Cannabis Learning Guide CANNABIS LEARNING GUIDE

Canada’s landscape is evolving in major ways thanks to the legalization of cannabis. This monu- mental step will open up the recreational market, providing exciting opportunities for entrepreneurs and expansive experiences for adults looking to have fun or relax. The medical marijuana sector will also develop, providing relief to patients who may not have found it otherwise. Can- nabis is a nuanced plant with centuries of history, but because of the prohibition era, authorita- tive sources of information backed by evidence-based research are also evolving. This learning guide is meant to help those who are new to cannabis understand:

1.0 The Basics Learn about the different strains of the cannabis plant, its anatomy and the effects of its chemical compounds.

2.0 Cannabis in Canada A history lesson on the plant’s evolution from cash crop to medicine for many.

3.0 Delivery Methods A run through of some of the most popular ways to consume cannabis.

4.0 Strains and Effects Explore some of the hundreds of available strains and learn about they can potentially make you feel.

5.0 Health Effects A summary of the potential risk and side effects of using cannabis.

6.0 Where to Buy Cannabis A list of the current options for buying cannabis in Canada.

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1.0 Cannabis Basics

Cannabis is a plant that is used for recreational, medicinal and industrial purposes. It can be processed and ingested in many different ways, some conventional (joints, brownies) and some unconventional (see: apple bongs). There are also many different types of cannabis plants, and they’re all full of terpenes and cannabinoids. Wondering what those are and what they do? Read on!

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1.1 The Cannabis Plant

Like corn, lettuce and peas, cannabis is an annual plant, meaning it lives and dies within one season if grown outdoors. The plant has two sexes, male and female, but it’s largely the female plant that’s harvested for the cannabinoids it produces. The cannabis plant has been bred over millenia for fibre, oil and cannabinoids in large volumes—so at this point it’s basically impossible to find a cannabis plant untouched by domestication.

Hemp is the type of cannabis produced for industrial purposes and for its cannabidiol, the anti-inflammatory cannabinoid better known as CBD that’s used increasingly for therapeutic purposes. In general, hemp produces very little THC and has non-euphoric health effects. Its various parts, from seeds to stalk, are used for a diverse range of products, including clothing, topical oitments, health-care products. Hemp seeds are found in health stores and can be sprin- kled on yogurt and salads. As a crop, hemp is more environmentally friendly than many others because it requires less water to grow and doesn’t need pesticide.

There are three types of cannabis plants: indica, sativa and hybrids of the two. Cannabis sativas and indicas are differentiated based on the time they take to flower and the size of their leaves.

4 Cannabis Anatomy

Pistil

These are the reddish-orange hairs that peak out of the buds of a dried female flower, which can be white or even purple when the plant is growing.

reproductive organs, which collect pollen from the male plant.

Trichomes

If you look closely at a cannabis bud,

frosty crystals called trichomes. Under a microscope, they resemble a hair with a ball at the end. The bitter-tasting trichomes protect the leaves, stems and calyxes from insects, fungus, UV rays Calyx and even animals.

The calyx is the petal base of the cannabis flowerÑgreen on female plants and white-green on male plantsÑthat is the first part to form in the flowering stage. It works as a leafy protective layer Cola

Cola are the tight groupings of female full of trichomes that produce THC and other cannabinoids. flowers or buds that are used to smoke dried cannabis. Also known as the atypical bud, the main cola assembles at the top of the plant, where it has the most access to light. Smaller colas are usually found around the stem and branches of the cannabis plant, and are considered to be of lesser quality than the main cola. CANNABIS LEARNING GUIDE

Cannabis Seeds

Cannabis seeds are at the rudimentary stage of a cannabis plant’s growth cycle. They need to be germinated in order to grow. This is when the seeds are hydrated and the initial root and shoot emerge from the seed coat. Cannabis plants produce seeds after a male plant polli- nates a female plant. They’re produced as a result of pollen landing on the stigma, the red hairs on the plant’s flower. Pollen tubes emerging from pollen grains travel down the stigma and style after pollinat- ing, growing down into the flower’s ovary and fertilizing it.

The seeds can be consumed as a nutritional product, since they are high in fatty acids. Although their seed coats may be covered in significant amounts of cannabinoids after touching the flower, they don’t seem to produce cannabinoids in the seed itself.

Hemp plant seeds are light coloured, marijuana plant seeds are intermediate in colour and wild cannabis seeds are very dark. If you have a collection of seeds from one plant, choose the darker seeds because seed health is associated with darker colour.

1.2 What's the difference between Indica vs Sativa?

The main types of cannabis plants (indica, sativa, hybrids) are commonly believed to have dis- tinctive effects. While the plants are different in physical appearance and growth cycles, there is no scientific evidence that proves cannabis strains elicit specific results. This means that the effects largely associated with sativa, indica and hybrids are entirely anecdotal.

Indica This bushy, stout plant sprouts wide leaves. Indica-dominant plants tend to grow faster and bear larger quantities of flowers than sativa plants. Indicas are reported to have more relaxing, sedating effects than sativas, sometimes producing “couch-lock”—which is ex- actly what it sounds like. A good way to remember this is that “indica” sounds like “in-da- couch.”

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Sativa The sativa plant grows taller than the indica plant, and sprouts narrow, wiry leaves that are a lighter shade of green. These plants require more light and take longer to grow and flower. Sativas are commonly reported to have more energizing, uplifting effects than indica-dominant strains.

Hybrid A hybrid plant has been bred from both an indica and a sativa, and may exhibit features of each. Most cannabis is hybrid, but can be sativa-dominant, indica-dominant or have closer to a 50:50 ratio of sativa to indica.

1.3 What are cannabinoids?

Effects of Cannabinoids

Cannabinoids are a group of closely related chemical compounds found in the cannabis plant, which mingle with the brain’s receptors, leading to a range of physical and mental effects. While THC is the most famous cannabinoid, there are others that evoke different effects.

Cannabinoids You Should Know

CBN Cannabinol isn’t as potent as THC, though it still elicits a psychoactive effect. It’s a by- product of THC after it’s been exposed to light or heat. According to Steep Hill Labs, CBN appears to be the most sedative cannabinoid. It’s also shown to have promising effects on increasing appetite, which is important for people with health issues or undergoing medical treatments like chemotherapy.

CBG Cannabigerol is a non-psychoactive cannabinoid mostly found in hemp plants. It’s proven to have potential in counteracting cancer growth. One study found CBG helped ease growth of colorectal cancer cells in mice, which in turn slowed the development of colon cancer.

THCV Tetrahydrocannabivarin is a psychoactive cannabinoid. It’s said to be an appetite sup- pressant, reduce panic attacks and has been shown to potentially help relieve symptoms associated with Parkinson's and help with diabetes.

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CBC Cannabichromene is reported to have therapeutic potential, helping with inflammation and pain, acne and even supports brain cell health, contrary to one of the popular marijuana myths.

1.4 What is CBD?

Cannabidiol, better-known as CBD, is another active cannabinoid found in cannabis. It’s the yin to THC’s yan. Unlike THC, it does not create an immediate euphoria, or a “high” and doesn’t bind to the receptors quite as well. It works by suppressing the enzyme fatty acid amide hydroxyls (FAAH), the enzyme that knocks out anandamide in the system. As a result, it increases the endocannabinoids naturally found in the body. Since the enzyme FAAH can’t suppress them, the body’s own endocannabinoids increase.

CBD reaches the body’s receptors associated with pain, inflammation andanxiety . It has shown a lot of promise for helping with pediatric epilepsy, which has resulted in controversy in certain countries where it is banned. A 2017 study published in the New England Journal of Medicine, found that children and young adults who had Dravet Syndrome, a form of epilepsy, and used CBD, saw a nearly 23% decrease in the number of seizures. In March 2018, the World Health Organization published a report stating that CBD had no public health risks or potential for abuse.

