rohstoffe ([Federal replaced by ODP) Institute for Geosciences an' DSE - Defence Scientific Establishment Natural Resources] Hannover (New Zealand) Federal Republic of Germany) DSIR - New Zealand Department of Scien- BGS - British Geological Survey (UK, for- tific and Industrial Research merlyIGS) (Wellington, New Zealand) BMR - Australian Bureau of Mineral ECOR - Engineering Committee on Ocean Resources, Geology and Goo Resources (AdvisoIy body to IOC) physics (Canberra, Australia) EEC - European Economic Community BRGM - Bureau de Recherches Geologique EEZ - Exclusive Economic Zone et Minieres (Paris, France) ESCAP - Economic and Social Commission CCOP for Asia and the Pacific (Bangkok, (also Thailand) . CCOPIFA)-Committee for Co-ordination 01 FFA - Forum Fisheries ~ (Honiam, Joint Prospecting. for Minera' Solomon Islands) Resources in Asian Offshore Areal FSU - The Florida State University (Bangkok, Thailand) (United States) CCOP/ -Committee- for Co-ordination 01 GWRIA - Geological Long Range Inclined SOPAC Joint Prospecting for Minera Asdic Resources in South Pacific Offshore: GSJ - Geological Survey of Japan Areas (Suva, Fiji) RIG - Hawaii Institute of Geophysics CFfC - Commonwealth Fund for Techni HRV - High Resolution V1Slble cal Co-operation ICGIITSU - International Co-ordination Group CNEXO - Centre National pour 1'Exploitatior. for the Tsunami Warning System in des Oceans (Paris, Brest, France the Pacific Tahiti, French Polynesia: renamed IOOE - International Decade of Ocean IFREMER in 1984) Exploration CNR - Comnilitee on Natural Resource ICOn - International Centre for Ocean (ESCAP) Development CPCEMR - Circum-Pacific Conference or. ICSU - International Council of Scientific Energy and Mineral Resources Unions CR-D -Conference Room paper fOl IOOE - International Decade of Ocean Discussion Exploration CR-I -Conference Room paper fOl IFREMER - InstitutFmncaise de Recherche pour Information l'Exploitation de 1a Mer (formerly esc - Commonwealth Science Council CNEXO)

163 IGCP - International Geological Correlation PCIAC - Petro-Canada International Assis- Programme (of UNESCO and tance Corporation lUGS) PIWC - Pacific Tsunami Warning Center TLP - International lithosphere Program RMRDC - Regional Mineral Resources IMR - Ins1itute of Marine Resources Development Centre (Bandung, (Universityofthe South Pacific, Suva, Indonesia) fiji) ROV - Remotely Operated Vehicles IOC - Intergovemmen1al Oceanographic RVO - Rabaul Volcanological ObseIvatoty Commission (of UNESCO, Paris) SAR - Synthetic Aperture Radar lODE - International Oceanographic Data SBP - Sub-Bottom Profiler , Exchange (an IOC Acliv:ity) SCS - Single-Channel Seismic lOS -Institute of Oceanographic Sciences SPA· (UK) BFAM - a mul1iple-transducer echo sounder ITSU - International Tsunami WarningSys- for swath mapping of bathymetry tern in. the Pacific (ofIOC) SFAPSO - SFABFAM dans Ie Pacifique Sud- lUGS - International Union of Geological Ouest Sciences (ofICSU) SFATAR - Studies on East Asia Tectonics and RCA - Japan International Co-operation Resources (A CCOPIFA-IOC joint . Agency activity) LRRS - Long Range Refraction Survey SIO - Scripps Institution of Oceanography MCS - Multi-channel Seismic (La Jolla, California) SOPAC - South Pacific (also shortened version .MFES - Multi-Frequency Exploration Sys1em ofCCOP/SOPAq MMAJ - Metal Mining Agency of Japan SOPAC/ STAR -see STAR MORB - Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalt SPMGN - South Pacific Marine Geological MRD - Mineral KesOUrceS Department, Notes Suva Fiji SPEC - South Pacific Bureau for Economic NERC - National Environmental Research Co-operation (Suva, FIji) Council (UK) SPC - South Pacific Commission NOAA - National Oceanographic and (Noumea, New Caledonia) Atmospheric Administration SPOT - Satellite pour l'observation de 1a (United States) Terre NSF - National Science Foundation SPREP - South Pacific Regional Environ- (United States) mental Programme . NZGS - New Zealand Geological SUrvey STAR - CCOP/SOPAC-IOC Worldng (DSIR, Lower Hutt, New Zealand) Group on South Pacific Tectonics NZOI - New Zealand Oceanographic and Resources Institute (Section of DMFS) SUBPSO - Submersible Programme in Sud- OBS -Ocean Bottom Seismometer Ouest ODP - Ocean Drilling Program (JOIDES, TAG - Technical Advisory Group (of replacement for DSDP) CCOP/SOPAq ORSIOM -Institut Francais de Recherche Techsec - Technical Secretariat (of CCOP/ Scientifique pour Ie Developpement SOPAC) en Co-operation (formerly Office de UH - University of Hawaii (Honolulu, 1a Recherche Scientifque et Techni- Hawaii) que Outre-Mer) UN - United Nations arne - Ocean Thermal Energy Conver- UNDP - United Nations Development Pr0- sion gramme (New Yolk, United States)

164 UNDP/ (Port Moresby, Papua New SPRO - United Nations Development Guinea) Programme/South Pacific Regional USGS - United States Geological Survey Office(Suva,Fiji) (Reston, Virginia; Menlo Park, UNESCO - United Nations Educational, Scien- California and other regional tific and Cultural Organization offices) . (Paris,France) USP - University of the United Nations UNOETB - United Nations Ocean Economics Development Programme (New and Technology Branch York, United States) UPNG "- University of Papua New Guinea XRD - X-ray Diffraction

165