1.5 What is THC?

Tetrahydrocannabinol, or THC for short, is the best-known chemical compound in cannabis. It was first isolated in 1964 by Israeli scientists Raphael Mechoulam and Yechiel Gaoni at the Weizmann Institute of Science.

THC is the cannabinoid that produces the psychoactive effects associated with ingesting cannabis - in other words, it’s what gets you high. It has the ability to change mood and behaviour and many say it has helps expand their consciousness. However, ingesting too much THC can also lead to an intense or unfavourable experience, so it’s best to follow the golden rule: start low (percentage) and go slow.

Structurally, THC is almost identical to anandamide, a naturally occurring chemical in our brains. Anandamide works as a neurotransmitter, which sends messages between nerve cells throughout the nervous system.

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Because THC structurally mimics an anandamide, it transforms the brain’s communication, af- fecting the regions of the brain associated with thought, pleasure, sensory awareness and more.

THC floods the brain’s reward system with dopamine, leading many users to feel euphoric and relaxed.

1.6 What are terpenes?

Effects of Terpenes

Terpenes are the essential oils of a plant. They give cannabis its vast range of flavours and aromas such as pine, citrus and musk.

But in addition to stimulating the senses, terpenes could also play an important role in what researchers call “the entourage effect.” The idea is that the effects of a strain depend not just on THC content, but also on its synergy with other cannabinoids such as CBD, along with its terpenoid profile.

Because of this, some medical consumers and connoisseurs are paying more attention to the terpenoid profiles of a strain as part of the selection process. They may look for strains with high levels of myrcene, for example, because they find them more agreeable.

Early research shows terpenes, which are also found in myriad non-cannabis plants, can impact physical and mental well-being. Each harvest will produce variations on its potential cannabinoid and terpene profiles.

Terpenes You Should Know

Beta-Caryophyllene and Caryophyllene Oxide Sometimes it can be more difficult to find cannabis without caryophyllene than cannabis with it. That’s because it’s the most common terp found in pot, and it’s only more powerful when it’s decarboxylated (aka heated), which is usually what happens at some point in the consumption process. This peppery flavoured terpene has reported anti-fungal properties and could be used for conditions such as dermatitis.

Fun fact: it’s also what drug-sniffing dogs use to identify illegal products.

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Linalool The aroma can bridge both floral and citrus scents, and if you’ve ever inhaled the scent of some fresh lavender, you’re already familiar with linalool. This terpene shows promise with battling anxiety and depression—remember that lavender is also soothing as aromathera- py—feeling sedated and anti-acne.

Alpha- and Beta-Pinene These terpenes evoke a pine smell, and are the most common terpenes found in nature. Pinene can make you feel alert and, excitingly, it’s also helpful with retaining memories— which means it could help counteract the short-term memory issues THC can contribute to. Pinene is also used as an antiseptic.

Myrcene This terpene smells like musk and cloves, with notes of citrus and tropical fruit. Myrcene is an anti-inflammatory and has relaxing, sedating effects. It’s also reported to be an antioxi- dant that works for muscle tension, sleep issues and pain. Scientists believe it could be responsible for “couch-lock”—the feeling that you just cannot possibly get up and do things after consuming cannabis. (Daytime consumers, take note!)

Limonene Limonene is found in lemons and yes, it has a lemony-citrus flavour. That makes it easy to remember—but don’t confuse it with linalool!. Limonene can elevate mood and relieve stress, treat gastro-oesophageal reflux, and it’s also reported for its antibacterial properties. But the most exciting part? Early research shows limonene can kill breast cancer cells.

Effects stated in the following infographic are as repoted by Lift & Co. users.

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2.0 Delivery Methods

If you want to feel the effects of cannabis, it has to be decarboxylated—which is a very fancy way of saying it needs to be heated before ingestion. This can be done countless ways, and the number of methods will only expand with legalization. From smoking to dabbing to baking, we’ll walk you through some of the most popular ways to consume cannabis.

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2.1 Smoking cannabis

Smoking

Smoking is one of the easiest and most popular ways to ingest cannabis. It’s fast-acting, convenient and requires less gear than other methods.

When smoking cannabis, the cannabinoids go from your lungs straight into the bloodstream. Although it may seem straightforward, there are several methods of smoking, some more com- plicated than others.

Joints vs Blunts vs Spliffs vs Bongs

A joint is a hand-rolled “cigarette” made with rolling papers and filled with milled cannabis. Joints are the most commonplace and standard method of cannabis intake.

A spliff is similar to joints, but the filling is a mix of tobacco and cannabis. So expect a different flavour, and it will evoke a different type of buzz. This is appealing to those who enjoy the rush triggered by tobacco, and revolting to those who aren’t fans of cigarettes.

A blunt is a hollowed-out cigar that’s filled with milled cannabis. Since cigar papers are made of tobacco leaves, they combine nicotine and marijuana. This makes it compelling to tobacco lovers and repelling to others, who desire that “pure” high.

A bong is a vase-like object that works through a water-filled base, a tube, a bowl and a

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downstem that rests in the water. Smoking from a bong produces a cool, smooth hit— but it doesn’t filter out harmful particles from the smoke. [Note: Water pipes are similar to bongs, but tend to be a little more streamlined, with smaller chambers.] Homemade bongs can also be easily crafted out of everyday objects, like apples or pop cans.

Smoking Cannabis Accessories

Smoking is an easy and convenient way of consuming caanbis, and there are plenty of ways to change up your experience when it comes to intake. Here are some of the basic accessories for smoking cannabis:

1. Rolling trays are for those who regularly roll joints, and don’t want to lose precious pot that may fall on the floor in the process. (Novice consumers can easily use a book or table top to track loose buds.) Trays are generally between $10 and $30, depending on material, size and make, but can go up to $100 for something custom made.

2. Rolling papers come in an array of colours, flavours and materials, like blueberry-flavoured to go with some fresh Blueberry Kush or even 24k gold leaf, for those who are feeling opulent. The average price for a pack of standard rolling papers is about $2.

3. Pipes are portable, and they come in an endlessly fun array of shapes, sizes and designs. Some double as functional art pieces, others are discrete, like the one-hitters that are disguised as cigarettes. A standard pipe is generally inexpensive, starting at $5 for a small wooden pipe, and goes up to $30 for a glass pipe. But prices can be significantly higher if you’re looking for a custom-made piece shaped as say, a mythical creature.

4. Grinders break cannabis flowers into an ideal fluffy texture, and they make it easy to sift out any cannabinoid-deficient stems or seeds, so it’s easier to get rolling or smoking from a bowl. They range in price, depending on the material, from $15 for an aluminum to $80 for an electric grinder.

5. Filter tips are small strips of semi-perforated cardboard to create a filter for your joints. With some crafty folding and rolling, use filter tips to prevent bits of bud from getting in your mouth when you smoke. Some rolling packs come with filters, you can buy a pack of 50 for under $5 or simply tear off a piece of cardboard.

6. Rolling machines are handy manual devices that simplify the process of rolling a tight joint. Dump some milled cannabis and a filter into the slot, close the rollers to tighten it up, slip a paper in and roll—voila! You have a perfectly rolled joint. They average about $5.

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7. A bong is a vase-like object that works through a water-filled base, a tube, a bowl, where you put and light your cannabis, and a downstem that rests in the water.

Smoking Cannabis Tips and Tricks

Consider the rolling paper you use—different textures and flavours will produce a different smoking experience. Some people are also conscious of the bleach or other substances found in conventional papers, and instead choose papers made with fewer toxic chemicals or with natural fibers like hemp.

Despise rolling or have challenges with your hands? Pre-rolls take the tedious work out of smoking, and the incoming legal market will also have tons of options for you to sample.

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Is Smoking Cannabis Bad for You?

Smoking cannabis has significantly fewer risks than smoking tobacco, but there are still health consequences. Cardiovascular function is affected by inhaling any kind of smoke, whether it’s from a cigarette, a joint or a campfire. But it’s worth noting that with cannabis, it’s a result of the combustion of the flower, rather than from inhaling the cannabinoids like CBD or THC.

The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine published a comprehensive review of the scientific research into the health impacts of cannabis consumption conducted since 1999. It found several points:

• Smoking cannabis does not increase the risk for cancers associated with tobacco use, such as lung, head and neck cancers.

• More research is needed to know if there’s a link between cannabis and heart attacks, strokes and diabetes, but so far there is some evidence that smoking marijuana may trig- ger heart attacks.

• Regular smoking is associated with frequent chronic bronchitis episodes and can worsen respiratory symptoms, like chronic cough and phlegm production.

• There is evidence that cannabis use can increase the risk of triggering psychosis, schizo- phrenia, social anxiety disorders and to a lesser extent, depression.

• Lastly, some evidence suggests that smoking cannabis when pregnant is connected to lower birth weight in the baby.

2.2 What is vaping?

What is vaping?

Vaping is considered less harmful than smoking because the process doesn’t produce as many carcinogens or tar. Cannabis is packed or poured into a vaporizer—a device that heats the flower oroil to the point just before it burns, re- leasing the active ingredients like cannabinoids and terpenes. It produces vapour, which is then inhaled from the mouthpiece of the vape.

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How to Vape

Vaping is a distinctly different experience from smoking. It’s one of the best ways to really taste the flavours, orterpenoid profile, of the strain you’re using. You can feel and see the difference when you exhale—like fog rather than smoke. You can vape cannabis flower or oil using a multi- tude of accessories and the results are fast-acting.

Vaping flower for beginners

• Grind your cannabis flower, then load the chamber, also known as the oven, of the vape. Shut it tight.

• Set the temperature to a low heat. That way, the vapour won’t be too harsh on your lungs when you inhale for the first time.

• The consistency of the vapour depends on the temperature it’s set to: turn it up if you want thicker vapour, and lower for thinner.

• If you set the temperature above 230˚C, the flower will smolder, which will give the vapour a mildly burnt taste. With more practice, new users will eventually find the Goldilocks “just right” temperature on their device.

• The vape will indicate when the flower is ready. Put your lips to the mouthpiece. Take a gentle, slow inhale, rather than a deep drag. Some people describe the action of inhaling from a vape as sipping, as you don’t need to haul on it deeply like a cigarette or joint.

How to use concentrates for beginners

• If you’re using an oil vape pen, it will come with a pre-filled or disposable cartridge, depending on the model. (Note: oils for vaporizers aren’t legal yet in Canada, so these products still sit firmly in the black and grey markets.)

• Pre-filled and disposable cartridges don’t allow for temperature adjustments since it is automatically set when the product is used.

• Some vape pens require you to press a button a few times in a row to turn it on and activate the heat chamber; others are ready to use and are activated by the inhaling action.

• For those you have to turn on, the device will indicate when it’s ready. Then put your lips to the mouthpiece and take a sip.

• The sensation of vaping feels a bit like taking a breath in a steam room, although you might experience a tickle or mild scratch in the back of your throat if you’re new to it. Next, exhale the vapour—it’ll be thinner than smoke and smell less pungent, something akin to a sauna.

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Flowers or Oil?

There are a few things to consider when choosing between vaping flower and vaping oil: price, quantity and variety.

Oil cartridges can cost between $40 and $60+ a pop, and last between 100 and 200 pulls, depending on the size. With flower, prices depend on strain quality, and buds sometimes come with bulk discounts.

Loose leaf generally lasts longer in a vape than if it were smoked in a joint or blunt. Although the vape won’t indicate when all the effects has been pulled from the flower, users can generally tell by the difference in flavour.

But when it comes to strain variety, there is a discrepancy between oils and flowers. While there are thousands of different types of cannabis flowerstrains , oils don’t have nearly as much range.

Unlike flower, cannabis oil doesn’t release much of a smell when used in a vape. It’s far more discreet than vaping flower, and there’s fewer steps involved since the product is generally all ready to go.

Some users say that vaping oils provide a fuller experience when it comes to tasting and smelling the product, in comparison to vaping flower.

Finally, cannabis oils are much more concentrated than flower, which means less is needed.

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Vaping Accessories

Vaporizers come in an array of sizes, styles and price points. Finding what works for you depends on the type of experience you’re after.

Desktop Fun fact: the Volcano Medic Vaporizer, one of the most popular desktop vaporizers, is the only Health Canada approved device for medical purposes. These are larger devices that plug into an outlet, which means they’re not portable and are best to be used from home. Desktop vapes are more expensive than portable vapes, and often have digital features that allow you to choose an exact temperature. Some desktop vapes use a plastic tube mouthpiece, which is called a whip. The well-loved Volcano fills a clear plastic bag with vapour that’s inhaled through an attachable nozzle. They don’t come cheap though—Volcanos run between $500-$600.

Flower and oil vape devices These smaller, portable devices are convenient for quick hits on the go or for medicating intermittently throughout the day. Unlike desktop models, these vapes are usually battery operated or are USB-rechargeable. There are also pen-sized models and bulkier versions about the size and shape of a walkie-talkie. Some oil pens use replaceable cartridges or tanks that are manu- ally refilled. On average, oil pens last between 100 and 200 hits. There can range between $60 - $350.

There are also single use vape pens, which means that once the cartridge of oil is finished, the pen can be tossed or recycled. Many of these automatic pens require users to click a button a number of times to activate the pen, so be sure to read the instructions to your device. These pens can range between $60-$100.

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Vaping Tips and Tricks

Preheat your vape before using. Just like baking with an oven, your vape needs a bit of time to warm up before it can get to work. If you’re using dried flower, make sure to grind it before pack- ing your chamber.

It’s important to regularly clean out your vape and replace disposable parts when needed. How you clean it will depend on the device, so be sure to read the instructions carefully.

Is Vaping Bad for You?

Vaping is considered the safest option for people who want the least harmful method of consuming cannabis. Since vaping heats cannabis to the point before combustion, fewer carcinogens and tars are produced, compared to smoking cannabis.

A 2007 study published in Harm Reduction Journal found a decline in respiratory symptoms in cannabis users who vaped cannabis flower.

“The argument that the medical use of cannabis is inappropriate because of its potential to create (lung) problems is now clearly invalid,” the study reads. “Regular users of joints, blunts, pipes, and water pipes might decrease respiratory symptoms by switching to a vaporizer.”

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When it comes to vaping oils, it’s hard to say: some contain butane hash oil (BHO), where butane is used to extract the cannabinoids. Some worry that not all of the butane is removed in the final product. But it’s not clear what the health impacts are of inhaling the stuff, which shouldn’t contain any butane. That’s why there’s a shift towards CO2 extraction methods—to avoid the use of butane at all.

Vaping Cannabis vs Smoking Vaping is considered the less hazardous method of consuming cannabis, compared to smoking, which omits tar and carcinogens. But it has the potential to be more costly, as it requires vaporizers, which range from cheap ‘n’ cheerful to ultra-luxe.

2.3 What is dabbing?

What is Dabbing?

Dabbing is a relatively new phenomenon that’s become so popular, it’s inspired its own subculture. (Be careful: concentrates are not legally sold yet in Canada, and these potent substances really pack a punch. Some concentrates can be up to 80% THC. If you’re new to cannabis, hold off on dabbing until you’re comfortable with other forms of ingestion.)

Dabbing is a broad term that refers to ingesting a cannabis concentrate in the form of oil or wax. Concentrates are potent, and made by extracting terpenes, THC and other cannabinoids with butane or carbon dioxide.

The end result is a substance that can resemble softened amber, bee pollen or hardened sap, with names like budder, butane hash oil (BHO), shatter, and wax.

Dabbing is when you place a small amount of the concentrate on a very hot pre-heated surface, usually referred to as a nail, attached to what’s called a dab rig. Then you inhale a cannabinoid-potent vapor through the mouthpiece of the rig.

Dabbing Accessories

The act of dabbing—not to be confused with the nose-into-your-elbow dance move—requires caution and a lot of gear.

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1. A water pipe or rig: A specific type of 3. A dome: The glass hood that’s placed bong, used specifically to do dab hits. over the nail. Instead of a bowl, the glass tube where your flower goes, a rig uses a nail and a 4. A dabber: The tool used to apply the dome. concentrate to the nail.

2. A nail/banger: The vessel that’s 5. A butane torch placed inside rig’s gauge where the concentrate is placed onto and heated up. 6. Concentrate Nails come in a variety of different materials, like quartz, glass clay or titanium. Water (not pictured)

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How to Dab

• Add water to your rig

• Scoop a small—tiny if you’re new to this!—amount of concentrate with your dabber

• Aim the torch directly at the nail until it heats up, then turn off your torch

• Wait about 25-45 seconds for the nail to cool down. (Be mindful that the time depends on what the nail is made of; for example, a glass nail will cool down faster than a titanium nail)

• Bring the dabber with your concentrate in contact with the nail and swirl it around the heated surface and then inhale from the pipe’s mouthpiece

• Slide the dome over to trap the vapour in the rig

Dabbing Tips and Tricks

Dabbing is an extreme method of intake for those new to cannabis, since the substance is con- siderably stronger than flower. For seasoned recreational and medical cannabis consumers, it can simply be the most efficient method of ingestion. Concentrates can have THC levels as high as 80%. “A little dab will do ya” is a good rule of thumb.

Dabbing vs Smoking

Dabbing is more involved and requires more gear compared to smoking. Unless you’re using a vape, there are more steps to follow and lots of parts involved. Since it requires a blow torch, for both extraction and consumption, there is also risk involved.

In terms of benefits, many medicinal users will dab because the physical impact is immediate, leading to fast relief. The high is also said to last longer.

Is Dabbing Bad for You?

Dabbing is not considered a method of harm reduction for cannabis intake, despite producing vapour, rather than smoke. “Toxicant Formation In Dabbing: The Terpene Story,” a Portland State University study, found that dabbing may release carcinogenic substances. It concluded, “dabbing, although considered a form of vaporization, may in fact deliver significant amounts of toxic degradation products.”

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2.4 What are edibles?

What are Edibles?

Cannabis-infused food and drinks are known as edibles. Homemade edibles are already made by thousands of legal medical patients, but pre-packaged edibles aren’t expected to be legalized in Canada until a year after the Cannabis Act is enacted.

When you eat activated cannabinoids, the metabolized THC becomes the even-more-psychoactive 11-hydroxy-THC, and it’s absorbed through the tummy’s digestive system rather than the bloodstream. That’s why the “high” has a different sensation from that of smoking or vaping.

Brownies and cookies have long-dominated the edible genre, but that’s quickly shifting. Just about any recipe can incorporate cannabis, through oils and butters, so edibles are being elevat- ed by the culinary world.

Although edibles are a palatable way to consume cannabis, proper dosing can be tricky. Since the effects can take time to set in—sometimes up to two hours—some novice users might eat more than needed, leading to a potentially unpleasant experience. That’s why understanding dosing is essential.

How to Make Edibles

• Before you make edibles, you have to heat your cannabis, which is a process called decar- boxylation, or “decarb” for short. The naturally occurring delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA) in cannabis transforms to tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). [Note: if you’re using cannabis for medical purposes to reap the benefits of CBD and/or you don’t wish to feel the “high,” there’s no need to decarb! Go ahead and skip that step.]

• When smoking or vaping bud, this process happens naturally, since the flower is either being burned or heated at a high temperature. But with edibles, the cannabis flower needs to be baked first before it’s added to food.

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• To do this, use a tray and parchment paper. Spread your flower evenly and bake at 105°C for about 45 minutes. The buds should get crispy and turn brown in colour.

• Once your flowers have been decarbed, they can be infused into oil or butter, which can then be used in just about any recipe. It is essential to be cautious of dosage. In American markets where cannabis is legal, 10 milligrams is considered a single dose.

How Long Do Edibles Last?

While the effects of edibles can take up to two hours to kick in, once they do, they can last a lot longer than if smoked or vaped. Factors like the dose size, whether they were ingested on an empty stomach, and your personal tolerance can all affect how long you’ll feel intoxicated. Once you’re feeling the effects, get comfy—they can last anywhere between four to 12 hours. So plan accordingly!

Edibles Tips and Tricks

If you’re using a vaporizer, save your “ABV”—the Already Been Vaped cannabis—after it’s been used. Since it has been decarbed (see above) in the vaporizer oven, you can add it to butter or oil in a slow cooker for a no-fuss infusion.

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Some advise eating edibles with a fatty snack like an avocado, nuts or baked goods made with butter, to reduce the potency of your experience. Others advise the opposite—to consume edibles on an empty stomach.

With edibles, the body has to digest the THC through the mouth, stomach, intestines and liver before making its way to the bloodstream—so the process can take up to two hours before you feel anything. The most common mistake new edibles consumers make is to follow up an initial dose with another because they’re impatient to feel something. Be aware that this could result in a non-lethal but exceedingly unpleasant experience. It could be potentially embarrassing—remember the Toronto police officer who ended up in a tree after taking too many edibles?—and could pose some danger if you’re in unfamiliar surroundings.

Be patient!

Edibles vs Smoking

When smoking cannabis, the chemical compounds make their way to the bloodstream quicker, via the lungs. That means you’ll feel the effects swiftly, but they’ll also fade faster.

Because pre-packaged edibles aren’t legal yet, it’s a lot of work to decarb, then infuse and then prepare a recipe. It will take some time from start to finish!

2.5 What is cannabis oil?

What Is Cannabis Oil ?

Cannabis oil is a broad term used to describe a liquid substance made of cannabinoids extracted from the cannabis plant. It’s considered an ideal method of intake for precise dosing, and elicits longer lasting effects.

There are different types of strain-specific cannabis oils. Some can be high in THC, which produce a psychoactive effect, while others can be CBD-specific, which provides medicinal relief. The latter cannabis oil has received a lot of media attention for effectively treating seizures, often in young children.

Extracting oil from the cannabis plant can be done industrially, using multi-million dollar equip- ment, or through a simple DIY process, using a solvent like ethanol, petroleum ether or olive oil to extract the cannabinoid oil. Once the oil is extracted, the solvent evaporates. Then, it’s added

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to what’s called a “carrier oil”—medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) oil being one of the most popular.

How to Use Oil

Cannabis oil can be used topically to help with conditions like inflammation and acne. Or it can be used orally to reportedly treat a range of ailments. When taken orally, a few drops under the tongue can do the trick, or it can be added to edibles.

Certain types of oil concentrates, like butane hash oil or honey oil, need to be heated and vaped or smoked in order to be effective. However, cannabis oil does not need heat for its properties to be activated, and can be used straight from the bottle and ingested orally.

Oil vs Smoking

Onset time for cannabis oil takes longer than that of smoking—between 30 minutes to 2 hours, compared to several minutes when inhaled. However, the duration of effects also often lasts longer than smoking, as many as six hours.

Oil is considered a safer method of intake, compared to smoking, since no tar and carcinogens are emitted as a result of combustion.

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2.6 What are topicals?

What Are Topicals?

These are cannabis-infused balms, lotions, sprays and creams used topically to help with localized swelling, pain and soreness. Anecdotally, they’ve also been shown to help with a broad range of ailments like psoriasis, headaches, and cramping. Unlike other cannabis delivery methods, topicals are not psychoactive and are used strictly for therapeutic benefits.

Topicals work by binding to a network of the body’s receptors, called CB2. These receptors, found throughout the body, are switched on by the body’s own endocannabinoids or by cannabis compounds, like THC and CBD, found in the plant.

Despite containing cannabinoids like CBD and THC, topicals won’t get you high—they’re meant to make you feel good on the outside, not on the inside.

How to Use Cannabis Topicals

Topicals are used in much the same way as any over-the-counter ointment from the drug store. Start by cleaning and drying the external area you’re targeting. Scoop out as much topical needed to cover the area and rub it vigorously. Be sure to wash your hands afterwards, as many topicals contain essential oil extracts like cayenne, mint or citrus, which don’t feel good if acci- dentally rubbed into an eye or orifice.

Cannabis Topicals Tips and Tricks

Topicals have proven to have lots of therapeutic properties, but don’t expect them to be a cure- all for your ailments. They’re meant to be used as a remedy, rather than a cure.

Are Cannabis Topicals Bad for You?

Topicals are reported to be a safe treatment. They don’t get you high and you can’t overdose on them. However, as with any other cream or lotion, avoid touching your eyes or mouth during or after you apply the topical.

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3.0 Cannabis in Canada

The road to recreational legalization hasn’t always been smooth - in fact, it’s been full of potholes - but here are the key moments in Canadian history that have brought us to where we are today: leading the world in cannabis reform. From outlawed cash crops to the many acronyms that lead us to ACMPR, the country’s current legal medicinal marijuana program, let’s learn about Canada’s history with cannabis.

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3.1 History of Cannabis in Canada

History of Cannabis in Canada

First believed to be used by Indigenous communities for cultural, medical and textile purposes, cannabis was a cash crop for settlers long before Canada was officially a country. That’s right, the first settlers to Canada were growing the stuff like a, well, weed. Then, everything went up in smoke in 1923 when it was outlawed without parliamentary discourse, a full 14 years before the U.S. criminalized the plant. Without parliamentary or public debate, “cannabis indica (Indian hemp) or hasheesh” was added to the Opium and Narcotic Control Act alongside two other new entries: heroin and codeine.

This harsh ruling wasn’t questioned or addressed until 1969, when the Com- mission Of Inquiry Into The Non-Medical Use Of Drugs was launched. Better known as the “Le Dain commission” after chairman Gerald Le Dain, it exam- ined whether there is “well-founded social concern” about the non-medical use of cannabis, and how that concern should be expressed in social policy.

In 1972, the commission advised for the decriminalizing of simple possession and cultivation for personal use. Even though it called cannabis-related pen- alties “grossly excessive” and “completely unreasonable,” nothing changed.

3.2 Medical Cannabis Legalization

Medical Cannabis Legalization

Here’s a name you should know: Terrence Parker. While not a household name, he was instru- mental in spearheading the right to access medicinal cannabis, after a series of landmark legal battles for patients’ constitutional rights. The epileptic man was arrested and charged with possession numerous times dating back to 1987. Parker had tried conventional medication and undergone surgery to help with his condition but found that smoking cannabis was the only treatment to drastically reduce his seizures.

Since he was unable to access cannabis, he grew the plants himself. The R. v. Parker case eventually landed in the Ontario Court of Appeal, which ruled that prohibiting Parker from owning and growing cannabis for personal use to treat his condition deprived him of his rights to liberty and security. This precedent finally overruled marijuana prohibition in Canada for medical users.

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The federal government launched the Canadian Medical Marihuana Access Regulations (old-timey spelling intended) back in 2001. The MMAR program granted legal access to cannabis for Canadians who couldn’t find relief through conventional treatment. This meant patients had to get autho- rization from a doctor in order to grow their own cannabis, or they could get it directly from Health Canada.

The MMAR eventually became the Marihuana for Medical Purposes Regulations (MMPR) in 2013. Under the new system, Health Canada regulated but didn’t supply or distribute cannabis. Here’s how it worked: Patients got medical documentation from a doctor and then bought their cannabis through government-licensed producers. Health Canada’s responsibility shifted to ensuring product quality and safe facilities rather than distribution. And Canada’s commercial cannabis market was born.

In 2016, the system changed once again as a result of a court case. In Allard v. Canada, the court ruled the MMPR violated Canadians’ right to reasonable access to marijuana for medicinal purposes. That lead to yet another medical cannabis program, along with a whole new set of acronyms.

The new Access To Cannabis For Medical Purposes Regulations (ACMPR) doesn’t change the role of doctors, and patients still have access to licensed producers. But enrollees who want to grow their own plants must now register for a license. The number of plants patients can grow depends on their prescribed dosage and the average amount produced by a cannabis plant. Ev- ery gram of prescribed dried cannabis equals five indoor plants, or two outdoor plants.

The government even has a nifty calculator to help you figure it out.

LPs are still the only legal source of cannabis products while dispensaries and compassion clubs remain illegal but also ubiquitous, especially in populated regions.

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3.3 Recreational Cannabis Legalization

Recreational Cannabis Legalization

Despite the abundance of dispensaries in major cities across the country, and the skunky smell wafting across public parks on sunny days, cannabis has been illegal in Canada for 95 years. However, since the Cannabis Act passed in senate on June 19, 2018, cannabis for recreational use is officially legal on October 17, 2018.

After October 17, Canadians of legal age, which varies in each province, will be allowed to access fresh or dried cannabis strains and cannabis oil from a provincially or territorially regulated retail- er, as well as plants or seeds if the province or territory allows home growing.

In regions that have yet to authorize retailers, those of legal age will be able to buy product directly from a provincial wholesalers online and it will be mailed to their home address.

Adults of legal age can have up to 30 grams of legal cannabis in public, and can share that same amount with other adults. Canadians will be able to grow up to four plants per household, and will continue to be allowed to make their own edibles for personal use.

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3.4 The rise of Canadian cannabis stocks

The rise of Canadian cannabis stocks

Canopy Growth was Canada’s first cannabis company to graduate from the Toronto Venture Exchange for emerging companies to the Toronto Stock Exchange. In July 2016, they staked their claim to the ticker symbol WEED and began trading at around $2.80.

Originally called Tweed Marijuana Inc., Canopy now owns and operates a number of subsidiar- ies including Tweed, a medical and recreational cannabis company with 450,000 square-feet of production facility in Smiths Falls, Ontario, as well as Bedrocan and Mettrum. Canopy’s Tweed Farms also includes a greenhouse approximately twice that size located in Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario’s wine country about an hour’s drive south-west of Toronto.

In November 2016, after news that eight American states were planning to legalize cannabis, the company reached “unicorn” status – the elusive billion-dollar market capitalization. (Market cap is the value of a company as calculated by multiplying the number of shares by each share’s dollar value). In the summer of 2018, Canopy was valued at a whopping $6.6 billion—peaking at $37.48 on January 19, 2018—even though profits continue to elude the company.

In its 2016 report about recreational marijuana, Deloitte estimated the potential base retail market size to be as high as $5 billion per year post-legalization. But weed stock investment critics, on the other hand, compare the high valuations of Canadian cannabis companies to the dot-com bubble, particularly when weed stocks take a periodic nosedive.

There are lots of variables that can throw market speculation off-track.

Demand for cannabis could be much lower (or much higher) than experts have anticipated. Potential international markets for medical cannabis revenue such as Germany and Israel haven’t officially signed on quite yet. The much-maligned black market, which thus far has been the sole supplier of recreational cannabis to the Canadian masses and still provides to many who consume for medical purposes, may be priced lower than companies that comply with Health Canada’s long, expensive list of regulations. So the black market could continue to divert potential revenue even after legalization.

But these risks haven’t discouraged entrepreneurs from taking their burgeoning companies public. As of April 2018, there were 84 publicly traded cannabis companies on Canadian stock exchanges and four Exchange-Traded Funds (ETFs)—a portfolio of stocks listed under one name.

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Which weed stocks to watch for

Throughout the lead-up to legalization, economists are predicting a flurry of mergers and acqui- sitions that could contribute to stock price volatility. The Canadian Marijuana Index tracks 25 cannabis stocks. Canopy’s competition includes Aurora (ACB.TO), Aphria (APH) and Cronos (MJN.V), each with a market cap of $4.65 billion, $2.13 billion, $1.95 billion and $1.17 billion respectively.

In February 2018, Toronto-based Cronos Group—which owns medical cannabis brand Peace Nat- urals, among others—became the first cannabis company to get listed on the Nasdaq, a move they said was motivated by wanting to make it easier for American investors to get in on the action. A few months later, Canopy landed on the New York Stock Exchange.

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4.0 Strains and Effects

Once it’s legalized in Canada some time on October 17, 2018, those of legal age of purchase will have a range of cannabis strain to explore to help amplify all kinds of experiences. While different licensed producers may all carry the same strains, the taste, effects and cannabinoid percentages will range greatly.

Please note: Content on this guide is intended strictly for informational purposes and may only be used by medical cannabis patients with a valid medical document. By accessing this guide, you confirm that you are a medical cannabis patient with a valid medical document. Lift & Co. does not promote any product or represent that the products mentioned on Lift & Co.’s guide are treatment for any kind of medical condition. Lift & Co. cannot guarantee that information provided is error-free or complete and is not responsible for the quality of the information provided by users. Lift & Co. does not endorse any user reported information, any particular strain, product, producer, organization, treatment or therapy. Lift & Co. does not make representations regarding the use of cannabis and does not provide any of its own views on the use of cannabis, its benefits, or promotes its use.

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4.1 Favourite Strains for Recreational Use, as Reported by Lift & Co. Users

Here’s a list of some of Lift’s favourite strains for recreational use.

Pineapple Express Not to be confused with the classic stoner comedy starring Seth Rogen, the Pineapple Express cannabis strain is moderate in THC, reportedly making it ideal for day use. Its flavour profile encompasses sweet, pineapple (obviously), and earthy notes, and it’s reported to make users feel really happy. It tends to have moderate THC levels, around 12%.

Gorilla Glue This strain was originally named after a popular adhesive, until the glue makers took the growers to court. A settlement was reached, but not before other growers had co-opted the name. All that said, this indica hybrid strain contains 27% THC, making it a contender to be one of the strongest strains out there. It’s reported to have an earthy, pungent flavour.

Blue Dream This sativa-dominant hybrid is said to be the love child of the Blueberry indica strain and the sativa Haze, and is considered by Lift & Co. users to be best for daytime use. With an earthy, blueberry flavour profile the THC content can range significantly, between 17% to 26%, depending on the licensed producer.

OG Kush This indica dominant hybrid is known to inspire a heavy and relaxed feeling. With a THC content that ranges from 13% to 19%, it’s reportedly best for daytime use. Its flavour profile is an earthy, minty taste with spicy under- tones.

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Sour Diesel A popular sativa dominant hybrid, this strain is considered a “caffeinated” cannabis, as it reportedly inspires a lively, uplifting effect that can help with depression and stress. Its flavour profile speaks to its name with pungent notes of citrus and fuel. The THC percentage can range from 15% to 30%.

White Widow Considered to be one of the most commonly consumed cannabis strains in the world, White Widow is usually a high-THC hybrid. Its genetics stem from a Brazilian sativa landrace and a resin-heavy South Indian indica. This strain produces scores of white trichomes, giving it a frosty appearance. Its THC levels can range between 14% and 19% and embodies a sweet, floral flavour profile.

Green Crack This sativa-dominant shouldn’t frighten anyone concerned it mimics the literal effects of real crack. Known for its fruity, sweet and tropical notes, this strain, a favourite amongst Lift & Co. users, is reported to help uplift and enlighten. Its THC levels can range from 12% to 22%.

Master Kush This is a popular indica known to have a high- THC profile ranging between 20% and 24%. Its flavour profile is earthy with hints of sweetness. It originated from Amsterdam as a cross between Hindu Kush and Skunk.

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Jack Herer Jack Herer is a lauded American cannabis activist, who was also known as the Emperor of Hemp, or the The Hemperor, thanks to his book The Emperor Wears No Clothes. So it’s not surprising the man who fought hard to de- criminalize the hemp plant would have a strain named after him. This sativa-dominant, high THC strain, originally created in the Netherlands in the mid-1990s, is reported for its uplifting effects and a sour, spicy flavour profile. Frequently high in THC, it can range from 19% to 24%.

Bubba Kush This indica-dominant is predominantly known for its sedative effects. With a flavour profile that elicits sweet and earthy notes, it’s been reported to combat insomnia, anxiety and pain. Its THC levels are usually in the mid-teens, between 15%-16%.

Fire OG The name of this strain doesn’t mislead—it’s smoldering. An indica-dominant hybrid, Fire OG has been hailed as one of the powerful OG Kush strains out there. With notes of citrus, pine and fuel, it’s been reported to help with pain and insomnia. It’s reportedly high in THC, up to 20%.

Cannatonic This high-CBD hybrid is popular with Lift & Co. users looking to relieve migraines, stress and pain relief, especially for arthritis sufferers. Flavour-wise, it gives strong notes of pine, earth and citrus. Its THC percentage is low, around 2%, but high in CBD, between 14% - 24%.

Skywalker OG An indica-dominant hybrid reported to help with pain relief, it evokes a relaxing effect that can help soothe body aches and subdue muscle spasms. A THC-count that can range from 17% to 23%, its flavour profile is pungent, with sweet and earthy notes.

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4.2 Top Cannabis Strains for Anxiety, as Reported by Lift & Co. Users

Sour Tangie (DNA Certified) - Tweed Sour Tangie is a sativa certified by DNA Genetics, the world-renowned Dutch cannabis breed- ers who have won more than 125 Cannabis Cups. The strain is a cross between East Coast Sour Diesel and Tangie, and the terpene profile of this strain is famous for its stellar citrus notes, with 15.7% THC and 0.07% CBD

Balmoral - Tweed This earthy, spicy, herbal and pungent strain is also known as UK Cheese, and is roughly equal parts indica and sativa. Many Lift & Co. users who identify as patients with depression, stress, insomnia, and pain report that Balmoral is relaxing but not overly sedative, which makes it appropriate for daytime use. It ranges from 15%-21% THC.

Wabanaki - OrganiGram Loosely translated as “People of the First Light,” Wabanaki is the name of a First Nations confed- eration of five Algonquian-speaking nations near the Eastern seaboard. The strain is sativa-dominant and Lift & Co. users report clear-headed, creativity-boosting effects. With high levels of pinene, caryophyllene and myrcene, Wabanaki has earthy, woodsy aromas reminiscent of fresh pine and the forest floor. It yields 18% THC and 0.07% CBD.

TWD Lot #6 - Tweed TWD Lot #6 is an indica-dominant proprietary strain, only available from Tweed. Its main terpenes are myrcene and caryophyllene, giving it a unique aroma. You might notice hints of citrus and berry, with an underlying sharp tartness. It’s commonly used by medical patients to treat pain, depression and insomnia. This strain has 20.4% THC and 0.07% CBD.

Super Lemon Haze - Delta 9 Popular with Lift & Co. users, this anxiety-reducing sativa-dominant hybrid is a blend of Lemon Skunk and Super Silver Haze. The smell is sweet, citrusy and a little sour on opening. The airy buds are medium and large-sized and have a grass green colour. This one has a high THC count: 26.6% and between 0.01-0.05% CBD.

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4.3 Top Cannabis Strains for Arthritis, as Reported by Lift & Co. Users

Banana Kush (DNA Certified) - Tweed Banana Kush is an indica-dominant strain by Dutch company DNA Genetics. The lush, green flowers are highlighted with apricot-hued pistils and covered in trichomes. Banana Kush is fruity and sweet, with a high CBD count of 70% and 13.1% THC.

Balmoral - Tweed This earthy, spicy, herbal and pungent strain is also known as UK Cheese, and it’s roughly equal parts indica and sativa. Many patients with depression, stress, insomnia and pain report that Balmoral is relaxing but not overly sedative, which makes it appropriate for daytime use. THC ranges from 15%-21%

Penelope - Tweed This strain is well-loved by the Lift & Co. community. It won third place for Best Sativa at On- tario’s Treating Yourself Expo in 2013. The aroma and flavour are of spicy cedar wood alongside tones of citrus, pine and peppermint. It yields 8.04% THC and 5.9% CBD

TWD Lot #6 - Tweed TWD Lot #6 is an indica-dominant proprietary strain, only available at Tweed. Its main terpenes are myrcene and caryophyllene, giving it an unique aroma. You might notice hints of citrus and berry, with an underlying sharp tartness. It’s commonly used by Lift & Co. users who identify as medical patients to treat pain, depression and insomnia. This strain has 20.4% THC and 0.07% CBD.

Moonbeam - Leafs by Snoop Moonbeam was personally selected by Snoop Dogg during his tour of Tweed Farms in October 2016. It’s an indica-dominant strain with fruity, sweet-smelling flowers. The buds are lighter green, dense and medium-to-large in size. Most prefer Moonbeam in the afternoon and evening. It’s has 20.7% THC and 0.07% CBD.

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4.4 Top Medical Cannabis Strains, as Reported by Lift & Co. Users

The Lift & Co. community powers tens of thousands of reviews of medical cannabis strains each year. Our incredible users earn loyalty points in return for their detailed thoughts on their wins, losses and everything in between as they embark on their medical cannabis journey.

Here are some of the top reviewed strains by Lift & Co. users to treat anxiety, insomnia and other health issues.

4.5 Top Cannabis Strains for PTSD, as Reported by Lift & Co. Users

OG Kush - Tilray Despite its name, this mostly sativa hybrid is not truly a “Kush,” although it does possess some indica traits. It’s a popular strain for pain and stress relief, and it has a pungent, woodsy flavour, with 13% THC.

Sunset - Leafs by Snoop If you want an indica that relaxes the body and has sedating effects, Sunset could be for you. Based on user reports, it leaves you feeling positive and euphoric, and it has a dank, spicy flavour. It yields 23.7%THC and 0.07% CBD.

Texada (Super Lemon Haze) - Broken Coast Texada (Super Lemon Haze) is a sativa-dominant hybrid of Lemon Skunk and Super Silver Haze. It won two Cannabis Cups in 2008/2009, and it has a strong citrus-lemon, spicy aroma with reportedly strong, energizing effects. The THC count is between 19 - 24%

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Balmoral - Tweed This earthy, spicy, herbal and pungent strain is also known as UK Cheese, and it’s roughly equal parts indica and sativa. Many Lift & Co. users who identify as patients with depression, stress, insomnia and pain report that Balmoral is relaxing but not overly sedative, which makes it appropriate for daytime use. It ranges from 15%-21% in THC.

Sour Kush (DNA Certified) - Tweed Sour Kush an indica-dominant strain certified by DNA Genetics. It has a sharp, sour scent thanks to this strain’s unique terpene profile. It yields 18.6% THC and 7% CBD.

4.6 Top Cannabis Strains for Insomnia, as Reported by Lift & Co. Users

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berry, with an underlying sharp tartness. It’s commonly used by Lift & Co. users who identify as medical patients to treat pain, depression and insomnia. This strain has 20.4% THC and 0.07% CBD.

Sunset - Leafs by Snoop If you want an indica that relaxes the body and has sedating effects, Sunset could be for you. It reportedly leaves you feeling positive and euphoric, and it has a dank, spicy flavour. It yields 23.7%THC and 0.07% CBD.

Sun-Grown Red No. 4 - Spectrum Sun-Grown Red N°4 is a high-THC indica-dominant strain, and it has fruity flavours, like berry and citrus. It’s commonly used in the evenings to treat pain, insomnia and PTSD. It has 17.3% THC and 0.07% CBD.

Star Killer - Broken Coast Also known as Stryker, Star Killer has a heavy, almost narcotic scent. Lift & Co. users like this indica-dominant strain in the evenings to relax, and it has deep, kush aromas with lemon-pine and peppery notes. The THC percentage ranges from 20% - 25%.

4.7 Positive Effects of Cannabis, as Reported by Lift & Co. Users

Different strains evoke different feelings, often with positive effects. This is because cannabis can spike dopamine and/or serotonin, the chemicals associated with pleasure and reward in our brain and mood stabilization, respectively. Here is a list of some common, positive sensations cannabis users have reported they have experienced:

Relaxation Cannabis is known to help users unwind, freeing them from tension and anxiety.

Happiness Bouts of giggles are a frequent occurrence when cannabis is consumed.

Uplifting It’s not uncommon for a cannabis to give moods a boost.

Euphoria Way upwards. Often, cannabis can make the user feel a buzzy sense of excitement.

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Increased Appetite A heightened appetite, also known as “the munchies,” is a one of the most infamous side-effects of consuming cannabis.

Energy A wave of energy is a familiar feeling to experiences associated with marijuana. That’s likely why there’s a whole subculture of athletes who enjoy performing their sports after consuming.

Creativity Don’t be surprised if a wave of ideas suddenly hits. Lift & Co. uisers state cannabis has been known to work when it comes to inspiration—just ask luminaries like Willie Nelson, Snoop Dogg and Rihanna.

Focus Certain strains can help the user get centered, and even inspire productivity. Start writing those lists!

Sleep Many patients rely on cannabis to help them with sleep issues like insomnia. While not all strains lead to sleepiness after consumed, some work effectively to help inspire some zzzzz.

4.8 Benefits of Medical Cannabis, as Reported by Lift & Co. Users

Research into the medical effects of cannabis is not as commonplace as other health-related testing. Funding medical research is challenging since cannabis has historically been classified as an illicit drug. However, the research conducted into the medicinal effects of the drug often shows promising conclusions. Here’s what’s known:

Depression and Anxiety A study out of the University of Washington found that adults who experience depression reported a decrease in symptoms with a single puff of medicinal cannabis that was high in CBD and low in THC. It also noted that two puffs of cannabis of any level of CBD or THC could lead to a decrease in anxiety. The same study also found that long-term use of medicinal cannabis may actually worsen symptoms of depression.

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Arthritis Medicinal cannabis has been a legal treatment option for Canadians with arthritis, as it’s reported to relieve swelling and inflammation, since 2001. Different cannabinoids in cannabis have benefits for arthritis: THC can help as a pain reliever and CBD is reported to help with inflammation; CB2 receptors are found in unusually high levels in the joint tissue of arthritis patients; and cannabis is shown to fight inflammation in the joints by activating the path- ways of the CB2 receptors.

PTSD Research shows that people with PTSD have lower levels of anandamide, a cannabinoid compound made within the body. Anandamide has a similar structure to THC and triggers the same cell receptors. With PTSD, the body stops producing enough endocannabinoids to fill these receptor sites, which is where cannabinoids found in marijuana play a therapeutic role. When replenishing these missing endocannabinoids with cannabis, PTSD patients may find relief from side effects such as fear, anxiety, anger issues, irritability, and depression. Cannabis may also work by removing associations to painful memories, eliminating flashbacks triggered by what they smell, hear or see that’s associated with the traumatic event.

Insomnia How’s this for a night cap? Many Lift & Co. users consume cannabis to help them fall asleep, though efficiency depends on the strain. A2017 study found that CBD may have therapeutic potential for the treatment of insomnia, while THC may decrease sleep latency but could impair sleep quality long-term.

Pain A systematic review of 28 randomized clinical trials of cannabinoids as pharmacotherapy found the “use of marijuana for chronic pain, neuropathic pain and spasticity due to multiple sclerosis is supported by high-quality evidence.“

Migraines A 2016 study from the Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences at the Uni- versity of Colorado found “the frequency of migraine headache was decreased with medical marijuana use.” Most patients in the study used more than one form of cannabis daily for prevention of migraines. Positive effects were revealed by 39 per cent of the 121 patients surveyed. It also found the most positive effects came from smoking, and edibles were reported to cause more negative effects.

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Multiple Sclerosis The effect of medicinal cannabis on MS symptoms is complex. When it comes to cogni- tion and cognitive function, several studies found patients with MS who smoke cannabis are more cognitively impaired than non-consumers. However, oral cannabis/extract have proved to have a positive effect on muscle stiffness and spasms.

Cancer Medicinal cannabis is often prescribed to cancer patients to help with side effects from chemotherapy treatment such as nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and pain.

Glaucoma While cannabis is proven to help with eye pressure associated with glaucoma, it’s often not recommended as treatment. Since the relief only lasts for three or four hours, the patient would need to ingest it intermittently throughout the day. However, cannabis is a viable option for late-stage glaucoma, when treatment is specifically targeted at managing pain.

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5.0 Health Effects of Cannabis

Like any other medicine or treatment, cannabis has side effects. While everyone experiences its effects differently, here are some of the most common symptoms Lift & Co. users reported with marijuana consumption.

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5.1 Frequently Asked Questions

How long does cannabis stay in the body?

Cannabis remains in your system for longer than its effects last. Cannabis can stay in the blood and saliva for up to a week after consumption. For regular users, it can be traced in urine from four days to three months. Cannabis can be tested in a hair sample, and unless you shave your head, cannabis can be detected in your hair for a long time. For occasional consumers, however, it tends to not be traceable in the hair.

Is smoking joints bad for your lungs?

While cannabis smoke isn’t as harmful as cigarette smoke, it still releases toxins and carcinogens when it is combusted, so it has potential to do some damage to your lungs. There is limited research on its long-term effects, but according to the Canadian Lung Association, early research studies have demonstrated harm that can lead to chronic bronchitis. Other studies suggest that chronic cannabis smoking is linked to cough, sputum production, wheezing and a decline in lung function. More research is needed on second-hand cannabis smoke, though it has many of the same toxins and chemicals found in directly inhaled marijuana smoke.

Is cannabis addictive?

There isn’t yet a conclusive answer on whether or not cannabis is addictive. While cannabis isn’t labelled an addictive substance, a percentage of users report a dependency on it. This is known as Cannabis Use Disorder, and it’s said to affect 10% of marijuana users.

However, the withdrawal symptoms reported to be associated with ceasing cannabis use—such as trouble sleeping and unpleasant dreams—are minimal when compared to those associated with other drugs.

How can I stop being high?

While the effects of cannabis subside after a few hours, there are a few ways to ease unpleasant effects. Some noted techniques include using high-CBD strain to offset the THC; smelling or chewing on a black peppercorn; going for a walk; drinking lots of water and distracting yourself with a movie or TV show. Just remember: It’ll be over soon, and no one has ever died from cannabis consumption, ever. Hang in there!

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Does cannabis show up in a drug test?

All forms of cannabis, including tinctures and edibles, can be detected by a drug test. But it depends on a number of factors, like how often you’re using cannabis and how fast your metabo- lism works. For regular users, marijuana can linger in the system — and be detected in a urine or blood test—for as long as 90 days. Healthy people can usually clear it from their system between 30-45 days. If a novice user smokes once, it can be out of the system in two days or up to 10.

According to Weed: The User’s Guide:

• Blood: one time users 12 to 24 hrs vs. regular users 2 to 7 day. • Urine: one time users 1 to 7 days vs. regular users 1 week to 3 months

Does cannabis go stale?

Like prescription medicines, cannabis should be stored in a cool, dry place. While there are expiration dates on legal cannabis packages in Canada, it tends to last much longer. But it is sus- ceptible to mold and mildew when exposed to temperatures between 25 and 29 degrees, so it’s best to store your stash in a glass jar with an air-tight lid.

5.2 Known Side Effects

Anxiety and Paranoia

THC is known to help with anxiety in small doses, but it has the potential to cause the opposite effect in large doses. That’s why it’s important to monitor consumption of edibles and concentrates. Certain people may be genetically predisposed to cannabis-induced anxiety as a result of brain chemistry. To avoid this unpleasant effect, it’s best to stick to 1:1 strains, where there are roughly equal amounts of cannabidiol (CBD) to THC, or very low-THC, high-CBD strains. CBD reportedly has a more calming effect, and cannabidiol will counteract feelings of distress.

Dry Mouth

To avoid one of the most common symptoms associated with cannabis, especially strains with high THC, have a glass of water on hand. Dry mouth, or cottonmouth, happens after consumption of the drug, leaving you parched. This happens when our submandibular glands— the sali- vary glands in the floor of the mouth—are repressed by the activation of cannabinoid receptors. Fear not! Drink fluids or suck on a hard candy to help replenish saliva.

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Increased Appetite

THC is known to activate areas of the brain linked to hunger, so don’t be surprised if your appetite is spiked after consuming cannabis. Unless you’re using marijuana to increase your appetite, this can be a problematic side effect. Cannabis strains high in CBD or THC can help curb your munchies, but it’s also a good idea to have healthy snacks close by.

Forgetfulness

“Wait… what was I talking about?” Forgetfulness is often parodied on TV shows and movies by stoner characters, but it can be a real problem: impaired short-term memory is common amongst cannabis consumers. However, impaired memory from cannabis is not the same as blackouts associated with heavy drinking. Lift & Co. users report it’s best to choose a high-CBD strain if you want to reduce risks of impairing your memory.

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Red Eyes

Red, dry eyes are often associated with cannabis use. THC can lower blood pressure and dilate blood vessels, which causes red eyes. Eyes can also be irritated by smoke, if that’s the consumption method. The best way to combat red eyes is to stay hydrated. Use eye drop solution on occasion, though don’t rely on it long-term because it can eventually dry the eye out.

Sleepiness

Some people take cannabis specifically to help them fall asleep. But it can also be an unwanted side effect for those wishing to stay alert and awake. Lift & Co. users report it’s best to choose a sativa or high-CBD strain over an indica if you wish to avoid drowsiness.

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6.0 Where to Buy Cannabis

Until the Cannabis Act finally passes, the only way to legally obtain marijuana is by registering with the Canadian government under the Access to Cannabis for Medical Purposes Regulations (ACMPR) through a healthcare practitioner.

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6.1 Sources For Buying Cannabis In Canada

Legal Buying Options

Clinics Despite popular misconceptions, clinics aren’t the same as dispensaries and have no cannabis for you. They are instead where you go to get official permission from a doctor to legally access it for medical purposes so you can order it online.

There are several steps involved in getting registered for a medical marijuana license under ACMPR. First you talk to a doctor or nurse about specific ailments. If they approve your re- quest, they will either fill out a form with your information, which is then sent to a licensed producer, or if they’re unfamiliar with the process they could refer you to a cannabinoid clin- ic. You can also search our directory to find one. These clinics are staffed by doctors who specialize in prescribing cannabis.

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Once authorized, you’ll legally be allowed to purchase a set amount of cannabis flower or oil per month, which varies with each individual depending on the condition being treated. Mail Order/Licensed Producers

Once you’re registered through ACMPR, you can access cannabis through a Licensed Producer or Health Canada. If you’re buying through an LP, the process involves signing up online and placing an order. Once your order is sent, cannabis will be delivered to your address via courier.

Future Buying Option

When recreational cannabis is legal on October 17, 2018, you will be able to buy products from licensed retailers. Depending on the province, these retailers could be government-owed, pri- vately-owned or a hybrid of both. It is expected that online purchasing from these retailers will be available.

Illegal Buying Option (not endorsed by Lift & Co.)

Dispensaries

These are illegal storefronts found in most major Canadian cities where registered mem- bers are served by “budtenders” who help customers choose the right strain or product. Many dispensaries ask customers to present ID when entering to verify the person is of legal age. Some require first-time customers to fill out a questionnaire about their health or to consult with a doctor or nurse in person or via Skype in order to access a membership for the dispensary.

Sometimes there’s also a fee associated with membership, and after becoming a member your information will be kept on file. But despite all these formal steps, including sometimes charging tax on purchases, these businesses are not legal. That said, some dispensaries in Vancouver have been licensed by the city, putting them in more of a grey area.